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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting INSIGHTS INTO THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF PREPONINE BUTTERFLIES By ELENA ORTIZ ACEVEDO A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2017 © 2017 Elena Ortiz Acevedo To my husband and son, who make my life worth living ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity and the Florida Museum of Natural History for supporting this study. I also thank my graduate committee for their invaluable help throughout my graduate program. I am grateful to everyone who made tissue available for me to process, and I thank the museums and public and private collections that allowed me to access their data. I am also grateful to Dr. L. Xiao for support in the molecular laboratory and Dr. J. P. Gomez for his assistance with analyses and the artwork. I am grateful to everyone involved in fieldwork and in permit processing in Ecuador and Colombia. I thank everyone who offered valuable comments, suggestions and feedback. I also acknowledge the other institutions, individuals and funding sources that assisted collaborators in my research. I acknowledge funding from Sigma Xi (Grants-in-Aid of Research G20100315153261), the Center for Systematic Entomology, the Council of the Linnean Society and the Systematics Association for the Systematics Research Fund, the William C. and Bertha M. Cornett Fellowship, the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the Florida Foundation, the AMNH collections study grant, and COLCIENCIAS. Lastly, I am deeply grateful to my family, who supported me all these years, you are my foundation and my motivation to become a better person. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................7 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................9 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................11 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................13 2 MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF PREPONINI ..................................................................16 Background .............................................................................................................................16 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................................18 Taxon and Gene Sampling ..............................................................................................18 DNA Study ......................................................................................................................18 Data Partitioning and Phylogenetic Analyses .................................................................19 Morphological Study .......................................................................................................21 Distribution Maps ............................................................................................................22 Results.....................................................................................................................................22 Phylogenetic Relationships .............................................................................................22 Morphological Analyses ..................................................................................................25 Discussion ...............................................................................................................................25 Molecular Approach to Species Boundaries ...................................................................25 Taxonomic Changes Based on Molecules and Morphology ...........................................28 3 ORIGIN, BIOGEOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION OF COLOR IN PREPONINES ............38 Background .............................................................................................................................38 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................................40 Phylogeny Reconstruction and Dating ............................................................................40 Inference of Biogeographic History ................................................................................42 Diversification Rates .......................................................................................................44 Phenotypic Evolution ......................................................................................................45 Results.....................................................................................................................................48 Phylogenetic Reconstruction and Dating ........................................................................48 Inference of Biogeographic History ................................................................................49 Diversification Rates and Phenotypic Evolution .............................................................50 Discussion ...............................................................................................................................51 Origin and Biogeographical Patterns ...............................................................................51 Diversification of Preponines ..........................................................................................55 Phenotypic Evolution ......................................................................................................57 5 4 PHYLOGEOGRAPHY AND SPECIES DELIMITATION IN PREPONA LAERTES .........65 Background .............................................................................................................................65 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................................68 Specimen Collection, Storage and Preparation ...............................................................68 DNA Extraction ...............................................................................................................69 COI Barcoding .................................................................................................................69 RADseq Data ...................................................................................................................69 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................................71 Results.....................................................................................................................................76 Phylogenetic Relationships .............................................................................................76 Alternative Approaches ...................................................................................................78 Discussion ...............................................................................................................................79 Inference of Relationships ...............................................................................................79 COI Barcoding vs. RADseq ............................................................................................85 Effect of Missing Data .....................................................................................................86 Alternative Approaches to Species Delimitation ............................................................87 5 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................100 APPENDIX A PHYLOGENY OF PREPONINI - SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURES ...................................104 B PHYLOGENY OF PREPONINI - SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES ....................................115 C ORIGIN, BIOGEOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION OF COLOR IN PREPONINES - SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURES ..........................................................................................121 D ORIGIN, BIOGEOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION OF COLOR IN PREPONINES - SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES ............................................................................................127 E PHYLOGEOGRAPHY AND SPECIES DELIMITATION IN PREPONA LAERTES - SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURES ..........................................................................................136 F PHYLOGEOGRAPHY AND SPECIES DELIMITATION IN PREPONA LAERTES - SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES ............................................................................................148 LIST OF REFERENCES .............................................................................................................158 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................176 6 LIST OF TABLES Table page 2-1 Preponine species sensu Lamas (2004)..............................................................................33 2-2 Wing pattern and genitalic characters for the three groups found within Prepona pylene and treated here as distinct species. Characters are illustrated and
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