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75-3223 WERTMAN, Douglas Allen, 1948- the ELECTORATE of RELIGIOUSLY-BASED POLITICAL PARTIES: the CASE of the ITALIAN CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATIC PARTY

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75-3223 WERTMAN, Douglas Allen, 1948- the ELECTORATE of RELIGIOUSLY-BASED POLITICAL PARTIES: the CASE of the ITALIAN CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATIC PARTY 75-3223 WERTMAN, Douglas Allen, 1948- THE ELECTORATE OF RELIGIOUSLY-BASED POLITICAL PARTIES: THE CASE OF THE ITALIAN CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATIC PARTY. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1974 Political Science, general Xerox University Microfilms,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. THE ELECTORATE OF RELIGIOUSLY-BASED POLITICAL PARTIES: THE CASE OF THE ITALIAN CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATIC PARTY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Douglas Allen Wertman, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1974 Reading Committee: Approved By Giacomo Sani Loren Waldman C. Richard Hofstetter illO'fAtC Department of Political Science ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first of all like to thank Giacomo Sani for his interest, encouragement, and assistance in the writing of thi3 dissertation and in my study of the politics of Italy during the past four years while I have been at Ohio State University. I would further like to thank him for allowing me to use the 1972 Italian survey. I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr. Samuel Barnes of the University of Michigan for permitting me to employ the 1972 Italian data, of which he was co-investigator with Dr. Sani, and the 196 8 Italian survey, which he directed by himself. Funds for these surveys ware provided by the Ford Founda­ tion and the National Science Foundation. I want to give special thanks to Loren Waldman for his many helpful comments and his willingness to devote so much time and effort to assisting me. I would also like to express my appreciation to Dr. C. Richard Hofstetter for his willingness to join my reading committee. I want to thank the Polimetries Laboratory of The Ohio State Univer­ sity for help with data processing and the Instruction and Research Computer Center of The Ohio State University for providing the computer facilities and time. Lastly, bat not least, I want to give deep thanks to my wife, Ellen, for her help with editing, typing, and ideas and for. knowing how much to push me to get going and keep going on this dissertation. VITA September 1, 19 48 .... Bom - Allentown, Pennsylvania 1970 ............. B.A., Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania 1970-1974 .......... University Fellowship, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1973 ................. M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Department of Political Science Major Field: Comparative Politics Geographic Areas: Western Europe; Soviet Union • « Cross-Uational Topics: Comparative Political Behavior; Comparative Political Parties Comparative Theory and Methodology Minor Field: International Relations Areas of Interest: Comparative Foreign Policy; National Security Policy; Bureaucratic Politics; and Arms Races TABLE OP CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....... ii VITA ................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES ..................................... vii Chapter I. ITALIAN CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY AS A RELIGIOUSLY-BASED PARTY .............. 1 Italian Christian Democracy and Its Antecedents: A Brief History Previous Writings on the Italian Christian Democratic Party Purposes of This Dissertation II. THE RELIGIOUS EXPLANATION ................ 39 < The Impact of the Individual Religious Commitment The Impact of Other Consequential Factors on the DC Vote The Impact of the Catholic Political Tradition The Catholic Sub-Cultural Network The Impact of Religion on the DC Vote: North Vs. South Catholicism as a "Limiting Frame­ work " Secularization Concluding Remarks III. THE POLITICAL ISSUES OF MODERATION AND ANTI-COMMUNISM............................ 106 The Impact of Centrism on the Support for the DC Anti-Communism Anti-Communism and the Maintenance of the DC Support Base v TABLE OF CONTENTS (Coat'd) Page Moderation and Feelings Toward Communism: A Summary Moderation and Feelings Toward Communism: Status Differences Concluding Section: Moderation and Religion IV. THE INTERCLASSIST APPEAL ............. 159 The Inpact of Economic Attributes and Attitudes on DC Support The Middle Class Electorate The Working Class Electorate The Small Farmers Social Mobility and the DC Vote Urban-Rural Differences and the Inpact of Urbanization Concluding Remarks V. THE IMPACT OF AGE, SEX, AND POLITICAL BACKWARDNESS ............................ 205 c. Sex, Age, and Marital Status Differences in Support for the DC Religion as a Major Cause of Greater Female and Old Age Support for the DC The Impact of Education and Political Backwardness Employment Status Differences Concluding Remarks VI. CONCLUSION: THE BASES OF SUPPORT FOR THE ITALIAN CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATIC PARTY .... 260 Alternative Explanations for the DC Support Limits on the Expansion of the DC The Multivariate Model Societal Trends and Their Impact on the Maintenance of DC Support Concluding Remarks: Methodology, Findings, and Speculation BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................... 293 Vi LIST OF TABLES Page 1. Percentage of the Popular Vote in Seven National Elections in Italy, 1946-1972 ... 8 2. Party Preference by Religiosity, 1972 ...... 44 3. Party Preference by Church Attendance, 196 8 and 1972 ...................... ...... 48 4. Party Preference by Attitudes Toward the Clergy, 1968 and 1972 .................... 49 5. Party Preference by the Deference Factor, 1968 and 1972 ......... 1................... 52 6. Party Preference by Role the Church Should Play in Politics, 1972 ................... 53 7. Multiple Regression: The Impact of the Individual Religious Commitment on - ( Christian Democratic Support, 1968 and 1972 ............................. :---- 55 8. Intercorrelation (Pearson’s r) Matrix of All Religious Factors Used in 1972 .... 57 9. Party Preference by Position on Divorce, 1968 and 1972 ............................. 60 10. Multiple Regression: The Impact of the Individual Religious Commitment and Consequential Religious Factors on Christian Democratic Support, 196 8 and 1972 ............................... 62 11. Party Preference by Stop Financing Catholic Schools, 1968 ...... 64 12. Party Preference by Catholic Political Tradition and When Respondent Came to Live in His Commune of 1972 Resi­ dence, 1972 ............................... 65 13. Party Preference by Catholic Ties, 1972 .... 73 vii Page 14. Party Preference by Labor Union Membership, 1968 .......................... 76 15. Party Preference by Catholic Lay Group Membership, 1968 ................... 77 16. Party Preference by Church Attendance and Catholic Ties, 1972 ......... 78 17. Multiple Regression: The Impact of the Nine Religious Factors on Christian Democratic Support, 1972 ...... 82 18. The Individual Religious Commitment: North Compared with South, 1968 and 1972 .................................. 84 19. Multiple Regression: The Impact of Religion in the North Compared with the South, 1968 and 1972 ............ 85 20. Attitudes Toward the Clergy by Acceptability of Christian Democ­ racy as a Voting Choice, 1968 and 1972 .................................. 88 21. Frequency of Church Attendance by Acceptability of Christian Democracv as a Voting Choice, 196 8 and 1972 ............................. 89 22. Church Attendance in Italy, 1956-1972 ...... 93 23. Church Attendance by Age, 1968 ............ 95 24. Church Attendance by Age, 1972 ............. 96 25. Party Preference by Self-Placement on a Left-Right Political Spectrum, 196 8 and 1972 ............................. 113 26. Placement of Italian Parties on a Left- Right Political Spectrum, 196 8 and 1972 ...................................... 114 27. Proportion of Christian Democratic Voters Finding Each Other Major Italian Party Unacceptable as a Voting Choice, 1972 ...................... 116 viii F age 28. Party Preference by Opinion on Whether the Government Would Be Better if the Communists Were in it and Opinion on Whether the Government Would Be Better if the Neo-Fascists Were in it, 1972 ................................. 117 29. Party Preference by Moderation, Free­ dom, and Democracy Reasons for Liking One's Party, 1968 and 1972 ...... 119 30. Party Preference by Favorability Toward Communism, 1968 and 1972 ......... 124 31. Unacceptability of the Italian Com­ munist Party (PCI) by Party Preference, 1972 ........... 126 32. Favorability Toward the Italian Com­ munist Party (PCI) among the Voters for Various Parties, 1972 ............... 127 33. Favorability Toward the Italian Social Movement (MSI) among the Voters for Various Parties, 1972 12-8 ( 34. Party Preference by Favorability Toward the Italian Communist Party (PCI) and Favorability Toward the Italian Social Movement (MSI) , 1972 ............. 130 35. Party Preference by the Unacceptability of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) and the Unacceptability of the Italian Social Movement, 1972 ................... 131 36. Church Attendance by Party Preference (DC, PLI, and MSI Voters Only), 1972 .... 133 37. Party Preference by Good Catholic as a Communist, 1972 ....................... 135 38. Party Preference by Good Catholic as a Neo-Fascist, 1972 ..................... 136 39. Mean Favorability Toward the Italian Communist Party (PCI) by Age, 1968 and 1972 (Communist Voters Not Included) ................................ 141 ix Page 40. Multiple Regression: The Impact of Moderation, Feelings Toward Com­ munism, and Feelings Toward Neo- Fascism on the Christian Democratic Support, 196 3 and 19 72 .................... 144 41. Left-Right Self-Placement by Respond­ ent's Family Status,
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