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Vascular Flora of Powhatan County, Virginia Michael Austin Terry

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Vascular Flora of Powhatan County, Virginia Michael Austin Terry University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Biology Faculty Publications Biology 9-2007 Vascular Flora of Powhatan County, Virginia Michael Austin Terry W. John Hayden University of Richmond, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/biology-faculty-publications Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Terry, Michael Austin, and W. John Hayden. "Vascular Flora of Powhatan County, Virginia." Castanea 72, no. 3 (September 2007): 138-58. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biology at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CASTANEA 72(3): 138-158. SEPTEMBER2007 Vascular Flora of Powhatan County, Virginia Michael Austin Terry and W. John Hayden* Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173 ABSTRACT Powhatan County is a largely rural county of the Virginia piedmont currently experiencing exurban development pressure. Commercial pine forests occupy much of the land area; most natural vegetation occurs in various hardwood forests. Plant life is supported largely by soils derived from Proterozoic to Paleozoic metamorphic and igneous rocks, soils developed over Triassic basins, and riparian soils associated with the James and Appomattox Rivers. The annotated checklist is based on new collections gathered between September 2003 and August 2005, supplemented with records from regional herbaria and the Atlas of the Virginia Flora. Field work sampled at least 12 distinct community groups recognized in Virginia. The checklist contains 1020 taxa (1013 species, 515 genera, and 146 families). Twenty-one percent of the species are naturalized introductions. Twenty five species (2.5% of the total) are of conservation concern, and 118 collections (12% of the total) represent new records for Powhatan County. INTRODUCTION Powhatan County is a large reflecting contemporary taxonomic concepts, ly rural county in the piedmont region of we relied heavily on the ongoing efforts by Alan Virginia that is currently experiencing signifi Weakley (2002, 2005) to revise the floras of cant exurban development pressure. Although its Virginia and the Carolinas. We trust that our plants are reasonably well represented in regional inventory of Powhatan County plants will herbarium collections, no previous county-wide contribute in reciprocal fashion to the documen floristic inventory exists. There is, however, one tation of Virginia flora. Further, an ancillary published list of plants for the Jones and Mill goal of this study is to interpret the plant life of Creek watershed region (Corcoran 1981). Given Powhatan County in terms of the vegetation its current rapid growth and concomitant loss based ecological communities that have been of habitat and potential loss of biodiversity, defined by Fleming et al. (2004). we resolved to enumerate a comprehensive and contemporary inventory of the native and natu geography and Land Use ralized plants of Powhatan County. We accumu Powhatan County (Figure 1) is bounded on the lated records of plant occurrence in the county north by the James River, on the south by the by means of three distinct yet mutually support Appomattox River, on the east by Chesterfield ive strategies: 1) field work and collection of County, and on the west by Cumberland new herbarium specimens, 2) complementary County. The county seat is located approximate herbarium studies to locate additional records ly 56 km west of the city of Richmond. Although of taxa previously collected by other botanists, growth is occurring throughout the county, and 3) gleaning of further records from the Atlas pressure from development is greatest in the of Virginia Flora (Harvill et al. 1992, Virginia eastern portion, reflecting the influence of Botanical Associates 2005). Richmond, Chesterfield County, and the recent The past decade and a half has been a vibrant completion of a major new highway (route 288) time for systematic botany as molecular data that passes through the northeastern corner of and cladistic analyses have transformed many the county. long-held concepts of the natural relationships Powhatan County has an area of about among plants (Chase 2005). The impact has 438 sq. km, or 71,000 ha (United States De been felt at all levels of the taxonomic hierarchy partment of Agriculture 1988). Following the in terms of both taxon composition and nomen classification adopted by Fleming et al. (2004), clature. Thus, although the flora of eastern Powhatan County is part of the southern North America is, generally, very well known, piedmont physiographic province of Virginia. no published floras and few regional inventories The county's northern boundary, the James reflect contemporary taxonomic concepts. In our River, is also the boundary between the northern attempt to produce a "modern" inventory and southern physiographic provinces of the state. Given its near-central position, Powhatan *email address: [email protected] County is reasonably typical of the piedmont Received February 2, 2006; Accepted December 27, 2006. region of Virginia which, overall, represents 138 Castanea Volume 72 Pohaaun l Conty,VA MawidensLanding FineC_1re 522 2Watershed\ - 60 2 PWMA Figure 1. Map of Powhatan County, Virginia. approximately 41% of the land area of the The main roadways are: US route 60, which in commonwealth (Virginia Department of Forest its east-west course bisects the county along the ry 2005). Terrain of Powhatan County may be divide between the James and Appomattox characterized as a gently sloping plateau of watersheds; state route 711, which runs east modest altitude, dissected by numerous small west in the northern section; state route 522, streams which empty into either the Appomat which runs north-south between the James River tox River to the south or the James River to the and route 60; and route 288 in the northeast north. The highest point in the county is 150 m corner of the county (Figure 1). above sea level in the north central portion, and the lowest point is about 37 m above sea level in Qeology and Soils the easternmost section. Metamorphic and igneous rocks, including Commercial forestry and farming have long gneiss, schist, and granite underlie about ninety been the chief land uses in the county but percent of the county (United States Department suburban development is an increasingly im of Agriculture 1988). Typical of the piedmont, portant economic engine. Cultivated crops cover the bedrock is relatively old, having formed in about 9 percent of the county and pasture, about Proterozoic and Paleozoic times. Bedrock for the 10 percent. Commercial forest covers at least remaining 10 percent of the county is younger three-fourths of the county. The largest tracts of and of sedimentary origin. These sedimentary contiguous forest (4,000-20,000 ha) are found in formations are located in the eastern part of the the northwestern portion along the Cumberland county and are composed of Triassic shales and County border, in the northern section along sandstones that formed as underlying rocks the James River, and in the southern section began to sink with the rifting that opened the along the Appomattox River. Most of the Atlantic Ocean basin. Noteworthy granite out forested land is mixed hardwood or plantation crops exist along Fine Creek near route 711 and pine forest (Virginia Department of Forestry near the community of Flatrock (United States 2005). Department of Agriculture 1988). September 2007 139 Most of the soils in Powhatan County belong Climate to the ultisol order (Flora of North America The climate of Powhatan County is generally Editorial Committee 1993). These soils are mild with warm summers and mild winters. The characterized by high acidity. The soils that average temperature in winter is 3.90C and the cover the acidic sandstone and shale commonly average daily low is -2.20C. The average have a strongly to very strongly acidic subsoil. seasonal snowfall is 40.4 cm and 4 d of the year Basic rocks, like some of the gneiss, commonly have at least 2.5 cm of snow on the ground, on support a neutral to slightly acidic subsoil. Seven average. The average temperature in summer is general soil associations are distinguished in the 24.40C with an average daily high of 30.60C. The Soil Survey of Powhatan County (United States total annual precipitation is about 109 cm. Fifty Department of Agriculture 1988). These soil five percent of the precipitation falls between types correlate well with landscape features April and September. Thunderstorms occur on yielding three groups of soil associations: soils about 35 d each year, mostly during the sum of the piedmont plateau, soils of Triassic basin mer. The preceding climate data is summarized material, and soils of flood plains and river from United States Department of Agriculture terraces. (1988). Four distinct soil associations characteristic of MATERIALS AND METHODS Field work was the piedmont plateau dominate most of the conducted from September 2003 through August county: Poindexter-Pacolet-Chewacla, Appling 2005. Identifications were made by means of the Enon-Cecil, Cecil-Pacolet-Abell, and Cecil-Ap keys found in Weakley (2002, 2005), published pling. These soils develop over the granite, volumes of the Flora of North America series, gneiss, and schist bedrock common throughout Gleason and Cronquist (1991), and Radford et the county. al. (1968). A complete set of herbarium vouchers The soils of Triassic basin regions formed by collected by both authors in Powhatan County weathering of the sandstones and shales found has been deposited at the University of Rich in the eastern part of the county. Just one mond Herbarium (URV). Triassic basin soil association is recognized for Permission was obtained to collect on two very Powhatan County, the Mayodan-Creedmor-Par large tracts of land in the county. Belmead tlow. This soil is characterized by clayey to Plantation is located just northwest of the loamy subsoil and an acidic to strongly acidic junction of routes 609 and 623 and is under reaction.
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