Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project

Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

March 2017

Draft Report Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd Draft Report Authors: Ryan Ellis, Volker Framenau Reviewers: Jarrad Clark, Karen Crews Date: 23 March 2017 Submitted to: Phil Scott (Preston Consulting), Brett Hazelden (Kalium Lakes Ltd)

Version history Name Task Version Date V. Framenau Draft for client comments 1.0 6 July 2015 V. Framenau & R. Ellis Updated draft for client comments 2.0 23 March 2017

©Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 2017 The use of this report is solely for the Client for the purpose in which it was prepared. Phoenix Environmental Sciences accepts no responsibility for use beyond this purpose. All rights are reserved and no part of this report may be reproduced or copied in any form without the written permission of Phoenix Environmental Sciences or the Client.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 1/511 Wanneroo Rd BALCATTA WA 6021 P: 08 9345 1608 F: 08 6313 0680 E: [email protected] Project codes: 1074-TM-KAL-TER and 1100-TM-KAL-TER

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd i Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Contents

LIST OF FIGURES ...... III LIST OF TABLES ...... III LIST OF APPENDICES ...... IV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... V 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 8 1.1 Background ...... 8 1.2 Survey objectives and scope of work ...... 10 2 LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT ...... 11 2.1 Commonwealth ...... 11 2.2 State ...... 11 3 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ...... 13 3.1 Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia ...... 13 3.2 Land systems ...... 15 3.3 Climate and weather ...... 17 3.4 Land use ...... 19 3.4.1 Threatening processes ...... 1 9 3.4.2 Reserves ...... 19 3.5 Biological context ...... 19 3.5.1 Vertebrate fauna ...... 19 3.5.2 Short-range endemic invertebrates ...... 20 4 METHODS ...... 21 4.1 Desktop review ...... 21 4.2 Field survey ...... 22 4.2.1 Habitat assessment and site selection ...... 24 4.2.2 Vertebrate fauna ...... 24 4.2.3 Short-range endemic invertebrates ...... 28 4.3 Taxonomy and nomenclature ...... 29 4.3.1 Morphological species identification ...... 29 4.3.2 Molecular species identification ...... 29 4.3.3 Nomenclature ...... 30 4.4 Statistical analyses ...... 31 4.5 Project personnel ...... 32 5 RESULTS ...... 33 5.1 Desktop review ...... 33 5.1.1 Vertebrate fauna ...... 33 5.1.2 Short-range endemic invertebrates ...... 34 5.2 Field surveys ...... 36 5.2.1 Fauna habitats ...... 36 5.2.2 Vertebrate fauna ...... 41

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd ii Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

5.2.3 Short-range endemic invertebrates ...... 49 5.2.4 Species richness ...... 59 5.3 Survey limitations ...... 60 6 DISCUSSION ...... 62 6.1 Vertebrate fauna ...... 62 6.1.1 Conservation significant species ...... 62 6.1.2 Habitats ...... 67 6.2 Short-range endemic invertebrates ...... 70 6.2.1 Habitats ...... 70 7 REFERENCES ...... 72

List of Figures

Figure 1-1 Location of the Beyondie Potash Project and study area for the terrestrial fauna survey ...... 9 Figure 3-1 Study area in relation to IBRA regions and subregions...... 14 Figure 3-2 Land systems of the study area ...... 1 6 Figure 3-3 Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Three Rivers (BoM 2016) ...... 18 Figure 3-4 Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Newman Airport (BoM 2016) ...... 18 Figure 4-1 Location of terrestrial fauna sites ...... 23 Figure 4-2 Systematic trapping site conceptual layout for one ‘pit trap’ of which each site consists of ten ‘pit traps’ ...... 25 Figure 4-3 Red Fox and Cat recorded at Site 07 using remote camera traps ...... 27 Figure 5-1 Records of SRE invertebrates from the desktop review ...... 35 Figure 5-2 Terrestrial fauna habitats and conservation significant vertebrate species recorded . 39 Figure 5-3 Records of SRE invertebrates collected ...... 52 Figure 5-4 SRE invertebrates collected during the terrestrial fauna survey. A, Lychas ‘beyondie 1’; Lychas ‘beyondie 2’; C, Urodacus ‘beyondie’; D, Urodacus ‘yaschenkoi-group’; E, Aganippe ‘beyondie 2’; F, Aganippe ‘beyondie 1’; Aname sp. indet...... 53 Figure 5-5 Burrow of Genus indet. ‘PES299’ (site 102) (left) and Genus indet. ‘PES297’ (site 103) (right) on the playa of Lake Sunshine ...... 55 Figure 5-6 Observed and estimated species richness of all vertebrate species in the study area 60

List of Tables

Table 3-1 Land systems of the study area ...... 15 Table 4-1 Terrestrial fauna surveys examined as part of the desktop review ...... 21 Table 4-2 Number of survey sites in each section of the study area ...... 22 Table 4-3 Summary of trapping effort for vertebrate survey ...... 25 Table 4-4 Summary of survey effort for SRE survey ...... 29 Table 4-5 Invertebrate specimens from the survey sequenced for molecular identification ...... 30 Table 4-6 Nomenclatural references, morphospecies designations and reference collections .. 30 Table 4-7 Project team ...... 32 Table 5-1 Conservation significant vertebrates identified through the desktop review ...... 33

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd iii Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Table 5-2 SRE invertebrates identified through the desktop review ...... 34 Table 5-3 Extent of fauna habitats of the study area ...... 38 Table 5-4 Invertebrate recorded in the study area, their SRE rating and habitat ...... 50 Table 5-5 Species richness estimates for vertebrates ...... 59 Table 5-6 Survey limitations from EPA Technical Guidance: Terrestrial fauna surveys (EPA 2016e) ...... 61 Table 6-1 Summary of conservation significant vertebrate species with likelihood of occurrence ...... 64 Table 6-2 Summary of conservation significant vertebrate species recorded or likely to occur within each habitat ...... 68

List of Appendices

Appendix 1 Survey site descriptions Appendix 2 Systematic survey and opportunistic site, camera trap, SongMeter and marsupial mole trench locations from the field survey Appendix 3 Vertebrate species recorded from the desktop review and during the field survey Appendix 4 Location of conservation significant vertebrate fauna recorded during the field survey

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd iv Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Kalium Lakes Potash Pty Ltd (Kalium) proposes to develop the Beyondie Potash Project (the Project), located approximately 150 km south-southeast of Newman on the border of the Little Sandy Desert and Gascoyne bioregions. In February 2015, Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd (Phoenix) was commissioned to conduct a terrestrial fauna survey for the Project, which was undertaken over several field trips between April and November 2015. The objective of the survey was to define the fauna values of the study area, focussing on its northern section, and in particular with respect to conservation significant vertebrate species and short-range endemic invertebrates (SREs) to inform planning and an environmental impact assessment of the Project. The study area for the survey covered 19,588.5 ha and included terrestrial fauna habitat around Beyondie Lakes, Ten Mile Lake and Lake Sunshine. Beyondie Lakes consists of a western freshwater marsh connected to two circular salt playas in line in the east. Ten Mile Lake is a large salt playa located about six kilometres to the south with several claypans located around the lakes that are not hydrologically connected to it. Lake Sunshine another large salt playa and claypans, is located approximately 24 km north east of the Beyondie Lakes. Survey intensity varied between parts of the study area. The area around the Beyondie Lakes and a proposed haul road corridor (collectively the northern section) was systematically surveyed and included detailed habitat mapping (Level 2 survey). An opportunistic survey for vertebrate fauna and an SRE survey were undertaken in the area around Ten Mile Lake (the southern section). A level 1 fauna survey was undertaken at the Lake Sunshine section of the study area. A desktop review of relevant databases, literature and spatial data preceded the field survey to assess the potential for presence of conservation significant vertebrate fauna and SRE species and habitats in the study area. Survey methods included on-site habitat assessment, habitat mapping, systematic trapping (consisting of dry pitfall traps, funnel traps, Elliott and Sheffield cage traps; 10 sites) and avifauna surveys (10 systematic sites and some opportunistic sites), bat echolocation call recording (SongMeter SM2) (seven sites), infra-red remote sensor camera trapping (seven systematic sites and five opportunistic sites) and mole trenching (six sites). Targeted searches/foraging for evidence of conservation significant vertebrate fauna was conducted at all 10 systematic trapping sites and an additional 36 opportunistic sites. A helicopter was used to undertake aerial searches for Greater Bilby burrows and select Mole Trench sites. Survey methods for SREs comprised active searches and collection of invertebrates from the dry vertebrate pitfall traps. Searches were primarily conducted on or near the edges of salt lakes as the most prospective habitat for SREs in the study area. The survey was conducted in accordance with relevant survey guidance that was current at the time of the surveys, including Guidance Statement no. 56: Terrestrial fauna surveys for environmental impact assessment in Western Australia (EPA 2004; now EPA 2016e), Guidance Statement no. 20: Sampling of short range endemic invertebrate fauna for environmental impact assessment in Western Australia (EPA 2009; now EPA 2016d) and Technical Guide: Terrestrial vertebrate fauna surveys for environmental impact assessment (EPA & DEC 2010; now EPA 2016c). Where appropriate, this report was updated to reflect the new EPA guidance for the environmental factor terrestrial fauna, in particular Environmental Factor Guideline: Terrestrial fauna (EPA 2016a). Three main fauna habitats were recorded in the mapped sections (northern and Lake Sunshine) of the study area – shrubland and grassland on sandplain (36.2% of the mapped area), woodland on stony plain (29.2%) and salt lake (incl. samphire zone) (21.1%) — in addition to six habitats covering only a small area each — mosaic of shrubland and grassland on sandplain and dune (3.2%), rocky hill

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd v Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

(2.8%), shrubland and grassland on dune (2.4%), freshwater lake (1.9%), creek and drainage line (1.5%), shrubland and grassland on calcrete (0.9%) and woodland on dune (0.8%). No detailed fauna habitat mapping was undertaken for the southern section which accounted for approximately 21.9% of the study area. A total of 316 vertebrate fauna species (11 frogs, 107 reptiles, 146 birds and 52 mammals – 42 native and ten introduced) were identified in the desktop review as potentially occurring in the study area. Of these, 26 species were of conservation significance, including 11 listed as Threatened under the EPBC Act and/or the WC Act. Seven records of potential SREs were identified in the desktop review within 100 km of the study area, the nominal range of short-range endemism. These included four records of trapdoor spiders (Anidiops sp. indet., Idiopidae sp. indet., Aname ‘MYG195’, Aname ‘MYG267’), one record of pseudoscorpion (Synsphyronus sp. indet.) and two records of land snails (Camaenidae sp. indet.). None of these records were from within the study area. A total of 128 vertebrate fauna species were recorded during the field surveys including seven amphibians, 43 reptiles, 50 birds and 28 mammals (eight introduced and 20 native). Species richness estimates suggest that between 69–79% of the vertebrate fauna assemblage were recorded during the systematic survey. Cool conditions experienced during the survey may have influenced the assemblage results. The Tanami Toadlet (Uperoleia micromeles), Mosaic Desert Skink (Eremiascincus musivus), Black- chinned Honeyeater (Melithreptus gularis) and Banded Lapwing (Vanellus tricolor) were recorded during the field survey but not returned in the desktop review. Five vertebrate species of conservation significance were recorded during the survey: x Greater Bilby (Macrotis lagotis) (VU – EPBC Act, WC Act) x Unpatterned Robust Slider (Lerista macropisthopus remota) (P2 – DPaW) x Northern Marsupial Mole (Notoryctes caurinus) (P4 – DPaW) x Brush-tailed Mulgara (Dasycercus blythi) (P4 – DPaW) x Rainbow Bee-eater (Merops ornatus) (Migratory – EPBC Act, WC Act). Two additional conservation significant species were recorded in a waterbird survey concurrently with the terrestrial fauna survey: x Common Greenshank (Tringa nebularia) (Migratory – EPBC, WC Act) x Oriental Plover (Charadrius veredus) (Migratory – EPBC, WC Act). A further 13 species of conservation significance are considered to have potential to occur within the study area based on species records and the presence of suitable habitat, including the Great Desert Skink (Liopholis kintorei) (VU — EPBC, WA Act), Princess Parrot (Polytelis alexandrae) (VU — EPBC), Northern Quoll (EN — EPBC, VU — WA Act) and Black-flanked Rock-wallaby (VU — EPBC, WA Act). Habitats of the study area considered to be of high value for fauna assemblages and/or support species of conservation significance are: x sandplain and sand dune habitats, which support the Greater Bilby, Brush-tailed Mulgara and Northern Marsupial Mole x creek and drainage line habitats, particularly when water is present, which are likely to provide suitable foraging and refuge habitat for many birds and mammals

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd vi Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

x salt lakes and freshwater lakes, which provide suitable foraging habitat for waterbirds and shorebirds, including at least two Migratory species. With exception of the two Migratory bird species recorded, all conservation significant vertebrate species recorded during the survey prefer sandplain or dune habitats with variable vegetation composition and structure. All habitats represented within the study area are also represented in land systems adjacent to the study area and across the broader Little Sandy Desert and Gascoyne bioregions. Sandplain and dune habitats are common within the study area and throughout the Little Sandy Desert bioregion. A total of 20 terrestrial invertebrate species in six orders, 10 families and 14 genera were collected during the field survey. Thirteen of these, two species of wolf spider (Genus indet. ‘PES0297’ and ‘PES0299’), three species of trapdoor spiders (Aganippe ‘beyondie 1’, Aganippe ‘beyondie 2’, Aname sp. indet.), four species of scorpions (Lychas ‘beyondie 1’, Lychas ‘beyondie 2’, Urodacus ‘beyondie’, Urodacus ‘yaschenkoi-group), one slater (Buddelundia ‘10lk’) and two tiger beetles (Pseudotetracha murchisona and P. oleadorsa) are considered potential SREs. Seven of these are currently only known from the study area. The taxonomy of Aname sp. indet. and Urodacus ‘yaschenkoi’-group is unresolved and no statement can be made on their distribution, and Buddelundia ‘10lk’ has previously been recorded in the Little Sandy Desert ca. 55 km south-east of the study area. The salt playas of the eastern Beyondie Lakes and Ten Mile Lake represent the most prospective SRE habitat within the study area. As habitat islands within a generally arid or semi-arid environmental matrix, salt lakes have been shown to harbour species with extremely limited known distributions. Four SREs collected during the survey are considered salt lake specialists, the two wolf spiders Gen. indet. ‘PES0297’ and ‘PES0299’ and the tiger beetles P. oleadorsa and P. murchisona. The wolf spiders represent a new lineage at the genus level of salt lake dwelling spiders, whereas the rating of the previously considered widespread tiger beetles as SREs represents recent taxonomic advances based on molecular data. As burrowing specialists, these salt lake specialists are likely to be susceptible to hydrological changes of the lake, in particular a change of the ground water level during the dry phase. All other SREs from the survey were all found in the arid habitats around the lakes which are well represented in and around the study area. Two limitations influenced the evaluation of the salt lake invertebrate fauna. Firstly, the Beyondie Lakes salt lakes were inundated during the survey and could not be sampled for the generally burrowing salt lake specialist. Secondly, salt lake invertebrates appear to by seasonal and may not have been caught in during this survey. Caution should therefore be taken to evaluate the faunistic values of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of the Beyondie Lakes, Ten Mile Lake and Lake Sunshine without further regional surveys and surveys during other times of the year. In summary, the 21 vertebrate species of conservation significance were recorded (eight species) or potentially occur in the study area. With the exception of four birds, all conservation significant species recorded in the study area, in particular the Greater Bilby, prefer sandplain or dune habitats which are well represented within the study area and in the broader Little Sandy Desert and Gascoyne bioregions. Of 20 recorded invertebrates, seven are currently only known from the study area and are considered potential SREs. Four of these are salt lake specialists which are likely susceptible to groundwater changes in their environment.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd vii Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

1 INTRODUCTION

In February 2015, Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd (Phoenix) was commissioned by Preston Consulting Pty Ltd (Preston) on behalf of Kalium Lakes Ltd (Kalium) to conduct a terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project (the Project).

1.1 BACKGROUND

Kalium is seeking to develop the Project as a sub-surface brine deposit to produce 150–250 ktpa Sulphate of Potash (SOP) product via an evaporation and processing operation. A concept study completed in April 2015 assessed the mine life as being 20 years with considerable upside to extend for many decades. The Project is located approximately 150 km south-southeast of Newman, with access to the Great Northern Highway at Kumarina approximately 65 km to the east (Figure 1-1). The project area spans the border between the Great Sandy Desert and Gascoyne bioregions. The study area for the survey covered 19,588.5 ha (Figure 1-1). Survey intensity varied between parts of the study area. The northern section around the Beyondie Lakes was systematically surveyed and included detailed habitat mapping (Level 2 survey). It covered 12,173.8 ha and also included a proposed haul road corridor (a 40 m wide upgrade to an existing pastoral track) connecting the Project to the Great Northern Highway at Kumarina. The southern section (4,289.7 ha) largely encompassed Ten Mile Lake (Figure 1-1) where survey intensity was limited to short- range endemic invertebrate (SRE) survey sites and targeted searches /opportunistic vertebrate fauna records with no detailed habitat mapping undertaken. The Lake Sunshine section covered 3,125.1 ha, including Lake Sunshine and a corridor to the south connecting it with the southern section near Ten Mile Lake (Figure 1-1). The Beyondie Lakes consist of a western freshwater marsh connected to two circular salt playas in line in the east. Ten Mile Lake is a large salt playa located about six kilometres to the south. Several claypans are located around the lakes but are not hydrologically connected. The Beyondie Lakes salt playas connect with Ten Mile Lake during extreme inundation events. Sunshine Lake, another large salt playa and claypans, is located approximately 24 km north east of the Beyondie Lakes.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 8 Figure 1–1 70000 150000 230000 310000

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1.2 SURVEY OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF WORK

The objective of the terrestrial fauna survey was to define the fauna values of the study area which will be used to inform planning and an environmental impact assessment of the Project. The scope of work was as follows: x conduct a desktop review of available technical reports, relevant databases and spatial data to assess the potential for presence of conservation significant vertebrate and SRE species and habitats in the study area x undertake a terrestrial fauna habitat assessment within the study area x conduct a single phase Level 2 vertebrate fauna survey (Beyondie Lakes northern section), Level 1 vertebrate fauna survey (Ten Mile Lake southern section and Lake Sunshine) and Level 2 SRE survey for all areas. x undertake data analyses, sample processing and species identifications for samples collected during the field surveys x prepare maps showing significant species records and habitats in the study area x prepare a technical report and supporting digital data. The SRE survey focused primarily on the surface-dwelling invertebrates of the two lakes (e.g. wolf spiders, crickets and tiger beetle), but included any specimens caught in vertebrate dry pitfall traps during concurrent field survey. Survey sites for salt lake-dwelling invertebrates were largely situated in the southern section of the study area. The survey was conducted in accordance with relevant Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) guidance that was current at the time of the surveys, in particular: x Position Statement no. 3: Terrestrial biological surveys as an element of biodiversity protection (EPA 2002) x Guidance Statement no. 56: Terrestrial fauna surveys for environmental impact assessment in Western Australia (EPA 2004), which is now Technical Guidance: Terrestrial fauna surveys (EPA 2016e) x Guidance Statement no. 20: Sampling of short range endemic invertebrate fauna for environmental impact assessment in Western Australia (EPA 2009), which is now Technical Guidance: Sampling of short-range endemic invertebrate fauna (EPA 2016d) x Technical Guide: Terrestrial vertebrate fauna surveys for environmental impact assessment (EPA & DEC 2010), which is now Technical Guidance: Sampling methods for terrestrial vertebrate fauna (EPA 2016c) Where appropriate, this report was updated to reflect the new EPA guidance for the environmental factor terrestrial fauna, in particular Environmental Factor Guideline: Terrestrial fauna (EPA 2016a).

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 10 Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

2 LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT

The protection of fauna in Western Australia (WA) is principally governed by three acts: x Commonwealth Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) x Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (WC Act) x Environmental Protection Act 1986 (EP Act).

2.1 COMMONWEALTH

Under the EPBC Act, actions that have, or are likely to have, a significant impact on a matter of national environmental significance (NES), require approval from the Australian Government Minister for the Environment. The EPBC Act provides for the listing of Threatened native fauna as matters of NES. Conservation categories applicable to Threatened Fauna under the EPBC Act are as follows: x Extinct (EX)1 – there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died x Extinct in the Wild (EW) – taxa known to survive only in captivity x Critically Endangered (CR) – taxa facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future x Endangered (EN) – taxa facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future x Vulnerable (VU) – taxa facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term x Conservation Dependent1 – taxa whose survival depends upon ongoing conservation measures; without these measures, a conservation dependent taxon would be classified as Vulnerable or more severely threatened. The EPBC Act is also the enabling legislation for protection of Migratory species under a number of international agreements: x Japan-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (JAMBA) x China-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (CAMBA) x Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn) x Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of Korea on the Protection of Migratory Birds (ROKAMBA).

2.2 STATE

In WA, the WC Act provides for the listing of Specially Protected Fauna species which are under identifiable threat of extinction. Under current classifications, protected fauna are assigned to one of seven categories under the WC Act (Western Australian Government 2017):

1 Species listed as Extinct and Conservation Dependent are not matters of NES and therefore do not trigger the EPBC Act.

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x Schedule 1 – fauna that is rare or is likely to become extinct as Critically Endangered (CR) fauna x Schedule 2 – fauna that is rare or is likely to become extinct as Endangered (EN) fauna x Schedule 3 – fauna that is rare or is likely to become extinct as Vulnerable (VU) fauna x Schedule 4 – fauna presumed to be extinct (EX) x Schedule 5 – Migratory birds protected under an international agreement (Mig.) x Schedule 6 – fauna that is of special conservation need as conservation dependent (CD) fauna x Schedule 7 – other specially protected (SP) fauna. Assessments for listing are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) threat categories. The Department of Parks and Wildlife (DPaW) administers the WC Act and maintains a non-statutory list of Priority Fauna species (updated annually). Priority species are still considered to be of conservation significance – that is they may be rare or threatened – but cannot be considered for listing under the WC Act until there is adequate understanding of their threat levels. Species on the Priority Fauna lists are assigned to one of four Priority (P) categories, P1 (highest) – P4 (lowest), based on level of knowledge/concern. Any activities that are deemed to have a significant impact on listed fauna species can trigger referral to the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) for assessment under the EP Act. Fauna species may be significant for a range of reasons other than those listed as Threatened or Priority Fauna. Significant fauna may include short-range endemic species (see section 3.5.2), species that have declining populations or declining distributions, species at the extremes of their range, or isolated outlying populations, or species which may be undescribed (EPA 2016a).

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3 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

3.1 INTERIM BIOGEOGRAPHIC REGIONALISATION OF AUSTRALIA

The Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia (IBRA) defines ‘bioregions’ as large land areas characterised by broad, landscape-scale natural features and environmental processes that influence the functions of entire (Department of the Environment and Energy 2016; Thackway & Cresswell 1995).They categorise the large-scale geophysical patterns that occur across the Australian continent that are linked to fauna and flora assemblages and processes at the ecosystem scale (Thackway & Cresswell 1995). Western Australia contains 26 IBRA bioregions and 53 subregions. The study area is situated on the border to two bioregions; the Gascoyne bioregion and Little Sandy Desert bioregion (Figure 3-1). The study area is situated at the junction of the Augustus subregion (GAS3) of the Gascoyne bioregion and Trainor subregion (LSD2) of the Little Sandy Desert bioregion (Figure 3-1). The Augustus subregion (GAS3) is characterised by (Desmond et al. 2001): x low Proterozoic sedimentary and granite ranges divided by flat broad valleys x mulga woodland with Triodia on shallow stony loams on rises with mulga parkland on shallow earthy loams over hardpan on the plains x extensive areas of alluvial deposits x calcrete aquifers of the Carnegie drainage system x desert climate with bimodal rainfall. The Trainor subregion (LSD2) is characterised by (Cowan & Kendrick 2001): x red centre desert on Neoproterozoic sedimentary basement (Officer Basin) x red Quaternary dune fields with abrupt Proterozoic sandstone ranges of Bangemall Basin x shrub steppe of acacias, Aluta maisonneuvei and grevilleas over Triodia schinzii on sandy surfaces x sparse shrub-steppe over Triodia basedowii on stony hills x eucalypt and coolabah communities and bunch grasses on alluvial deposits and drainage lines associated with ranges x arid climate with episodic summer rainfall.

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Study area in relation N O I S to IBRA regions S I and subregions M G 7320000 N O L A G I J

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M Y M I A A R R O ° A D 7240000 Environmental Sciences — Data sources: Commonwealth of Austral of Commonwealth sources: — Data Sciences Environmental

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Carnegie GAS02 This drawing is subject to COPYRIGHT and is property of Phoenix of property is and COPYRIGHT to subject is drawing This Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

3.2 LAND SYSTEMS

The Department of Agriculture and Food (DAFWA) has mapped the land systems in the Little Sandy Desert and Gascoyne bioregions (DAFWA 2014). The study area covers 13 land systems (Table 3-1; Figure 3-2). It is dominated by the SV5, AB44 and Oc49 land systems which together cover approximately 80% of the study area (Table 3-1 Figure 3-2). Important vertebrate fauna habitats contained within the dominant land systems of the study area includes: x sandplain and dune habitats supporting grasslands and shrublands of the AB14 and AB44 land systems for conservation significant burrowing mammal species, including the Greater Bilby and Brush-tailed Mulgara x salt lakes of the SV5 land system providing foraging habitat for migratory bird species. The most relevant land system in relation to SREs is SV5 and here in particular the surface of salt lakes which may act as isolated habitat islands for poorly dispersing species. Table 3-1 Land systems of the study area % of Total area Land system Description study (ha) area Upland sand plains with occasional dunes and minor inclusions of AB14 626.01 3.2% associated plains units Plains with a variable, but usually high, proportion of longitudinal AB44 sand dunes, and with some clay pans; scattered sandstone hills 5,278.14 26.9% and laterite residuals are fairly common Rugged ranges, hills, ridges and plateaux with skeletal soils Augustus supporting mulga and other acacia shrublands in southern parts 89.46 0.5% System or hard spinifex grasslands in northern parts. Narrow plain associated with the major river systems, usually BB9 occurring upstream of unit Oc47 and characterized by frequent 1,907.31 9.7% outcrops of calcrete (kunkar) Extensive flat and gently sloping plains, which sometimes have a BE6 surface cover of gravels and on which red-brown hardpan 814.75 4.2% frequently outcrops Stony plains and restricted internal drainage flats with sparse tall Bryah System 21.33 0.1% acacia shrublands and low chenopod shrublands. Undulating stony uplands, low hills, ridges, stony plains and Collier System 119.14 0.6% drainage floors supporting mulga shrublands and some spinifex. Hardpan wash plains with broad, reticulate mulga groves and Frederick wanderrie banks supporting acacia tall shrublands with grassy 82.95 0.4% System understorey. Jamindie Stony hardpan plains and rises supporting grooved mulga 223.72 1.1% System shrublands, occasionally with spinifex understorey. Partially dissected pediments with some low stony hills on fine- Oc49 grained sedimentary rocks and basic dykes, frequently flanking 3,333.25 17.0% areas of unit Fa8 Saline soils associated with salt lakes; sand and kopi gypsum SV5 7,092.42 36.2% dunes, and intervening plains Total 19,588.49 100.0%

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 15 Y

A W Collier Fa8 H System Divide G Oc49 I System

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c49 AB14 SV5 AB14 Fa9

Fa8 AB14 Oc49 BB9

Oc49 Phoenix of property is and COPYRIGHT to subject is drawing This

Client: Kalium Lakes Ltd Project: Beyondie Potash Project Figure 3–2 Study area Land systems Bryah System George System Author: KW ° Land systems of Date: 01-Mar-17 Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50 Major creeks and rivers AB14 Collier System Jamindie System Projection: Transverse Mercator the study area Datum: GDA 1994 Principal road AB44 Divide System Oc49 Western Australia Secondary road Augustus System Fa8 SV5 03.571.75 Kilometres PERTH Minor road BB9 Fa9 Three Rivers System 1:225,000 Lakes BE6 Frederick System Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

3.3 CLIMATE AND WEATHER

The Gascoyne bioregion has an arid climate with and summer rainfall in the east. Spatially averaged median (1890–2005) rainfall is 202 mm (DEWHA 2008a). The climate of the Little Sandy Desert bioregion is also arid with summer-dominant rainfall. Spatially averaged median (1890–2005) rainfall is 178 mm (DEWHA 2008b). The climate of south-western Little Sandy Desert has also been described as desert tropical with predominant summer rainfall (van Leeuwen 2002). The nearest Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) weather station with long-term data averages is Three Rivers (No. 7080, Latitude: 25.13°S Longitude: 119.15°E), approximately 120 km to the south-west of the study area. Three Rivers records the highest maximum mean monthly temperature (39.3°C) in January and the lowest maximum mean annual temperature (22.9°C) in June. The lowest mean minimum temperature is recorded in July (6.2°C) and the highest in January (24.9°C). Average annual rainfall is 238.4 mm with January, February and March recording the highest monthly averages (34.9, 43.5, and 36.1 mm respectively) (Figure 3-3). The nearest BoM weather station with current daily observations is Newman Airport (No. 7176, Latitude: 24.42°S Longitude: 119.80°E), approximately 150 km to the north-northwest of the study area. Newman records the highest maximum mean monthly temperature (39.2°C) in January and the lowest maximum mean annual temperature (21.0°C) in July. The lowest mean minimum temperature is recorded in July (4.8°C) and the highest in January (24.1°C). Average annual rainfall is 317.1 mm with January, February and March recording the highest monthly averages (65.3, 73.7, and 39.2 mm respectively) (Figure 3-4). Pan evaporation for the south-western Little Sandy Desert bioregion ranges from 16.1 mm/day in January to 4.5 mm/day in June at an annual daily average of 10.2 mm (van Leeuwen 2002). During the Level 2 trapping field survey (in April) minimum temperatures recorded at Newman Airport ranged from 9.3 to 20.4 and maximum temperatures ranged from 14.7 to 32.5. Mean monthly temperatures recorded during the field survey were below averages recorded for previous years (Figure 3-4). A total of 68.6 mm of rainfall was recorded during the field survey from 20 to 23 April, with the highest of 50.2 mm recorded on the 22 April. During the complementary survey undertaken in July 2015 temperatures recorded at Newman Airport ranged from 6.8 to 6.9 and maximum temperatures ranged from 23.3 to 23.6. Mean temperatures recorded during the field survey were comparable to averages recorded for previous years (Figure 3-4). A total of 1.4 mm of rainfall was recorded during the field survey. Above average rainfall was recorded during early March (Figure 3-4) with over 140 mm recorded at Newman Airport which resulted in abundant water present in the lakes within the study area. Monthly rainfall at Newman in the three months prior to a third field trip in November was consistently below average (Figure 3-4). Mean maximum and minimum temperatures at Newman Airport were above average in the months leading up to and during the November survey (Figure 3-4).

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 17 Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

45 50

40 45 43.5 40 35 36.1 34.9 35 30 30 25

C) 23.5 ° 22.8 25 21.2 20 18.7 20 15 15 11.4 10 10 Rainfall (mm) Temperature ( 7.3 10 5.7 5 2.1 5

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Mean rainfall (mm) for years 1907 to 2014 Mean maximum temperature for years 1967 to 2004 Mean minimum temperature for years 1967 to 2004

Figure 3-3 Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Three Rivers (BoM 2016)

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Mean rainfall (mm) for years 1971 to 2015 Total monthly rainfall from December 2014 to November 2015 Mean maximum temperature (Degrees C) for years 1996 to 2015 Mean minimum temperature (Degrees C) for years 1996 to 2015 Mean daily max temperature from December 2014 to November 2015 Mean daily min temperature from December 2014 to November 2015

Figure 3-4 Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Newman Airport (BoM 2016)

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 18 Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

3.4 LAND USE

Overall, only 2% of the Little Sandy Desert bioregion is grazed (DEWHA 2008b). In contrast, approximately 80% of the Gascoyne bioregion was grazed between 1992 and 2001 (DEWHA 2008a); however, the study area only partly falls into the western-most part of the latter bioregion and which is therefore much less representative for the Beyondie and Ten Mile Lakes. At a more local scale, little information is available in relation to land use near the study area. It was covered by a biological study of the south-western Little Sandy Desert (van Leeuwen 2002). This area was principally Unallocated Crown Land with one unvested Crown Reserve (No. 1 Vermin Proof Fence). Three pastoral leases abut the south-western Little Sandy Desert, of which the north-eastern part of Marymia intersects the study area (van Leeuwen 2002). Apart from camel harvesting operations and little four-wheel-drive tourism, the area has been described as ‘economically inconsequential’ (van Leeuwen 2002).

3.4.1 Threatening processes

Several threatening processes affect the vertebrate and invertebrate fauna of the Gascoyne and Little Sandy Desert bioregions (Cowan & Kendrick 2001; Desmond et al. 2001): x wildfire and alteration of fire regimes x habitat alteration from grazing pressure x spread of introduced fauna x spread of weeds x habitat destruction through mining and associated developments x climate change.

3.4.2 Reserves

Collier Range National Park 60 km to the west was established in 1978. The park is little managed with annual wild dog baiting, but otherwise only occasional visits by Karratha staff (Desmond et al. 2001). Giles Nature Reserve covering the south-western parts of the Little Sandy Desert was proposed in 2002 (van Leeuwen 2002). This proposed A-class reserve does not cover the study area; however, is likely to provide refugial habitats for local and regional fauna and flora. The Birriliburu Indigenous Protected Area includes the Sunshine Lake study area and the sandstone Carnarvon Ranges (Anonymous 2013).

3.5 BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT

A comprehensive biological survey conducted in the south-western Little Sandy Desert by the Department of Conservation and Land Management (now DPaW) between 1995 and 1999 aimed to describe the floral and faunal diversity within the region (van Leeuwen 2002) and provided a benchmark for environmental assessment studies within a small portion of the bioregion.

3.5.1 Vertebrate fauna

The Little Sandy Desert and Gascoyne bioregions accommodate a rich species assemblage comprising of a diverse range of vertebrate fauna (van Leeuwen 2002). Fauna within these

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 19 Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd bioregions have adapted to survive in the harsh semi-arid and desert climatic conditions. Several species of conservation significance occur in the bioregions. The few endemic species to the bioregions include the Lake Disappointment Gecko (Diplodactylus fuller) and Lake Disappointment Dragon (Ctenophorus nguyarna) from the Little Sandy Desert and a number of Lerista species from the Gascoyne bioregion. Further regional surveys may reveal additional local endemics.

3.5.2 Short-range endemic invertebrates

Short-range endemic (SRE) fauna are defined as animals that display restricted geographic distributions, nominally less than 10,000 km2, that may also be disjunct and highly localised (Harvey 2002; Ponder & Colgan 2002). Short-range endemism in terrestrial invertebrates is believed to have evolved through two primary processes (Harvey 2002), relictual short-range endemism – where drying climate has forced range contraction into small pockets with remaining moist conditions (e.g. south-facing rock faces or slopes of mountains or gullies) – and habitat specialist SREs that may have settled in particular isolated habitat types (e.g. rocky or granite outcrops) by means of dispersal and evolved in isolation into distinct species. However, SRE invertebrates have also been reported in more widespread habitats such as spinifex plains or woodlands and here mainly in groups with low dispersal capabilities such as mygalomorph spiders and millipedes. Short-range endemic fauna need to be considered in environmental impact assessments (EIA) as localised, small populations of species are generally at greater risk of changes in conservation status due to environmental change than other, more widely distributed taxa (EPA 2016d). There can be uncertainty in categorising a specimen as SRE due to a number of factors including poor regional survey density, lack of taxonomic research and problems of identification, i.e. specimens that may represent SREs cannot be identified to species level based on the life stage at hand. For example, in contrast to mature males, juvenile and female millipedes, mygalomorph spiders and scorpions cannot be identified to species level. Molecular techniques such as ‘barcoding’ (Hebert et al. 2003a; Hebert et al. 2003b) are routinely employed to overcome taxonomic or identification problems. Currently, there is no accepted system to determine the likelihood that a species is an SRE. The WA Museum has introduced a three tier-rating (confirmed, potential and not SRE) (Western Australian Museum 2013) which is employed here. Any SRE categorisation of a taxon is based on the information available at the time. As new information emerges from additional surveys, the SRE status may change and therefore the SRE status is dynamic.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 20 Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

4 METHODS

4.1 DESKTOP REVIEW

Database searches and literature reviews of relevant publications were undertaken in March 2015 to compile a list of conservation significant vertebrate and SRE fauna species that may occur within the study area based on the proximity of previous records. The following database searches were undertaken for a quadrat of approximate 100 km length with the diagonal coordinates of -24.3122°S, 119.7844°E (NW point) and -25.2347°S, 120.780°E (SE point): x EPBC Act Protected Matters Search Tool (Department of the Environment 2015) x DPaW/WA Museum NatureMap (DPaW 2015) x DPaW Threatened Fauna database (DPaW 2014) x Birdlife Australia Birdata database (Birdlife Australia 2005–2007). In addition, the WA Museum Arachnology/Myriapodology, Crustacea and Mollusca databases and Phoenix’ Isopoda database were undertaken for a quadrat of approximate 200 km length, consistent with the nominal range of short-range endemic invertebrates (EPA 2016d), with the diagonal coordinates of -23.86°S, 119.30°E (NW point) and -25.67°S, 121.27°E (SE point). A literature search was conducted for accessible reports of vertebrate and SRE invertebrate fauna surveys conducted within the vicinity of the study area to build on the potential species lists developed from the database searches. Reports for many of these surveys may not give detailed distribution data; however, distribution information for many of the vertebrates and invertebrates collected is available through the WA Museum database, which was accessed for this desktop review. Some terrestrial fauna surveys that have been conducted near the study area, or within the desktop review search area, were accessed for the desktop review (Table 4-1). Other than these few surveys and the regional biodiversity survey undertaken by DPaW (van Leeuwen 2002), there was an obvious paucity of previous survey effort and contextual information for the study area and surrounds. Table 4-1 Terrestrial fauna surveys examined as part of the desktop review

Author Survey Project Client Van Leeuwen (2002) Terrestrial flora and fauna Little Sandy Desert Department of Parks survey Biodiversity Survey and Wildlife Start et al. (2012) Vertebrate fauna survey Little Sandy Desert Department of Parks Biodiversity Survey and Wildlife Phoenix (2010) Vertebrate fauna survey FerrAus Pilbara Project FerrAus Ltd Phoenix (2011) Vertebrate fauna survey FerrAus Eastern Pilbara Rail FerrAus Ltd Enviroworks (2010a) Terrestrial flora and fauna Beyondie Magnetite Project Emergent Resources survey Ltd Enviroworks (2010b) Terrestrial flora and fauna Beyondie Magnetite Project Emergent Resources survey Ltd Phoenix (2012) Terrestrial fauna survey Butcherbird Manganese Montezuma Mining Project Company Ltd Phoenix (2014) SRE survey Lake Disappointment Potash Reward Minerals Ltd Project

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 21 Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Author Survey Project Client Phoenix (2017b) Waterbird and aquatic Beyondie Potash project Kalium Lakes Ltd invertebrate survey for the Beyondie Potash Project

4.2 FIELD SURVEY

A Level 2 vertebrate fauna and SRE field survey was undertaken in the northern section of the study area from 13–23 April 2015 to assess habitat quality and the likelihood of occurrence of conservation significance vertebrate fauna and SRE invertebrate fauna (Figure 4-1). Due to environmental conditions, survey trenches excavated to survey for marsupial moles could not be examined during the field survey. A zoologist returned to site to examine the trenches for any evidence of marsupial mole activity on 8 May 2015. Two SRE sites (sites 54, 55) and two opportunistic vertebrate fauna survey sites (50, 51) were sampled in the southern section of the study area; however, no detailed habitat mapping was not conducted in the southern section of the study area. A second field trip was undertaken from 22–24 July 2015 to survey an additional area at the north- eastern tip of Ten Mile Lake. This field trip entailed targeted searches for conservation significant species and opportunistic fauna observations at four sites (sites TP001–004; Figure 4-1). A third field survey, incorporating a Level 1 vertebrate fauna and Level 2 SRE survey was undertaken from 6–9 November 2015 to address a further expansion of the study area to include Lake Sunshine and associated transport corridor to the southern section of the study area (Table 4-2; Figure 4-1). Table 4-2 Number of survey sites in each section of the study area

Northern Southern Lake Survey type Total section section Sunshine Level 2 fauna site (vertebrates and SREs) 10 - - 10 Level 1 vertebrate fauna (opportunistic sites) 37 5 43 85 Targeted vertebrate fauna survey sites 18 - - 18 SRE only - 3 4 7 Total: 65 8 47 120

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Client: Kalium Lakes Ltd Figure 4–1 Project: Beyondie Potash Project Study area Survey sites Author: KW ") ° Location of terrestrial Date: 02-Mar-17 Principal road Camera trap Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 51 fauna sites Projection: Transverse Mercator Secondary road D Mole trench Datum: GDA 1994 Minor road Opportunistic site Western Australia Lakes !( SRE site 0482 Kilometres PERTH #* 1:265,000 Major creeks and rivers SongMeter Systematic site Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

4.2.1 Habitat assessment and site selection

Initial habitat characterisation was undertaken using various remote geographical tools, including aerial photography (Google Earth®), land system maps and topographic maps. Habitats with the potential to support conservation significant fauna and SRE invertebrates were identified based on known habitats of such species within the Gascoyne and Little Sandy Desert regions. Tentative sites were selected for the terrestrial fauna surveys to represent all habitat types. Final survey site selection was conducted after ground-truthing selected site characteristics. At the broadest scale, site selection considered aspect, topography and land systems. At the finer scale, consideration was given to proximity to water bodies (drainage lines and creek), vegetation complexes and condition and soil type. Sites were primarily chosen to represent the best example of distinct habitats within the broader habitat associations of the study area. Consideration was also given to the potential project footprint, as available at the time (e.g. evaporation ponds, village etc.) which predominantly occurred in the northern section for the study area.

4.2.2 Vertebrate fauna

Ten sites were systematically surveyed representing all major fauna habitats in the Northern Section of the study area (Figure 4-1; Appendix 1; Appendix 2). Habitat descriptions and characteristics were recorded at each systematic site and at all opportunistic survey sites (Appendix 1). Survey work was undertaken over 11 consecutive days and comprised: x systematic trapping for mammals, reptiles and amphibians (for details see section 4.2.2.1) x avifauna surveys (see 4.2.2.3) x bat echolocation call recordings (see 4.2.2.4) x active searches (see 4.2.2.5) x opportunistic records (see 4.2.2.2) x infrared motion camera trapping (see 4.2.2.6) x targeted searches for species of conservation significance (see 4.2.2.7). Due to access constraints, no spotlighting for nocturnal species could be undertaken during the survey.

Systematic trapping for mammals, reptiles and amphibians

Systematic trapping sites aimed to catch terrestrial mammals, reptiles and amphibians. Each site comprised ten ‘sub sites’. Each ‘sub site’ consisted of a PVC pipe (15 cm diameter x 60 cm depth) or a 20 L bucket, two funnel traps (75 cm x 18 cm x 18 cm) and two Elliot traps (9 cm x 10 cm x 33 cm). Buckets and pipes were alternated within a site, at approximately 10 m intervals along a 100 m transect. The pipes and buckets were installed flush with the substrate, with a 6 m long, 30 cm high aluminium drift fence bisecting each pit. Funnel traps were positioned at the start and finish of each drift fence. Two Sheffield cage traps (60 cm x 20 cm x 20 cm) were placed at either end of the site (Figure 4-2).

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 24 Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Figure 4-2 Systematic trapping site conceptual layout for one ‘pit trap’ of which each site consists of ten ‘pit traps’ The Elliott and Sheffield cage traps were baited with a universal bait mixture consisting of oats, peanut butter and sardines to attract small mammals. Elliott and funnel traps were shrouded with reflective closed cell insulation (R2.5 rated) to provide shade and protection for any captured animals. All traps, including the cages, were given as much shade as possible under/around vegetation. Styrofoam trays and leaf litter were used to provide protection from the elements in the bottom of all buckets. Traps were open for seven consecutive nights and checked within three hours of sunrise. Baits were removed and replaced every second day. The total vertebrate trapping effort for the ten systematic trapping sites during the surveys was 3,738 trap-nights (Table 4-3), where a trap-night is defined as one trap remaining open for one night. Table 4-3 Summary of trapping effort for vertebrate survey

Total Nights Site # trap funnel traps traps traps traps

open effort effort effort # cage Funnel Funnel Pit trap Pit # Elliott Camera

# effort # camera # Cage trap # pit traps trap effort trap effort trap effort Elliott trap Site 01 7 10 20 20 2 2 70 140 140 14 14 378 Site 02 7 10 20 20 2 2 70 140 140 14 14 378 Site 03 7 10 20 20 2 2 70 140 140 14 14 378 Site 04 7 10 20 20 2 0 70 140 140 14 0 364 Site 05 7 10 20 20 2 0 70 140 140 14 0 364 Site 06 7 10 20 20 2 2 70 140 140 14 14 378 Site 07 7 10 20 20 2 2 70 140 140 14 14 378 Site 08 7 10 20 20 2 0 70 140 140 14 0 364 Site 09 7 10 20 20 2 2 70 140 140 14 14 378 Site 10 7 10 20 20 2 2 70 140 140 14 14 378 TOTAL 700 1400 1400 140 98 3,738

Opportunistic records

Any opportunistic observations of vertebrate species were recorded during the surveys (Figure 4-1). Opportunistic or non-systematic sampling involved recording all sightings of vertebrate fauna species while working and travelling within the study area, day and night. Opportunistic records included species sighted: x before or just after the fixed-time of active searches or bird censuses

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 25 Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

x during reconnaissance visits to the survey sites x during trap line establishment x while travelling to and from the survey sites.

Avifauna surveys

Up to six avifauna surveys were undertaken at each of the ten systematic trapping sites totalling two person hours per site (Figure 4-1). Surveys were conducted in 20 minute blocks to obtain sufficient records as some species return to an area after initial disturbance. Avifauna surveys were confined to the habitat type (up to four hectares; 200 m x 200 m) represented by each trapping site in order to collect assemblage data for each habitat. The surveys were generally conducted from sunrise to 10:30 am, which is generally the period of highest bird activity; however, cool conditions on some days meant many birds were active all day. Surveys consisted of bird recordings from visual sightings and call recognition. Additional avifauna observations were also recorded at most opportunistic sites (Figure 4-1). Opportunistic sightings were also recorded while other field work was being completed, including observations made during travel, active searches and images captured by camera trapping (see sections 4.2.2.2, 4.2.2.5 and 4.2.2.6). A total of 20 person hours of avifauna census was undertaken during the field survey, primarily within the northern section of the study area.

Bat echolocation call recordings

SongMeter 2 recording devices were used to record bat echolocation calls at seven systematic trapping sites (Figure 4-1). Recording devices were deployed at each site for two nights of recording between eight and 12 continuous hours per night. A single nights recording was also undertaken at Lake Sunshine. Recording devices were aimed at a 45° angle to the ground. Areas of habitat likely to have increased insect activity and to attract bats (i.e. permanent water, creek lines and stands of trees) were targeted. The recorded data was analyzed by Mr. Bob Bullen, Bat Call WA.

Active searches

Active surveys primarily targeted diurnal herpetofauna and mammals from direct sightings and secondary evidence of species occurrence. Active searching was undertaken at each of the ten systematic trapping sites, as well as all opportunistic sites. Active surveys comprised searches of any observable microhabitats likely to support mammals, reptiles and amphibians. Techniques included: raking leaf and bark litter, overturning logs and stones, searching beneath the bark of trees, investigating dead trees and logs, investigating burrows, investigating infrastructure ruins or disused building materials such as tin piles and identifying any secondary evidence including tracks, diggings, scats, fur or sloughs (shed skins), predation or feeding sites, and fauna constructed structures such as pebble mounds. A minimum of one person hour was spent active searching at each site and 0.5 person hours at opportunistic sites, for a total of 42.5 hours over the three study area sections.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 26 Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Motion camera trapping

Camera traps increase the likelihood of collecting evidence of animals that are not likely to be captured or sighted using the regular surveying techniques. Camera traps allow for long term recording of species presence without regularly disturbing the area. They are particularly useful for detecting species that are difficult to trap or detect due to their shy or cryptic nature. Such animals include many conservation significant species such as the Greater Bilby (Macrotis lagotis), Mulgara (Dasycercus spp.) and introduced species such as foxes and cats. A total of 23 infrared motion-sensor camera traps (Reconyx HyperfireTM HC600 and Bushnell Trophy Cams) were deployed at seven selected systematic survey sites and five selected opportunistic sites in areas that showed signs of animal movement or disturbance such as observed pathways (tracks) and burrow entrances, or areas providing potential habitat for conservation significant species (Figure 4-1). Camera traps deployed at opportunistic sites targeted burrow entrances of potential Greater Bilby and Mulgara burrows identified within habitats providing suitable burrowing substrate (see examples in Figure 4-3).

Figure 4-3 Red Fox and Cat recorded at Site 07 using remote camera traps

Targeted searches for species of conservation significance

Targeted searches were undertaken in areas of suitable habitat within the study area for species listed as Threatened and Priority Fauna at the time of the survey, particularly Mulgara, Greater Bilby and Marsupial Mole. Targeted searches primarily involved examination for secondary evidence of species presence such as tracks, scats, feeding sites or fauna constructed structures around systematic trap sites and areas of suitable habitat for conservation significant species were identified. Where possible targeted search methods followed those identified in threatened fauna survey guidelines and other species specific survey guidelines (Benshemesh 2005; DSEWPaC 2011).

Greater Bilby

Targeted searches for Greater Bilby were undertaken at all systematic survey sites and within habitat considered suitable for the species. Targeted searches focused on sandy habitats north of Beyondie Lakes and north and east of Ten Mile Lakes (principally confined to the IBRA LSD Trainor subregion) and involved looking for any signs of the species, including burrows, tracks, scats and diggings in accordance with survey methods described by DSEWPaC (2011). A helicopter flying at low altitude and low speed was used to search all sand dunes within the study area immediately north of

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 27 Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Beyondie Lakes and Ten Mile Lake and much of the surrounding sandplains for potential Greater Bilby burrows or spoil heaps indicating excavation. GPS track files or all searches were recorded. Where large spoil heaps or burrow entrances were observed, ground inspections were undertaken to determine burrow age and usage and to search the surrounding area for additional evidence, particularly tracks, scats and diggings. Camera traps were deployed at burrow entrances considered suitable for the species (Figure 4-1).

Marsupial Mole

Survey sites for the Marsupial Mole were located on sand dunes surrounded by sandplains. Six sand dune sites were selected by helicopter and surveyed by excavating three “mole trenches” at various levels of the sand dune (near crest, mid slope and base of dune) in accordance with the methodology described by Benshemesh (2005) and DSEWPaC (2011) (Figure 4-1). Excavated trenches measured approximately 120 cm long by 40 cm wide by 80 cm deep. Trenches were allowed to dry and trench walls inspected for evidence of mole activity. Three trenches were excavated at each site with a total of 18 trenches excavated during the survey and examined during the follow-up visit. The Marsupial Mole was listed as Endangered under the WC Act at the time of the survey. In 2016, its status was revised to Priority 4.

4.2.3 Short-range endemic invertebrates

The Level 2 SRE invertebrate survey was conducted concurrently with the Level 2 vertebrate fauna survey from 13 to 23 April 2015 at Beyondie Lakes/Ten Mile Lake and the Level 1 vertebrate fauna survey from 6–9 November 2015 at Lake Sunshine. The collecting methods consisted of active searches (foraging) consistent with EPA (2009) on or near the edges of salt lakes as the most prospective habitat for SREs in the study area. In addition, any specimen of SRE target groups caught in the dry vertebrate pitfall traps were collected. A total of 17 SRE foraging sites were surveyed; in addition to one of the vertebrate fauna systematic survey sites (Table 4-4). Habitat descriptions were recorded at each SRE site (Appendix 1).

Active searches (foraging)

Active searches were undertaken at four sites near and on the salt lakes within the study area. A minimum of one person hour of survey was undertaken at each site with a total 4 person hours of active searches completed during the survey (Table 4-4). Active searches on the salt lakes surface targeted known arid zone salt lake species including wolf spiders in the genus Tetralycosa, crickets in the genus Apterogryllus and tiger beetles in the genera Pseudotetracha, Rivacindela and Cicindela.

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Table 4-4 Summary of survey effort for SRE survey Section of study Collecting Number of dry Foraging Site site techniques1 pitfall traps time (mins) 53 Northern FO - 60 54 Southern FO - 60 55 Southern FO - 60 101 Lake Sunshine FO 60 102 Lake Sunshine FO 60 103 Lake Sunshine FO 60 104 Lake Sunshine FO 60 01 Northern dPT, FO 10 60 02 Northern dPT 10 03 Northern dPT 10 04 Northern dPT 10 05 Northern dPT 10 06 Northern dPT 10 07 Northern dPT 10 08 Northern dPT 10 09 Northern dPT 10 10 Northern dPT 10 Total: 100 480 1 dPT- dry pitfall; FO – foraging.

4.3 TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE

4.3.1 Morphological species identification

Identification of vertebrates and terrestrial invertebrates was undertaken by Phoenix staff with relevant taxonomic expertise. Senior staff involved in the identification are also Research Associates with a longstanding taxonomic research history at the WA Museum. External expertise was sought for some groups, such as scorpions (see section 4.5).

4.3.2 Molecular species identification

The identification of species based on comparisons between DNA sequences is referred to as DNA barcoding. Any gene can be used for barcoding purposes; however, the primary gene targeted by researchers is Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) (Hebert et al. 2003b). A molecular framework for COI exists at the WA Museum for most SRE taxa and was therefore sequenced here. Species identification based on COI barcoding is not without problems as sequence divergence within species can be high and may exceed that between species in some taxa, including SRE target groups (e. g. Bond 2004; Boyer et al. 2007; Köhler & Johnson 2012). Sequence divergence must therefore be interpreted cautiously.

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The survey recovered four mygalomorph spiders, either juvenile or with no match against the WA Museum reference collection, and therefore DNA sequencing for these species was conducted by Phoenix (Table 4-5). DNA was amplified by Phoenix staff utilising the molecular laboratory of the School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia. Amplified DNA was subsequently sequenced at the AGRF node Perth (Western Australian Institute of Medical Research, WA, Australia). COI sequence analysis was conducted by Phoenix in-house, including additional reference material from throughout the Pilbara region (Castalanelli et al. 2014) and sequence data sourced online (GenBank; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/; accessed 6 June 2015). Table 4-5 Invertebrate specimens from the survey sequenced for molecular identification

Family Genus and species Site Phoenix WAM Remarks database registration Mygalomorphae (trapdoor spiders) Barychelidae Idiommata ‘MYG246’ 08 18757 Aganippe ‘beyondie 1’ 06 18750 Idiopidae Aganippe ‘beyondie 1’ 05 18747 Nemesiidae Aname sp. indet. 05 18748 T139834 Contaminated sequence

4.3.3 Nomenclature

The nomenclature follows a number of taxon-specific references (Table 4-6). However, many invertebrate species are currently unnamed requiring morphospecies designation as listed in this report. These are adopted from the nomenclatural systems developed by the respective taxonomic authorities (Table 4-6). Reference collections for these morphospecies generally reside with WA Museum as expected by EPA (2016d). Table 4-6 Nomenclatural references, morphospecies designations and reference collections Taxonomic reference for described Morphospecies designation and reference Taxonomic group species and higher taxa collection (invertebrates only) Mammals Menkhorst and Knight (2011) Birds Simpson and Day (2010); Christidis and Boles (2008) Reptiles Wilson and Swan (2013) Amphibians Tyler and Doughty (2009) Araneae (spiders) World Spider Catalog (2017) “MYG”-numbering system for Mygalomorphae developed by V.W. Framenau (WAM, Phoenix) and continued by WAM, reference collection at WAM; “PES”-numbering system for spiders with reference collection at Phoenix Scorpiones Rein (2016); Fet et al. (2000), Morphospecies designation developed by E.S. (scorpions) Volschenk (WAM), reference collection at WAM Eupulmonata1 (land Stanisic et al. (2010), Whisson & Morphospecies designations developed by C. and freshwater Kirkendale (2014) Whisson and S. Slack-Smith (WAM); reference snails) collection at WAM

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Taxonomic reference for described Morphospecies designation and reference Taxonomic group species and higher taxa collection (invertebrates only) Isopoda (slaters) Schotte et al. (2008) Morphospecies designations developed by S. Judd, reference material at WAM Crustacea – Anichtchenko (2007–2015) McCairns et al. (1997) (but see López-López et Carabidae (ground al. 2016 for Pseudotetracha tigerbeetles) and tiger beetles) Orthoptera – Eades et al. (2015) Otte and Alexander (1983) Gryllidae (crickets) 1 For practical purposes, Eupulmonata (land snails) is here considered an order (Department of Environment and Energy 2017a); however, it is acknowledged that Bouchet et al. (2005) consider it a rank-free clade.

4.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSES

For vertebrates, species accumulation curves were compiled to obtain an estimate of survey completeness, i.e. whether the collection adequately represents the fauna of the study area. Individual-based taxon accumulation curves were plotted in favour of sample-based curves, as they assess species richness rather than density (Gotelli & Colwell 2001). Accumulation curves were calculated for all vertebrates combined. Taxon richness was calculated using the software package EstimateS v9.1 (Colwell 2009) with 10,000 randomizations. In addition, the abundance-based, non-parametric species estimators ACE, Chao1, and Jack Knife1 were used to estimate the total number of species combined for all sites. These above estimators were chosen as they are insensitive to pooling collection data (‘grain size’) and perform well when tested against real data (Hortal et al. 2006; Walther & Moore 2005). A number of important limitations must be considered when interpreting the species accumulation results. The above analyses do not extrapolate the total species numbers within the study area, but provide estimates for the circumstances under which the data were collected. They reflect potential results for more comprehensive surveys (i.e. more samples), but with the same methods at the same sites at the same time of the year. Total species numbers present in the study area may be higher, when seasonal variations are considered. Sample results were too low for SREs to calculate reliable species richness estimates, as sample numbers were lower than 20 for any of the SRE target groups (Gotelli & Colwell 2001).

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4.5 PROJECT PERSONNEL

The personnel involved in the survey are presented (Table 4-7). Table 4-7 Project team

Discipline Name Qualifications Role/s Vertebrate Mr Jarrad Clark1 B.Sc. (Env. Mgmt) Project manager, field survey, data fauna management and report writing Mr Ryan Ellis1,2 Dip. (Cons. Land Mgmt.) Field survey, taxonomy (Amphibia, Reptilia, Mammalia), report writing Ms Anna Leung1 B.Sc. (Env. Sci.) (Hons) Field survey Mr Mike Brown4 B.Sc. (App. Sci.) Field survey, taxonomy (Avifauna, Reptilia) Mr Bob Bullen4 B. Eng. (Aero. Eng.) Bat echolocation analysis Invertebrate Dr Volker W. M.Sc. (Cons. Biol.), Ph.D. Taxonomy (Araneae, Coleoptera, fauna Framenau1, 2 (Zool.) Orthoptera), report writing Ms Anna Leung1 B.Sc. (Env. Sci.) (Hons) Field survey, taxonomy Dr Erich Volschenk4 B.Sc. (Env. Biol.) (Hons) Taxonomy (Scorpiones) Ph.D. (Zool.) Dr Simon Judd1 Ph. D. (Env. Mgmt.) Taxonomy (Isopoda) GIS Mrs Kathryn Wyatt1 B.I.T., Grad Cert (GIS) GIS 1Phoenix Environmental Sciences; 2Research Associate WA Museum; 3WA Museum; 4Freelance taxonomist.

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5 RESULTS

5.1 DESKTOP REVIEW

5.1.1 Vertebrate fauna

A total of 316 vertebrate fauna species were identified in the desktop review as potentially occurring in the study area (Appendix 3). This comprised of 11 frogs, 107 reptiles, 146 birds and 52 mammals (42 native and ten introduced). As some of the records are historical, the search results are likely to have overestimated the number of vertebrate species that may currently occur in the study area. A total of 26 species of conservation significance were identified in the desktop review including 11 listed as Threatened or specially protected and one as extinct under the EPBC Act and/or the WC Act (Table 5-1). A further eight species listed as Priority (DPaW list) and eight species of birds listed as ‘Migratory’ under the EPBC Act or WC Act (Table 5-1). A number of these species are considered unlikely to be present within the study area due to a lack of suitable habitat or specific habitat qualities. Due to the lack of survey effort in the region some records are historic, including the Malleefowl, Ghost Bat and the Lesser Stick-nest Rat in addition to some bird species (Table 5-1). Table 5-1 Conservation significant vertebrates identified through the desktop review

Scientific name Common name Conservation listing1 EPBC Act WC Act DPaW list Reptiles Lerista macropisthopus remota Unpatterned Robust Slider P2 Liopholis kintorei Great Desert Skink VU VU Birds Leipoa ocellata Malleefowl VU VU Anas querquedula Garganey Mig. Mig. Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift Mig. Mig. Ardea modesta Eastern Great Egret Mig. Mig. Ardea ibis Cattle Egret Mig. Mig. Falco hypoleucos Grey Falcon VU Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon SP Charadrius veredus Oriental Plover Mig. Mig. Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Mig. Mig. Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper Mig. Mig. Polytelis alexandrae Princess Parrot VU P4 Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee-eater Mig. Amytornis striatus striatus Striated Grasswren P4 Mammals Dasycercus blythi Brush-tailed Mulgara P4 Dasycercus cristicauda Crest-tailed Mulgara VU P4

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Scientific name Common name Conservation listing1 EPBC Act WC Act DPaW list Dasyurus geoffroii Western Quoll VU VU Dasyurus hallucatus Northern Quoll EN EN Sminthopsis longicaudata Long-tailed Dunnart P4 Macrotis lagotis Greater Bilby VU VU Notoryctes caurinus Northern Marsupial Mole P4 Petrogale lateralis lateralis Black-flanked Rock-wallaby VU EN Macroderma gigas Ghost Bat VU VU Leporillus apicalis Lesser Stick-nest Rat EX EX Pseudomys chapmani Western Pebble-mound Mouse P4 1 EN – Endangered; VU – Vulnerable; SP – Specially Protected; EX – Extinct; 3 P2 – Priority 2; P4 – Priority 4.

5.1.2 Short-range endemic invertebrates

The database search of the WAM Arachnology/Myriapodology database returned 398 records, of which five (four spiders and one pseudoscorpion) represent potential SREs (Table 5-2; Figure 5-1). The WAM Mollusca database revealed two records of unidentified Camaenidae from the desktop review area, both considered potential SREs (Table 5-2; Figure 5-1). The WAM Crustacea database returned 24 records; however, all of these represented subterranean species which are not of relevance for this assessment. None the SREs identified from the desktop review represented salt lake specialists. Searches of DPaW and EPBC databases did not return any conservation significant invertebrate species. Table 5-2 SRE invertebrates identified through the desktop review

WAM Genus and Latitude Longitude SRE Family Location reg. no. species (GDA94) (GDA94) rating Araneae (spiders) Anidiops sp. T127920 Idiopidae 93 km E of Marymia airstrip -25.14 120.70 Potential indet. Idiopidae sp. Little Sandy Desert, 32.3 km SSW of T110053 Idiopidae -24.08 120.36 Potential indet. Burranbar Pool Aname Little Sandy Desert, 20.8 km NNE of T101846 Nemesiidae -24.51 120.31 Potential 'MYG195' Kulonoski East Well Aname Little Sandy Desert, 20.8 km NNE of T101845 Nemesiidae -24.51 120.31 Potential 'MYG267' Kulonoski East Well Pseudoscorpiones (pseudoscorpions) Synsphyronu T123306 Garypidae Yanneri Ridge -24.41 119.70 Potential s sp. indet. Eupulmonata (land snails) Camaenidae S81938 Camaenidae Carnarvon -25.1258 120.7169 Potential sp. indet. Camaenidae S66330 Camaenidae Carnarvon -25.1122 120.7211 Potential sp. indet.

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Client: Kalium Lakes Ltd Project: Beyondie Potash Project Figure 5–1 Species Author: G. Bouteloup Study area Camaenidae sp. indet. ° Records of SRE invertebrates Date: 02-Mar-17 Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 51 from the desktop review Projection: Transverse Mercator Aname 'MYG195' Datum: GDA 1994 Lakes Idiopidae sp. indet. Western Aname 'MYG267' Australia Main road Synsphyronus sp. indet. 08164Kilometres PERTH 1:500,000 Anidiops sp. indet. Minor road Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

5.2 FIELD SURVEYS

5.2.1 Fauna habitats

Ten broad fauna habitats were mapped in the northern and Lake Sunshine sections of the study area (Table 5-3; Figure 5-2): x Shrubland and grassland on sandplain. Approximately 36% of the mapped areas comprised of sandplain, containing a mosaic of shrubland and spinifex grassland vegetation on sandy substrates. This habitat occurred predominantly within the Little Sandy Desert bioregion section of the study area surrounding the salt lakes. Habitat dissected by sand dunes runs in a south-westerly to north-easterly direction supporting mixed grassland and shrubland vegetation. Shrubland on sandplain habitats provide potential habitat for a number of species of conservation significance including the Great Desert Skink, Greater Bilby and Marsupial Mole, in addition to a range of lesser conservation significant species including Mulgara, Australian Bustard and Princess Parrot. x Woodland on stony plain. Nearly 30% of the mapped areas is comprised of open Acacia woodland with sparsely scattered dense patches of vegetation on stony and clay substrates. Dense patches consisted of tall acacias to 5 m over mixed small to medium shrubs to 3 m over scattered patches of small shrubs and spinifex to 1 m. This habitat occurred predominantly within the Gascoyne bioregion section of the study area. Acacia woodland habitat provides suitable habitat, particularly refuge and foraging sites, for a range of vertebrate and invertebrate species. x Salt lake (incl. samphire zone). Salt lake habitat and associated fringing samphire vegetation encompassed approximately 21% of the mapped areas and included the eastern Beyondie Lakes salt pans and Ten Mile Lake. The riparian zone varied greatly in width, ranging from 20 m to >200 m wide, generally dominated by samphire vegetation. The observed water level of salt lakes during the field survey was high due to the rainfall prior and during the survey. Salt lakes provide potential habitat for a range of waterbird and shorebird species which forage on the lakes surface when the water level is low and may roost in fringing vegetation where suitable cover is present. Suitable habitat is provided for specialist salt lake endemic species, particularly invertebrates. Endemic invertebrate fauna are known to occur at other Western Australian salt lakes (e.g. Lake Disappointment, Lake Lefroy), but none are currently known to be endemic to the Beyondie Lakes and Ten Mile Lake. x Mosaic of shrubland and grassland on sandplain and dune. Just over 3% of the mapped study area comprised of a mosaic of shrubland and grassland vegetation on sandplain and/or sand dune habitat where the boundaries of each could not be clearly defined. Vegetation consisted of mixed species primarily dominated by Acacia shrubs and Triodia grasses. This habitat occurred predominantly in the Lake Sunshine section of the study area and provides suitable habitat for a number of burrowing conservation significant species including Greater Bilby, Northern Marsupial Mole, Mulgara and the Great Desert Skink and Unpatterned Robust Slider. x Rocky hill. Rocky hills consisting of a mix of low rocky sandstone and weathered granitic/basalt represent a small part (2.8%) of the northern section of the study area. Granitic hills located in the north-west of the study were often intermixed with occasional isolated boulder piles. Rocky hills were sparsely vegetated with scattered Acacia and mixed small shrubs over sparse spinifex cover. Vegetation was often mores sparse on scree and breakaway slopes. Rocky hill habitats can provide potential habitat for conservation

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significant species including the Long-tailed Dunnart and potentially Northern Quoll, where suitable boulder piles provide suitable denning and shelter habitat. x Shrubland and grassland on dune. Small areas of shrublands and grasslands on sand dunes accounting for under 2.5% of the mapped study area and run in a south-westerly to north- easterly direction, predominantly occurring within the Little Sandy Desert bioregion of the study area. Vegetation consisted of sparsely scattered eucalypts to 10 m and tall Acacia shrubs to 3 m over patches of mixed small shrubs and spinifex to 1 m on loose red sand. Shrubland on dune habitat present within the study area provides suitable habitat for a number of burrowing conservation significant species including Greater Bilby, Northern Marsupial Mole, Mulgara and the Unpatterned Robust Slider. Conservation significant birds of prey such as the Grey Falcon and Peregrine Falcon may also nest at high points in taller trees present in this habitat. x Freshwater lake. The western-most part of the Beyondie Lakes is a marsh comprised of small freshwater lakes with fringing riparian vegetation in some areas, particularly on the northern edges covering approximately 1.9% of mapped areas. This marsh may be habitat for a range of bird species, particularly waterbirds and possibly some migratory shorebird species which may forage and roost across the lake and within fringing riparian vegetation. x Creek line and drainage line. Small to moderate ephemeral creek lines and drainage lines with varying qualities of associated riparian vegetation represent a small portion (approximately 1.5%) of the mapped study area. A larger drainage system occurring in the north-west of the study area drained into the Beyondie Lakes marsh. The creek and drainage lines located along the haul road were highly degraded by grazing, in particular from cattle. Creek and drainage lines feeding into the Beyondie Lakes were in better condition and less degraded. When well vegetated after rain, this habitat type provides sheltering and nesting opportunities for a wide range of vertebrate fauna species as well as food resources. This habitat is likely to support a mixed bird community, including migratory waterbirds when flowing, and may act as refuge or dispersal corridors. x Shrubland and grassland on calcrete. A small part of the mapped study area (less than 1%) was comprised of Acacia shrubland on gypsum or calcrete substrate. This habitat was predominantly associated with the margins of Ten Mile Lake. Vegetation consisted of Acacia shrubs to 3 m over mixed small to medium shrubs and grasses to 1 m. These shrublands provide habitat that may be used occasionally for foraging, refuge or as a movement corridor by species around the lakes, including some species of conservation significance such as Australian Bustard. x Woodland on dune. A very small proportion of the mapped study area (0.8%) are woodlands on sand dunes associated with the Beyondie Lakes and Ten Mile Lake margins. Vegetation associated with this habitat type consists of patches of open to closed Acacia woodland with sparsely scattered eucalypts to 10 m over tall Acacia shrubs to 3 m over mixed small to medium shrubs and spinifex to 1 m. Woodland on dune habitat present within the study area provides suitable habitat for a number of burrowing conservation significant species including Greater Bilby, Northern Marsupial Mole, Mulgara and the Unpatterned Robust Slider. Conservation significant birds of prey such as the Grey Falcon and Peregrine Falcon may also nest at high points in taller trees present in this habitat.

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Table 5-3 Extent of fauna habitats of the study area

Habitat Northern Southern Lake Total Percentage Percentage section section Sunshine mapped of mapped of study (Beyondie (Ten Mile area (ha) areas1 area2 Lake) Lake) Shrubland and grassland on 5,119.60 408.20 5,527.80 36.2% 28.2% sandplain Woodland on stony plain 4,458.07 4,458.07 29.2% 22.8% Salt Lake (incl. samphire 1,084.58 2,140.49 3,225.07 21.1% 16.5% zone) Mosaic of shrubland and grassland on sandplain and - 487.92 487.92 3.2% 2.5% dune Not mapped Rocky hill 422.63 - 422.63 2.8% 2.2% Shrubland and grassland on 344.73 22.29 367.02 2.4% 1.9% dune Freshwater Lake 293.25 293.25 1.9% 1.5%

Creek and drainage line 231.35 231.35 1.5% 1.2% Shrubland and grassland on 137.12 137.12 0.9% 0.7% calcrete Woodland on dune 62.44 66.16 128.60 0.8% 0.7%

Total 12,153.77 4,289.66 3,125.06 15,278.83 100% 78.1% 1 includes northern section (Beyondie Lake) and Lake Sunshine only; 2 includes northern, southern and Lake Sunshine section.

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Figure 5–2a Conservation significant fauna Fauna habitats Shrubland and grassland on calcrete Terrestrial fauna habitats ° (! Unpatterned Robust Slider (Lerista macropisthopus subsp. remota) (P2) Creek and drainage line Shrubland and grassland on dune and conservation significant (! Brush-tailed Mulgara (Dasycercus blythi) (P4) Fresh water Lake Shrubland and grassland on sandplain vertebrate species recorded Client: Kalium Lakes Ltd (! Northern Marsupial Mole (Notoryctes caurinus) (P4) Mosaic of shrubland and grassland on sandplain and dune Woodland on clay soils and stony plains Project: Beyondie Potash Project Western (! Bilby (Macrotis lagotis) (VU) Salt Lake (incl. samphire zone) Woodland on dune Australia Author: KW Date: 15-Mar-17 (! Rainbow Bee-eater (Merops ornatus) (Mig.) Rocky hill Woodland on stony plain PERTH

Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 51 Projection: Transverse Mercator Datum: GDA 1994 240000 250000 260000 7270000 ia (Geoscience) 2006 Environmental Sciences — Data sources: Commonwealth of Austral of Commonwealth sources: — Data Sciences Environmental 7260000 This drawing is subject to COPYRIGHT and is property of Phoenix of property is and COPYRIGHT to subject is drawing This Figure 5–2b Fauna habitats Shrubland and grassland on calcrete Terrestrial fauna habitats 0120.5 Kilometres ° Creek and drainage line Shrubland and grassland on dune and conservation significant 1:80,000 Fresh water Lake Shrubland and grassland on sandplain vertebrate species recorded Client: Kalium Lakes Ltd Project: Beyondie Potash Project Western Mosaic of shrubland and grassland on sandplain and dune Woodland on clay soils and stony plains Australia Author: KW Date: 15-Mar-17 Salt Lake (incl. samphire zone) Woodland on dune PERTH

Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 51 Projection: Transverse Mercator Rocky hill Woodland on stony plain Datum: GDA 1994 Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

5.2.2 Vertebrate fauna

Assemblage

A total of 128 vertebrate fauna species were recorded during the field surveys including seven amphibians, 43 reptiles, 50 birds and 28 mammals (eight introduced and 20 native) (Appendix 3; Appendix 4). One amphibian, one reptile and two birds not identified in the desktop review, the Tanami Toadlet (Uperoleia micromeles), Mosaic Desert Skink (Eremiascincus musivus), Black-chinned Honeyeater (Melithreptus gularis) and Banded Lapwing (Vanellus tricolor), were recorded during the field survey. Five species of conservation significance were recorded during the survey from direct sightings, secondary evidence and camera traps (Figure 5-2; Appendix 3 and Appendix 4): x Greater Bilby (Macrotis lagotis) (VU – EPBC Act, WC Act) x Unpatterned Robust Slider (Lerista macropisthopus remota) (P2 – DPaW) x Northern Marsupial Mole (Notoryctes caurinus) (P4 – DPaW) x Brush-tailed Mulgara (Dasycercus blythi) (P4 – DPaW) x Rainbow Bee-eater (Merops ornatus) (Migratory – EPBC Act, WC Act). Two additional conservation significant species were recorded in waterbird surveys undertaken in February 2015 and concurrently with the terrestrial fauna survey (Phoenix 2017b): x Common Greenshank (Tringa nebularia) (Migratory – EPBC Act, WC Act) x Oriental Plover (Charadrius veredus) (Migratory – EPBC Act, WC Act).

Conservation significant species recorded or potentially occurring in the study area

Potential habitat was identified in the study area for a further 13 of the 27 species of conservation significance from the desktop review. Species records and an assessment of the potential occurrence and distribution of conservation significant species within the study area are discussed here. The lack or records of many conservation significant species in close proximity to the study area is likely to be attributed to the limited survey effort undertaken within the Little Sandy Desert bioregion. A number of species identified in the desktop review are considered unlikely to occur within the study area due to lack of suitable habitat and are not discussed further. Conservation significant species are listed in a standard taxonomic order following the WA Museum vertebrate fauna checklist.

Unpatterned Robust Slider (Lerista macropisthopus remota)

Status: Priority 2 (DPaW) Distribution and ecology: The unpatterned Robust Slider is a large species of fossorial Lerista endemic to Western Australia. The subspecies L. m. remota occurs in the arid central interior of WA in Acacia shrublands and woodlands (Wilson & Swan 2013).The subspecies if often recorded from loose soil below leaf litter at the base of shrubs (Storr et al. 1999; Wilson & Swan 2013). Little is known of the species’ ecology; however, it is considered to be comparable to other arid adapted Lerista species (Cogger 2014; Wilson & Swan 2013). Threats to this species are not well known. It is

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 41 Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd listed as conservation significant due to its restricted distribution range and poor ecological knowledge. Records and likely distribution in the study area: The species was recorded once during the survey from Site 04 (Figure 5-2; Appendix 4). The species is considered to occur frequently within the study area in grassland and shrubland habitats with loose sandy substrates (Figure 5-2).

Great Desert Skink (Liopholis kintorei)

Status: Vulnerable (EPBC Act, WC Act) Distribution and ecology: The Great Desert Skink is a large species with a rich reddish-brown coloration that prefers arid sand-flats and clay-based or loamy soils vegetated with spinifex. It excavates large multi-entranced burrow systems which may be used by communal groups (Storr et al. 1999). It is found in the central deserts of central WA. The Desert skink is an omnivorous species that gives birth to live young (Wilson & Swan 2013). The primary threat to the species is predation by introduced species such as foxes, cats and dogs. Records and likely distribution in the study area: The Great Desert Skink was not recorded during the surveys; however, suitable spinifex grassland habitat is present within the study area. The nearest record of the species is located approximately 300 km south of the study area (DPaW 2015); however, the limited number of records of this cryptic species within the Little Sandy Desert may be attributed to the sparse regional survey effort.

Fork-tailed Swift (Apus pacificus)

Status: Migratory (EPBC Act, WC Act) Distribution and ecology: The Fork-tailed Swift is a widespread migratory species that overwinters in Australia. It can be found across most of WA and is uncommon to moderately common in the north- west. They are mostly found over inland plains and also along foothills, coastal areas and over settlements. They occur in a wide range of dry or open habitats, including riparian woodlands, tea- tree swamps, low scrub, heathland, saltmarsh, grassland and spinifex sandplains, open farmland and inland and coastal sand-dunes. Fork-tailed Swifts are often found in areas that experience updraughts around cliffs and normally forage several hundred metres above ground level (Department of the Environment and Energy 2017b). Records and likely distribution in the study area: The Fork-tailed Swift was not recorded in the survey but is likely to occur occasionally in the study area. The nearest record of the species is located approximately 30 km north of the western most end of the proposed haul road (DPaW 2015); the species can occur within a wide range of habitats, including those found in the study area. The species is likely to forage, though it is unlikely it will land or nest within the study area.

Eastern Great Egret (Ardea modesta)

Status: Migratory (EPBC Act, WC Act) Distribution and ecology: The Eastern Great Egret can be found along inland rivers, lakes and shallow freshwater or saltwater wetlands and inundated samphire flats. This species is highly mobile and can be found throughout most of the western fringes of the State in coastal areas and towards the semi- arid interior (Johnstone & Storr 1998). Records and likely distribution in the study area: The Eastern Great Egret was not recorded but has the potential to occur in the study area. The nearest record of the Eastern Great Egret is located approximately 60 km south-west of the western most end of the study area (DPaW 2015).

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Permanent creek and drainage lines are not present within the study area; however, the species may occur after rains when water is present and minor creek and drainage lines and lakes are holding water.

Grey Falcon (Falco hypoleucos)

Status: Vulnerable (WC Act) Distribution and ecology: The Grey Falcon is a widespread but rare species inhabiting much of the semi-arid interior of Australia. Its distribution is centred along inland drainage systems. It has a large foraging range extending from timbered plains, such as Acacia shrublands, into open grasslands. Prey includes mainly birds (Sutton 2010), but also invertebrates and mammals. The species often utilizes old nests of other species, particularly other raptors, in the tallest trees along watercourses and sometimes in telecommunication towers (Sutton 2010). There are no confirmed threats to the Grey Falcon but it is thought that clearing of the semi-arid zone for marginal farming has reduced habitat availability and overgrazing of arid zone rangelands may affect prey abundance (Garnett et al. 2011). Records and likely distribution in the study area: The Grey Falcon was not recorded; however, the species is considered likely to occasionally occur within, and in the vicinity of, the study area due to its large foraging range, particularly within grassland and shrubland habitats (Figure 5-2). The species is unlikely to nest within the study area due to the lack of suitable nesting trees or tall infrastructure such as telecommunications towers. The nearest record of the species is located approximately 60 km south-east of the study area (DPaW 2015).

Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)

Status: Specially Protected (WC Act) Distribution and ecology: The Peregrine Falcon is a widespread bird of prey with a large foraging range found across Australia. In WA, it can be rare or scarce to moderately common. The Peregrine Falcon’s preferred habitat includes cliffs and wooded watercourses. Nesting occurs mainly on cliff ledges, granite outcrops, quarries and in trees with old raven or Wedge-tailed Eagle nests (Johnstone & Storr 1998). Birds constitute a very large proportion of their diet, if not the exclusive part (Johnstone & Storr 1998; Ratcliffe 1980). Historically, the widespread use of DDT caused worldwide global decline of the Peregrine Falcon. The main current threat to the species in Australia is habitat loss, particularly woodland trees for nesting (Department of the Environment and Energy 2017b). Records and likely distribution in the study area: The species was not recorded; however, the species is considered likely to occasionally forage within and in the vicinity of the study area, particularly in shrubland and grassland habitats. It has been recorded approximately 60 km south-east of the study area (DPaW 2015).

Oriental Plover (Charadrius veredus)

Status: Migratory (EPBC Act, WC Act) Distribution and ecology: The Oriental Plover is a non-breeding visitor to Australia. It has a widespread distribution but most records are along the north-western coast between Exmouth Gulf and Derby (Department of the Environment and Energy 2017b). Inland habitats occupied by the species include sparsely vegetated plains or recently burnt open areas.

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Records and likely distribution in the study area: The Oriental Plover was not recorded during this terrestrial fauna survey but was observed during Phase 1 of the preceding aquatic invertebrate and waterbird surveys for the Project in February 2015 (Phoenix 2017b).

Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos)

Status: Migratory (EPBC Act, WC Act) Distribution and ecology: Found across all Australian states, the Common Sandpipers never occurs in large flocks. In WA the species is mostly found in coastal habitats but it will also occur inland (Geering et al. 2007). The Common Sandpiper breeds in temperate Eurasia during the northern hemisphere summer. A small population winters in Australia (approximately 3,000 individuals) (Geering et al. 2007). They are found across a wide range of wetlands: small ponds, large inlets, mudflats where they forage on the shore usually close to the vegetation. Records and likely distribution in the study area: The Common Sandpiper was not recorded during the survey and the nearest records of the species is approximately 60 km south-southwest of the study area (DPaW 2015). The species may occur particularly after rain, when water is present within lakes and minor creek and drainage lines.

Common Greenshank (Tringa nebularia)

Status: Migratory (EPBC Act, WC Act) Distribution and ecology: The species is present in summer across all Australian states, mostly along the coast but sometimes inland. The overall population appears stable (Delany & Scott 2006). The species is not gregarious. Small groups can sometimes be seen when roosting at high tide (Geering et al. 2007). They prefer coastal open mudflats. Records and likely distribution in the study area: The Common Greenshank was recorded during Phase 2 of the aquatic invertebrate and waterbird (Phoenix 2017b). The Greenshank was previously recorded approximately 50 km north of the study area (DPaW 2015).

Wood Sandpiper (Tringa glareola)

Status: Migratory (EPBC Act, WC Act) Distribution and ecology: This graceful, active wader prefers shallows of wooded lakes or swamps with trees. It also inhabits freshwater swamps, lakes, flooded pastures and occasionally, mangroves. It occurs solitary or in large flocks of mixed waders and is an uncommon migrant (Morcombe 2004). Records and likely distribution in the study area: The Wood Sandpiper was not recorded during the survey and the nearest record of the species is located approximately 150 km north of the study area (DPaW 2015). The species may occur after rain, when water is present within lakes, creek and drainage lines.

Princess Parrot (Polytelis alexandrae)

Status: Vulnerable (EPBC Act); Priority 4 (DPaW) Distribution and ecology: The Princess Parrot is one of the most elusive Australian parrots. They are only found in the arid inland desert of central Australia with most of their range extending between the Great Victorian Desert and the Great Sandy Desert in WA.

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Princess Parrots inhabit sandy deserts where they feed on seeds and flowers (Garnett & Crowley 2000). The species is highly irruptive and after important rainfall, can occur in numbers in areas previously unoccupied. They nest in large tree hollows and can produce three to six chicks per clutch. Threats to the species are not clearly identified and even the population trend is not clear given the irruptive fluctuating pattern of the populations. Changes in fire regimes and introduction of grazing mammals are listed as the main threats to the Princess Parrot (Garnett & Crowley 2000). Records and likely distribution in the study area: The Princess Parrot was not recorded but is considered to possibly occur in grassland and shrubland habitats within the study area, particularly when conditions are favourable, following rainfall. The nearest record of the species is located approximately 55 km south-west of the study area (DPaW 2015).

Rainbow Bee-eater (Merops ornatus)

Status: Migratory (EPBC Act, WC Act) Distribution and ecology: The Rainbow Bee-eater is a migratory bird that moves between Australia and Asia and is commonly seen singly or in pairs. It can be found across Australia, with complex seasonal movements depending on location and rainfall, preferring the more watered areas of the country. In Western Australia, the Rainbow Bee-eater can be found in lightly wooded, preferably sandy country, near water (Department of the Environment and Energy 2017b). Occurring as a resident, breeding visitor, postnuptial nomad, passage migrant or winter visitor, and being highly mobile, they can be scarce to locally common. They are often associated with creek lines supporting sandy banks in which burrows can be created (Johnstone & Storr 1998). Its diet consists primarily of bees (especially hive bees) and flies, but it is known to predate on other invertebrates. The species nests in sandy banks and breeding occurs from August to November; however, breeding can occur at other times of year if environmental conditions are suitable. Four to six eggs are laid in an open chamber at the end of a burrow (Johnstone & Storr 1998). Records and likely distribution in the study area: The Rainbow Bee-eater was recorded seven times during the field survey from secondary evidence (burrows) at mole trench sites (Figure 5-2). The species is likely to occur frequently throughout the study area, particularly along minor creek and drainage lines and in riparian vegetation adjacent to lakes.

Striated Grasswren (Amytornis striatus striatus)

Status: Priority 4 (DPaW) Distribution and ecology: The nominate race of the Striated Grasswren is found across most sandy deserts of inland arid Australia. In WA, the species is mostly found in the central eastern deserts, but A. s. whitei, which has no conservation significance, is found within north-western WA. Spinifex sandplain is the preferred habitat for this subspecies in WA. Fire plays an important role with higher densities of grasswrens in mosaic-burnt habitats (Garnett & Crowley 2000). Change in fire regimes (large scale fires, increased recurrence) and grazing have greatly affected grasswrens’ habitat and are still impacting the species across most of its distributional range. Records and likely distribution in the study area: The species was not recorded during the survey; however, the species is considered to potentially occur within grassland and shrubland habitats (Figure 5-2). It has been recorded approximately 55 km south-east of the study area (DPaW 2015).

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Brush-tailed Mulgara (Dasycercus blythi)

Status: Priority 4 (DPaW) Distribution and ecology: The Brush-tailed Mulgara is a medium-sized carnivorous marsupial. It feeds on a range of invertebrate and small vertebrate prey items. Little is known about the species’ reproductive ecology in the wild, although females with up to six pouch young have been recorded around September. In captivity mating has been observed between mid-May to mid-June (Van Dyck & Strahan 2008). The Brush-tailed Mulgara is often recorded in sandplains and gibber plain habitats, with or without spinifex hummocks and other vegetative cover (Pavey et al. 2011). Brush-tailed Mulgara have home ranges from 1 ha up to 25.5 ha, with notable differences occurring between sexes and seasons. They have a sedentary lifestyle and may occupy burrows in one location for many years (Körtner et al. 2007; Masters 2003). The species may construct multiple burrow systems within its home range (Van Dyck & Strahan 2008). Records and likely distribution in the study area: The Brush-tailed Mulgara was recorded multiple times during the field survey from direct observations and secondary evidence (burrows) (Figure 5-2). Two adult males were trapped at Site 06 and four additional potential burrows were recorded in shrubland and grassland on sandplain habitat. The species has been recorded within 30 km of the western-most end of the study area (DPaW 2015).

Northern Quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus)

Status: Priority 4 (DPaW) Distribution and ecology: The Northern Quoll is the smallest of the four Australian quoll species and is a solitary carnivorous marsupial found in the northern parts of Australia. This primarily nocturnal species makes its dens in rock crevices, tree holes or occasionally termite mounds. It occurs in a wide range of habitats and with an omnivorous diet consisting of invertebrates, small vertebrates and fruits of a number of plant species (Oakwood et al. 2008). Historically, the Northern Quoll’s distribution occurred from the Pilbara to south-east Queensland. There has been a substantial decline across most of its distribution across northern Australia since the invasion of the Cane Toad (Van Dyck & Strahan 2008). The Northern Quoll does not have highly specific habitat requirements, being found in a variety of habitats; however, rocky areas provide particular support for high prey densities and diversity, and protection from predators, fire and livestock grazing (Hill & Ward 2010). Records and likely distribution in the study area: The Northern Quoll was not recorded during the survey; however, a small rocky hill providing suitable denning and shelter habitat for the species was identified outside of the study area adjacent to the proposed haul road (Figure 5-2). The nearest record of the species is located approximately 200 km north-west of the study area (DPaW 2015). The lack of survey effort within the Little Sandy Desert bioregion may be responsible for the lack of records closer to the study area.

Long-tailed Dunnart (Sminthopsis longicaudata)

Status: Priority 4 (DPaW) Distribution and ecology: The Long-tailed Dunnart is a small carnivorous marsupial found in WA, South Australia and the Northern Territory. The species feeds on a variety of invertebrates and occasionally small vertebrates. Breeding occurs in winter with young dispersing in March to April (Van Dyck & Strahan 2008).

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The species seems to occur across a large portion of WA, mostly in arid and semi-arid rocky inland deserts. Long-tailed Dunnarts typically inhabit rugged rocky landscapes and occasionally, in more open countries, live on stony substrate (Van Dyck & Strahan 2008). They feed on a wide range of invertebrates. Records and likely distribution in the study area: The Long-tailed Dunnart was not recorded; however, the species may occur in rocky habitats identified within the study area. The nearest record of the species is located approximately 65 km south-east of the study area (DPaW 2015).

Greater Bilby (Macrotis lagotis)

Status: Vulnerable (EPBC Act, WC Act) Distribution and ecology: The Greater Bilby or Dalgyte is a rabbit-sized marsupial that originally occupied over 70% of the Australian mainland. It now occurs in less than 20% of its original range, with remaining Western Australian populations predominantly in the Great Sandy and Gibson Deserts. Habitat preferences of the Greater Bilby include hummock grassland in plains and alluvial areas, open tussock grassland on uplands and hills, and mulga woodland/shrubland on ridges and rises (Department of the Environment and Energy 2017b). The species is highly mobile and can have large foraging ranges. Home ranges in sandy deserts are usually temporary and may shift in response to changes in food availability (Van Dyck & Strahan 2008). The species can be identified through secondary evidence, such as scats, tracks and its typical burrow systems. The massive decline in Greater Bilby distribution is thought to be due to effects on food availability from changing fire regimes, drought, grazing by rabbits and livestock, and predation by the Red Fox and feral Cat (Van Dyck & Strahan 2008). Records and likely distribution in the study area: The Greater Bilby was recorded seven times from secondary evidence (burrows) during the survey (Figure 5-2). Two burrows showing signs of relatively recent activity were recorded and a further five defunct burrows were identified in shrubland and grassland on sandplain and dune habitats within the study area (Figure 5-2). The five defunct burrows showed no signs of recent activity, with caved-in or damaged entrances. Introduced predator tracks (fox and dog) were identified at some burrows. Due to the large range of the species it is considered likely to frequently occur within the study area, primarily in sandy habitats supporting grassland and shrubland vegetation. The apparent widespread and common occurrence of cats and foxes in the study area, however, is also likely to heavily impact the species. The species has been recorded multiple times within 55 km south-east of the study area (DPaW 2015); large areas of similar sandy habitat as in the study area occurs immediately east of Beyondie Lakes and Ten Mile Lake.

Northern Marsupial Mole (Notoryctes caurinus)

Status: Priority 4 (DPaW) Distribution and ecology: The Northern Marsupial Mole is a blind marsupial adapted to living underground. It is associated with the sand-dune desert systems of inland Australia (DSEWPaC 2011; Van Dyck & Strahan 2008), with dunes appearing to be their primary habitat. They have also been recorded in some sandplains and sandy river flats, especially where Aeolian dunes occur (Benshemesh 2005). There are very few formal records for the species and its ecology and distribution are not well understood. In WA, specimens have been collected from the Great Sandy, Little Sandy and Gibson

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Deserts. Dispersal by marsupial moles is thought to occur underground and requires suitable sandy habitat for tunnelling (Benshemesh 2004). A key threat to the Northern Marsupial Mole is predation by Red Foxes, Cats and Dingoes (Benshemesh 2004). Other potential threats to the species are not well understood but may include habitat modification by cattle and camel populations and barriers to dispersal from larger roads, railways and pipeline trenches (Benshemesh 2004). Records and likely distribution in the study area: The Northern Marsupial Mole was recorded once during the field survey from secondary evidence (Figure 5-2). Tracks of the species were recorded at Site 03. The tracks indicated a short period of surface activity and disappeared into the substrate after a short distance (<1 m). No evidence of the species was recorded from the 18 mole trenches excavated. The species is considered to occur frequently within sand dune and sandplain habitats of the study area (Figure 5-2). The species has been recorded approximately 225 km north-east of the study area (DPaW 2015). The cryptic nature of the species and lack of survey effort in the Little Sandy Desert bioregion is likely to be responsible for the limited number of records of the species in closer proximity to the study area. It is likely to occur extensively in the sandplain/sand dune country to the north and east of the study area

Black-flanked Rock-wallaby (Petrogale lateralis lateralis)

Status: Vulnerable (EPBC Act, WC Act) Distribution and ecology: Several subspecies of Black-flanked Rock-wallabies are found in Australia. The nominate race, P. lateralis lateralis was formerly present across most WA, with the exception of the Kimberley. The species is now mostly found in rocky countries, gorges, granite outcrops (Van Dyck & Strahan 2008). They rest in a shelter (cave, bush) during the day and forage at night on plant material including seeds, fruits, and roots. The species breeds all year round (Van Dyck & Strahan 2008). The introduction of predators such as feral Cat and Red Fox is responsible for the decline for the species across its entire range (Van Dyck & Strahan 2008). Most remaining populations are now isolated and usually rely on fox control measures such as baiting to survive. Records and likely distribution in the study area: The Black-flanked Rock-wallaby was not recorded during the survey; however, a small rocky hill providing suitable habitat for the species was identified outside of the study area adjacent to the proposed haul road (Figure 5-2). The species may occasionally move into the study area to forage. The nearest record of the species is located over 50 km north of the study area (DPaW 2015); however, the lack of survey effort locally is likely responsible for the lack of records closer to the study area.

Western Pebble-mount Mouse (Pseudomys chapmani)

Status: Priority 4 (DPaW) Distribution and ecology: The Western Pebble-mound Mouse is widespread in the ranges of the central and southern Pilbara and extends into the Little Sandy Desert ranges (Van Dyck & Strahan 2008). These mice construct large mounds from small pebbles. Colonies of up to 25 mice may live inside a mound. Pebble size averages 3.5 grams and the mounds may cover 0.5–9.0 m2. The mounds are located on the gentle slopes of rocky ranges covered in rocky mulch, hard spinifex and sparse trees and shrubs (Eucalyptus, Senna, Acacia and Ptilotus). They are also often found near Acacia- dominated drainage lines (Van Dyck & Strahan 2008).

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Threats to the Western Pebble-mound Mouse are not well known but predation by the feral Cat and Red Fox may be responsible for the species’ range contraction, and mining activities may be responsible for local small-scale population reduction (Morris 2000). Records and likely distribution in the study area: The Western pebble-mound Mouse was not recorded; however, the species is considered likely to occur in elevated shrubland and grassland habitat where suitable stony substrate is present, principally along the haul road and north-west of Beyondie Lakes. The nearest record of the species is located approximately 50 km west of the study area (DPaW 2015).

5.2.3 Short-range endemic invertebrates

A total of 20 invertebrate species in six orders, 10 families and 14 genera were collected during the survey (Table 5-4). Thirteen species recorded are considered potential SREs, and of these, eight are currently only known from the study area (Table 5-4). One of the potential SREs collected, the bthyniid snail Gabbia ‘beyondie’ is a freshwater inhabitant. As part of the aquatic fauna it is not further discussed here (but see Phoenix 2017b). The salt lake (incl. the samphire zone) are the most prospective habitat for SREs in the study area; and four species from this habitat, the two wolf spiders Gen. indet ‘PES0297’ and ‘PES0299’ and the tiger beetles Pseudotetracha oleadorsa and P. murchisona, are considered potential SREs.

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Table 5-4 Invertebrate recorded in the study area, their SRE rating and habitat

Family Genus and species Figure SRE rating Sites Habitat Comments Araneae – Araneomorphae (modern spiders) Lycosidae Hoggicosa sp. indet. Widespread 04 Shrubland and grassland on sand dune All species of the genus are widespread (Langlands & Framenau 2010) Hogna ‘PES0298’. Widespread 55 Salt lake (incl. samphire zone) Genera not part of specialised salt lake fauna Lycosidae sp. indet. Widespread 07 Woodland on sand dune Genus indet. ‘PES297’ Potential 101, 103 Salt lake (incl. samphire zone) Unknown genus and species, considered specialised salt lake fauna Genus indet. ‘PES299’ Potential 102, 104 Salt lake (incl. samphire zone) Araneae – Mygalomorphae (trapdoor spiders) Barychelidae Idiommata ‘MYG247 Widespread 03, 08 Shrubland and grassland on sand dune, salt Identified by molecular methods lake (incl. samphire zone) Idiopidae Aganippe ‘beyondie 1’ Figure 5-4F Potential 06 Shrubland and grassland on sandplain Identified by molecular methods; only known from this survey Aganippe ‘beyondie 2’ Figure 5-4E Potential 05 Shrubland and grassland on sandplain Identified by molecular methods; only known from this survey Nemesiidae Aname sp. indet. Figure 5-4D Potential 05 Shrubland and grassland on sandplain Molecular analyses did not provide suitable DNA for sequencing Scorpiones (scorpions) Buthidae Lychas ‘adonis’ Widespread 09, 10 Woodland on sand dune, woodland on stony plain Lychas ‘beyondie 1’ Figure 5-4A Potential 03, 06, 08 Shrubland and grassland on sand dune, Only known from this survey shrubland and grassland on sandplain, salt lake (incl. samphire zone) Lychas ‘beyondie 2’ Figure 5-4B Potential 01, 06, 07 Woodland on stony plain, shrubland and Only known from this survey grassland on sandplain, woodland on sand dune

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Family Genus and species Figure SRE rating Sites Habitat Comments Urodacidae Urodacus ‘beyondie’ Figure 5-4C Potential 01, 02, 10 Woodland on stony plain, shrubland and Only known from this survey grassland on sandplain Urodacus ‘yaschenkoi Figure 5-4D Potential 03 Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Unresolved species complex group’ Oniscoidea (slaters) Armadillidae Buddelundia ‘10lk’ Potential 06, 07, 09, Shrubland and grassland on sandplain, Otherwise only known from Little Sandy 10 woodland on sand dune, woodland on stony Desert approximately 75 km south-west plain of study area Coleoptera (beetles) Carabidae Pseudotetracha Potential 08, 53, 55 Salt lake (incl. riparian zone) Previously considered widespread murchisona (McCairns et al. 1997); but recent molecular data suggest high speciation Pseudotetracha oleadorsa Potential 08, 55 Salt lake (incl. riparian zone) correlated to palaeodrainage channels independent of morphology (López-López et al. 2016) Orthoptera (crickets) Gryllidae Gen. indet. sp. indet. Widespread 06 Shrubland on sandplain Teleogryllus sp. indet. Widespread 08 Salt lake (incl. riparian zone) Genus not considered to include salt lake specialists (Otte & Alexander 1983) Eupulmonata (land and freshwater snails) Bithyniidae Gabbia ‘beyondie’ Potential 54, 55 Salt lake (incl. riparian zone) Only known from this survey; aquatic fauna, discussed in Phoenix (2017b)

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Client: Kalium Lakes Ltd Figure 5–3 Project: Beyondie Potash Project )" 1: Aganippe 'beyondie 1' )" 5: Gabbia 'beyondie' )" 9: Lychas 'beyondie 2' Study area Author: KW ° Records of SRE Date: 15-Mar-17 Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 51 )" 2: Aganippe 'beyondie 2' )" 6: Gen. indet. 'PES0297' )" 10: Pseudotetracha murchisona Lakes invertebrates collected Projection: Transverse Mercator Datum: GDA 1994 )" 3: Aname sp. indet. )" 7: Gen. indet. 'PES0299' )" 11: Pseudotetracha oleadorsa Secondary road Western Australia

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Figure 5-4 SRE invertebrates collected during the terrestrial fauna survey. A, Lychas ‘beyondie 1’; Lychas ‘beyondie 2’; C, Urodacus ‘beyondie’; D, Urodacus ‘yaschenkoi-group’; E, Aganippe ‘beyondie 2’; F, Aganippe ‘beyondie 1’; Aname sp. indet.

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Araneae – Araneomorphae (modern spiders)

The Araneae (spiders) are characterised by a number of unique characters, including abdominal appendages modified as spinnerets, silk glands and associated spigots, cheliceral venom glands and male pedipalp tarsi modified as secondary genitalia for sperm transfer (Coddington & Levi 1991). Spiders are one of the largest and most diverse orders of arachnids with more than 46,000 described species worldwide (World Spider Catalog 2017), and approximately 3,700 species named from Australia (Framenau 2016). In contrast to the Mygalomorphae (trapdoor spiders, see section 5.2.3.2), Araneomorphae are rarely targeted in SRE surveys. Araneomorphae often disperse very well, for example by wind-drift on gossamer threads (‘ballooning’) (e.g. Bell et al. 2005), and many species are widely distributed across the Australian landscape (Harvey 2002).

Family Lycosidae (wolf spiders)

Wolf spiders (family Lycosidae) belong to one of the most diverse and abundant ground living spiders in Australia. They are characterised by a peculiar eye pattern with a row of four small eyes at the front of the carapace and four larger eyes forming a square on its top. Additional features of the family include the lack of a retrolateral tibial apophysis in the male pedipalp and mobile brood care; female carry their eggsacs fixed to the spinnerets and subsequently the young spiderlings on their abdomen (Framenau & Vink 2001). The Australian wolf spider fauna has received recent taxonomic attention with the revision of many genera and species (Framenau 2002, 2006a, b, c; Framenau & Baehr 2007; Framenau & Leung 2013; Framenau & Vink 2001); however, the taxonomy of the Australian fauna is still only moderately well known (Framenau 2009). Currently 167 species in 30 genera are described (Framenau 2016). The Australian Lycosidae are generally not targeted during SRE surveys; however, some habitat specialists are clearly range-restricted. For example, Artoria albopedipalpis is only known from riparian gravel banks in the Victorian Alps (Framenau 2002) and a number of species in the genus Tetralycosa are confirmed SREs found only on the playa of dried up salt lakes (Framenau & Hudson 2017). Consequently, surveys of inland salt lakes in Western Australia should consider wolf spiders at target taxon. Genus indet. ‘PES297’ and Genus indet. ‘PES299’ The survey recorded two species of wolf spiders in an undescribed genus at four sites at Lake Sunshine. Their burrowing behaviour, i.e. the construction of burrows on the playa of the lake (Figure 5-5), suggests these to be playa specialists. Both species probably belong to the same genus, but as only females and immatures have been found and males are needed for genus-level identification, this is difficult to judge. However, based on female genital morphology, they are clearly members of the subfamily Lycosinae and therefore not a member of the salt lake-dwelling genus Tetralycosa, which belongs to the subfamily Artoriinae. As presumed salt lake specialist, Genus indet. ‘PES0297’ and ‘PES0299’ are here considered potential SREs, as it is likely that they show similar distribution patterns as species in Tetralycosa, which includes a number of play specialist SREs (Framenau & Hudson 2017).

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Figure 5-5 Burrow of Genus indet. ‘PES299’ (site 102) (left) and Genus indet. ‘PES297’ (site 103) (right) on the playa of Lake Sunshine

Araneae – Mygalomorphae (trapdoor spiders)

Trapdoor spiders represent one of the focal groups in surveys of SRE taxa (Harvey 2002). A number of mygalomorph spiders, e.g. Idiosoma nigrum (VU), Kwonkan eboracum (CR) and Moggridgea tingle (EN) are listed as Threatened under the WC Act. The Western Australian mygalomorph fauna is vast and many families and genera remain taxonomically poorly known (e.g. Barychelidae: Idiommata; Idiopidae: Aganippe; Nemesiidae: Aname, Chenistonia, Kwonkan). The Pilbara and neighbouring fauna has received considerable taxonomic attention in recent years, in particular employing molecular tools (Castalanelli et al. 2014). No SRE mygalomorph spider was recorded from the study area in the desktop review, but two species of Aname and two unidentified species in the Idiopidae were present in the wider desktop review area (Table 5-2; Figure 5-1).

Family Idiopidae (spiny trapdoor spiders)

The mygalomorph spider family Idiopidae includes a number of genera in Western Australia, including Anidiops, Gaius (currently listed as junior synonym of Anidiops), Euoplos, Blakistonia, Cataxia, Eucyrtops, Idiosoma and Misgolas (Main 1985; Raven & Wishart 2005). A recent detailed systematic study showed that current genus definitions do not reflect the evolutionary history of many species and genus level revisions are under way (Rix et al. 2017b). Members of the Idiopidae comprise the ‘typical’ trap door spiders, i.e. those species that usually close the burrow with a hinged door. Spiders of this family are abundant, in particular in relatively stable habitats in temperate to tropical regions (Main 1985; Rix et al. 2017b); however, many populations in Western Australia are apparently in serious decline (Rix et al. 2017a) Aganippe ‘beyondie 1’ and ‘beyondie 2’ The genus Aganippe differs from all other genera in the family Idiopidae by the presence of abdominal sigillae and the presence of two processes on the male pedipalp tibia (Main 1985), although it is currently understood that the genus represents an unpublished junior synonym of Idiosoma (Rix et al. 2017b). Aganippe (and Idiosoma) are common throughout southern Australia, and are particularly diverse in Western Australia. Fifteen species are described, of which four occur in Western Australia, and many new species await description (Main 1985). Two species of Aganippe were recorded from the study area, both represented by a single male, collected at sites 05 and 06 respectively (Table 5-4; Figure 5-3). Morphological identification did not

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 49 Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd reveal a match against the WA Museum reference collection and therefore both specimens were subject to molecular analyses. They differed from all other specimens included in the analysis and each other by > 10% COI divergence indicating that they represent separate, currently unrecorded species, currently only known from the study area. Based on distribution patterns of species within the genus Aganippe, which includes range-restricted in addition to widespread species, Aganippe ‘beyondie 1’ and Aganippe ‘beyondie 2’ are here considered potential SREs.

Family Nemesiidae

Members of the mygalomorph spider family Nemesiidae include those trapdoor spiders with two rows of teeth on the superior tarsal claws and comparatively long spinnerets. The family currently includes 98 described species in 14 genera in Australia (Framenau 2015), but the fauna is clearly much more diverse with an estimated 250+ species (Framenau et al. 2014). In Western Australia the family is represented by several genera, including Aname, Chenistonia, Yilgarnia, Stanwellia, Teyl, Swolnpes and Kwonkan (Main & Framenau 2009). They usually dig burrows in the soil, and do not cover their burrow entrances with lids. Aname sp. indet. The genus Aname currently includes 37 named species in Australia and is well represented by four named and numerous unnamed species from many different regions in Western Australia. Aname currently represent a highly diverse array of species of very small to large spiders. Males generally have a spur and spine on the first tibia of males opposing an often incrassate metatarsus. Members of the genus Aname are believed to be most common in sclerophyll forest, but are also known from rainforests and deserts (Raven 1981). Aname regularly belongs to the most diverse mygalomorph genera in biological spider surveys and with 12 species the Pilbara survey (Durrant et al. 2010) resulted in a similar number as found during the Carnarvon Basin survey (13 species) (Main et al. 2000). However, the numbers are clearly outdated. For example, molecular data recovered at least 49 species of Aname from the Pilbara alone, including cryptic speciation in the previously assumed widespread A. mainae (Castalanelli et al. 2014). Many Aname species appear to have restricted distributions and therefore, unidentifiable specimens should be considered potential SREs. An unidentified juvenile Aname was recorded from Site 05 in the study area (Table 5-4; Figure 5-3). Molecular analyses did not recover useable DNA and therefore the distribution of this species cannot be assessed. It is considered a potential SRE based on distribution patterns of species within the genus.

Scorpiones (scorpions)

Scorpions are characterised by the presence of chelate pedipalps, pectines and an elongate metasoma furnished with a sting. Scorpions are important components of arid ecosystems because their levels of diversity and abundance contribute significantly to the biomass of animal assemblages and they are important predators and prey for other species (Volschenk et al. 2010). The comprehensive DEC Pilbara Biological Survey (PBS) recovered two families of scorpions, Buthidae and Urodacidae. The buthids were represented by two genera, Lychas (10 species) and Isometroides (2 species). The family Urodacidae was represented by 10 species in the single genus Urodacus (Volschenk et al. 2010). However, the regional scorpion fauna is clearly more diverse both at the species and the genus level, than was recorded in the PBS survey. For example, the urodacid genus Aops was recently described from Barrow Island (Volschenk & Prendini 2008) and has since also been found on the mainland in the Pilbara.

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No SRE scorpions were recorded from the study area or the wider desktop review area in the desktop review (Table 5-2; Figure 5-1).

Family Buthidae

The family Buthidae is the most diverse and wide spread of all scorpion families (Fet & Lowe 2000). In Australia, Buthidae are represented by the genera Australobuthus, Isometrus, Isometroides, Lychas, and Hemilychas. In Western Australia, only the genera Isometrus, Isometroides and Lychas have been recorded. The taxonomy of the constituent species of Isometrus, Isometroides and Lychas is very problematic and each genus contains numerous undescribed species, most notably in the genus Lychas (E.S. Volschenk unpublished data). Koch’s (1977) revision represents an important study of the Australian scorpions; however, several taxonomic decisions therein have been rejected by subsequent authors rendering the taxonomy of the publication out of date. Most Australian buthid species appear to have wide distributions; however, a few taxa have confirmed SRE distributions (E.S. Volschenk unpublished data). Lychas ‘beyondie 1’and ‘beyondie 2’ The genus Lychas is widespread across the Australian mainland. The taxonomy of this genus is problematic, with numerous undescribed species known in Australia (Volschenk et al. 2010). The situation is further complicated with the genus being also represented in Africa, India and eastern Asia (Fet & Lowe 2000). All of the Australian species are endemic and are currently under revision by E.S. Volschenk. Most species of Lychas appear to have wide distributions; however, a small number of undescribed species are known to be SRE's. Two undescribed species of Lychas were recorded in the study area, Lychas ‘beyondie 1’ (Sites 03, 06, 08) and Lychas ‘beyondie 2’ (Sites 01, 06, 07) (Table 5-4; Figure 5-3). Both are currently only known from the study area and are, based on the known presence of SREs in the genus Lychas, considered potential SREs.

Family Urodacidae

The family Urodacidae is endemic to Australia (Fet 2000; Prendini 2000; Prendini & Wheeler 2005; Volschenk et al. 2000) where it is represented by the genera Urodacus and Aops. Urodacus ‘beyondie’ and ‘yaschenkoi group’ Urodacus was considered a member of the family Scorpionidae for many years, but in a revision of the superfamily Scorpionoidea, Prendini (2000) placed Urodacus in its own family. Unlike the species designations for Buthidae, Koch’s (1977) species of Urodacus have been mostly supported by subsequent authors (Harvey & Volschenk 2002; Volschenk & Prendini 2008; Volschenk et al. 2000). The biggest issue confronting Urodacus taxonomy is the number of undescribed species being uncovered through current revisionary work (E. S. Volschenk unpublished data). Currently 23 species of Urodacus are described; however, this may represent as little as 20% of the real diversity of this genus in Australia. Urodacus appears to be most diverse in Western Australia and few species are recorded east of the Great Dividing Range in eastern Australia. Urodacus contains both widespread and SRE species. During a large-scale survey of the Pilbara fauna, Volschenk et al. (Volschenk et al. 2010) recorded nine undescribed species and only one formerly describes species. Two species of Urodacus were recorded in the study area, Urodacus ‘beyondie’ (sites 01, 02, 10) and Urodacus ‘yaschenkoi group’ (Site 03) (Table 5-4; Figure 5-3). Urodacus ‘beyondie’ is only known from the study area. In contrast, Urodacus ‘yaschenkoi group’ belongs to a complex of localised species with poor taxonomic resolution. Based on the distribution patterns of species in Urodacus, both are considered potential SREs.

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Isopoda (Slaters)

Almost 200 described species of Oniscidea, a suborder of the Isopoda containing the supralittoral, terrestrial and secondarily aquatic slaters (or woodlice), have been recorded from Australia (Department of the Environment and Energy 2017a). The WA fauna is comparatively poorly known with many undescribed species (Judd & Horwitz 2003). Slaters are an ideal biological model for faunistic and biogeographical studies, due to their reduced dispersal ability and narrow habitat preferences (e.g. Taiti & Argano 2009). Consequently, they belong to one of the target groups of SRE surveys (EPA 2016d; Harvey 2002). No SRE slaters were recorded from the study area or the wider desktop review area in the desktop review (Table 5-2; Figure 5-1). However, during the identification process of specimens from the study area, a number of specimens collected by DPaW in the Little Sandy Desert were made available for comparison.

Family Armadillidae (pill bugs)

Armadillidae typically have a convex dorsal surface and the animal can roll up into a ball. Most species of the Armadillidae are found in the southern hemisphere and mainly occur in the tropical and subtropical zone (Lewis 1998), although the genus Buddelundia is also widespread in south- western WA. The family is diverse in Australia, currently 24 genera are described; many species live in litter or under wood and stones in forest or woodland or near the coast (Green et al. 2010). The armadillid genus Buddelundia is endemic to Australia (Lewis 1998). Members of the genus Buddelundia belong to the most common terrestrial isopods in WA and the genus was well represented in the material. The genus is currently under taxonomic revision by S. Judd (Phoenix). Only a few species of Buddelundia have a very wide distribution, and many represent SREs. Buddelundia ‘10lk’ A single species of Buddelundia was collected in the study area from four sites (06, 07, 09, 10) (Table 5-4; Figure 5-3). The species has been found elsewhere in the Sandy Little Desert approximately 75 km south-west of the study area but its current known distribution falls within the limits of short- range endemism. It is therefore considered a potential SRE.

Coleoptera (beetles)

The beetles, order Coleoptera, are the most species rich group of insects in Australia and world-wide (Lawrence & Britton 1991). They are generally not considered in SRE surveys although flightless ground beetles (family Carabidae) have been considered SREs in the Pilbara (Guthrie et al. 2010).

Carabidae

The ground beetles (Carabidae) are one of the largest animal families world-wide including some 40,000 described species. They are active, cursorial and primarily carnivorous and occur in a wide variety of habitats (Lawrence & Britton 1991). Tiger beetles are sometimes considered a separate family (Pearson & Vogler 2001), but are here recognised as a subfamily Cicindelinae within the Carabidae consistent with Department of Environment and Energy (Department of Environment and Energy 2017b).

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Pseudotetracha oleadorsa and P. murchisona The genus Pseudotetracha (sometimes considered a subgenus of Megacephala) currently includes 13 Australian species and one subspecies (Department of Environment and Energy 2017b). They include large beetles of generally greenish or blueish colouration which are nocturnal and usually found near water or salt pans (McCairns et al. 1997). The species of Megacephala were revised based on morphology fairly recently (McCairns et al. 1997); however, subsequently molecular analyses has cast doubt on the characters used in that revision and suggested a much more diverse genus with species generally associated with separate palaeochannel habitats (López-López et al. 2012, 2016). Two species of Pseudotetracha were identified in the study area based on morphological characters (McCairns et al. 1997), and these are currently thought to be widespread, P. murchisona and P. oleadorsa. However, taking the recent molecular results into account, species identification is uncertain and it is possible that the specimens collected in the study area represent cryptic SREs.

5.2.4 Species richness

A total of 128 vertebrate fauna species were recorded during the field survey (Table 5-5). Species richness estimates suggest that this represents between 69–79% of the fauna that could have been collected with a more extensive survey (Table 5-5). However, accumulation curves have not plateaued for any of the species richness estimators calculated (Figure 5-6) suggesting that true species richness is higher than estimated here. Table 5-5 Species richness estimates for vertebrates Survey data Species estimators Jack Number ACE Chao1 Number of Number of Knife1 Taxa group Number of of mean mean doubleton species mean individuals singleton (% of (% of species recorded (% of species recorded) recorded) recorded) All 171 163 186 474 45 27 128 vertebrates (75%) (79%) (69%)

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Figure 5-6 Observed and estimated species richness of all vertebrate species in the study area

5.3 SURVEY LIMITATIONS

Technical Guide: Terrestrial fauna surveys (EPA 2016e; previously Guidance Statement 56) (previously EPA Guidance Statement 56) identifies potential limitations that may be encountered during terrestrial fauna surveys. With respect to this guidance statement, no major limitations were identified for the survey (Table 5-6).

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Table 5-6 Survey limitations from Technical Guidance: Terrestrial fauna surveys (EPA 2016e) Limitation for Limitations Comments this survey? The field and laboratory teams, and report authors Competency/experience of survey No have extensive experience in terrestrial fauna personnel, including taxonomy surveys in WA. All target groups and habitats within the northern section of the study area were surveyed adequately. Detailed survey was not conducted for the southern Scope and completeness - were all section or Lake Sunshine where habitats target groups sampled, were all assessments were largely used to assess the planned survey methods implemented Yes likelihood of conservation significant species successfully, was the study area fully occurring in these areas. surveyed No nocturnal work could be undertaken due to access constraints; however, nocturnal species were well documented from other sampling methods. The survey intensity was appropriate for the areas that were surveyed. Survey intensity focused on the northern section where most project related activioties will occur with lesser survey effort Intensity - in retrospect, was the No undertaken in areas (i.e. southern section and Lake intensity adequate Sunshine areas). Species assemblages identified within the northern section are not considered to be representative of the souther section and Lake Sunshine areas where less survey effort occurred. The accumulation curves for vertebrates did not plateau, suggesting that not all taxa present at the time of the survey were recorded; however, most Proportion of fauna identified, conservation significant species considered likely to No recorded and/or collected. occur from the desktop review were recorded. All of the fauna was identified to an appropriate level. Consultation with external taxonomists was undertaken to confirm species identifications. There is a paucity of comparative data in this area Availability of adequate contextual regarding species assemblages and distribution, Yes information particularly many species of conservation significance and potential SRE invertebrates. While the rainfall resulted in higher capture rates of some species, cold weather was likely to have Timing, weather, season, cycle Yes reduced activity and therefore capture rates of many small terrestrial mammal and reptile species during the survey. No disturbances occurring during the period of the Disturbances which affected the results No field survey are considered to have impacted the of the survey results. The use of a helicopter facilitated access to Remoteness and/or access problems No undertake survey work in areas inaccessible areas by vehicle.

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6 DISCUSSION

In assessing development proposals, the EPA’s broad objective for terrestrial fauna is to protect terrestrial fauna so that biological diversity and ecological integrity are maintained (EPA 2016b). Considerations for terrestrial fauna in EIA include the significance of the terrestrial fauna (see section 2), current state of knowledge of the species present, the potential impacts to terrestrial fauna, the scale at which the impacts are considered and application of the mitigation hierarchy to avoid or minimise impacts. Accordingly, the aim of this assessment for vertebrate fauna was to determine the conservation significant vertebrate fauna species and habitats present or likely to be present in the study area to inform an EIA for the Project in relation to the environmental factor terrestrial fauna. The EPA’s objective for SRE species in particular is to ensure that proposals do not potentially threaten the viability of, or lead to the extinction of any SRE species (EPA 2016d). This objective focuses on the impacts of the Project on the persistence of species rather than, as in vertebrates, impacts on populations of significant species which are typically often widespread, but often disjunct. Therefore, the aim of this assessment for SREs was to: x determine whether any SRE taxa may be restricted solely to the study area and therefore be at risk of extinction from the Project x determine whether adequate habitat exists outside the proposed project area for SRE species recorded within the proposed project area. The study area is situated in a poorly surveyed area where the eastern Gascoyne and south-western Little Sandy Desert bioregions intercept and where limited contextual information, particularly for conservation significant species, exists (van Leeuwen 2002). This was evident in the poor return from the desktop review, in particular in respect to SREs.

6.1 VERTEBRATE FAUNA

6.1.1 Conservation significant species

Twenty conservation significant species were recorded, or have the potential to occur in the study area based on this survey and the desktop review (i.e. historic or recent records nearby) and known habitat preferences (Table 6-1). Five of these were recorded during the field survey from direct sightings and secondary evidence; three mammals (Northern Marsupial Mole, Greater Bilby, Brush- tailed Mulgara), one reptile (Unpatterned Robust Slider) and one bird (Rainbow Bee-eater). Two additional bird species, the Oriental Plover and Common Greenshank, were recorded during waterbird surveys undertaken in February 2015 and concurrently with the terrestrial fauna survey (Phoenix 2017b). Five of the 20 species occurring or potentially occurring are listed as Threatened under the EPBC Act, including four as Vulnerable (Greater Bilby, Black-flanked Rock-Wallaby, Great Desert Skink, Princess Parrot) and one as Endangered (Northern Quoll) (Table 6-1). The Greater Bilby was recorded multiple times from secondary evidence (burrows) during the survey (Figure 5-2). Of the seven burrows recorded, only two showed signs of recent activity; however, no recent tracks or individuals were observed during searches and subsequent camera trapping. The remaining five burrows showed evidence of predator activity, i.e. fox and dog tracks around the entrances. Due to the large range of the Greater Bilby it is considered a frequent inhabitant of the study area, primarily in sandplain and sand dune habitats supporting grassland and shrubland

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 49 Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd vegetation (Figure 5-2). The widespread and common occurrence of introduced predator species in the vicinity of the lakes, however, is likely to reduce the size of Bilby populations below natural, i.e. predator-free levels within and in the vicinity of the study area. Two Brush-tailed Mulgara individuals were trapped during the survey in addition to multiple burrows in sandplain habitat supporting grassland and shrubland vegetation immediately north of Beyondie Lakes (Figure 5-2). The species is considered to regularly frequent the study area, particularly in shrubland and grassland habitats where suitable burrowing substrate is present (Figure 5-2). These habitat types are well represented within and outside of the study area, particularly across the Little Sandy Desert bioregion north and east of Beyondie Lakes to Lake Sunshine and beyond and east and south of Ten Mile Lake. The Unpatterned Robust Slider was recorded once during the survey (Figure 5-2). The species may be more common and widespread within the study area, particularly in grassland and shrubland habitats with sandy substrates (Figure 5-2); however, the species’ cryptic nature and a below average temperature during the survey likely limited its recording. The Rainbow Bee-eater is common and widespread throughout the habitats of the Little Sandy Desert and Gascoyne bioregions and the records from the study area are not considered to be significant for the species. A majority of the Marsupial Mole trenches contained evidence of Rainbow Bee-eaters attempting to burrow upon their inspection. At the time of the surveys the Northern Marsupial Mole was listed as Endangered under both the EPBC and WC Acts and significant effort was expended searching for them. It was recorded once from secondary evidence (tracks not trenches) in sand dune habitat (Figure 5-2). Despite this limited success, the species is considered likely to occur in sand dune habitat throughout the study area. Sand dune habitats are well represented within and outside of the study area, particularly in the Little Sandy Desert bioregion to the north and east of Beyondie Lakes and Ten Mile Lake, east to Lake Sunshine and further beyond to the north, south and east. .

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Table 6-1 Summary of conservation significant vertebrate species with likelihood of occurrence

Scientific name Common name EPBC WC DPaW Likelihood of Summary of records and occurrence Act Act occurrence

Reptiles Lerista macropisthopus Unpatterned P2 Recorded One individual at Site 04; Species likely to occur in sandy habitats with loose remota Robust Slider leaf litter within the study area, particularly sandplain habitats. Additional records of species approximately 14 km north of the study area. Liopholis kintorei Great Desert VU VU Possible Species may occur in sandy habitats (sand dune and plain) within the study Skink area. The nearest record approximately 300 km south of the study area; however, sparse survey effort between the closest record and the study area. Birds Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift Mig. Mig. Likely Species forages in variety of habitats including those within the study area; unlikely to land. Nearest record approximately 30 km north of western end of haul road. Ardea modesta Eastern Great Mig. Mig. Possible Species may occur within study area, particularly after rainfall when water is Egret present in lakes, creeks and drainage lines. Nearest record located approximately 60 km south-west of study area. Falco hypoleucos Grey Falcon VU Possible Species may occasionally forage within and in the vicinity of the study area, particularly grassland and shrubland habitats. Unlikely to nest due to the lack of suitable nesting structures. Nearest record approximately 60 km south-east of study area. Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon SP Possible Species may occasionally forage within and in the vicinity of the study area, particularly grassland and shrubland habitats. Nearest record approximately 60 km south-east of study area. Charadrius veredus Oriental Plover Mig. Mig. Recorded Recorded within study area during recent waterbird and aquatic invertebrate survey (Phoenix 2017b). Species likely to occur within the study area when conditions are favourable, particularly after rainfall when water present in lakes.

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Scientific name Common name EPBC WC DPaW Likelihood of Summary of records and occurrence Act Act occurrence

Actitis hypoleucos Common Mig. Mig. Likely Species likely to occur within the study area when conditions are favourable, Sandpiper particularly after rainfall when water is present within lakes. Previously recorded approximately 60 km south south-west of study area.

Tringa nebularia Common Mig. Mig. Recorded Five individuals were recorded during concurrent waterbird and aquatic Greenshank invertebrate survey (Phoenix 2017b). Species likely to occur occasionally within the study area, particularly following rainfall when water is present within lakes. Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper Mig. Mig. Possible Species may occur within the study area when conditions are favourable, particularly after rainfall when water is present within lakes. Previously recorded approximately 150 km north of study area. Polytelis alexandrae Princess Parrot VU P4 Possible May occur occasionally in grassland and shrubland habitat when conditions are favourable, particularly following rainfall. Nearest record approximately 55 km south-west of study area. Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee- Mig. Mig. Recorded Recorded multiple time from secondary evidence (burrows) at mole trench eater sites within dune habitat during the survey. Species likely to occur regularly within the study area. Previous records approximately 40 km north of the haul road. Amytornis striatus Striated P4 Possible May occur occasionally in grassland and shrubland habitat within the study striatus Grasswren area. Nearest record approximately 55 km south-east of study area.

Mammals Dasycercus blythi Brush-tailed P4 Recorded Two individuals recorded (Site 06). Species likely to occur frequently in Mulgara sandplain and sand dune habitats within the study area. Previously recorded within 30 km of the haul road.

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Scientific name Common name EPBC WC DPaW Likelihood of Summary of records and occurrence Act Act occurrence

Dasyurus hallucatus Northern Quoll EN EN Possible Species may occasionally forage within the study area due to a small area of suitable rocky habitat with potential denning and shelter habitat located adjacent to the haul road. Nearest record of the species approximately 200 km north-west of study area; however, little survey effort within the region may be responsible for the lack of records. Sminthopsis Long-tailed P4 Possible The species may occur in rocky habitats identified within and adjacent to the longicaudata Dunnart study area. Nearest record approximately 65 km south-east and south south- east of study area. Macrotis lagotis Greater Bilby VU VU Recorded Recorded from secondary evidence from burrows. The species is likely to occur within the sand dune and sandplain where suitable sandy burrowing substrate is present. Previously recorded approximately 55 km south-east of study area. Abundance and distribution however likely to be limited by feral predators which were commonly recorded throughout the study area. Notoryctes caurinus Marsupial Mole P4 Recorded Recorded from secondary evidence (tracks) at Site 03; not recorded at mole trench sites. Species likely to occur in sand dune and adjacent sandplain habitat within and outside the study area, particularly to the north and east of Beyondie Lakes and Ten Mile Lake and south of Ten Mile Lake. Petrogale lateralis Black-flanked VU VU Possible May occasionally forage within the study area due to a small area of rocky lateralis Rock-wallaby habitat located adjacent to the haul road. Nearest record approximately 50 km north of the study area. Pseudomys chapmani Western Pebble- P4 Possible May occur in habitats containing low stony rises. Nearest record approximately mound Mouse 50 km west of the western most end of the haul road.

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6.1.2 Habitats

The study area is situated within a lake system of complex hydrology (semi-permanent freshwater marshes in the vicinity of ephemeral salt and clay pans of different hydrological characters, within an ancient palaeodrainage system) and geology (mixed Quaternary Eolian and colluvial deposits and surrounding Cainozoid calcretes). Infrequent rainfall and the ephemeral presence of surface water (fresh to hypersaline) will temporarily influence the local fauna near the lake. In contrast, habitat quality in the surrounding arid environment is much less determined by short-term changes in rainfall. Potential habitat was recorded in the study area for 13 of the 26 vertebrate fauna of conservation significance identified in the desktop review (Table 6-1; Table 6-2). The habitats considered suitable for these species are widespread within the study area and common within the broader Little Sandy Desert and Gascoyne bioregions. With exception of the migratory birds, most conservation significant species recorded during the survey prefer sandy plain or dune habitats with variable vegetation composition and structure (Table 6-2). Of the nine broad fauna habitats identified within the study area all are considered likely to support a range of terrestrial fauna, including some species of conservation significance (Table 6-2). Some habitats of the study area are considered to be of high value for fauna assemblages and/or species of conservation significance, specifically: x sandplain and sand dune habitats (Figure 5-2), which support the Greater Bilby (EN), Brush- tailed Mulgara (P4) and Northern Marsupial Mole (P4) x creek and drainage line habitats (Figure 5-2), particularly when water is present, which are likely to provide suitable foraging and refuge habitat for many birds and mammals x salt lakes and freshwater lakes (Figure 5-2), which provide suitable foraging habitat for waterbirds and shorebirds, including at least two Migratory species (see Phoenix 2017b). All habitats represented within the study area are represented in land systems adjacent to the study area and across the broader Little Sandy Desert and Gascoyne bioregions. Sandplain and dune habitats are common within the study area and throughout the Little Sandy Desert bioregion. The closest permanent water sources are possibly rock holes and pools in the Carnarvon Range approximately 50 km to the south of the study area and some semi-permanent pools of Savory Creek approximately 100 km north of the study area, both of which are listed as of subregional significance (Cowan & Kendrick 2001). However, the distribution of indigenous vertebrate species is unlikely to be influenced by the need to access fresh water (van Leeuwen 2002), as they are arid- adapted, with the exception of waterbirds (see Phoenix 2017b). Additional salt lakes occur in a chain within an ancient palaeodrainage channel to the east of the study area. One potential limitation of the survey was the lower level of survey effort for vertebrates in the southern section and at Sunshine Lake in comparison to the northern section. The differing survey effort for each area was based on the level of propsed impact in each area, as major infrastructure outside the lakes themselves (such as evaporation ponds and processing facilities) were only planned for the northern section. Inferences on faunal assemblages can be made for the southern section and Sunshine Lake based on habitats and the results of the survey in the northern section, particularly in regards to conservation significant species, if future disturbances will impact terrestrial habitat surrounding 10 Mile Lake in the southern section and Sunshine Lake.

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Table 6-2 Summary of conservation significant vertebrate species recorded or likely to occur within each habitat

Suitable habitat

stony stony

Likelihood of calcrete Scientific name Common name occurrence on lines plain and drainage Rocky hill Salt lake (incl. Shrubland and Shrubland and Shrubland and Shrubland and oodland on samphire zone) Freshwater lake reek grassland on dune on dune grassland Woodland dune on C grassland sandplain W grassland Reptiles Lerista macropisthopus remota Unpatterned Robust Slider Recorded ● ● ● ●

Liopholis kintorei Great Desert Skink Possible ● ● ● ● Birds Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift Likely ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Ardea modesta Eastern Great Egret Possible ● ● ● Falco hypoleucos Grey Falcon Possible ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon Possible ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Ardeotis australis Australian Bustard Recorded ● ● ● ● ● ● Charadrius veredus Oriental Plover Recorded ● ● Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Likely ● ● Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Recorded ● ●

Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper Possible ● ● Polytelis alexandrae Princess Parrot Possible ● ● ● ● ● ● Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee-eater Recorded ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

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Suitable habitat

stony stony

Likelihood of calcrete Scientific name Common name occurrence on lines plain and drainage Rocky hill Salt lake (incl. Shrubland and Shrubland and Shrubland and Shrubland and Shrubland and oodland on samphire zone) Freshwater lake reek grassland on dune on dune grassland Woodland dune on C grassland sandplain W grassland Amytornis striatus striatus Striated Grasswren Possible ● ● ● ● ● Mammals Dasycercus blythi Brush-tailed Mulgara Recorded ● ● ● ● ●

Dasyurus hallucatus Northern Quoll Possible ● ● Sminthopsis longicaudata Long-tailed Dunnart Possible ● Macrotis lagotis Greater Bilby Recorded ● ● ● ● ● Notoryctes caurinus Northern Marsupial Mole Recorded ● ● ●

Petrogale lateralis lateralis Black-flanked Rock-wallaby Possible ● ●

Pseudomys chapmani Western Pebble-mound Mouse Possible ●

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6.2 SHORT-RANGE ENDEMIC INVERTEBRATES

6.2.1 SRE species

Twelve potential terrestrial SREs (excluding the freshwater mollusc Gabbia ‘beyondie’) were collected during the survey, including two wolf spiders, three trapdoor spiders, four scorpions and one slater and two tiger beetles (Table 5-4). Seven of these, two wolf spiders (Gen. indet. ‘PES0297’ and ‘PES0299’), two mygalomorph spiders (Aganippe ‘beyondie 1’, Aganippe ‘beyondie 2’), and three scorpions (Lychas ‘beyondie 1’, Lychas ‘beyondie 2’ and Urodacus ‘beyondie’) are currently only known from the study area. The taxonomy of two, Aname sp. indet. and Urodacus ‘yaschenkoi- group’ are two poorly resolved to decide if they occur outside the study area, and one, the slater Buddelundia ‘10lk’ has been found outside the study area, but within the nominal limits of short- range endemism. The two tiger beetles are included in the list if SREs as recent molecular studies have shown the current morphological identifications to be unreliable (López-López et al. 2012, 2016). The knowledge of the regional invertebrate fauna is very limited as evidenced by the desktop review (Table 5-2). In contrast, for example, to the Pilbara region, for which we now have a very well established taxonomic framework for trapdoor spiders (Castalanelli et al. 2014), scorpions (Volschenk et al. 2010) and slaters (S. Judd, unpublished data), the Little Sandy Desert and Gascoyne bioregions have had no extensive governmental regional surveys or surveys as part of resource development projects. Nevertheless, one of the trapdoor spiders from the survey, Idiommata ‘MYG247’, is a relatively common Pilbara species as evidenced by molecular tools, which suggests that the study area shares invertebrate fauna and habitats with the Pilbara some 150 km to the north-west. In contrast, the wolf spider and tiger beetle fauna of WA salt lakes has received some research attention in the last years. Two genera of wolf spiders are currently known to exclusively live on the playa of salt lakes, where they remain in self excavated burrows when the lake is inundated, with eight species in the genus Tetralycosa (Framenau & Hudson 2017) and a single species currently referred to the genus Lycosa (Hudson 2000; McKay 1976). Tetralycosa includes a number of SRE species, some only known from single lakes, whereas Lycosa salifodina is more widespread. The two species collected from the playa of Lake Sunshine do not belong to either Tetralycosa or Lycosa and therefore represent new lineages of salt lake-dwelling habitat specialists in the family. Considering, that these spiders have not been recorded from salt lakes before, they are likely to represent SREs. Salt lake-dwelling tiger beetles include a number of very range restricted species with records from single lakes and the distribution of these is generally correlated with the geological history of the palaeochannels drainage systems (Pons et al. 2006). Whilst species in the genus Pseudotetracha have been thought to not follow this pattern based on morphological evidence (McCairns et al. 1997), recent molecular studies have shown that a more comprehensive, integrative taxonomic approach including molecular data is required to appropriately delineate species in this genus (López-López et al. 2016). Until these studies have been completed, the species from Ten Mile Lake, P. oleadorsa and P. murchisona, should be considered range-restricted.

6.2.2 Habitats

The salt lake playas of the eastern Beyondie Lakes, Ten Mile Lake and Lake Sunshine represent the most prospective SRE habitat within the study area. As habitat islands within a generally arid or semi-arid environmental matrix, salt lakes have been shown to harbour species with extremely limited known distributions. For example, two wolf spider species in the genus Tetralycosa are

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd currently only known from Lake Moore and a salt lake on Yindi Station respectively (Framenau & Hudson 2017), and two species of tiger beetles are currently only known from Lake Lefroy (Kamoun & Hogenhout 1996; Pearson & Vogler 2001; Phoenix 2017a). Two wolf spider species, Gen. indet. PES0297’ and ‘PES0299’, and the Pseudotetracha tiger beetles were exclusively found on the playa of Lake Sunshine, and Lychas ‘beyondie 1’ was collected in the riparian zone of Ten Mile Lake and all may represent salt lake specialists. These species are generally dependent on specific hydrological regime of the lake they inhabit and changes in groundwater level can make a lake inhospitable. Wolf spiders and tiger beetle larvae are burrowing animals and the salt lake only provides habitat if the ground water level is neither too high (following a fill-cycle of the lake) nor too low. For example, Tetralycosa wolf spiders build a specific burrow between surface and groundwater and the spiders remain near the groundwater during the day (Framenau & Hudson 2017). Discrete hydrological tolerances of any of these species are not known, in particular at Lake Sunshine, as Gen. indet. “PES0297’ and ‘PES0299’ have been recorded there for the first time. In contrast, some species that have been found mainly on the salt lake (incl. the riparian zone), such as the cricket in the genus Teleogryllus (Table 5-4), are known or considered widespread as they are winged and therefore very mobile. Most SREs from the survey were found in the arid habitats around the lakes and, based on the distribution of congeners, do not seem to be dependent on the water resource provided by the semi-permanent western freshwater marsh of the Beyondie Lakes. The trapdoor spiders were exclusively found in shrublands on sandplain, the scorpions and slater were, in addition, found on sand dunes and Acacia woodland on sandplain. All these habitats are well represented regionally and there is no evidence to support a highly restricted distribution of any of these. Therefore, these species are not thought to be susceptible to the development by the Project in the study area. Two limitations influenced the evaluation of the salt lake invertebrate fauna. Firstly, the Beyondie Lakes salt lakes were inundated during the survey and could not be sampled for the generally burrowing salt lake specialist, although it can be assumed that the lake has a similar fauna as nearby Ten Mile Lake and Lake Sunshine. Secondly, salt lake invertebrates appear to be seasonal; for example, Rivacindela salicursoria, endemic at Lake Lefroy, has so far only been found in late summer (Sumlin 1987), despite extensive survey work at the lake at other times of the year (Phoenix 2013). Caution should therefore be taken to evaluate the faunistic values of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Beyondie Lakes, Ten Mile Lake and Lake Sunshine based on a limited sampling regime. However, important first insights into the SRE invertebrate fauna have been gained in a poorly known area and further surveys, in particular including other regional lake systems and at other times of the year, could provide a more detailed picture.

6.3 CONCLUSION

In summary, 21 vertebrate species of conservation significance were recorded (eight species) or potentially occur in the study area of the Project. Within the study area, habitats consisting of sand and loam substrates, shrubland and grassland on dune and shrubland and grassland on sandplain are likely to be utilised by the majority of conservation significant species with salt and freshwater lake habitats, including associated samphire and riparian zones, to be of higher value to migratory shorebirds. Both habitats are well represented within the study area and in the broader Little Sandy Desert and Gascoyne bioregions. Of 20 recorded invertebrates, 12 are currently only known from the study area and are considered potential SREs. Four of these are potential salt lake specialists and possibly dependent on a specific hydrological regime of the lake. Future surveys should aim to demonstrate that, if development is proposed in the known habitat for these taxa, their distribution is not limited to areas subject to disturbance.

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McCairns, R. F., Freitag, R., Rose, H. A. & McDonald, F. J. D. 1997. Taxonomic revision of the Australian Cicindelidae (Coleoptera), excluding species of Cicindela. Invertebrate Taxonomy 11: 599–687. McKay, R. J. 1976. The wolf spiders of Australia (Araneae: Lycosidae): 8. Two new species inhabiting salt lakes of Western Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 17: 417–423. Menkhorst, P. W. & Knight, F. 2011. A field guide to the mammals of Australia. 3rd edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford (UK). Morcombe, M. 2004. Field guide to Australian birds. Complete compact edition. Steve Parish Publishing, Archerfield, QLD. Morris, K. D. 2000. The status and conservation of native rodents in Western Australia. Wildlife Research 27: 405–419 http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/WR97054. Oakwood, M., Woinarski, J. & Burnett, S. 2008. Dasyurus hallucatus. In: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org (accessed 10 June 2011). Otte, D. & Alexander, R. D. 1983. The Australian crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Monographs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 22: 1–477. Pavey, C. R., Nano, C., Cooper, S. J. B., Cole, J. R. & McDonald, P. J. 2011. Habitat use, population dynamics and species identification of mulgara, Dasycercus blythi and D. cristicauda, in a zone of sympatry in central Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 59: 156–169. Pearson, D. L. & Vogler, A. P. 2001. Tiger beetles. Comstock Publishing Associates a division of Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London. Peters, M. B. 1861. Über eine neue Eintheilung der Skorpione und über die von ihm in Mossambique gesammelten Arten von Skorpionen, aus welchem hier ein Auszug mit getheilt wird. Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1861: 507–516. Phoenix. 2010. Vertebrate fauna survey for the FerrAus Pilbara Project. Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd., Balcatta, WA. Unpublished report to FerrAus Ltd. Phoenix. 2011. Vertebrate fauna survey for the FerrAus Pilbara Project - Proposed rail alignment. Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd., Balcatta, WA. Unpublished report to FerrAus Ltd. Phoenix. 2012. Terrestrial fauna survey of the Yanneri study area. Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd, Balcatta, W.A. Unpublished report prepared for Montezuma Mining Company Ltd. Phoenix. 2013. Review of the terrestrial invertebrate monitoring program for the St Ives Gold Mine at Lake Lefroy. Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd, Balcatta, WA. Unpublished report prepared for St Ives Gold Mining Company Pty Ltd. Phoenix. 2014. Short-range endemic invertebrate fauna survey of the Lake Disappointment Potash Project. Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd, Balcatta, WA. Unpublished report prepared for Botanica Consulting Pty Ltd on behalf of Reward Minerals Ltd. Phoenix. 2017a. Terrestrial fauna survey for the St Ives Gold Mine Beyond 2018 Project. Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd, Balcatta, WA. Unpublished report prepared for St Ives Gold Mining Company Pty Ltd. Phoenix. 2017b. Waterbird and aquatic invertebrate survey for the Beyondie Potash Project. Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd, Balcatta, WA. Unpublished report prepared for Kalium Lakes Potash Pty Ltd. Ponder, W. F. & Colgan, D. J. 2002. What makes a narrow-range taxon? Insights from Australian freshwater snails. Invertebrate Systematics 16: 571–582. Pons, J., Barraclough, T. G., Gomez-Zurita, J., Cardosa, A., Duran, D. P., Hazell, S., Kamoun, S., Sumlin, W. D. & Vogler, A. P. 2006. Sequence-based species delimitation for the DNA taxonomy of undescribed insects. Systematic Biology 55: 595–609. Prendini, L. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the superfamily Scorpionoidea Latreille 1802 (Chelicerata, Scorpiones): an exemplar approach. Cladistics 16: 1–78.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Prendini, L. & Wheeler, W. C. 2005. Scorpion higher phylogeny and classification, taxonomic anarchy, and standards for peer review in online publishing. Cladistics 21: 446–494. Ratcliffe, D. 1980. The Peregrine Falcon. Buteo Books, Shipman, VA (USA). Raven, R. J. 1981. A review of the Australian genera of the mygalomorph spider subfamily Diplurinae (Dipluridae: Chelicerata). Australian Journal of Zoology 29: 321–363. Raven, R. J. & Wishart, G. 2005. The trapdoor spider Arbanitis L. Koch (Idiopidae: Mygalomorphae) in Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 51: 531–557. Rein, J. O. 2016. The scorpion files. Norwegion University of Science and Technology, Trondheim. Available at: http://www.ntnu.no/ub/scorpion-files/ (accessed 28 February 2017). Rix, M., Juey, J. A., Main, B. Y., Waldock, J. M., Harrison, S. E., Comer, S., Austin, A. D. & Harvey, M. S. 2017a. Where have all the spiders gone? The decline of a poorly known invertebrate fauna in the agricultural and arid zones of southern Australia. Austral Entomology: in press. Rix, M. G., Cooper, S. J. B., Meusemann, K., Klopfstein, S., Harrison, S. E., Harvey, M. S. & Austin, A. D. 2017b. Post-Eocene climate change across continental Australia and the diversification of Australasian spiny trapdoor spiders (Idiopidae: Arbanitinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 109: 302–320. Schotte, M., Boyko, C. B., Bruce, N. L., Poore, G. C. B., Taiti, S. & Wilson, G. D. F. 2008. World list of marine freshwater and terrestrial isopod crustaceans. Available at: http://www.marinespecies.org/isopoda (accessed 23 March 2011). Simpson, K. & Day, N. 2010. Field guide to the birds of Australia. Penguin Group, Camberwell, Vic. Stanisic, J., Shea, M., Potter, D. & Griffiths, O. 2010. Australian land snails. Volume 1. A field guide to eastern Australian species. Bioculture Press, Mauritius. Start, A. N., Burbidge, A. A., Kendrick, P. G. & McKenzie, N. L. 2012. Terrestrial mammals of the south-western Little Sandy Desert, Western Australia. Australian Mammalogy online. Storr, G. M., Smith, L. A. & Johnstone, R. E. 1999. Lizards of Western Australia, part 1: skinks. Western Australian Museum, Perth, WA. Sumlin, W. D. 1987. Studies on the Australian Cicindelidae VI: A review of the subgenus Rivacindela of the genus Cicindela (Coleoptera). Entomological News 98: 117–134. Sutton, A. J. G. 2010. Aspects of the biology of the Grey Falcon Falco hypoleucos in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Corella 35: 11–15. Taiti, S. & Argano, R. 2009. New species of terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Sardinia. Zootaxa 2318: 38–55. Thackway, R. & Cresswell, I. D. 1995. An interim biogeographical regionalisation for Australia (IBRA version 4.0). Australian Government. Tyler, M. J. & Doughty, P. 2009. Field guide to frogs of Western Australia. 4th edition. Western Australian Museum, Perth, WA. Van Dyck, S. & Strahan, R. 2008. The mammals of Australia. New Holland Publishers, Sydney, NSW. van Leeuwen, S. 2002. Biological survey of the south-western Little Sandy Desert. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth, WA. Final report, National Reserve System Project N706. Volschenk, E. S., Burbidge, A. H., Durrant, B. J. & Harvey, M. S. 2010. Spatial distribution patterns of scorpions (Scorpiones) in the arid Pilbara region of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 78: 271–284. Volschenk, E. S. & Prendini, L. 2008. Aops oncodactylus, gen. et sp. nov., the first troglobitic urodacid (Urodacidae: Scorpiones), with a re-assessment of cavernicolous, troglobitic and troglomorphic scorpions. Invertebrate Systematics 22: 235–257. Volschenk, E. S., Smith, G. T. & Harvey, M. S. 2000. A new species of Urodacus from Western Australia, with additional descriptive notes for Urodacus megamastigus (Scorpiones). Records of the Western Australian Museum 20: 57–67.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Walther, B. A. & Moore, J. L. 2005. The concepts of bias, precision and accuracy, and their use in testing the performance of species richness estimators, with a literature review of estimator performance. Ecography 28: 815–829. Western Australian Government. 2017. Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 - Wildlife Conservation (Specially Protected Fauna) Notice 2016. Western Australian Governement Gazette 4: 76–89. Western Australian Museum. 2013. WAM short-range endemic categories. Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, WA. Whisson, C. & Kirkendale, L. 2014. Field Guide to the terrestrial and freshwater molluscs of the North West, version 1.0. Western Australian Museum, Perth, WA. Available at: http://museum.wa.gov.au/catalogues-beta/wam-fieldguides/pilbara-snails (accessed 2 May 2014). Wilson, S. & Swan, G. 2013. A complete guide to reptiles of Australia. New Holland, Sydney, NSW. World Spider Catalog. 2017. World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, Bern (Switzerland). Available at: http://wsc.nmbe.ch/ (accessed 27 January 2017).

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Appendix 1 Survey site descriptions

Site: 01 Site type: Systematic trapping site Habitat: Woodland on stony plain Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Open Mulga (Acacia sp.) woodland with scattered Mulga to 3 m over sparse mixed small shrubs on low stony rise. Large areas of sparse vegetation with exposed stony clay substrate.

Site: 02 Site type: Systematic trapping site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sandplain Disturbance: Grazing - low Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Open shrubland consisting of Acacia and other mixed shrubs to 2 m over scattered clumps of mature spinifex hummocks and small shrubs to .8 m. Scattered patches of sparse vegetation with exposed areas of sandy clay and stony clay substrates.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 03 Site type: Systematic trapping site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sand dune approximately 10 m high with sparsely scattered eucalypts to 8 m over mixed shrubs to 3 m over mixed small shrubs and hummock and tussock grasses to 1 m. Large areas of exposed sandy substrate and sparse vegetation subject to wind erosion.

Site: 04 Site type: Systematic trapping site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sand dune with sparsely scattered eucalypts to 8 m scattered shrubs to 2.5 m over scattered patches of mixed small shrubs and mature spinifex to 1 m. Vegetation open with large areas of exposed sandy substrate subject to wind erosion.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 05 Site type: Systematic trapping site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sandplain Disturbance: None evident Fire: 1-5 Years Habitat description: Sandplain between sand dunes with mosaic of shrubland and spinifex grassland. Scattered medium shrubs to 2.5 m, over mixed small shrubs to 1.5 m and patches of spinifex hummock grasses to .8 m on sandy clay substrate.

Site: 06 Site type: Systematic trapping site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sandplain Disturbance: None evident Fire: 1-5 Years Habitat description: Sandplain with mosaic of spinifex grassland and shrubland. Sparsely scattered tall shrubs to 3 m over dense patches of mixed shrubs to 1.3 m and spinifex hummock grasses to .8 m on loose sandy substrate. Regrowth from previous fire evident.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 07 Site type: Systematic trapping site Habitat: Woodland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Low sand dune on eastern edge of Beyondie Lakes with open Mulga woodland. Scattered Mulga to 5 m over scattered patches of mixed shrubs to 1.5 m over mature spinifex hummock grasses to .8 m. Scattered patches of sparse vegetation with exposed loose sandy substrate.

Site: 08 Site type: Systematic trapping site Habitat: Salt lake (incl. samphire zone) Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Samphire shrubland on edge of salt lake. Even cover of small to medium samphire shrubs to 0.5 m from water’s edge of lake on sandy loam to calcrete substrate. Vegetation gradient of low to medium samphire shrubland to Acacia shrubland vegetation surrounding lake.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 09 Site type: Systematic trapping site Habitat: Woodland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Minor sand dune with open woodland consisting of scattered Mulga to 3 m over mixed medium shrubs to 2.5 m over mixed small shrubs and patches of mature spinifex to .8 m. Dense patches of riparian vegetation including Paperbarks close to edge of freshwater lake.

Site: 10 Site type: Systematic trapping site Habitat: Woodland on stony plain Disturbance: Grazing - low Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Open Mulga woodland on plain with scattered patches of Mulga to 4 m over mixed shrubs 1–3 m over mixed grasses and herbs to .5 m. Dense dead wood and debris within patches of vegetation. Floodplain Surrounding site sparsely vegetated.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 11 Site type: Mole trench site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sand dune with shrubland consisting of sparsely scattered eucalypts to 8 m over scattered shrubs to 2 m over mixed herbs and grasses, primarily spinifex to 1 m. Vegetation scattered with areas of exposed loose sandy substrate.

Site: 12 Site type: Mole trench site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sand dune with shrubland consisting of sparsely scattered eucalypts over scattered mixed shrubs to 2 m over mixed herbs and grasses, primarily spinifex to 1 m. Vegetation scattered with areas of exposed loose sandy substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 13 Site type: Mole trench site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sand dune with shrubland consisting of sparsely scattered eucalypts over scattered shrubs to 2 m over mixed herbs and hummock and tussock grasses. Vegetation scattered with areas of exposed loose sandy substrate. No photo available

Site: 14 Site type: Mole trench site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sand dune with shrubland consisting of sparsely scattered eucalypts over scattered shrubs to 2 m over mixed herbs and grasses, primarily spinifex to 1 m. Vegetation scattered with areas of exposed loose sandy substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 15 Site type: Mole trench site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sand dune with shrubland consisting of sparsely scattered eucalypts over sparsely scattered shrubs to 2 m over mixed herbs and grasses, primarily spinifex to 1 m. Vegetation scattered with areas of exposed loose sandy substrate.

Site: 16 Site type: Mole trench site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sand dune with shrubland consisting of sparsely scattered eucalypts to 6 m and shrubs to 2 m over mixed small herbs and mixed hummock and tussock grasses 1 m. Vegetation scattered with areas of exposed loose sandy substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 17 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: 1-5 Years Habitat description: Sand dune with mosaic of shrubland and spinifex grassland vegetation on sandy loan substrate. Sparsely scattered shrubs to 3 m over dense patches of shrubs to 1.3 m over mixed hummock and tussock grasses to 0.8 m. Evidence of previous disturbance from fire with regrowth occurring in most areas.

Site: 18 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Creek and drainage line Disturbance: None evident Fire: 1-5 Years Habitat description: Moderate creek line with open riparian vegetation. Scattered eucalypts to 12 m along edge of creek line with scattered dense patches of medium to large shrubs to 3 m over mixed grasses. Spinifex grasses dominant beyond riparian. Stony substrate and pebbles in creek bed with sandy loam substrate on banks. Area fairly degraded from heavy grazing.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 20 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Creek and drainage line Disturbance: Historic operations, vehicle tracks, livestock tracks, grazing - high Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Moderate creek line with sparsely scattered eucalypts to 10 m over sparse medium to large shrubs to 3 m over mixed grasses to <.5 m. Understory sparse with large areas of exposed substrate, particularly along edges of creek. Vegetation adjacent to creek heavily degraded from grazing.

Site: 21 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Woodland on stony plain Disturbance: Grazing – medium; vehicle tracks Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sparse open woodland with sparse understory on stony plain. Sparsely scattered Acacia to 3 m over sparse patches of small shrubs and spinifex to .8 m. Large areas of little or no vegetation with exposed stony substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 22 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Woodland on stony plain Disturbance: Grazing - low Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Plain with mosaic of open Acacia woodland and spinifex grassland at base of granite/basalt hill. Scattered patches of Acacia to 2 m over mixed small to medium shrubs and spinifex to 1.5 m. Vegetation unevenly spread over hard clay and stony substrates.

Site: 23 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Creek and drainage line Disturbance: Grazing – high; erosion Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Minor creek line with sparsely scattered Eucalypts and Mulga to 5 m over mixed shrubs to 2.5 m along edge of creek line. Vegetation heavily degraded from grazing with understory sparse or absent in large areas.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 24 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Woodland on stony plain Disturbance: Grazing - low Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Open Acacia woodland on plain with scattered Eucalypts and Mulga to 5 m, dense in some patches over mixed shrubs and grasses to 1 m. Fallen logs and debris abundant throughout.

Site: 25 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Woodland on stony plain Disturbance: Grazing - high Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sparsely vegetated plain with scattered patches of Acacia woodland over mixed shrubs to 1.5 m. Large areas sparsely vegetated with sparsely scattered shrubs to 1 m over mixed grasses to <.5 m on stony substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 26 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Woodland on stony plain Disturbance: Vehicle tracks, grazing - high Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Open Mulga woodland with sparsely scattered Mulga to 4 m over sparse tall shrubs to 2.5 m over mixed small shrubs and grasses to 1 m. Understory sparse and heavily degraded from grazing with large areas of little or no vegetation and exposed substrates.

Site: 28 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Rocky hill Disturbance: Grazing - low Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Base of low basalt hill with sparsely scattered medium shrubs to 2.5 m over scattered small shrubs and mixed grasses to 1m. Vegetation sparse and unevenly spread with large areas of exposed stony substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 29 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Rocky hill Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Granite boulder pile on south facing hill slope. Sparsely vegetated with scattered Mulga to 3 m over mixed shrubs to 2.5 m over scattered patches of small shrubs and spinifex to 1 m. Large areas of rock cover with little to no vegetation. Patches of thicker Mulga woodland present at base of hill.

Site: 53 Site type: SRE site Habitat: Salt lake (incl. samphire zone) Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Samphire riparian zone of salt lake. Scattered patches of low samphire shrubs to .5 m from water’s edge of lake on sand to sandy loam substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 54 Site type: SRE site Habitat: Salt lake (incl. samphire zone) Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Samphire riparian zone of salt lake. Scattered patches of low samphire shrubs to 0.5 m from water’s edge of lake on sand to sandy loam substrate.

Site: 55 Site type: SRE site Habitat: Salt lake (incl. samphire zone) Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Samphire riparian zone of salt lake. Scattered patches of low samphire shrubs to 0.5 m from water’s edge of lake on sand to sandy loam substrate

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 56 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sand dune with shrubland consisting of sparsely scattered eucalypts over sparsely scattered shrubs to 2 m over mixed herbs and grasses, primarily spinifex to 1 m. Vegetation scattered with areas of exposed loose sandy substrate. No photo available

Site: 57 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Low sand dune with shrubland consisting of scattered patches of mixed shrubs to 2 m over mixed herbs and grasses. Vegetation patchy with scattered areas of exposed loose sandy substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 58 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Salt lake (incl. samphire zone) Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Samphire riparian zone of dry salt lake. Low samphire shrubs to 0.5 m with scattered patches of sparse vegetation and exposed sandy loam substrate.

Site: 59 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Salt lake (incl. samphire zone) Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Dry salt lake with bordering samphire vegetation.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 60 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Salt lake (incl. samphire zone) Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Dry salt lake with bordering samphire vegetation.

Site: 61 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Salt lake (incl. samphire zone) Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Dry salt lake with bordering samphire vegetation.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 62 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Salt lake (incl. samphire zone) Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Dry salt lake with bordering samphire vegetation.

Site: 63 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Woodland on stony plain Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Open woodland between salt lake and sand dunes with scattered Mulga to 3 m over sparse mixed small shrubs on low stony rise. Large areas of sparse vegetation with exposed stony clay substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 64 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sand dune with sparsely tall shrubs to 3 m over scattered mixed small shrubs and spinifex to 1 m. Vegetation patchy with large areas of exposed sandy substrate subject to wind erosion.

Site: 65 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sandplain Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sandplain with mosaic of spinifex grassland and shrubland. Sparsely scattered tall shrubs to 3 m over dense patches of mixed shrubs to 1.3 m and spinifex hummock grasses to .8 m on loose sandy substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 66 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sandplain Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sandplain with mosaic of spinifex grassland and shrubland. Sparsely scattered tall shrubs to 3 m over dense patches of mixed shrubs to 1.3 m and spinifex hummock grasses to .8 m on loose sandy substrate.

Site: 67 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sandplain Disturbance: None evident Fire: 1–5 Years Habitat description: Sandplain with mosaic of spinifex grassland and shrubland. Sparsely scattered tall shrubs to 3 m over dense patches of mixed shrubs to 1.3 m and spinifex hummock grasses to .8 m on loose sandy substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 68 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sandplain Disturbance: None evident Fire: 1–5 Years Habitat description: Sandplain with mosaic of spinifex grassland and shrubland. Sparsely scattered tall shrubs to 3 m over dense patches of mixed shrubs to 1.3 m and spinifex hummock grasses to .8 m on loose sandy substrate.

Site: 69 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sand dune with sparsely scattered eucalypts to 8 m scattered shrubs to 2.5 m over scattered patches of mixed small shrubs and mature spinifex to 1 m. Vegetation open with large areas of exposed sandy substrate subject to wind erosion.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 70 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sandplain Disturbance: None evident Fire: 1–5 Years Habitat description: Sandplain with mosaic of spinifex grassland and shrubland. Sparsely scattered tall shrubs to 3 m over dense patches of mixed shrubs to 1.3 m and spinifex hummock grasses to 1 m on loose sandy substrate.

Site: 71 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sandplain Disturbance: None evident Fire: 1–5 Years Habitat description: Sandplain with mosaic of spinifex grassland and shrubland. Sparsely scattered tall shrubs to 3 m over dense patches spinifex hummock grasses to .8 m on loose sandy substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 72 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: 1–5 Years Habitat description: Sand dune with shrubland consisting of scattered patches of mixed shrubs to 2.5 m over mixed herbs and grasses, primarily spinifex to 0.8 m. Vegetation scattered with areas of exposed loose sandy substrate.

Site: 73 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sandplain Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sand dune with shrubland consisting of scattered patches of mixed shrubs to 2.5 m over mixed herbs and grasses, primarily spinifex to 0.8 m. Vegetation scattered with areas of exposed loose sandy substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 74 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Woodland on stony plain Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Open woodland between salt lake and sand dunes with scattered Mulga to 3 m over sparse mixed small shrubs on low stony rise. Large areas of sparse vegetation with exposed stony clay substrate.

Site: 75 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Salt lake (incl. samphire zone) Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Dry salt lake with bordering samphire vegetation.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 76 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Salt lake (incl. samphire zone) Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Dry salt lake with bordering samphire vegetation. No photo available

Site: 77 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sand dune with shrubland consisting of scattered patches of mixed shrubs to 2.5 m over mixed herbs and grasses, primarily spinifex to 0.8 m. Vegetation scattered with areas of exposed loose sandy substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 78 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sandplain Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sandplain with mosaic of spinifex grassland and shrubland. Sparsely scattered tall shrubs to 3 m over dense patches of mixed shrubs to 1.3 m on a sandy loam substrate.

Site: 79 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Salt lake (incl. samphire zone) Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Dry salt lake with bordering samphire vegetation.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 80 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Salt lake (incl. samphire zone) Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Dry salt lake with bordering samphire vegetation.

Site: 81 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sand dune with shrubland consisting of scattered patches of mixed shrubs to 2.5 m over mixed herbs and grasses, primarily spinifex to 0.8 m. Vegetation scattered with areas of exposed loose sandy substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 82 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sandplain Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sandplain with mosaic of spinifex grassland and shrubland. Sparsely scattered tall shrubs to 3 m over dense patches of mixed shrubs to 1.3 m and spinifex hummock grasses to .8 m on loose sandy substrate. Regrowth from previous fire evident.

Site: 83 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sandplain Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sandplain with mosaic of spinifex grassland and shrubland. Sparsely scattered tall shrubs to 3 m over dense patches of mixed shrubs to 1.3 m and spinifex hummock grasses to 1 m on loose sandy substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 84 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: 1–5 years Habitat description: Sand dune with shrubland consisting of scattered patches of mixed shrubs to 2.5 m over mixed herbs and grasses, primarily spinifex to 0.8 m. Vegetation scattered with areas of exposed loose sandy substrate.

Site: 85 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sand dune with shrubland consisting of scattered patches of mixed shrubs to 2.5 m over mixed herbs and grasses, primarily spinifex to 0.8 m. Vegetation scattered with areas of exposed loose sandy substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 86 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sand dune with shrubland consisting of scattered patches of mixed shrubs to 2.5 m over mixed herbs and grasses, primarily spinifex to 0.8 m. Vegetation scattered with areas of exposed loose sandy substrate. No photo available

Site: 87 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Salt lake (incl. samphire zone) Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Dry salt lake with bordering samphire vegetation.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

88 Site: Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Salt lake (incl. samphire zone) Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Samphire shrubland on edge of dry salt lake. Scattered cover of small to medium samphire shrubs to 0.5 m

Site: 89 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sand dune with shrubland consisting of scattered patches of mixed shrubs to 2.5 m over mixed herbs and grasses, primarily spinifex to 1 m. Vegetation scattered with areas of exposed loose sandy substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 90 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sand dune with shrubland consisting of scattered patches of mixed shrubs to 2.5 m over mixed herbs and grasses, primarily spinifex to 0.8 m. Vegetation scattered with areas of exposed loose sandy substrate.

Site: 91 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sand dune with shrubland consisting of scattered patches of mixed shrubs to 2.5 m over mixed herbs and grasses, primarily spinifex to 0.8 m. Vegetation scattered with areas of exposed loose sandy substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 92 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Woodland on stony plain Disturbance: Grazing - medium Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Open Mulga woodland on plain with scattered patches of Mulga to 4 m over mixed shrubs 1–3 m over mixed grasses and herbs to .5 m. Dense dead wood and debris within patches of vegetation. Floodplain Surrounding site sparsely vegetated.

Site: 93 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sandplain Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sandplain with mosaic of spinifex grassland and shrubland. Sparsely scattered tall shrubs to 3 m over scattered patches of mixed shrubs to 1.3 m and spinifex hummock grasses to .8 m on loose sandy substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 94 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sand dune with shrubland consisting of scattered patches of mixed shrubs to 2.5 m over mixed herbs and grasses, primarily spinifex to 0.8 m. Vegetation scattered with areas of exposed loose sandy substrate.

Site: 95 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Woodland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Low sand dune on eastern edge of Beyondie Lakes with open Mulga woodland. Scattered Mulga to 5 m over scattered patches of mixed shrubs to 1.5 m over mature spinifex hummock grasses to .8 m. Scattered patches of sparse vegetation with exposed loose sandy substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 96 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sand dune Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Sand dune with shrubland consisting of scattered patches of mixed shrubs to 2.5 m over mixed herbs and grasses, primarily spinifex to 0.8 m. Vegetation scattered with areas of exposed loose sandy substrate.

Site: 101 Site type: SRE site Habitat: Salt lake (incl. samphire zone) Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Salt lake (in background of image), Riparian zone with scattered patches of low samphire shrubs to 0.5 m from water’s edge of lake on sand to sandy loam substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 102 Site type: SRE site Habitat: Salt lake (incl. samphire zone) Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Salt lake, no vegetation.

Site: 103 Site type: SRE site Habitat: Salt lake (incl. samphire zone) Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Salt lake, no vegetation

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: 104 Site type: SRE site Habitat: Salt lake (incl. samphire zone) Disturbance: None evident Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Salt lake, no vegetation. (no image available)

Site: TP001 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sandplain Disturbance: Evidence of feral animals Fire: >5 years Habitat description: Open shrubland on sandplain with scattered patches of mixed Acacia shrubs to 2.5 m over mixed small shrubs, herbs and patches of spinifex hummock grasses to 0.5 m on loose sandy substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: TP002 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sandplain Disturbance: Evidence of feral animals Fire: 1-5 years Habitat description: Grassland on sandplain with sparsely scattered small to medium shrubs to 1 m over mixed hummock and tussock grasses to 0.5 m on loose sandy substrate.

Site: TP003 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sandplain Disturbance: Evidence of feral animals Fire: 1-5 years Habitat description: Grassland on sandplain with sparsely scattered patches of large shrubs to 3 m over scattered mixed small to medium shrubs to 1 m over mixed hummock and tussock grasses to 0.5 m on loose sandy substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site: TP004 Site type: Opportunistic site Habitat: Shrubland and grassland on sandplain Disturbance: Evidence of feral animals Fire: 1-5 years Habitat description: Grassland on sandplain with scattered small to medium shrubs to 1 m over mixed hummock and tussock grasses to 0.5 m on loose sandy substrate.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Appendix 2 Systematic survey and opportunistic site, camera trap, SongMeter and marsupial mole trench locations from the field survey

Site Site type Easting Northing Zone Latitude Longitude 001 Transect 223207 7262464 51 -24.7275 120.2637 002 Transect 222695 7262398 51 -24.7280 120.2586 003 Transect 225561 7261870 51 -24.7332 120.2868 004 Transect 226886 7263493 51 -24.7188 120.3003 005 Transect 226484 7262367 51 -24.7289 120.2961 006 Transect 225115 7264875 51 -24.7060 120.283 007 Transect 228964 7260310 51 -24.7479 120.3202 008 Transect 226294 7260310 51 -24.7555 120.2936 009 Transect 220021 7258621 51 -24.7615 120.2315 010 Transect 219430 7260794 51 -24.7418 120.2261 011.1 Marsupial Mole trench 226433 7264511 51 -24.7096 120.296 011.2 Marsupial Mole trench 226430 7264520 51 -24.7095 120.2959 011.3 Marsupial Mole trench 226427 7264552 51 -24.7092 120.2959 012.1 Marsupial Mole trench 226850 7261356 51 -24.7381 120.2995 012.2 Marsupial Mole trench 226831 7261360 51 -24.7381 120.2993 012.3 Marsupial Mole trench 226811 7261362 51 -24.7380 120.2991 013.1 Marsupial Mole trench 227340 7264161 51 -24.7129 120.3049 013.2 Marsupial Mole trench 227336 7264168 51 -24.7128 120.3048 013.3 Marsupial Mole trench 227312 7264180 51 -24.7127 120.3046 014.1 Marsupial Mole trench 225772 7262608 51 -24.7266 120.2891 014.2 Marsupial Mole trench 225781 7262618 51 -24.7265 120.2892 014.3 Marsupial Mole trench 225775 7262627 51 -24.7264 120.2891 015.1 Marsupial Mole trench 227229 7261852 51 -24.7337 120.3033 015.2 Marsupial Mole trench 227233 7261856 51 -24.7337 120.3034 015.3 Marsupial Mole trench 227241 7261845 51 -24.7338 120.3034 016.1 Marsupial Mole trench 223799 7265197 51 -24.7029 120.2701 016.2 Marsupial Mole trench 223802 7265208 51 -24.7028 120.2701 016.3 Marsupial Mole trench 223820 7265203 51 -24.7029 120.2703 017 Opportunistic site 225689 7261706 51 -24.7347 120.2881 018 Opportunistic site 225080 7264972 51 -24.7052 120.2827 019 Opportunistic site 765788 7263919 50 -24.7163 119.6273 020 Opportunistic site 768823 7263759 50 -24.7172 119.6573 021 Opportunistic site 770403 7263283 50 -24.7212 119.6730 022 Opportunistic site 772711 7262479 50 -24.7280 119.6960 023 Opportunistic site 777273 7259114 50 -24.7576 119.7417

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site Site type Easting Northing Zone Latitude Longitude 024 Opportunistic site 197412 7258268 51 -24.7604 120.0081 025 Opportunistic site 201739 7257727 51 -24.7662 120.0507 026 Opportunistic site 215471 7260829 51 -24.7408 120.1870 027 Opportunistic site 221683 7261947 51 -24.7318 120.2486 028 Opportunistic site 218355 7262452 51 -24.7267 120.2158 029 Opportunistic site 216504 7259117 51 -24.7564 120.1968 030 Opportunistic site 226443 7262537 51 -24.7274 120.2957 031 Opportunistic site 225065 7265012 51 -24.7048 120.2826 032 Opportunistic site 223994 7263914 51 -24.7145 120.2718 033 Opportunistic site 221547 7264429 51 -24.7094 120.2477 034 Opportunistic site 224544 7261770 51 -24.7340 120.2768 035 Opportunistic site 226590 7262405 51 -24.7286 120.2971 036 Opportunistic site 224898 7259444 51 -24.7550 120.2798 038 Opportunistic site 226844 7261352 51 -24.7381 120.2994 040 Opportunistic site 223945 7265288 51 -24.7021 120.2716 041 Opportunistic site 223877 7265182 51 -24.7031 120.2709 042 Opportunistic site 223893 7265281 51 -24.7022 120.271 043 Opportunistic site 225973 7262838 51 -24.7246 120.2911 044 Opportunistic site 225691 7261709 51 -24.7347 120.2881 045 Opportunistic site 225688 7261703 51 -24.7348 120.2881 046 Opportunistic site 226981 7261461 51 -24.7372 120.3008 047 Opportunistic site 221748 7260013 51 -24.7493 120.2488 048 Opportunistic site 225774 7258527 51 -24.7634 120.2883 049 Opportunistic site 231514 7258753 51 -24.7624 120.345 050 Opportunistic site 228263 7252801 51 -24.8155 120.3118 051 Opportunistic site 223696 7254965 51 -24.7952 120.2671 052 Opportunistic site 200299 7255640 51 -24.7847 120.0360 053 SRE site 231344 7258385 51 -24.7657 120.3433 054 SRE site 228058 7253441 51 -24.8097 120.3099 055 SRE site 222658 7253915 51 -24.8045 120.2566 056 Opportunistic site 255858 7271784 51 -24.6489 120.5879 057 Opportunistic site 255492 7268685 51 -24.6768 120.5837 058 Opportunistic site 255140 7268859 51 -24.6752 120.5803 059 Opportunistic site 254483 7269947 51 -24.6653 120.5740 060 Opportunistic site 254337 7270801 51 -24.6575 120.5727 061 Opportunistic site 253790 7270485 51 -24.6603 120.5672 062 Opportunistic site 253257 7269996 51 -24.6646 120.5619

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site Site type Easting Northing Zone Latitude Longitude 063 Opportunistic site 252595 7270190 51 -24.6628 120.5554 064 Opportunistic site 253801 7269563 51 -24.6686 120.5672 065 Opportunistic site 259763 7273655 51 -24.6326 120.6267 066 Opportunistic site 258404 7270853 51 -24.6577 120.6128 067 Opportunistic site 256038 7268085 51 -24.6823 120.589 068 Opportunistic site 253880 7268060 51 -24.6822 120.5677 069 Opportunistic site 251332 7269029 51 -24.6730 120.5427 070 Opportunistic site 249184 7269302 51 -24.6702 120.5215 071 Opportunistic site 249823 7270877 51 -24.6561 120.5281 072 Opportunistic site 251196 7273570 51 -24.6320 120.5422 073 Opportunistic site 252807 7272119 51 -24.6454 120.5578 074 Opportunistic site 256005 7271003 51 -24.6560 120.5892 075 Opportunistic site 252943 7272619 51 -24.6409 120.5592 076 Opportunistic site 254282 7271541 51 -24.6508 120.5723 077 Opportunistic site 254491 7272183 51 -24.6451 120.5744 078 Opportunistic site 251317 7273310 51 -24.6344 120.5433 079 Opportunistic site 250897 7271854 51 -24.6475 120.5389 080 Opportunistic site 250617 7270221 51 -24.6622 120.5358 081 Opportunistic site 251032 7269372 51 -24.6699 120.5398 082 Opportunistic site 255509 7273162 51 -24.6364 120.5847 083 Opportunistic site 253900 7273695 51 -24.6313 120.5689 084 Opportunistic site 249884 7274139 51 -24.6267 120.5293 085 Opportunistic site 248160 7271239 51 -24.6526 120.5118 086 Opportunistic site 255688 7272470 51 -24.6427 120.5863 087 Opportunistic site 256886 7270764 51 -24.6583 120.5978 088 Opportunistic site 257143 7269869 51 -24.6664 120.6002 089 Opportunistic site 256196 7269561 51 -24.6690 120.5908 090 Opportunistic site 246649 7269462 51 -24.6684 120.4965 091 Opportunistic site 244862 7268176 51 -24.6797 120.4787 092 Opportunistic site 244884 7269257 51 -24.6699 120.4791 093 Opportunistic site 242664 7266703 51 -24.6926 120.4567 094 Opportunistic site 240825 7264489 51 -24.7123 120.4381 095 Opportunistic site 239270 7262524 51 -24.7297 120.4224 096 Opportunistic site 236549 7259074 51 -24.7604 120.3949 097 Opportunistic site 255130 7269440 51 -24.6699 120.5803 098 Opportunistic site 254320 7271011 51 -24.6556 120.5725 099 Opportunistic site 256225 7271192 51 -24.6543 120.5914

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Site Site type Easting Northing Zone Latitude Longitude 100 Opportunistic site 256053 7271769 51 -24.6491 120.5898 101 SRE site 254795 7269665 51 -24.6678 120.5769 102 SRE site 253066 7270057 51 -24.6640 120.5600 103 SRE site 253698 7272320 51 -24.6437 120.5666 104 SRE site 250997 7272806 51 -24.6389 120.5400 TP001 Opportunistic site 232165 7260241 51 -24.7491 120.3518 TP003 Opportunistic site 232070 7260845 51 -24.7436 120.3509 TP004 Opportunistic site 233061 7260289 51 -24.7488 120.3606 TP002 Opportunistic site 232673 7260209 51 -24.7495 120.3568

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Appendix 3 Vertebrate species recorded from the desktop review and during the field survey

(2012)

Scientific name Common name (2010a) (2010b)

en (2002)

(2010) (2011) (2017b)

et al. (2012) EPBC Threatened species EPBC Threatened WC Act DPaW Introduced Matters EPBC Protected Database DPaW Threatened Species Database NatureMap Birdata Van Leeuw Start Phoenix Phoenix Enviroworks Enviroworks Phoenix 2012 Phoenix This survey Amphibians (11) Cyclorana maini Sheep Frog ● ● ● ● Cyclorana platycephala Water-holding Frog ● ● Litoria rubella Little Red Tree Frog ● ● ● Neobatrachus aquilonius Northern Burrowing Frog ● ● Neobatrachus sudellae Desert Trilling Frog ● Neobatrachus sutor Shoemaker Frog ● ● Neobatrachus wilsmorei Plonking Frog ● Notaden nichollsi Desert Spadefoot ● ● ● Platyplectrum spenceri Desert Spadefoot ● ● Uperoleia micromeles Tanami Toadlet ● Uperoleia russelli Northwest Toadlet ● Reptiles (107) Chelodina steindachneri Flat-shelled Turtle ● ● Amphibolurus longirostris Long-nosed Dragon ● ● ● ● ● Ctenophorus caudicinctus No Common Name ● ● ● ● ● caudicinctus Ctenophorus caudicinctus No Common Name ● mensarum Ctenophorus isolepis gularis Central Military Dragon ● ● ● ● ● ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

(2012)

Scientific name Common name (2010a) (2010b)

en (2002)

(2010) (2011) (2017b)

et al. (2012) This survey EPBC Threatened species EPBC Threatened WC Act DPaW Introduced Matters EPBC Protected Database DPaW Threatened Species Database NatureMap Birdata Van Leeuw Start Phoenix Phoenix Enviroworks Enviroworks Phoenix 2012 Phoenix Ctenophorus nuchalis Central Netted Dragon ● ● ● ● ● ● Ctenophorus reticulatus Western Netted Dragon ● ● ● ● ● Ctenophorus scutulatus Lozenge-marked Dragon ● ● ● Diporiphora amphiboluroides Mulga dragon ● ● Grey-striped Western Desert Diporiphora paraconvergens ● ● Dragon Diporiphora valens Southern Pilbara Tree Dragon ● ● ● ● Moloch horridus Thorny Devil ● ● ● ● ● Pogona minor minor Western Bearded Dragon ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Nephrurus laevissimus Pale Knob-tailed Gecko ● ● ● Nephrurus levis Smooth Knob-tailed Gecko ● ● ● Northern Banded Knob-tailed Nephrurus wheeleri cinctus ● Gecko Crenadactylus ocellatus Clawless Gecko ● Diplodactylus conspicillatus Variable Fat-tailed Gecko ● ● ● ● ● Diplodactylus laevis Desert Fat-tailed Gecko ● ● Diplodactylus pulcher No Common Name ● ● ● ● Lucasium stenodactylum Sand-plain Gecko ● ● ● ● ● Oedura marmorata Marbled Velvet Gecko ● ● Rhynchoedura ornata Western Beaked Gecko ● ● ● ● ● ● Strophurus assimilis Goldfields Spiny-tailed Gecko ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

(2012)

Scientific name Common name (2010a) (2010b)

en (2002)

(2010) (2011) (2017b)

et al. (2012) This survey EPBC Threatened species EPBC Threatened WC Act DPaW Introduced Matters EPBC Protected Database DPaW Threatened Species Database NatureMap Birdata Van Leeuw Start Phoenix Phoenix Enviroworks Enviroworks Phoenix 2012 Phoenix Strophurus ciliaris aberrans Northern Spiny-tailed Gecko ● ● ● ● Strophurus elderi Jewelled Gecko ● ● ● ● Strophurus jeanae Southern Phasmid Gecko ● ● Strophurus wellingtonae Western Spiny-tailed Gecko ● ● ● ● Gehyra punctata Spotted Dtella ● ● ● ● Gehyra purpurascens Purplish Dtella ● ● Gehyra variegata Variegated Tree Dtella ● ● ● ● ● ● Heteronotia binoei Bynoe's Gecko ● ● ● ● ● Delma desmosa Banded Delma ● ● Delma haroldi No Common Name ● ● Delma nasuta No Common Name ● ● Delma pax Peace Delma ● Delma tincta Excitable Delma ● Lialis burtonis Burton's Legless Lizard ● ● ● ● Pygopus nigriceps Western Hooded Scaly-foot ● Carlia munda Rainbow-skink ● ● Carlia triacantha Desert Rainbow-skink ● ● Cryptoblepharus buchananii Buchanan's Snake-eyed Skink ● ● Cryptoblepharus Peron's Snake-eyed Skink ● plagiocephalus Ctenotus ariadnae Ariadna's Ctenotus ● ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

(2012)

Scientific name Common name (2010a) (2010b)

en (2002)

(2010) (2011) (2017b)

et al. (2012) This survey EPBC Threatened species EPBC Threatened WC Act DPaW Introduced Matters EPBC Protected Database DPaW Threatened Species Database NatureMap Birdata Van Leeuw Start Phoenix Phoenix Enviroworks Enviroworks Phoenix 2012 Phoenix Ctenotus brooksi Brook's Ctenotus ● ● ● Blue-tailed Finesnout Ctenotus calurus ● ● ● ● Ctenotus Ctenotus duricola Pilbara Ctenotus ● ● Ctenotus dux Narrow-lined Ctenotus ● ● Ctenotus grandis grandis No Common Name ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Ctenotus hanloni Nimble Ctenotus ● ● Ctenotus inornatus Bar-shouldered Ctenotus ● ● ● ● ● ● Orange-tailed Finesnout Ctenotus leae ● ● Ctenotus Ctenotus leonhardii Leonhard's Ctenotus ● ● ● ● Ctenotus nasutus Nasute Finesnout Ctenotus ● ● Ctenotus pantherinus ocellifer No Common Name ● ● ● ● ● ● Ctenotus piankai Pianka's Ctenotus ● ● Ctenotus Fourteen-lined Ctenotus ● ● ● ● ● quattuordecimlineatus Ctenotus schomburgkii Barred Widesnout Ctenotus ● ● ● ● Ctenotus uber Spotted Ctenotus ● ● ● ● Cyclodomorphus melanops Spinifex Slender Blue-tongue ● ● melanops Southern Pygmy Spiny-tailed Egernia depressa ● ● ● ● ● Skink

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

(2012)

Scientific name Common name (2010a) (2010b)

en (2002)

(2010) (2011) (2017b)

et al. (2012) This survey EPBC Threatened species EPBC Threatened WC Act DPaW Introduced Matters EPBC Protected Database DPaW Threatened Species Database NatureMap Birdata Van Leeuw Start Phoenix Phoenix Enviroworks Enviroworks Phoenix 2012 Phoenix Egernia formosa No Common Name ● Narrow-banded Sand Eremiascincus fasciolatus ● Swimmer Eremiascincus musivus Mosaic Desert Skink ● Eremiascincus pallidus No Common Name ● ● Eremiascincus richardsonii Broad-banded Sand Swimmer ● ● ● ● ● ● Lerista amicorum No Common Name ● Lerista bipes North-western Sandslider ● ● ● ● ● Lerista ips No Common Name ● ● ● Lerista macropisthopus remota No Common Name P2 ● ● ● ● Lerista muelleri Wood Mulch Slider ● Lerista neander Pilbara Robust Slider ● ● Lerista timida Timid Slider ● ● ● Lerista xanthura Yellow-tailed Plain Slider ● Liopholis kintorei Great Desert Skink VU VU ● Liopholis striata Night Skink ● ● Menetia greyii Common Dwarf Skink ● ● ● ● ● Morethia ruficauda exquisita Pilbara Lined Fire-tailed Skink ● Northern Lined Fire-tailed Morethia ruficauda ruficauda ● ● Skink Notoscincus ornatus ornatus No Common Name ● ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

(2012)

Scientific name Common name (2010a) (2010b)

en (2002)

(2010) (2011) (2017b)

et al. (2012) This survey EPBC Threatened species EPBC Threatened WC Act DPaW Introduced Matters EPBC Protected Database DPaW Threatened Species Database NatureMap Birdata Van Leeuw Start Phoenix Phoenix Enviroworks Enviroworks Phoenix 2012 Phoenix Tiliqua multifasciata Central Blue-tongue ● ● ● Varanus acanthurus Ridge-tailed Monitor ● Varanus brevicauda Short-tailed Pygmy Monitor ● ● ● Varanus caudolineatus Stripe-tailed Pygmy Monitor ● ● ● ● Varanus eremius Pygmy Desert Monitor ● ● ● ● ● Varanus giganteus Perentie ● ● Varanus gilleni Pygmy Mulga Monitor ● ● ● Varanus gouldii Sand Monitor ● ● ● Varanus panoptes Yellow-spotted Monitor ● ● ● ● ● ● Varanus tristis tristis Black-headed Monitor ● ● ● ● Anilios endoterus No Common Name ● ● Anilios grypus Beaked Blind Snake ● Anilios hamatus Paleheaded Blind Snake ● Anilios waitii No Common Name ● Antaresia perthensis Pygmy Python ● Narrow-banded Shovel-nosed Brachyurophis fasciolatus ● Snake Demansia psammophis No Common Name ● ● cupreiceps Demansia rufescens Rufous Whipsnake ● Furina ornata Moon Snake ● ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

(2012)

Scientific name Common name (2010a) (2010b)

en (2002)

(2010) (2011) (2017b)

et al. (2012) This survey EPBC Threatened species EPBC Threatened WC Act DPaW Introduced Matters EPBC Protected Database DPaW Threatened Species Database NatureMap Birdata Van Leeuw Start Phoenix Phoenix Enviroworks Enviroworks Phoenix 2012 Phoenix Parasuta monachus Monk Snake ● ● ● Pseudechis australis Mulga Snake ● ● ● ● Pseudonaja mengdeni Western Brown Snake ● ● Pseudonaja modesta Ringed Brown Snake ● ● ● ● Simoselaps anomalus Desert Banded Snake ● ● ● Simoselaps bertholdi Jan's Banded Snake ● Suta fasciata Rosen's Snake ● Suta punctata Spotted Snake ● ● Birds (145) Anas gracilis Grey Teal ● ● ● ● ● Anas querquedula Garganey Mig Mig ● Anas rhynchotis Australasian Shoveler ● Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck ● ● ● Aythya australis Hardhead ● ● ● Chenonetta jubata Australian Wood Duck ● ● Cygnus atratus Black Swan ● ● ● Dendrocygna eytoni Plumed Whistling-duck ● Malacorhynchus Pink-eared Duck ● ● ● membranaceus Tadorna tadornoides Australian Shelduck ● ● Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift Mig Mig ● ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

(2012)

Scientific name Common name (2010a) (2010b)

en (2002)

(2010) (2011) (2017b)

et al. (2012) This survey EPBC Threatened species EPBC Threatened WC Act DPaW Introduced Matters EPBC Protected Database DPaW Threatened Species Database NatureMap Birdata Van Leeuw Start Phoenix Phoenix Enviroworks Enviroworks Phoenix 2012 Phoenix Aegotheles cristatus Australian Owlet-nightjar ● ● ● ● Eurostopodus argus Spotted Nightjar ● ● ● ● Podargus strigoides Tawny Frogmouth ● ● ● Burhinus grallarius Bush Stone-curlew ● ● Charadrius ruficapillus Red-capped Plover ● ● ● ● Charadrius veredus Oriental Plover Mig Mig ● ● Elseyornis melanops Black-fronted Dotterel ● ● Erythrogonys cinctus Red-kneed Dotterel ● Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull ● Vanellus tricolor Banded Lapwing ● Stiltia isabella Australian Pratincole ● Ardeotis australis Australian Bustard ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Banded Stilt Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt ● ● ● Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Red-necked Avocet ● ● Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Mig Mig ● Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Mig Mig ● Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper Mig Mig ● Ardea ibis Cattle Egret Mig Mig ● Ardea modesta Eastern Great Egret Mig Mig ● ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

(2012)

Scientific name Common name (2010a) (2010b)

en (2002)

(2010) (2011) (2017b)

et al. (2012) This survey EPBC Threatened species EPBC Threatened WC Act DPaW Introduced Matters EPBC Protected Database DPaW Threatened Species Database NatureMap Birdata Van Leeuw Start Phoenix Phoenix Enviroworks Enviroworks Phoenix 2012 Phoenix Ardea pacifica White-necked Heron ● ● ● Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron ● ● ● Threskiornis spinicollis Straw-necked Ibis ● Columba livia Rock Dove ● ● Geopelia cuneata Diamond Dove ● ● ● ● ● ● Geophaps plumifera Spinifex Pigeon ● ● ● ● Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Phaps chalcoptera Common Bronzewing ● ● ● ● ● Dacelo leachii Blue-winged Kookaburra ● Todiramphus pyrrhopygius Red-backed Kingfisher ● ● ● ● ● ● Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee-eater Mig Mig ● ● ● ● ● Cacomantis pallidus Pallid Cuckoo ● ● ● ● ● Chalcites basalis Horsfield's Bronze-cuckoo ● ● ● Chalcites osculans Black-eared Cuckoo ● ● ● Accipiter cirrocephalus Collared Sparrowhawk ● ● ● ● ● Accipiter fasciatus Brown Goshawk ● ● ● ● Aquila audax Wedge-tailed Eagle ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Circus assimilis Spotted Harrier ● ● ● ● ● Elanus axillaris (Elanus Black-shouldered Kite ● ● ● caeruleus) Haliastur sphenurus Whistling Kite ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

(2012)

Scientific name Common name (2010a) (2010b)

en (2002)

(2010) (2011) (2017b)

et al. (2012) This survey EPBC Threatened species EPBC Threatened WC Act DPaW Introduced Matters EPBC Protected Database DPaW Threatened Species Database NatureMap Birdata Van Leeuw Start Phoenix Phoenix Enviroworks Enviroworks Phoenix 2012 Phoenix Hamirostra melanosternon Black-breasted Buzzard ● ● ● ● Hieraaetus morphnoides Little Eagle ● ● ● ● (Aquila morphnoides) Milvus migrans Black Kite ● ● ● ● ● Falco berigora Brown Falcon ● ● ● ● ● ● Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Falco hypoleucos Grey Falcon Mig ● ● ● ● Falco longipennis Australian Hobby ● ● ● ● ● Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon OS ● ● ● ● ● Leipoa ocellata Malleefowl VU VU ● ● ● Fulica atra Eurasian Coot ● ● ● Tribonyx ventralis Black-tailed Native-hen ● Acanthiza apicalis Inland Thornbill ● ● ● ● ● Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Yellow-rumped Thornbill ● ● ● ● ● Acanthiza robustirostris Slaty-backed Thornbill ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Acanthiza uropygialis Chestnut-rumped Thornbill ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Aphelocephala leucopsis Southern Whiteface ● ● Aphelocephala nigricincta Banded Whiteface ● ● Gerygone fusca Western Gerygone ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Pyrrholaemus brunneus Redthroat ● ● ● Smicrornis brevirostris Weebill ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

(2012)

Scientific name Common name (2010a) (2010b)

en (2002)

(2010) (2011) (2017b)

et al. (2012) This survey EPBC Threatened species EPBC Threatened WC Act DPaW Introduced Matters EPBC Protected Database DPaW Threatened Species Database NatureMap Birdata Van Leeuw Start Phoenix Phoenix Enviroworks Enviroworks Phoenix 2012 Phoenix Mirafra javanica Horsfield's Bushlark ● ● ● ● Artamus cinereus Black-faced Woodswallow ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Artamus minor Little Woodswallow ● ● ● ● Artamus personatus Masked Woodswallow ● ● ● ● ● ● Cracticus nigrogularis Pied Butcherbird ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Cracticus tibicen Australian Magpie ● ● ● ● ● ● Cracticus torquatus Grey Butcherbird ● ● ● ● ● ● Coracina maxima Ground Cuckoo-shrike ● ● ● ● Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Lalage sueurii White-winged Triller ● ● ● ● Climacteris affinis White-browed Treecreeper ● ● Corvus bennetti Little Crow ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Corvus orru Torresian Crow ● ● ● ● ● ● Emblema pictum Painted Finch ● ● ● ● Taeniopygia guttata Zebra Finch ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Chestnut-breasted Quail- Cinclosoma castaneothorax ● ● ● ● thrush Cinclosoma cinnamomeum Cinnamon Quail-thrush ● Psophodes occidentalis Chiming Wedgebill ● ● Cheramoeca leucosterna White-backed Swallow ● ● Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow ● ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

(2012)

Scientific name Common name (2010a) (2010b)

en (2002)

(2010) (2011) (2017b)

et al. (2012) This survey EPBC Threatened species EPBC Threatened WC Act DPaW Introduced Matters EPBC Protected Database DPaW Threatened Species Database NatureMap Birdata Van Leeuw Start Phoenix Phoenix Enviroworks Enviroworks Phoenix 2012 Phoenix Petrochelidon ariel Fairy Martin ● ● Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin ● ● ● ● Amytornis striatus striatus Striated Grasswren P4 ● ● ● ● Malurus lamberti Variegated Fairy-wren ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Malurus leucopterus White-winged Fairy-wren ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Malurus splendens Splendid Fairy-wren ● ● Stipiturus ruficeps Rufous-crowned Emu-wren ● Cincloramphus cruralis Brown Songlark ● ● ● ● Cincloramphus mathewsi Rufous Songlark ● ● ● ● Eremiornis carteri Spinifexbird ● Acanthagenys rufogularis Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Certhionyx variegatus Pied Honeyeater ● ● ● ● ● ● Conopophila whitei Grey Honeyeater ● Epthianura aurifrons Orange Chat ● ● ● Epthianura tricolor Crimson Chat ● ● ● ● ● ● Lichenostomus keartlandi Grey-headed Honeyeater ● ● ● ● Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater ● ● ● ● ● ● Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater ● ● ● ● ● Lichmera indistincta Brown Honeyeater ● ● ● ● Manorina flavigula Yellow-throated Miner ● ● ● ● ● ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

(2012)

Scientific name Common name (2010a) (2010b)

en (2002)

(2010) (2011) (2017b)

et al. (2012) This survey EPBC Threatened species EPBC Threatened WC Act DPaW Introduced Matters EPBC Protected Database DPaW Threatened Species Database NatureMap Birdata Van Leeuw Start Phoenix Phoenix Enviroworks Enviroworks Phoenix 2012 Phoenix Melithreptus gularis Black-chinned Honeyeater ● Purnella albifrons (Phylidonyris White-fronted Honeyeater ● ● ● ● ● albifrons) Sugomel niger (Certhionyx Black Honeyeater ● ● ● ● ● ● niger) Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Anthus novaeseelandiae Australasian Pipit ● ● ● ● ● Dicaeum hirundinaceum Mistletoebird ● ● ● ● ● Daphoenositta chrysoptera Varied Sittella ● ● ● ● Colluricincla harmonica Grey Shrike-thrush ● ● ● ● ● Oreoica gutturalis pallescens Crested Bellbird ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Pachycephala rufiventris Rufous Whistler ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Pardalotus rubricatus Red-browed Pardalote ● ● ● ● Pardalotus striatus Striated Pardalote ● ● ● Melanodryas cucullata Hooded Robin ● ● ● ● ● ● Microeca fascinans Jacky Winter ● ● Petroica goodenovii Red-capped Robin ● ● ● ● ● ● Pomatostomus superciliosus White-browed Babbler ● ● ● ● ● Pomatostomus temporalis Grey-crowned Babbler ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Ptilonorhynchus guttatus Western Bowerbird ● ● ● Rhipidura albiscapa Grey Fantail ● ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

(2012)

Scientific name Common name (2010a) (2010b)

en (2002)

(2010) (2011) (2017b)

et al. (2012) This survey EPBC Threatened species EPBC Threatened WC Act DPaW Introduced Matters EPBC Protected Database DPaW Threatened Species Database NatureMap Birdata Van Leeuw Start Phoenix Phoenix Enviroworks Enviroworks Phoenix 2012 Phoenix Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Anhinga novaehollandiae Australasian Darter ● ● Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican ● Microcarbo melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant ● Poliocephalus poliocephalus Hoary-headed Grebe ● ● ● Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Australasian Grebe ● Cacatua sanguinea Little Corella ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Eolophus roseicapillus (Cacatua Galah ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● roseicapilla) Nymphicus hollandicus Cockatiel ● ● ● ● ● ● Barnardius zonarius Australian Ringneck ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Melopsittacus undulatus Budgerigar ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Polytelis alexandrae Princess Parrot VU P4 ● Psephotus varius Mulga Parrot ● ● ● ● Ninox novaeseelandiae Southern Boobook ● ● ● ● ● Tyto javanica Eastern Barn Owl ● ● Dromaius novaehollandiae Emu ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Turnix velox Little Button-quail ● ● ● ● ● ● Mammals (52) Bos taurus European Cattle ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Capra hircus Goat ● ● ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

(2012)

Scientific name Common name (2010a) (2010b)

en (2002)

(2010) (2011) (2017b)

et al. (2012) This survey EPBC Threatened species EPBC Threatened WC Act DPaW Introduced Matters EPBC Protected Database DPaW Threatened Species Database NatureMap Birdata Van Leeuw Start Phoenix Phoenix Enviroworks Enviroworks Phoenix 2012 Phoenix Camelus dromedarius Camel ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Canis sp. Dog / Dingo ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Vulpes vulpes Red Fox ● ● ● ● Felis catus Cat ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Saccolaimus flaviventris Yellow-bellied Sheath-tail Bat ● ● ● ● Taphozous georgianus Common Sheath-tail Bat ● ● ● ● Taphozous hilli Hill's Sheath-tail Bat ● ● Macroderma gigas Ghost Bat P4 ● Chaerephon jobensis Northern Free-tail Bat ● ● ● Mormopterus lumsdenae Northern Free-tail Bat ● ● ● ● Tadarida australis White-striped Free-tail Bat ● ● ● ● Chalinolobus gouldii Gould's Wattled Bat ● ● ● ● ● Nyctophilus geoffroyi Lesser Long-eared Bat ● ● ● ● ● ● Scotorepens greyii Little Broad-nosed Bat ● ● ● ● ● Vespadelus finlaysoni Finlayson's Cave Bat ● ● ● ● ● Antechinomys laniger Kultarr ● ● ● Dasycercus blythi Brush-tailed Mulgara P4 ● ● ● ● ● Dasycercus cristicauda Crest-tailed Mulgara VU P4 ● ● ● ● Dasykaluta rosamondae Little Red Kaluta ● ● ● ● ● Dasyurus geoffroii Western Quoll VU VU ● ● ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

(2012)

Scientific name Common name (2010a) (2010b)

en (2002)

(2010) (2011) (2017b)

et al. (2012) This survey EPBC Threatened species EPBC Threatened WC Act DPaW Introduced Matters EPBC Protected Database DPaW Threatened Species Database NatureMap Birdata Van Leeuw Start Phoenix Phoenix Enviroworks Enviroworks Phoenix 2012 Phoenix Dasyurus hallucatus Northern Quoll EN EN ● Ningaui ridei Wongai Ningaui ● ● ● ● ● Planigale maculata Common Planigale ● Planigale sp. ● Planigale sp. 1 ● Planigale sp. 2 ● ● Pseudantechinus woolleyae Woolley's Pseudantechinus ● ● ● Sminthopsis crassicaudata Fat-tailed Dunnart ● ● ● Sminthopsis longicaudata Long-tailed Dunnart P4 ● ● ● ● Sminthopsis macroura Stripe-faced Dunnart ● ● ● ● ● ● Sminthopsis ooldea Ooldea Dunnart ● ● ● ● Sminthopsis youngsoni Lesser Hairy-footed Dunnart ● ● ● ● Macropus robustus Euro ● ● ● ● Macropus rufus Red Kangaroo ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Petrogale lateralis lateralis Black-flanked Rock-wallaby VU VU ● Petrogale sp. ● ● Bettongia lesueur Burrowing Bettong ● ● ● Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit ● ● ● ● ● ● Tachyglossus aculeatus Short-beaked Echidna ● ● ● ● Notoryctes caurinus Northern Marsupial Mole P4 ● ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

(2012)

Scientific name Common name (2010a) (2010b)

en (2002)

(2010) (2011) (2017b)

et al. (2012) This survey EPBC Threatened species EPBC Threatened WC Act DPaW Introduced Matters EPBC Protected Database DPaW Threatened Species Database NatureMap Birdata Van Leeuw Start Phoenix Phoenix Enviroworks Enviroworks Phoenix 2012 Phoenix Macrotis lagotis Greater Bilby VU VU ● ● ● ● Equus asinus Donkey ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Equus caballus Horse ● ● ● ● ● Leporillus apicalis Lesser Stick-nest Rat EX EX ● ● ● Mus musculus House Mouse ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Notomys alexis Spinifex Hopping-mouse ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Western Pebble-mound Pseudomys chapmani P4 ● ● ● Mouse Pseudomys desertor Desert Mouse ● ● ● ● ● ● Pseudomys hermannsburgensis Sandy Inland Mouse ● ● ● ● ● ● Zyzomys argurus Common Rock-rat ● ● ●

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd Terrestrial fauna survey for the Beyondie Potash Project Prepared for Kalium Lakes Ltd

Appendix 4 Location of conservation significant vertebrate fauna recorded during the field survey

Conservation status

2 3

Easting Northing Species 1 Record type Latitude Longitude (zone 51J) (zone 51J) Act EPBC EPBC DPaW WC Act Merops ornatus (Rainbow Bee-eater) Mig. Mig. Burrow/nest 7264520 226430 -24.7095 120.2959 Merops ornatus (Rainbow Bee-eater) Mig. Mig. Burrow/nest 7264180 227312 -24.7127 120.3046 Merops ornatus (Rainbow Bee-eater) Mig. Mig. Burrow/nest 7262607 225771 -24.7266 120.2891 Merops ornatus (Rainbow Bee-eater) Mig. Mig. Burrow/nest 7262618 225780 -24.7265 120.2892 Merops ornatus (Rainbow Bee-eater) Mig. Mig. Burrow/nest 7262627 225775 -24.7264 120.2891 Merops ornatus (Rainbow Bee-eater) Mig. Mig. Burrow/nest 7261850 227232 -24.7337 120.3034 Merops ornatus (Rainbow Bee-eater) Mig. Mig. Burrow/nest 7265203 223820 -24.7029 120.2703 Dasycercus blythi (Brush-tailed Mulgara) P4 Trap capture 7264875 225115 -24.7060 120.283 Dasycercus blythi (Brush-tailed Mulgara) P4 Burrow 7261706 225689 -24.7347 120.2881 Dasycercus blythi (Brush-tailed Mulgara) P4 Burrow 7264972 225080 -24.7052 120.2827 Dasycercus blythi (Brush-tailed Mulgara) P4 Burrow 7262536 226442 -24.7274 120.2957 Dasycercus blythi (Brush-tailed Mulgara) P4 Burrow 7265011 225064 -24.7048 120.2826 Macrotis lagotis (Greater Bilby) VU VU Defunct/historic burrow 7263913 223994 -24.7145 120.2718 Macrotis lagotis (Greater Bilby) VU VU Defunct/historic burrow 7262405 226590 -24.7286 120.2971 Macrotis lagotis (Greater Bilby) VU VU Defunct/historic burrow 7265288 223945 -24.7021 120.2716 Macrotis lagotis (Greater Bilby) VU VU Defunct/historic burrow 7265181 223876 -24.7031 120.2709 Macrotis lagotis (Greater Bilby) VU VU Active/recent burrow 7265281 223892 -24.7022 120.2710 Macrotis lagotis (Greater Bilby) VU VU Active/recent burrow 7262837 225972 -24.7246 120.2911 Macrotis lagotis (Greater Bilby) VU VU Defunct/historic burrow 7261461 226980 -24.7372 120.3008 Notoryctes caurinus (Northern Marsupial Mole) P4 Tracks 7261870 225561 -24.7332 120.2868 Lerista macropisthopus remota (Unpatterned P2 Trap capture 7263493 226886 -24.7188 120.3003 Robust Slider) 1 Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Act 1999; 2 Wildlife Conservation Act of Western Australia 1950; 3 Department of Environment and Conservation, WA. CR – Critically Endangered; EN – Endangered; VU – Vulnerable; 3 P1–P4 – Priority 1–4.

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