Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-70511-0 — Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia William Gould Index More Information

Index

Adi Hindu Backward Classes Association, All-Indian Central Training Camp, 176 128 al-Qaeda, 300 Adi Hindu Mahasabha, 128 Ambedkar, B.R., 152, 154–5, 283, 289 Adibasi. See ‘tribals’ Amritsar, 64, 90, 189, 232 Adivasi. See ‘tribals’ Anderson, John, 75, 77 Advani, Lal Krishna, 178, 280 Andhra Pradesh, 44, 199, 288 Afghanistan, 261, 300 Anuradhapura, 73 Age of Consent, 30–1, 38, 50, 62 Anushilan Samiti, 43 Agra, 134, 163, 172 Archaeological Survey, 146 ahimsa, 93, 116, 174 arts, 140 Ahmadi, 228 Arya Samaj, 36, 40, 44, 58–63, 66–7, 78, Ahman, Mirza Ghulam, 228 89–91, 92, 95, 96, 103, 114, 117–18, Ahmed, Khandakar Moshtaque, 265 133–6, 143–4, 146, 149, 179, 237, Ahmed, Mirza Ghulam, 259 313–14 Ahmedabad, 233, 246, 247, 269, 273 Arya Vir Dal, 104, 176 Akali Dal, 155, 200, 236 Asiatic Society, 146 akhara, 43, 93, 104, 116, 135, 172 Assam, 40, 95, 130, 158, 233, 239, Ali, Mohammad, 57 257, 283 Ali, Sayyid Mumtaz, 55 Aurobindo, 41, 43 Ali, Shaukat, 57 Awami League, 225–6, 257, 258, 265, 299, Aligarh, 53, 56–7, 67, 97, 99, 134, 180, 183, 304–5 217, 242, 248, 314 Ayodhya, 21, 142, 176, 234, 269–70, Aligarh Muslim University, 53 280–1, 283, 299 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham, 255, 288 Babri Masjid, 21, 234, 278, 280, 281, 298 All India Census, 156–60 Backward Classes Commission, 1955, All India Conference of Indian Christians, 153 214–15 All India Jamiatul Momineen, 158 Bahujan Samaj Party, 282, 285–90 All India Scheduled Castes Association, 159 Bajrang Dal, 21, 278 All India Trade Union’s Congress, 90 Baluch National Party, 297 Allahabad, 36, 40, 46, 50, 63, 66, 108, 111, Baluchistan, 225–6, 258 135, 136, 172 Banaras, 35, 53, 63, 65–7, 103, 114, 147, All-India Progressive Writer’s Association, 151 176, 180, 189

337

338 Index

Banaras Hindu University, 53, 67 Brahman, 45, 47, 58, 65, 68, 97, 102, 119, Bandaranaike, Sirimavo (Mrs), 250 147, 149, 157, 158, 201, 202, 283, 285, Bandaranaike, SWRD (Mr), 206 287, 290 Banerjea, Surendranath, 43 Brahmo Samaj, 37 Banerjee commission, 270 Budaun, 180 Bangla Bhai, 305 Buddhist ‘Temperance’ movement, 75 Bangladesh Islamic Chatri Sangstha, 302 Bangladesh Khilafat Andolon, 266 Cabinet Mission, 168 Bangladesh National Party, 303–5 Calcutta, 1, 36, 41, 43, 45, 108, 159 Bangladesh Rural Advancement caste, 11–12, 30–1, 96, 119–20, 126–9, 212, Committee, 303 217–18, 235, 254, 271, 279, 284–90, Bangladesh Women’s Health Coalition, 303 312, 313–14 Bangladeshi Communist Party, 299 afﬁrmative action, 214–16, 234, 240, 241, Bannerji, Surendranath, 37 284–6 Bareilly, 53 All India Census, 157 Baxi Commission, 247 Arya Samaj, 58, 61 Begam, Muhammadi, 54 Christianity, 153 Bengal, 1, 7, 20, 24, 30, 40, 42, 52, 57, 88, civic identity, 288–90 95, 100, 102, 105, 107, 108, 138, class, 152 150–3, 158, 159, 168–9, 174, 178, 180, ethnicity, 152 190, 220, 225, 257–8, 263 factionalism, 99–100 Bengali, 30, 40, 41, 48, 52, 59, 66, 69, 141, militarism, 172 171, 179, 184, 221, 225, 257–8, 263 minority status, 151–61 Besant, Annie, 47 nationalism, 146 bhadralok, 40, 174, 178, 179 North-South divide, 213 bhakti, 128, 150 race, 285 Bharatendu, Harischandra, 35, 66, 140 upper caste fears, 133 Bharati, Uma, 281 violence, 246–7 Bharatiya Hindu Shuddhi Sabha, 91 Catholic Mangalore Conference, 153 Bharatiya Jana Sangh. See Bharatiya Janata Catholicism, 72, 73, 153 Party Central Conference of the Methodist Bharatiya Janata Party, 21, 101, 216, 234, Church, 153 237, 239, 241–3, 245, 249, 268, 270, Ceylon National Congress, 230 273–84, 285–6, 303, 307 Chalmers, Robert, 76 Bharatiya Lok Dal, 235, 240, 242 Champaran, 92 Bhatkhande, Vishna Narayan, 147, 148 Chand, Lala Lal, 63 Bhindranwale, Jarnail Singh, 236–7 Chandavarkar, Narayan Ganesh, 39 Bhutto, Benazir, 250, 266, 297, 299–300 Chatterji, Joya, 179 Bhutto, Zulﬁkar, 258, 260–1 Chattopadhyay, Saratchandra, 171 Bihar, 49, 63, 70, 130, 213, 235, Chattopadhyaya, Bankimchandra, 52 287–9, 297 Chelvanayakam, S.J.V., 206 Bijnor, 280 Chettia, P. Tyagaraja, 45 Bindununwewa, 295 Child Marriage Restraint Act, 112 Birsa Munda rebellion, 44 Chitral, 301 Bombay, 1, 36, 43, 63, 68, 84, 85, 87–8, 90, Chittagong, 42 95, 102, 107, 126, 138, 147, 153, 183, Civil Disobedience, 80, 101, 169 202, 244, 246, 278, 311 class, 89–90, 120–5, 131 Bombay Education Society, 68 caste, 125–6, 152 Bombay Presidency Association, 37 middle class fears, 132–3 Bombay Textile Labour Union, 90 militarism, 172–3 Bose, Subhas Chandra, 290 support for the BJP, 243

Index 339

Colombo, 73, 75, 253, 255 economy, 88, 233, 238, 272–5 Communal Award, 101, 155 education, 53–7, 250, 314 communal identity, 3–6, 33–4, 43, 105–8, Eelam National Liberation Front, 255 204, 207, 218, 313 Eelam People’s Democratic Party, 292 heterogeneity, 60, 81 Eelam People’s Revolutionary Liberation the poor, 8–10, 18–19, 137 Front, 254 violence, 22, 70–1, 171–2, 272 Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of comparative approach, 24–6 Students, 254, 255 Congress Nationalist Party, 153 effeminacy, 171–2 Congress Swayam Sevak Dal, 178 Egmore, 47 consumerism, 276–7 Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of corruption, 213–14, 235, 259, 265, 288 Bangladesh, 265 Council of Islamic Ideology, 262 Emergency, 233, 238, 240, 242, 267 cow protection, 36, 49–50, 60, 65, 70–1, 74, Engineer, Asghar Ali, 244–7 78, 109, 216 English, 66, 68, 141, 142–3, 145 Cripps Mission, 168 Ershad, Hossain Mohammad, 265, 303 Curzon, George Nathaniel, 40, 57 ethnicity, 156–7, 203–7, 220–1, 226–7, 250, 258, 294–5, 296–8, 310 Dacca (see also Dhaka) 42 European Planters’ Association, 160 Dadhkando Committee, 135 Evacuee Property Ordinance, 190 Dalit, 130, 139, 153, 244–6, ‘everyday state’, 3, 13–18, 81–2, 91–2, 167, 282–90, 313 298, 310, 311–12 Dalit Panthers, 285 access to its resources, 47–8, 83–5, 123–5, Damdami Taksaal, 236 129, 130–1, 144–5, 180–3, 204–6, Das, Bhagwan, 173 210–11, 219, 226, 229–30, 278–9 Das, Ragho, 139 conﬂict, 19–21, 27, 163–4, 169, 188–90, Das, Shyam Sundar, 67 192–3, 207–10, 232–3, 247–50, 253, Dave Commission, 247 267–8, 270, 292, 303–5 Dayanand, Swami, 36, 66, 67 the poor, 137–9 Dehra Dun, 178 Delhi, 8, 56, 86, 130, 163, 189–91, 232, factionalism, 98–100, 177–80, 181–2, 237, 278 212–13, 311 democracy, 3, 195 family, 30–1, 37–9, 109–17, 132–3, 134–6, afﬁrmative action, 217–18 191, 300–3, 314 demographics, 7, 91, 104–5, 130, 154, law, 112–15 156–60 partition, 163–4 Deobandi, 53, 55–6, 65, 113 fatwa, 302 Desai, Morarji, 240, 242 Federal Security Force, 258 Devanagri, 66–7, 141, 144 First Kashmir War, 199 Dhaka, 265, 299 Fyzabad, 176 Dharmapala, Anagarika, 203 Dharmarakshana Sabha, 47 Gandharva Mahavidyalaya, 149 Dholepur, 163 Gandhi, Indira, 219, 232–4, 236, 238, Doordarshan, 276 240–2, 250, 257, 267 Dravida Munnetra Kazagham, 202–3, 253, Gandhi, M.K., 89, 92, 101, 106, 116–17, 285, 287, 288 121, 138–40, 143, 144, 149, 152, 154, Dravidians, 141, 145, 202, 253, 257, 288 155, 173, 179, 186, 290 Dumont, Louis, 125 Gandhi, Rajiv, 239, 256–7, 291–2 Dvivedi, Mahavir Prasad, 142–3 Gandhi, Sonia, 232 dyarchy, 62, 80, 84–5, 93, 97, 104, 117, Gandhism, 41, 59, 85, 88, 93, 112, 116, 127, 140, 155–6 146, 149, 171, 173–4, 242, 283

340 Index

Ganpati festival, 40 Hyderabad, 102, 187, 196, 200, 230 Garmukhtesar, 181 hygiene, 32, 46 gaurakshini sabha. See cow protection Ghosh, A. K., 43 Ibbetson, Denzil, 156 Gilgit, 261 iddat, 238 Godhra, 107, 269–70 Ilaih, Kancha, 139 Golden Temple, 64, 232, 237 Indian Association of Calcutta, 37 goonda, 191, 210 Indian Civil Service, 86, 123–4 Government of India Act, 1919, 84, 94–5, Indian National Congress, 1–2, 8, 17, 36–40, 100, 105 48, 49, 63–4, 66, 82, 86–7, 89–90, 92, Government of India Act, 1935, 94, 155 98–6, 99, 100, 103, 106, 107, 112, Grameen Bank, 303 113–14, 125, 131, 141, 144–6, 153–4, Great War, 62, 80–94, 96, 119, 122, 132 163, 165, 168–9, 170–1, 172–82, 183, Green Revolution, 241 185, 186–7, 194, 198–201, 202, 203, Gujar Conference, 134 210–16, 218–19, 221, 230–1, 233–40, Gujarat, 12, 88, 123, 200, 239, 243, 246, 247, 241, 242, 245, 255, 258, 273, 276–9, 248, 269–70, 273, 283–4, 297, 307, 311 283–4, 285–7, 313 Gupta, Ram Ratan, 99 Indian Peace Keeping Force, 291–2 Gwalior, 148 Indian People’s Theatre Association, 151 gymnasium. See akhara Inter Services Intelligence, 210, 228, 261, 297 Habermas, Jurgen, 68 International Aryan League, 159 Hakim, Maulvi Abdul, 144 Iranian Revolution, 1978–9, 262 Hanuman Dal, 104, 176, 181 Islamabad, 262 Hardwar, 62, 72 Islami Chatra Shibir, 304 harijan. See Dalit Islami Jamhuri Ittehad, 297 health, 116, 133 Islami Oikya Jote, 305 Hind Raksh Dal, 1 Islamic Democratic League, 266 Hindi, 35, 60, 64, 66–8, 86, 116, 134, Islamic Jamhoori Ittihad, 261 135–6, 140–7, 151, 179, 198, 203, 205, Islamic Republican Party, 266 212–13, 216, 240, 243, 282, 287 Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, 141, 179 Jaffna, 203–4, 254–5, 291, 293 Hindu Census Committee, 157 Jahan, Wahid, 54 Hindu Code Bill, 114, 190, 196, 198, 272 Jaipur, 192 Hindu Gains of Learning Act, 114 Jaish-i-Mohammad, 299 Hindu Mahasabha, 61–4, 91, 96–8, 101–3, Jallianwallah Bagh, 90 113–14, 116, 118, 129, 131, 134, 136, Jamaat-e-Islami, 260, 261, 266, 277, 299, 144, 155, 158, 175–6, 198, 216, 242, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305 279, 311, 313 Jamiat-e-Ulema-e-Islam, 266 Hindu Sabha. See Hindu Mahasabha Jamiat-ul-Ulema, 113 Hindu Sewak Dal, 172 Jammu and Kashmir. See Kashmir Hindustani, 67, 141, 143, 151 Janata Dal, 214, 240–1, 287 Hindustani Academy, 143, 146 Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna, 250, 291–2, Home Rule League, 47 295 Hoshiarpur, 61 Jati. See caste Hume, Allan Octavian, 37 Jatika Sevaka Sangamaya, 209 Hunter Commission, 48 Jatiya Party, 304 Huq, Fazlul, 158, 159–60 Jayakar, M.R., 114 Husain, Liakat, 42 Jayalalitha, J., 288 Hussain, Altaf, 298 Jayawardene, J.R., 252–3 Hussain, Rokeya Sakhawat, 54 Jhansi, 187

Index 341

Jharkhand, 139 Macaulay, T.B., 42 Jigyasu, Jwala Prasad, 99 Madhya Pradesh, 213–14, 297 Jinnah, Mohammad Ali, 2, 85, 165, 168, 220 Madras, 1, 36, 45, 47, 95, 97, 125, 130, 141, joy Bangla, 265 153, 179, 200, 202 Junagadh, 196, 200, 230 Mahabharata, 238, 276 Justice Party, 97, 141, 169, 202, 253 Mahabir Dal, 93, 104, 176, 178, 180, 181 Mahajan Sabha, 37 Kalelkar, Kaka, 215 Maharashtra, 40, 57, 102, 147–8, 154, 199, Kandy, 17, 72, 74, 75, 77 200–1, 209 Kanpur, 71, 74, 77–8, 89, 97, 99, 119–20, Mahavamsa, 207 138, 172, 233 Maheshwaran, Uma, 255 kar sevaks, 280 Maintenance of Internal Security Act, 242 Karachi, 297–8 Maintenance of Public Order (Temporary) Karnataka, 199, 288 Act, 186 Kashmir, 187, 193, 196, 200, 220, 233 Maiti, Hari, 30 Kerala, 24, 46, 91, 199, 288 Malaviya, Madan Mohan, 40, 53, 67, 86, khadi, 112 90, 98, 108, 143, 145, 153 Khaliquzzaman, Chadhuri, 3 Mandal Commission, 234, 241, 246, 281, Khan, Ayub, 224–6, 228, 257 284, 285 Khan, Liaquat Ali, 220 Manpower Mobilization Office, 255 Khan, Sayed Ahmed, 53–6, 66 Mappila rebellion, 91 Khan, Yahya, 225–6, 257 Maratha, 102, 134, 201 Khilafat, 82, 91, 134, 144, 154 Marathi, 68, 201 Khuni Dal. See Suicidal Corps Marathwada, 202 Kidwai, Rafi Ahmed, 187 Marris College of Music, 148 kirtan, 147 martial races, 175–6 Koya rebellion, 44 Marwari, 45 Krishak Praja Party, 169 Marx, Karl, 126 Krishna, Raj, 273 masculinity, 115–17, 133–6 Kshatriya, 45, 128, 172 Mathura, 134 Kshattriya Upakarini Mahasabha, 134 Matthews, Cyril, 209 Kumbh Mela, 72 Mayawati, 282, 288–90 Mayo, Katherine, 112 Lahore, 55, 59, 63, 64, 165, 259, 262 McNamara, Robert, 273 lajja, 208, 302 media, 5, 42–3, 111, 135–6, 140–1, 170, language, 65–9, 140–7, 174, 198–9, 201–3, 182, 238, 275–6, 279–80, 294, 313–14 205, 216–17, 264, 291, 294 Meerut, 181, 244, 245, 246–8 Lashkar-i-Jangvi, 299 Meston, James, 57 Law, Bonar, 76 militarism, 169–84, 253, 255 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, 253–7, external influences, 171 291–5 nationalism, 173–4 Linguistic Provinces Commission, 199 Mill, J.S., 33 locality, 3, 14, 18, 81, 91–2, 131, 179, 182, Ministry of Relief and Rehabilitation, 186 183, 195, 297, 298, 311–12, 315 Mitter, P.C., 153 as source of primordialism, 210–11 modernisation, 231 conflict, 169 Modi, Narendra, 270 Lohia, Rammanohar, 215, 235 Mohajir Quami Movement, 261, 262, 297–8 Lucknow, 36, 45, 49, 100, 108, 142, 148, Mohammad, Ghulam, 224 179–80, 290 Mohurram, 71 Lucknow Pact, 106 Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms. See Ludhiana, 157 Government of India Act 1919

342 Index

Moonje, B.S., 175 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 1, 98, 131, 163, 187, Moplah rebellion, 134 188, 191, 196, 198–200, 203, 211–12, Moradabad, 180–1 216, 218–19, 235–6, 237, 241, 273–4, Morley-Minto reforms, 1909, 63 276, 278, 280, 282 Mountbatten, Lord, 168 Nehru, Motilal, 90 Mudaliar, C.N., 45 Nizam-i-Islam, 266 Muddiman, Alex, 107 Non-Cooperation, 80, 106 Muhamedan Educational Conference, 55 Non-Cooperation Movement, 88, 101 Muhammadi Begum, 54–5 North-West Frontier Province, 224, 225, Mukherjee, Syama Prasad, 198 258, 300 Mumbai. See Bombay Munshi, K.M., 198 O’Dwyer, Michael, 92 Musharraf, Pervez, 300 Ojha, Gaurishankar Hirachand, 146 music, 12, 107–8, 140, 147–51, 178, 238 Operation Blue Star, 232, 237 ‘music before mosques’, 73–4, 99, 107–8, Operation Cleanup, 298 135, 149 Operation Polo, 201 Muslim League, 2, 48–9, 57, 82, 85–6, 91, Orientalism, 32 93, 100–3, 118, 129–31, 134, 144, language, 145–6 155–6, 157, 159, 168, 170, 175, 177, Orissa, 130, 278, 288 178, 182, 183–5, 189, 198, 202, 212, Other Backward Castes, 215, 240–1, 242–3, 216, 220, 221, 225, 230, 266, 311, 313 262, 283, 285 Muslim National Guards, 178 Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Pakistan Muslim League, 297, 299 Divorce) Act, 239 Pakistan National Alliance, 260 Mutiny-Rebellion, 1857, 31, 54 Pakistan People’s Party, 225–6, 235, Muttahida Majlis-i-Amal, 300 258–61, 297–8 Muzaffarnagar, 132, 180 Palliyagodella, 292 Paluskar, Vishnu Digambar, 148–50 Nagpur, 89, 112 Pant, Govind Ballabh, 187–8, 211, 215–16 Nagri Pracharini Sabha, 67, 141, 143 partition, 1–2, 26–7 Naicker, E.V. Ramaswami, 97, 141 ‘high politics’, 168–9 Nair, T.M., 45 historiography, 164–6 Nanavati commission, 270 longer perspective, 186–93 Nandy, Ashish, 282–3 narratives, 185–6 Narayan, Jayaprakash, 235 refugees, 190–2 Nasrin, Taslima, 302 violence, 20–1, 163–4 National Awami Party, 259 Patel, Vallabhbhai, 187, 196, 198, 199, National Democratic Alliance, 280 216, 290 National Workers Organisation. See Jatika Patna, 42 Sevaka Sangamaya Pattali Makkal Katchi, 288 nationalism, 39, 82–3, 103–4, 129–30, 164, People’s Liberation Army. See Eelam 196, 230, 237–8, 271 People’s Revolutionary Liberation ‘anti-national’ threats, 187–8, 197–210, Front 238–40, 257–67 People’s Liberation Front. See Janatha histories, 3–4 Vimukthi Peramuna language, 143–4, 146 People’s Liberation Organisation of Tamil limited nature, 43–5, 218 Eelam, 254–5, 257 militarism, 173–4 Persian, 55, 67, 144 music, 147–8 Phule, Jotirao, 68, 201 secularism, 282 Phulmonee, 30 Nehru Report, 113 Pir, 137, 303

Index 343

political organisation. See sangathan Risley, H.H., 156 Poona, 36, 68, 152, 246 Romanticism, 33 Poona Pact, 152 Ronaldshay, Lord, 105 Prabhakaran, Velupillai, 253, 255 Round Table talks, 94 Praja Socialist Party, 215 Rowlatt Bills, 85–6 Prakash, Sri, 173 Rushdie Affair, 283 Prantiya Raksha Dals, 188 Prarthana Samaj, 39 Saharanpur, 53, 135, 181, 192 Prevention of Terrorism Act, 269 Salimulla, Nawab, 42 Protection of India Party, 1 Samaj Sewak Dal, 91–2 Public and Representative Ofﬁce Samajwadi Party, 285–7 Disqualiﬁcation Act, 224 Sampurnanand, 144, 146, 174, 187 public sphere, 69 Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti, 201–2 Pune. See Poona Samyukta Socialist Party, 235 Punjab, 1, 7, 36, 40, 44, 46, 57–61, 63, 64, Sanatan Dharma Sabhas, 35, 61–2, 72 71, 85, 92, 95, 100, 102–3, 123, 124, sangathan, 51–2, 63, 78, 91–3, 96, 102–3, 130, 134, 144, 152–3, 168, 178, 180, 115–16, 154, 171, 268 184, 189, 191, 197, 200, 213, 220–1, Sangh Parivar, 234, 239, 241–6, 270, 274, 225, 227, 232–3, 236, 257–8, 259, 261, 276, 277, 279, 281–2, 283–5, 299, 307 285, 287, 288, 297 Sanskrit, 60, 141 Punjab Unionist Party, 169 Sant Nirankari Mission, 237 Pushtoonkhwa Milli Awami Party, 226 Sarabhai, Mridula, 163–4, 189–91 Saraswati, Dayananda, 58, 61, 66 race, 12, 34, 63, 156–7, 176, 203–4, 205, Sarda Bill. See Child Marriage Restraint Act 209, 225, 255, 285 satyagraha, 92 Rahman, Sheikh Mujib-ur, 225, 257–8, 263–5 Satyashodhak Samaj, 57, 68 Rahman, Ziaur, 265, 305 Savarkar, Veer, 158, 174–6, 283 Rai, Lala Lajpat, 40, 58–60 Scheduled Castes. See Dalits Raj, Hans, 163 Scindia, Vijayraje, 281 Raj, Kakkadan Nandanath, 273 sectarianism, 219, 227–8, 261–2 Rajaratnam, Thenmuli, 292 secularism, 1, 4, 110, 151, 179, 194, 196–7, Rajasthan, 163, 283 199, 207, 211, 216–17, 234–5, 235–6, Rajput, 65, 91, 92, 134, 158 265, 271–2, 281–3, 294, 310 Ram, 21, 172, 234, 280, 290 Self-Respect Movements, 58, 97 Ram Jamnabhoomi, 281, 298, 307 Sen, Keshub Chandra, 66 Ram, Kanshi, 285 separate electorates, 48–9, 100, 105–6, 113, Ramayana, 139, 238, 276 152–4, 156 Ramchandra, Baba, 139 separatism, 1–2, 17, 24, 103, 105–6, 113, Ramlila, 99, 135, 149, 172, 178 188, 197, 198–201, 212, 230, 233, 236, Rampa, 44 237, 251–3, 257, 258, 307, 310 Ranade, Mahadev Govind, 39 Shah Bano, 238–9 Ranchi, 44 Shanti Dal, 190 rape, 30, 171, 281, 293, 295 Sharif, Nawaz, 261, 297, 299–300 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, 21, 96, Shastri, Algu Rai, 99, 173 180–1, 186–8, 234, 239, 242, 245, 246, Shi’a, 71, 82, 93, 103, 155–6, 160, 227–8, 247, 276, 278, 284 244, 261–2 Rawalpindi, 43 Shia Political Conference, 82, 93, 103, regionalism, 39–40, 57–8, 101–2, 141, 145, 155, 160 176–7, 184, 197, 198–203, 220, 221–6, Shiv Sena, 182, 202, 209 233, 258–9, 264, 291, 296–8, 310 Sholapur, 107, 246 riots. See violence Shraddhanand, Swami, 63, 91

344 Index

shuddhi, 44, 59, 61, 92–3, 96, 116, 134, 149 Tamil Nadu, 58 Simla, 48, 65 Tamil Eelam Liberation Organisation, Simon Commission, 113 254, 292 Sindh, 178, 224, 225, 258, 259, 262, 297, Tamil Federal Party, 206 298, 299 Tamil Language (Special Provisions) Sindhi Hindu Refugee Panchayat, 192 Act, 206 Singh Sabhas, 44, 64–5 Tamil Nadu, 45, 125, 141, 144, 203, 255, Singh, Beant, 232 257, 278, 288, 291 Singh, Charan, 214, 235, 240, 242 Tamil United Front, 206, 251 Singh, Manmohan, 274 Tamil United Liberation Front, 251, 252–3 Singh, Satwant, 232 Tandon, Purushottam Das, 1, 143, 145, Singh, V.P., 234, 285, 291 172–4, 179, 181, 187, 191–2, 198, 216 Sinhalese, 17, 26, 72, 74, 75–7, 198, 203–6, tanzim, 89, 91 207–9, 230, 250–6, 291, 293, 295, 310 Taran Taran, 189 Sipah-I Muhammed, 227, 262 Telangana movement, 200 Sipah-I Sahaba Pakistan, 227, 228, 262 Telugu, 47, 145, 200 Sitaramayya, Pattabhi, 199 The British Indian Association, 37 Sivaji, 201 The Madhav Sangeet Vidyalaya, 148 Social Conference, 39 Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, 40, 43, 147, 201 Social Services League, 189 transnationalism, 25–6 Soulbury, Lord, 204 Travancore, 130 Sri Lanka Freedom Party, 203, 206, 252–3 ‘tribals’, 44, 63, 87, 139, 141, 159–60, 175, Srinivas, M.N., 125 246, 259, 314 standardisation Turner, A.C., 105 of Hinduism, 34–5, 136–7, 271 Tyabji, Badruddin, 55 states reorganisation, 201–3 Tyagi, Mahabir, 173 States Reorganisation Commission, 199 Tytler, Jagdish, 237 Strachey, John, 42 Stubbs, Reginald, 76 ulama, 45, 53, 56, 220, 261 Students’ Literary and Scientiﬁc Society, 68 United Actions Council, 302 Subaltern Studies, 8–9, 18–19 United National Party, 195, 203, 230, sudra, 89, 127, 172 250–1, 253, 256 Suﬁ, 150, 266 United Provinces. See Uttar Pradesh Suicidal Corps, 172 untouchable. See Dalit Sunni, 93, 130, 156, 227–8, 244, 261–2 urbanisation, 89–90, 119–20 Surat, 87, 107, 126 Urdu, 64, 66–8, 86, 141–5, 147, 199, 216, swadeshi, 41–3, 52, 59, 147, 276, 278, 226, 297 282, 307 utilitarianism, 33 Swatantra Party, 240 Uttar Pradesh, 1, 7, 21, 25, 46, 48–50, 57–8, Sylhet, 303 63, 65, 67, 70–1, 86, 89–90, 91, 93, 95, syncretism, 2, 65, 150 97–9, 102, 104, 107, 113–14, 116, 119, 124, 127–8, 130, 132, 134, 138–9, 141, tabligh, 91, 130 142, 143–4, 154, 157, 163, 170–2, 174, Tagore, Rabindranath, 41, 52 176, 179–81, 184, 187, 191, 197–8, Tahriki Jafaria Pakistan, 227, 262 213–14, 217, 221, 233, 235, 239, 243–5, Tahrik-I Nifaz-I Fiqh-I Ja’fariyya, 262 248–9, 279, 282–3, 286, 287, 290, 297 Taliban, 261, 300, 305 Tambiah, Stanley, 17, 207, 247 Vaddukoddai Resolution, 251–2 Tamil, 17, 26, 46, 47, 72, 141, 145, 150, Vaishya, 58, 123, 157 198, 202–8, 210, 213, 250–7, 285, 288, Vaishyas, 124 290–5, 307 Vajpayee, Atul Behari, 240, 242, 280

Index 345

Valmiki, Omprakash, 289 Hindu right, 281 varna. See caste music, 149–51 Vashishta, Nand Kumar Deo, 176 partition, 163–4, 190 Vedas, 36, 58, 146, 148 violence, 295 Vernacular Press Act, 37 Women’s Action Forum, 266 vernaculars, 66, 68–9, 314 Women’s Social Collective, 306 Vidharba, 202 World Hindu Council. See Vishwa Hindu violence, 18–24, 69–78, 163–4, 315–16 Parishad Buddhism, 207–8 world religions, 2, 34, 78, 313 caste, 246–7 constructivist approach, 244–5 Yadav Mahasabha, 128 ‘everyday state’, 247–50 Yadav, Laloo Prasad, 270, 287–8 partition, 169–82 Yadav, Mulayam Singh, 286 virility, 116–17, 128, 171 yatra, 280, 290 Vishwa Hindu Parishad, 234, 246, 269, 278, Young Men’s Buddhist Association, 75 280, 283 Young Muslim party, 71

women, 30–1, 37–9, 45, 109–15, 132, Zia, Khaleda, 303–5 134–6, 260, 300–3, 306, 314 Zia-ul-Huq, General, 228, 233, 246, 260–1, education, 54–5 266–7, 297