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Annals of the Association of American Geographers Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t788352614 The Genesis, History, and Limits of Carrying Capacity Nathan F. Sayre a a University of California, Berkeley

Online Publication Date: 01 March 2008 To cite this Article: Sayre, Nathan F. (2008) 'The Genesis, History, and Limits of Carrying Capacity', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 98:1, 120 - 134 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/00045600701734356 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00045600701734356

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Downloaded By: [Sayre, Nathan F.] At: 17:05 28 February 2008 t a eapidt lotayhuman–environment any almost to applied be can ity capac- anticipates—carrying ways many in and predates C o 0dlsgoXXydsrold m desarrollado y XIX siglo del 80 los e il X 3 como (3) XX; siglo del eextendi se d la de partir a naturales, sistemas los de y vivos organismos los de atributo como (2) internacionales; ag,administraci carga, ntdslscss lcnet aaia ecras concibi se carga de capacidad concepto el casos, los todos En el poblaci la de utouo,anu lpieoh iospatd infiaiaet o to t otros por significativamente suplantado sido ha primero el tambi aunque neomaltusianos, usos, cuatro los por empleado soportar, ingenier y suo.Y dnic utotpsd s rniae ecpcddd ag:()cm tiuomec atributo como (1) carga: de capacidad de principales uso de tipos cuatro identifico Yo oscuros. lcnet ecpcddd ag eepe nuavrea oalmneapi edsilnsydbts y or debates, sus y disciplinas embargo, de Sin amplia campos. notablemente numerosos variedad de una dentro en criticada emplea fuertemente se sido carga de ha capacidad de concepto El upatdb te em uha ala.I l ae,cryn aaiyhsbe ocie as conceived largely been been has has capacity first carrying the cases, all although In present, payload. the by as employed to such support, persist terms can uses other earth the by four humans supplanted All of midcentury. number the since as also (4) neo-Malthusians, and century; mid-twentieth the since biologists n aua ytm,bgnigi h 80 n otflydvlpdi ag n aemngmn early management game and range in developed fully organisms most as living and of (3) or attribute 1870s century; objects an four twentieth the manufactured it as the identify of in (2) and in attribute shipping; I beginning debates, engineered international obscure. systems, or of and remain natural context mechanical disciplines the a origins and in as of historical 1840 (1) range around its capacity: beginning wide carrying Yet systems, of remarkably fields. uses a numerous of in types within major employed critiqued forcefully is been capacity has carrying of concept The xeddt ytm flre cl,getrvraiiy n esrhmncontrol. human lesser management. and range biology, variability, population greater neo-Malthusianism, scale, management, larger game of systems to extended numerical h eei,Hsoy n iiso Carrying of Limits and History, Genesis, The oiistdy iessanblt—hc it sustainability—which Like today. environmental politics in concept and versatile popularized most widely the be may capacity arrying num ericas, ´ ´ ad beo itmsfbiao,qecomenz que fabricados, sistemas o objetos de ıa caatrsista eeaporaei h rtcs u nraigyutnbea h ocp was concept the as untenable increasingly but case first the in appropriate were that —characteristics itmsd ao saa ao aiblddymnscnrlhumano. control menos y variabilidad mayor escala, mayor de sistemas a o ´ naso h soito fAeia Geographers American of Association the of Annals u r poid ne rmrcs,pr u u aavzm vez cada fue que pero caso, primer el en apropiado era que ndsemdao e il X 4 ooe n el como (4) y XX; siglo del mediados desde on ´ nd aa emluinso biolog neomaltusianismo, caza, de on ´ nta umsin ac 07 eie umsin uy20;fia cetne uut2007 August acceptance, final 2007; July submission, revised 2007; March submission, Initial K , nl un ´ mt intr ımite K h nrni ii fpplto nraei raim,ue ypopulation by used organisms, in increase population of limit intrinsic the , scmltmnee agesti la en completamente as ´ nvriyo aiona Berkeley California, of University ´ neod uet el poblaci la de aumento de ınseco ulse yTyo rni,LLC. Francis, & Taylor by Published Capacity 81 08 p 120–134 pp. 2008, 98(1) , ahnF Sayre F. Nathan ndsemdao e il.E aataia esse los persisten actualidad la En siglo. del mediados desde en ´ ´ ad olcoe,gesti poblaciones, de ıa poiaaet n14 ne otxod env de contexto el en 1840 en aproximadamente o ´ yn aaiis nrneadwllf management, wildlife and car- range calculated in have capacities: kinds rying many and of additional calculability scientists Indeed, lacks. the of far thus sense has sustainability that a it precision—something conveying and of scale, advantage any at interaction, aadsrbrlscaracter las describir para o ´ mr esrshmnsqel irapuede Tierra la que humanos seres de umero ! ´ C nd xesoe eter aaaprincipios a caza y tierra de extensiones de on ´ 08b soito fAeia Geographers American of Association by 2008 nd bald de on ´ nd raims sd o bi por usado organismos, de on ´ sisseil ofree concepto el conforme insostenible as ´ rio ae oocarga como tales erminos ´ ´ gnshist ıgenes e od:cryn capacity, carrying Words: Key ´ ıos. aarscae aaia de capacidad clave: Palabras ´ ısticas rcspermanecen oricos ´ da,static, ideal, dae,est ideales, nc de o anico ´ cd de ecada ´ ologos ´ aticas ´ util. ´ and ´ ıos Downloaded By: [Sayre, Nathan F.] At: 17:05 28 February 2008 eaint ietc rzn seltr;sociologists, later); in (see assumptions grazing its livestock challenged to relation have McShea, range- 1998); ecologists 1955; Young land 1997; Fowle Rappole and and Underwood, wildlife (Edwards within its remarkably utility management examined its remain questioned have origins and historians development its and criticized yet Biologists been them, has obscure. of it and many un- fields, an in of in range used wide is an- concept usually has its The one have questions. No these extent history? swered subsequent what its to shaped and origins conceived, originally it ca- carrying Kingsland define 1978; 1985). to (Hutchinson used midcentury not until was forgotten pacity it utterly 1920s; was the equation equiv- until logistic French any his (or and Verhulst term alent), the But employ not 1990). did Botkin (1838) 1971; (Odum ematician Pierre- to Franc capacity carrying attribute ecologists several fgoa ua ouainutlte14s fe a purposes. after other 1940s, various the questions serving until to of population applied century ca- not human carrying was global a term of as the fact, estimate In his pacity. to referred and In nowhere Malthus, prescient. he mocking appear was Godwin now num- however, might a context, estimate such people. the specify to billion Godwin’s and attempts ber, that 9 earliest the states of of one 652) figure was hab- (1967, a earth’s Glacken at the Clarence arriving to extrapolated area, then itable he which den- population sity, demonstrating and cultivation possible as of maxima China the contemporary took Godwin alErihtels w aigepiil declared and explicitly having Hardin, as two Garrett such last ecologists Odum, Ehrlich—the Paul prominent Eugene associa- of Leopold, by work Aldo buttressed In the demonstrate). is with quickly authority tion num- will its human search contexts, Web both growing a the to (as of bers relative neo- finitude informs resources the it world’s regarding often more arguments to but Malthusian serves hunting, sometimes justify po- capacity help In carrying example. debates, for litical biology, population engi- and anthropology, neering, economics, medicine, chemistry, ino h ubro uastewrdcudsupport, could world the humans in of number calcula- the a of published tion Godwin William 1820 is in It that otherwise). true or (human even population term—nor about the debates in used never Malthus—he in found being is humans for capacity exceeded. carrying world’s the that hr i arigcpct oefo?Hwwas How from? come capacity carrying did Where oee,teoiiso arigcpct r not are capacity carrying of origins the However, fPopulation Of osVrus,anntet-etr ega math- Belgian nineteenth-century a Verhulst, ¸ois i oeia epnet Malthus. to response polemical his , h eei,Hsoy n iiso arigCpct 121 Capacity Carrying of Limits and History, Genesis, The 1 Similarly, thssmtmsdsrbdamxmmlmtadmore and limit then, maximum Since a history. described or sometimes has time it from abstraction in to carry referred it half origins, first its the a At in century. coined nineteenth was the four term of into the capacity since carrying limits. types of conceptual major uses its the reveal classify to can doing, One so in and, tency po- rhetorical and un- persistence extraordinary to its obviousness, derstand this destabilize to capacity carrying to obviousness. seems conceptual capacity intuitive an carrying have flaws, its respec- Despite their fields. of tive outside elsewhere, of lie origins capacity the the that carrying recognized for However, has scholars support 1990). these of empirical Botkin none no 1978; re- or (Hutchinson of little concept years is fifty and there after 2007); search that concluded Livi-Bacci have 1996; ecologists MacKellar 1982; 1975; Ellen (Brush populations human to relevance cri- its tiqued forcefully have demographers and anthropologists, wih nietly otisn nr o carrying for entry no capacity) review contains the exhaustive incidentally, produced of (which, that kind texts the of required have would and management, errors resource grievous ethics. in administration, resulted often policy, has of it and institutions state, by the deployed of been always almost ca- of has pacity carrying conceived that have interactions—except people nature–society modern which through mod- and els metaphors in- shifting of the matter capacity’s history—of a tellectual merely carrying be of might This enthusiasm advocates. various the with evidence up of weight caught the before passed decades case, overlooking— In each limits. predecessors, and contexts its forgetting—their ultimately mea- of and some authority in and, the idea sure, basic the appropriated use new such no where between relation realms to capacity arose carrying that extending in contradictions pro- the these its recognized of have im- were astute ponents only uses most the then of only even types subsequently, perfectly; and four however, the justified, of expression. attributes first numerical always the has and in it stasis, Only but idealism, one, to normative aspired or optimal an often a h ikta ale sswr o icvrddue discovered not were uses course, earlier of that This, risk were the necessary. ran then results as was “manually” the research conducted and additional capacity,” find chronologically; to sorted “carrying asked term were engines the search Numerous nology. xdquantity fixed hsatceeaie h eei n itr of history and genesis the examines article This oeo ehd:Utlrcnl,ti research this recently, Until methods: on note A . nti ae nta eido iia tech- digital on relied instead I case, this In of X X and htsm encompassing some that Y culyeitd ahr each Rather, existed. actually xodEgihDictionary English Oxford should Y Downloaded By: [Sayre, Nathan F.] At: 17:05 28 February 2008 eCl tPayload It Call We is Sayre here presented chronology sound. the basically reason- to am that I attempted confident Nonetheless, Verhulst. not ably of ex- case have the antecedents, in I language cept and non-English ca- possible carrying found, trace of be uses can earlier pacity that Bacon) remains likely, It Francis even term. (e.g., possible, composite up the encountering turned many without sources capacity,” term AND older the “carrying much of read uses to term search modified first the was when the moreover, searches; than the much by time found digitized in been rele- back have the further archives of and several particular journals However, a vant regard. of is this 1900 shortage in before problem relative from the newspapers digitized digitization; incomplete to 122 odsen“eitrtnae led utatdcer- subtracted already hard tonnage” is distinction discern—“register The to 170). 1845, only” State capacity of (Secretary carrying to their applied be to would “according law steamboats new the whereas regis- tonnage,” to ter “according imposed cents been thirty steamboats—had vessels, on sailing on ton per cents previous duty—sixty the that reported Secretary The of one ton.” of per Republic duty dollar the tonnage “a by imposing passed 1844 February act in an Texas of text the nations.” included foreign It of systems U.S. modi- commercial the and the by “changes in on report fications Senate a the in to 1845, State of from Secretary is found have I that of War of Man a than Guns.” Capacity 40 or Tonnage more “Of aegaiae nmaigfo h uyt h vessels to the to The and duty themselves. the tonnage, from term, meaning in single gravitated have the into to coalesced appears have poundage” particular and any “tonnage on time, carried Over re- it voyage. cargo tonnage, much its how to of according gardless ship the Duties on itself. ship imposed the were of attribute an calculations. became of figure series This a outside by the estimated was from tonnage measured its and was ship each how- Rather, weight. cargo, ever. measuring by often by calculated determined was not duty it was Tonnage wine); a of “poundage,” cask with a paired being “tun” cargo (a on volume imposed cen- by duties fifteenth to the referred had Since “tonnage” power. triggered tury, steam shipping, of of advent context the the by in first arose sys- It or tems. objects manufactured of attributes engineered or h aletueo h lieaie“arigcapacity” “carrying alliterative the of use earliest The mechanical to referred originally capacity Carrying OED nldsti haefo 1751: from phrase this includes rmasi’ volume. ship’s a from rooms) engine and quarters (crew’s spaces noncargo tain n ..crosis h eotstated: report the English ships, on cargo authorities U.S. and Spanish dispute by a imposed of duties Describing House over later. the years to President nine the Representatives from report, another by o h s fcryn aaiyutlte1880s. the until capacity carrying of use the for captured cargo capacity distinction. all this Carrying when wind-powered. sufficed were nonetheless ships never had but that perfect measure been size—a derived overall measure amount ship’s a least— the the than from rather at to convey, could according it proponents, cargo ship of steamboat each of levying required view for of the Fairness—from needed point tonnage. deducted register water not of were calculations fresh burdens in these and the as fuel propulsion, by steam particular, of to in quantities compared prompted, large was technology It new vessels. the sailing of volume much the greater for compensated that one duties, reckoning of o er ocm,i hc arigcpct served capacity carrying which in come, statisticians to British years of for preoccupation a 85). was steam-powered versus 1875, commerce wind- (Jeula assess and years the measure to five of How preceding sail- capacity carrying the the in in of increase steamer” capacity the carrying and remarked the vessel ing journal, in decrease same “the the on in 1875 published An 17). discussion, 1863, but (Glover demand, expectations” trade political on on based not “exorbitant; in- as tonnage crease” foreign “the decried of tonnage”—and development great steam the especially and capacity, car- rying the increased their navigation, movements, the their their in ships, rapidity in greater British labour of of economy size increasing increased fleet—“the chant London the in article an 1863, h deto ta hp eesttdanwmeans new a necessitated ships steam of advent The Representatives of House 310) 1854, (U.S. proportion. is capacity in carrying large her very but unfavor- small, are very winds measures the She when able. auxiliary an uses as only mer- propeller and carrying sailing-vessel, her a a to is view is She a principally. “Tamaulipas” with chandise The England, in tonnage. built their propeller, to small proportion very other is and in capacity boilers the carrying large by their up a machinery, taken necessary as is Moreover, holds their passage. of whole portion the during steam to auxiliaries, as steamers only [the sails they using and boats, side-wheel Being iptsoe rd eandtedmnn context dominant the remained trade over Disputes eeddterpdgot fteBiihmer- British the of growth rapid the defended lc Warrior Black 2 oelgti hdo h matter the on shed is light Some ora fteSaitclSceyof Society Statistical the of Journal and Cahawba r obliged are ] 3 In Downloaded By: [Sayre, Nathan F.] At: 17:05 28 February 2008 ne osdrto.A 81pprin paper topic 1881 the An on depending consideration. mea- possible, under of also units were Other rather 439). surement weight, 1894, with (Tyrrell associated volume be than to carry- coming the “a that was suggesting term had pounds,” 1800 that about of Canada capacity ing in canoes cedar described in birch- paper American 1894 An Native canoes. of bark capacity” carrying quali- and sea-going ties gracefulness, lightness, “strength, the mate pt 82 vnuly h emse t oncinto connection its shed term the Eventually, 1892. quarter-century to the up had in canal” prices grain Erie lower the to of “an contributed capacity that carrying noted the nineteenth of 87) increase late (1892, Veblen the Thorstein commu- during century. and developed transport to were of as logical nication especially systems was conveyance, other it of and itself, means railroads ship other to the it from extend ship a by veyed Glover (e.g., tonnage to alternative 1882). categorical a as n eaesml esr fhwmuch how of measure a simply became tonnage— and to attaches still duties—which of levying the 1892; ( century nineteenth last the the of in decade capacities all carrying were as electricity reported and carry measured lightning to of lines and transmission weight, and carry rods to balloons wa- air carry hot to of pipelines ter, and ditches irrigation of capacity ih culycrya ie oeti ie trefers of It amount time. the line in to moment power given a or at amounts canal, carry actually variable railroad, might the ship, particular from its any abstracted that than ideal, truck fixed use a this a in in is capacity weight carrying more prescribes, something). payload carry haul official can to one paid from as is derived one Just (itself which for payload amount term the the to capacity migrated carrying has of meaning this scientists. parlance, social common and In biologists to the are unfamiliar to they relatively persist although term engineers, the among of especially present, uses these of Most precision. perfect) be not could (if reasonable it with predicted system; and or calculated object human-made a of measure and observe directly could person believe. a (therefore) what threatened exceed and possible to earlier physically eclipsed was movement what of of rate notions particu- and scale measurement, the such as to larly itself lent system made esn e ort ecietecryn aaiyof ( capacity Paris carrying in the railroad describe electric the to hour per persons fcryn aaiydsigihdteaon con- amount the distinguished capacity carrying If nalteecss arigcpct a quantitative a was capacity carrying cases, these all In Y Science ol ar.Lr urvn(89 6)praised 367) (1879, Dunraven Lord carry. could 81 87 at19) n human- Any 1898). Gast 1897; 1891, X that Y was h eei,Hsoy n iiso arigCpct 123 Capacity Carrying of Limits and History, Genesis, The Science h egahclJournal Geographical The designed avr a Review Law Harvard 81 2) The 526). 1881, ocarry. to Science X ninani- an used ndsusoso ietc,a nti 86dsuso of discussion Zealand”: 1886 New this in first in “acclimatization occurred as livestock, by It of capacity transposition. discussions carrying in significant of but type subtle major a second the in ered western in 113). winds” 1901, the (Bray Texas of capacity moisture-carrying 91atcei the in article 1901 aua Systems Natural and Organisms Living of Capacities Carrying Management: Game and Range t iea es fcneigo rnprigsome transporting or conveying of sense retained it literal 1870s, its the in systems, natural and organisms aaiyfrflowtr ftemi hne fthe of channel ( main Louisiana in the bayou of Atchafalaya floodwaters for capacity in article 1888 An ena. phenom- natural inanimate include to further extended fields. some are in they and common century, uses still twentieth Such the 451). moved into 1896, well water Smith persisted F. which (E. through plants vessels” cucumber in the of walls the Naturalist 214). pollen 1887, the (Robertson for flowers capacity specific carrying of a have to said were bees h aeapiainwsmd o“the to made later, years was Ten application season. from same the the back of much end carry the how could at mountains animals of the pack measure natives’ a the until was meat animals.” or their capacity lasts, of salt carrying capacity the Here, carrying as full the long reach so they meat beef and the pork wild drying killing and stay, then and salt, mountains of the supply into a bring Santo to is of custom natives “Their the Domingo: of practices hunting the described Society Philosophical American the the in of published and monograph a rivers In as wind. things the such to applied was it subsequently, and n uas oee,te o emaahoitcor anachronistic crude. seem now they however, humans, and hs xesosapa,i idih,t aeush- have to hindsight, in appear, extensions These hncryn aaiywsfis ple oliving to applied first was capacity carrying When bu eaeltr h el fpossible of realm the later, decade a About the In in number a 84) quite 1883, drag) (Seely (or hand. slender carry each a could securing he by each, such a that, to to some found thong capacity he without hand, carrying While, each his in . in pebble . limited were . was man kind devise. expedient, every to future of hands the receptacles two for and his Vessels what to hold. limited would was capacity carrying His Y 5 a xaddt nld nml n humans; and animals include to expanded was oaia Gazette Botanical f19 eerdt tecryn aaiyof capacity carrying “the to referred 1896 of oaia Gazette Botanical Science f18,telg fcertain of legs the 1887, of 4 eerdt h carrying the to referred nrlto oanimals to relation In Science ab(83 127) (1873, Gabb , eerdt “the to referred eu homo” genus h American The 88,ada and 1888), Transactions Y was s : X , Downloaded By: [Sayre, Nathan F.] At: 17:05 28 February 2008 2 Sayre 124 86 unre l 1899). relief Duckworth al. the 574; et to Gurner 1886, 1886; much (Stout before,” bondholders was seven English it made of what process of times this wealth eight by the or therefore “The and was said: land country was the the it of Zealand capacity New carrying in improvements. stock system land similar in a produc- investment Of “yeoman” to increased small, reported and was by ers this settlement number support; the spurred on range- could have based they vast taxes livestock Australia’s and of on fees lease leases with grazing lands, of Ameri- system period the instituted a a had in government during Victoria’s overgrazing Queen capacity West. severe can carrying and of widespread use of new the in productivity: rangeland 1889 By a previously the was What sense. figurative more much a n enne-iee 03;hr,ol summary a only here, 2003); Fernandez-Gimenez (Sayre and elsewhere treated been has management range of to need little range felt 1890s, U.S. it. late suffi- explicate earliest the was the in capacity writing that scientists, carrying established 1905). of well Commission sense U.S. ciently Lands the new (Public in this whole later Soon, a and as Texas in West legislation land spire Y teaiasta are hnsbcm instead things—became carried that animals —the utai n e eln eaeojc lessons object became Zealand New and Australia per ( sheep mile. seventy square about is rainfall capacity of carrying inches per increased twenty the sheep to thirteen twenty from about and mile, is thirteen square increase to nine the from however, For rainfall. inches, of be inch can each mile irriga- square for without per carried sheep valueless one quite only regions is such year In tion. a than rain less of with inches favored ten land that show records Australian to literal a from changed “carrying” of meaning The rabbit the of that been certainly these has into islands introduction mammalian important most The h dpino arigcpct stecr concept core the as capacity carrying of adoption The e rhneac [ hinderance or as let existed without almost hawks increased have sluggish rabbits few the enemies, a natural only where country a into enrios n hi bnac a eiul retarded 428) 1886, has seriously (Thomson has country settlement. abundance the their of and ruinous, capacity the been stock-carrying while the road, on Their thousands. macadamized effect by with a met are as evening places towards bare in surface animals The vegetation as . the nearly . honeycombed, eaten . is them. ground with the alive of the quite of districts are many Island now South rare; almost were they ago years X en crid yteln hr hylived. they where land the by “carried” being , arigcpct a eoeamaueof measure a become had capacity carrying Science sic 89 458) 1889, ,adnwocri ilos Ten millions. in occur now and ], 6 hs xmlshle in- helped examples These ... Brought . n rdtscrdaanthrsrnee allotments rendered herds against secured credit and graze to on leases livestock in and however, institutionalized stable, was basically it be to ca- deemed “actual” natural was Even allow pacity capacity. would “original” capacity toward “actual” recovery at grazing that was re- expectation the not impairment—and long-term does in sult that re- strongly “sustainability”—use time today’s the semble from Def- capacity 1899). carrying Smith of G. initions J. emergency 1898; or (Bentley supplies sources, cur- forage water reflected artificial investments by latter revegetation, increased in the be could whereas and former conditions fixed, the rent as capacity; taken “actual” and was 1873–1893) of overgraz- widespread ing the “origi- (before capacity between carrying drawn nal” was was distinction number A a problematic. such areas determining arid that more complained in soon researchers although was fixed given, rangeland a as of as taken piece thing any a for existed such capacity That carrying warranted. is points key of oe fudrtnigadicesn h number the in increasing wildlife and to understanding capacity of carrying of ap- hopes managers concept game this early 1930s, plied and 1920s resources. the nation’s the During utilize to dual and Service’s protect to by Forest mandate increased the being of reflects capable management—aptly yet nature, at by rela- was fixed quixotic capacity once The productivity—carrying natural 802). to 1913, tion (Moore forage” utilization complete the insure of and stock, the the better of range, condition the of capacity as carrying so the stock increase handling to of ways ar- and both naturally, kinds, and valuable tificially find more to the forage, reseeding the of on methods information being basic is collect work to grazing, done “Under way: re- this organized program newly search Service’s Forest U.S. the described in announcement 1913 A management. game management to grazing and livestock from transferred was capi- to way lands. a public ranchers talize and bankers gave and agencies government for allotments administration leased bureaucratic and facilitated fenced to assigned carry- capacities po- quantitative ing and ideal, Static, economic considerations: by litical principally rationale shaped scientific theory decisions hoc his post for a and provided have capacities, to carrying appears explic- fixed (1920) rejected Clements weak. itly historical is claim but the 1995), for support Management Range for 1994; Council Society Research (National have system to this said inspired is theory successional Clementsian (Sayre 2002). adjustment to immune largely rates stocking and eswl nw shwti s fcryn capacity carrying of use this how is known well Less Y ce fln;fne xdt h ground the to fixed fences land; of acres X ubrof number Science Downloaded By: [Sayre, Nathan F.] At: 17:05 28 February 2008 eoe h atrexplanation: latter the denoted Leopold, for capacity, veg- Carrying climate, competition? as or such etation, factors external or of function themselves, a animals it the was in inherent it pop- game Was determining ulations: mechanism the of textbook, locus the landmark was his Leopold’s Management in of Game examples one as empirical stood chief irruptions deer bob- the quail, on white research pioneering Stoddard’s capacity. carrying Alongside of concept the challenged and on lied part large in managed deer. the reserve, for protected a was this decade—after all, a for problem managers the land about federal warnings and ignored exist, yet not census deaths did Accurate techniques of determine. to number impossible exact virtually was the area, unpopulated nearly epdpooe epl otk padi ag mea- large in up—and take to Leopold provoked helped elsewhere, and re- Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, which in episode, later curred The 136). col- 1988, the infamous (Meine in plateau mid-1920s the Kaibab the with on population beginning deer the life,” of lapse his Grazing. of for of rest work Office his the through Service’s reverberate would Forest when discovery the “The 1914–1915, in worked in he capacity carrying could encountered places various game other and produce. quail, deer, of n ifiutt xli,however. explain, disputed to were difficult causes and and extent The abruptly. then dropped ex- increased, systematically population deer and were Kaibab the wolves 1905, terminated, as in such Preserve predators Game large Canyon Grand created management. game of field establish—the sure epl’ igoi fteKia nietbt re- both incident Kaibab the of diagnosis Leopold’s faui frange. property a of is unit capacity a carrying of species, a appears of point property saturation a be while to that observed be should It the exhibit ranges capacity. carrying optimum large same separated a when widely occurs of point number saturation true carry- several A called between capacity. be better ing as may limit confusion, avoid variable to and a particular ranges, obviously that is for it saturation literally range, is supporting. of latter capable this is While range perfect which less density but maximum particular the a from thing different a is species. This that of point saturation the max- called that be area, wide may a imum envi- over local uniform favorable be to most tends the ronments, in even species, at- a individuals by grown tained of density wild maximum the When fe utn n rzn eebne ntenewly the in banned were grazing and hunting After Leopold Aldo specific: and direct is link The Lood1933) (Leopold h eei,Hsoy n iiso arigCpct 125 Capacity Carrying of Limits and History, Genesis, The 7 navs,rge,and rugged, vast, a In . h oequestion core The arigcpct eaeacnetueu ohunting to useful concept were a they became that time; capacity here is carrying and It populations. space game by in affected These themselves varied management. only effective not to factors key carrying the determining was however, factors capacity exist, the not understanding range did the then points of saturation capacity” If “original worth- scientists. the were like manipulations rather goal, further while, a as no serve which existed—could beyond thing saturation a A 54). such 1933, point—if (Leopold no food” the far carrying of the so capacity except limit is density there any of animals evidence visible hoofed “In strategies. ment manage- highly different others potentially stable, suggested variable—that more species—some different in rvln oti a.Cryn aaiytu became thus capacity Carrying wildlife day. federal remains this it to and and prevalent States, state United the of throughout agencies approach ones—became standard captive-bred the releasing or animals wild relocating human); con- and natural cropping; (both predators or trolling suit burning, flooding, to another—by populations one and habitats re- and Manipulating produce refuges serves. on to species game worked of who surpluses harvestable managers wildlife of erations increased factors: be environmental could manipulation of and that observation careful crop by a decreased) (or as wildlife managers treat which in would course, launch new a helped on textbook management game Leopold’s of in 370). margin quoted safe 1988, 1936, a Meine (Leopold is ca- there population” carrying so above up the capacity built and range margin, the kept of safe be pacity a must to herd down this irruption trimmed herd an good prevent a let To to irrupt. not is lesson obvious “The advocates: nayseis lhuhIa esnlystse htit that 50–51) satisfied 1933, personally (Leopold am bobwhite. in I exists although proved species, definitely yet any not in is The capacity. point point. saturation carrying saturation a of a of existence exhibit limit however, a species, course, all Not of has, range Every epl ouetddfeetpplto dynamics population different documented Leopold epl’ dao arigcpct nomdgen- informed capacity carrying of idea Leopold’s 135, 1933, (Leopold original) productivity. in emphasis attack enhancing move manager of the one job does Thus, chosen, the up. skillfully building each time, of a need at in and up. balance, it of building some and done, deficiency once This that detecting in supporting consists thus of capable and be would which aspects deficient, population other some the the is supporting that cover from in range or balance, the prevents food of out of less aspect or particular more is range Every other setwl efudt eout be to found be will aspect Management . Downloaded By: [Sayre, Nathan F.] At: 17:05 28 February 2008 hncryn aaiywsaanapidt people, to a as applied not again time was this capacity carrying when pastoral sub-Saharan in settings. applied, and let calculated defined, be alone even cannot capacity Kerven carrying that and argue example, for (1993), Scoones, Perrier and Norton, Behnke, Bartels, 1993). 1989; uni- Noy-Meir almost Walker, and Westoby, proved 1980; model (Westoby unsuccessful U.S. formly the particu- on come development based States—in pastoral have projects Africa—after United capacity and the Australia carrying lar, outside of cri- places type effective from this and thorough of most tiques States. the United recently, southwestern More the the of on exist” ranges not concluded semidesert does 83) capacity (1961, outright. grazing “Sustained Ares con- concept that and similar the Paulsen to example, rejected For came instead later they they clusions when and capacity, significance. ephemeral and or determined local only contingently of be might car- capacity population, a rying with interacting habitat a of unpredictable function potentially a as take way, this recognize. would in to conceived that decades But more capacity four or carrying three scientists of range idea an at could he arrive how explain might This overstocking. the of event in con- culling vocal faced—hunters—supported most he the stituency and accept populations, to animal latitude in more swings had in- Leopold wildlife livestock, with of Working stead 1955)? Fowle time over and varied (Edwards number the if could what number But a determined. such be that implied and term the managers, using confronting simply issue practical the time. was in point This a particular a animals at many support could how habitat given is, address—that wildlife it to and question intended Sayre range the was begged both capacity In carrying resolved. management, easily so tension not underlying the was but guide, in- dynamic an to and norm ductive static and ideal an from capacity carrying (Botkin biologists conservation 1990). today’s chal- facing major the lenges of some constitute capacity based carrying efforts on management past of consequences tended competitors, unin- The native functioning. ecosystem predators, and diversity, of genetic expense the but example, at for often achieved, many were game of and distribution fish and of species of abundance the mistakes in the increase stabilization or and management: successes wildlife the twentieth-century both in complicit 126 h rbe eaesilmr ct rud1940, around acute more still became problem The carrying Leopold’s embrace not did scientists Range of reworking complete a achieved nearly Leopold Y arigabre u san as but burden a carrying X be- ifrn giutrlssesi h ein h aver- The region. the in for systems capacity” agricultural carrying different land veg- “the and calculating soils the in of of etation, types eight Provinces mapped Western had which and “Ecological colony, Eastern an on the drew of He Survey” usage.” conditions land of African systems under and populations human for capac- ities carrying land estimating Agriculture, of method of “a Director developed Assistant is- Allan, the address William To sue, only 18). remained 1949, areas (Allan other populated sparsely whereas places, some in an ple peo- created many too had population”: Copperbelt, of labor maldistribution the “extreme with in combined mines to colonists, Appropriation migration white coercively. for and farmland to of directly Rhodesia— capacity quite Northern carrying of people offi- applying colony Wisconsin, Zambia—were British of today’s University the the in at cials students his to (282). tools” for on land of arrived the means of we by capacity When man carrying . the raised . we . scene small. the was America virgin Indians of in number characteristic humans “[T]he static: for not capacities were carrying acknowledged, that explicitly terms, racialized also Yet in 284) 1991) 1991, ([1941] [1941] moratorium Leopold a (Leopold call not increase?” why human . . hu- on . in so “If mechanism asked: self-limiting he and a mans, specu- such he be War, might 283). lated, 1991, individual the [1941] of (Leopold habits creature” and form, color, im- the at- as as “probably “fixed mutable suggested, as he populations, understood of be tributes” should mechanisms Such ua ouain“yaaoywt animals”: about with thoughts analogy “by some population venture human to on went land He in emphasis that original). 282, of 1991, [1941] capacity (Leopold species” carrying that num- the for characteristic is its number has That land ber. every in animal Every characteristic but animals, of characteristic kinds only and not carries politics he environment about horizon, “Every teach war. the could on 1941, ecology II March what War pondered In World into death. entry his U.S. with after not long lecture until a in published only although himself, “habitats.” this specific did by Leopold deer, or livestock like carried, ing ttevr ieLooddlvrdti lecture this delivered Leopold time very the At n ftecretfo upyi nsgt Lood[1941] (Leopold sight. in 282) is 1991, supply the food before current act the to of limitation end some for is sequence usual that the another; to kind one from inexplicably that shift and often species; they single a for even diverse, are limitation mechanisms for the that self-limiting; animal that usually is are ecology populations of lessons emphatic most the of One numbers feach of ... . Downloaded By: [Sayre, Nathan F.] At: 17:05 28 February 2008 ouaincmiain bv hc n ol expect could one which environment– above combination, an population of density” population “critical the as means. cartographic and much precisely by quantitative but elaborate was 1820, more in It Godwin maps. by employed the method a the from for derived land” region, of percentage given “cultivable then crops was the This by staple 8). multiplied 1949, of (Allan area population” of of land head per family “estimate a an from yielded of supply “number holding,” food the their by obtaining divided crops, people staple in acreage age “ aaiyle ntefc htteter fhomeostasis of theory the that fact the in carrying lies of capacity concept the of weakness “the empirical words, principal (1975) Brush’s funda- Stephen in was flawed; capacity would mentally carrying scholars that cases, conclude both development eventually In international 1998). by of (Turner calculated part projects capacities as carrying scientists of range name the in tion sedentariza- and 1975, elsewhere relocation, destocking, and (Brush forced Africa endured in cultivation” pastoralists shifting Meanwhile, 799). as producing such food methods simple study practicing to populations capacity “native carrying employing method, Allan’s 85). 1949, so (Allan doing degree” them excessive prevent an to to the is induce second to the is move, difficulty to people first “The report: closing the the of in words evident is exploitation pro- labor increased and was duction imperative 1949, overriding (Allan the capacity” That 83). carrying their of to areas maximum new the the receiving populate “to of goal overall condition an modify under a land, to as forced practices also agricultural were their People duress. under took relocations place that moves clear patently these is represent it but to voluntary, as pains tradi- Allan’s at 76). the was 1949, report of published (Allan basis systems” “re-establish the agricultural to on tional moved” balance be population-land de- to a calculations have the that “would people than termined 160,800 less the was of This third area.” a population- the complete throughout “a balance restoring land of hopes 52,000 in “about people” of “transfer” colonial the the Ac- effected 1945, administration 18–19). through 1942 1949, years (Allan the in for” cordingly, called has is point possibly action critical and drastic the immediate [W]here exceeded, greatly . been . already . policy. land prin- of cardinal “The a ciple be 22). should anomalies 1949, such (Allan of adjustment erosion” soil “land from and result degradation would that “starvation” avoid to interven- tions severe justify to served turn, in This, original). addegradation land tti cl,cryn aaiycudb interpreted be could capacity carrying scale, this At ntefloigtodcds nhoooit refined anthropologists decades, two following the In oocr(la 99 7 mhssin emphasis 17, 1949, (Allan occur to ” h eei,Hsoy n iiso arigCpct 127 Capacity Carrying of Limits and History, Genesis, The arigcpct htprae eea s fteterm the of use general pervades of that sense capacity neo-Malthusian the carrying the to as and rise continents giving concept globe, to the entire scale of the object expanded the- and the and humans took deductive other to The applied oretical. and inductive capac- from carrying ity of basis but epistemological object the its transferred as fauna overlapping and ap- flora and retained with audiences One divergent plications. widely II, but origin War of points World after concurrently rie dmspeeesr a emdi ipy“an simply it termed had not predecessors oth- or Odum’s had aptly erwise: capacity, asymptote carrying a called the been previously However, 1978; 1985). (Hutchinson for- curve Kingsland of logistic long all the (if of 1920s, original author the gotten) the Pearl, as in Raymond Verhulst Volterra recognized of whom Vico work and the Lotka, on Alfred drawing was Odum definitive: as that viewed distinction had very Leopold the collapsing by difficulties these Ecology, textbook, landmark his experimental or In building replication. theory to itself lend not did ity today. i arigcpct inf n longer? any signify capacity what carrying predictive, did and was calculable, it normative, if stable, But not itself. concept numerical the and in stasis, embedded idealism, expression the capacity— to people—can directly or traced carrying wildlife, be livestock, of to failures applied whether practical The refutable” (806). nor testable neither is concept the to inherent K piiainadDnmcEquilibrium Dynamic and Optimization : h w eann sso arigcpct emerged capacity carrying of uses remaining two The h uv n t pe smtt eentnew: not were asymptote upper its and curve The origi- in emphasis nal) 122, 1953, (Odum the level. saturation called the aptly been has and envi- curve in upper changes the major major represents no no ronment) (assuming which occur beyond can level increase upper the The of less variability environment. or or constancy more the to fluctuates according reached size irregularly is population level equilibrium the less which or more around a until . . in- . resistance creases environmental the as down slows then finally fashion and , interest . compound . or . exponential in first creasing at are slow population individuals area is unoccupied few growth an sig- a enter, or When a into, fashion. introduced in S-shaped size or in moid increase characteristically Populations capac- carrying of notion Leopold’s earlier, noted As dm(93 xrctdcryn aaiyfrom capacity carrying extricated (1953) Odum asymptote eoe eyrpd in- rapid, very becomes cryn capacity” “carrying udmnasof Fundamentals fteS-shaped the of ..., or Downloaded By: [Sayre, Nathan F.] At: 17:05 28 February 2008 2 Sayre growth.” of limit upper 128 nrdcin n nain eetesadr fpopu- of standard though the as were was invasions It and States. introductions United the Washing- in starlings Island, and Protection ton, on on sheep pheasants species: Tasmania, animal introduced curve, among S-shaped however, same the found also disease Odum or outbreaks). disturbance, soil wildfire, spa- after small (e.g., very scales on tial except environment, an such en- into rarely ter only species Or, lived longer 125). most 1953, never: perhaps, (Odum organisms” oc- other only or in histories casionally life short or with organisms year in every oftener occur may new, this occurs a environment; into form introduced unoccupied is growth or enters fundamental population the opportu- the when best observe “The experiments): to lab nity in (such used organisms those short-lived field, as at the looked in one observed if be especially could that of situations labo- to absence the ratory the likened or- then in of He obtain resistance.” increase” would “environmental natural that of rate the rate ganisms: condi- “intrinsic the laboratory as under tions any growth from before). characterized abstracted ships Odum with organisms as of (rather whatsoever property environment a as fixed pear and Ideal capacities. carrying 123) fixed constant ideal, revealed a 1953, environments maintain (Odum fluctuation, to new as continually environment” little long added so are very balanced media being with mortality definite and and reached natality sharp rather is “a settings, and asymptote such food, In forth. temperature, optimized so of repro- artificially conditions for under environmental observation suitability and to duction referred 1985). (Kingsland thus chemistry explicitly “Convenient” mathematical and was more physics that on a ecology modeled systems toward historical turn less larger pioneer, and helped the had of 123). Pearl beetles, that part 1953, studies flour (Odum the flies, were organisms” These fruit convenient other of or studies instead 123)—but “laboratory 1953, (Odum from by” come to hard incomplete, and “few, were conceded, Odum field measurements populations,” of field growth population of on kind cited—“data Leopold the that from not derived was Moreover, it species. multiple of on observations but of species handful same a the rested of curve observations multiple 1953, sigmoid on (Odum the not pond” of new universality a in The fish 122–23). in with flies fruit or with bottle dealing milk is a one whether of again regardless and . again . . observed that “been fact possibility in had consistency hypothetical such that asserted a Odum verification, empirical awaited as points saturation yacroslgc arigcpct ol hnap- then could capacity carrying logic, curious a By 8 hra epl a treated had Leopold Whereas ec emte h eeomn fmdl htcould exis- that models mathematical of its development field, the permitted the tence in observed be though Even never 123). 1953, (Odum capacity” carry- ing the approaches size population as re- rate potential production the in reduction increasing an which about itself, brings population growing the by re- created environmental equa- sistance “the such infer could Using one argued, capacity. he carrying tions, 123) as (1953, define Odum to which chose ” asymptote,’ ‘upper or sible, the In 1985). equation, (Kingsland 1920 in Reed Lowell and Raymond Pearl by derived independently pop- and human growth model ulation to (1838) Verhulst by equation proposed differential first a 123) 1953, (Odum lo- curve,” the gistic approach closely very curves “Such mathemati- equation. a population cal as curve modeling sigmoid the expressing significance: by growth enormous of turn evaluated. observed be actual should which cases against nature, in growth lation xml,cudb oee sitrcigpopulations interacting as modeled be for Kaibab, could the example, of execution, wolves and inputs, deer The design, observation. and of control technical gen- more erally: engineering or shipbuilding of re- those conditions sembled where from laboratories, developed could in wild models produced findings the using in calculated population in indirectly a found be of be growth could The concepts nature. predecessor its of tributes or characterize to arguments. capacity his carrying conceptualize however, not, term did the experi- Chapman employ laboratory beetles. from flour results with present ments to on 114). went 1928, He (Chapman resistance” bi- environmental and the reproduction, the between of rate balance potential the the or of potential, result otic a is found be which organisms may the of of quantity resistance the the that against and environment, pitted is animal reproduc- the of rate of potential tion the which in system a in nature have we that evident seems of “[I]t abundance.” threshold “animal determine the that factors” on “environmental the now quantifying were ecologists to mathematics proclaimed, Chapman electromagnetism, used and had energy of Ohm laws and deduce Fourier bod- as solid Just through the ies. electricity to and environments heat of of their behavior transmission to the response likened in Chapman and populations it, Leopold In both cited. which Odum (1928), an to Chapman traced be by can article It capacity. carrying ideal static, a by species. multiple or single for tested and elaborated be h atr iiaiysgetdamethodological a suggested similarity pattern The dmscryn aaiymd tapa htteat- the that appear it made capacity carrying Odum’s necessitated concept a was resistance Environmental K eoe temxmmpplto iepos- size population maximum “the denoted K could Downloaded By: [Sayre, Nathan F.] At: 17:05 28 February 2008 n niomn sfcosdtriigpopulation determining factors as environment and ocre.Pol ih netoal le their alter condi- manipulated intentionally scientists as might were environment—much variability humans People the where especially concerned. by itself, intractable environment of rendered was growth ahrta hp n twseulbilrte than rather the- and equilibrial stable. numerical, oretically was ideal, nonetheless it was it and But system static. ship, dynamic a a of than attribute rather an Carry- now biology. was population capacity of ing field advance new to the and in management both research help about could decisions results make the to and site interest, given of a species and affecting circumstances be reflect could to around models modified point The fluctuated. fixed numbers exhibiting a actual which synchronicity, is, lagged equilibrium—that in dynamic a fell and rose that imi uv. ae ntesuy dmpredicted Odum study, the a that: on to Based growth Ray- curve.” population (by world sigmoid human study “fitted 1936 that in Pearl) a interest mond citing extreme wrote, he of demography,” are asymptotes and forms upper concept growth capacity “Population in episte- unmanageable. carrying was became the his that it of population difficulties and mological human humans, global to to applied relation be could capacity curve” theoretical 124–25). a 1953, with is (Odum data attempt actual an compare before to op- population made actually the are control equation evi- to the have erating in to factors needs the Mere One that avoided. curve. dence be sigmoid to a is produce curve-fitting will mathematical which many by equations are predicted “There or means: explained as mathematical patterns observed the ing treat- for grounds sufficient not was equation differential Verhulst’s fitting Simply describe. to attempted it reality h rbe fdsigihn ewe organisms between distinguishing of problem The 2700, year the in million upper 2,645 an is of reach should asymptote million, and 2,200 phase about acceleration now negative in world, the of population the rae yta ie owa xetthe extent what To . in- . not . is time. beings that human by for creased world the of capacity carrying h nevl Ou 93 2,epai noriginal) in emphasis 125, 1953, (Odum during interval. unchanged capacity the largely carrying remain the will environment that the sure of is man one of curve unless populations sigmoid organisms future of or the size use maximum not the predict should to one answer. meantime, an obtain actively the to being In us help form question should growth populations a the animal of of is studies raised Continued present. be at debated can man for tote dmas eonzdta i ocp fcarrying of concept his that recognized also Odum the for model his mistaking against cautioned Odum h eei,Hsoy n iiso arigCpct 129 Capacity Carrying of Limits and History, Genesis, The pe asymp- upper provided the i w ale ruet nderiving in arguments notwithstanding capacity, earlier carrying own of his notion from population static retreat low- to their a chose (or here which Odum Leopold, raised toward Like moved. that asymptote the ways ered) laboratories—in in tions ooia iho ihu pelt yh Environ- same the myth. tau- were to capacity was carrying appeal and it an resistance without and mental was or origins, capacity with its carrying tological from this: concept than engineer’s stronger the is alloyed However, case nature.” envy, about physics myths to “prescientific the with capacity in carrying attributes contained of assumptions He concept nature” achieved. of ever “balance has the and ca- carrying wildlife nature,” into for in research pacities that observed all is been curve-fitting never mere “logis- has 40ff), growth empiri- (1990, Botkin to tic to up According stands scrutiny. homo- assumption cal spatial neither and but curve geneity, growth idealized capacity an carrying assumed generalized of 112) postulate (1994, was the Zimmerer theory observes, As overall self-validating. the point but this lessen cases, model. by might particular cannot models in thus gap of this refining and and understand testing not rea- Repeated do for including we fluctuating, sons always is capacity rying asymptote time. the over of changed value gross the if even increase,” of rate eon hsddntrft h nvraiyo h sig- the of universality the refute a not by did followed thus decline rebound Any carrying limits. of its instance imposing an as capacity interpreted be could wild in population the a of growth the in downturn observed Any (1953, growth been affecting 130). environ- factors not as between population have and quantitatively” ment ecologists distinguish far, to “so able that concluded previously, mentioned he review- populations After introduced 129). the (1953, ing growth” environ- changes population distinguish and to as to environment due year by difficult to caused it year changes making between from thus changes asymp- changes, itself “the ment . that . conceded . he tote starlings, for curve the ol tl esi oeit vntog hynvrex- environment. never The from they independently though even themselves population exist, on pressed to checks said Nonetheless, be internal still changed. logic, could same have the to by capac- inferred and carrying be different the could then a ity before, at than occurred size sigmoid downturn population the next follow the again If would pattern. that new a growth of of initiation period the signaled it curve—rather, moid ae oehr hs ruet ugse htcar- that suggested arguments these together, Taken dmtre hsdfclyit ite however. virtue, a into difficulty this turned Odum shape ftecresgie nogns’ “intrinsic organism’s an signified curve the of K Discussing . Downloaded By: [Sayre, Nathan F.] At: 17:05 28 February 2008 3 Sayre Population (Over) Human Global and “nature” of idealist—dualism organisms. entirely underlying— an of and ends opposite from viewed concept 130 tWsosna n fLoodsgaut tdns(C. students graduate Leopold’s of one as Wisconsin enrolled at nearly he Later, by there. witnessed affected he deeply poverty the was throughout and America work Central had reconnaissance and he South doing sanctuary; war bird a the of spent curator been had college of aiefr ale ocdi em fsi rso and erosion soil of civilizations. ancient terms nar- of collapse in apocalyptic the voiced American earlier an form extended rative it as War World even of II, horrors the of born pessimism fatalistic of audience, 1948 popular in a for Published Vogt. William ornithologist and gist book the in origins its have to population in biology. establish helped Odum application else- that and type audience, arose the scale, from capacity in differs carrying it of and where, type final the Rather, hu- indefinitely. theory—that capacity carrying their in increase arguments might least mans his advocate possibility—at and the not capacity, open did carrying left of Odum notion however, a seen, such check. have every of we bringing path by the As only into victims if of problem, numbers the population larger of growing root the the as and as emerges checks, conversely, such appears, the of vice done empiri- and that evidence Every yet misery and of true. not “checked,” instance empirically cal has be therefore it must is life that principle that fact means The so earth. overpop- the rapidly ulate would constraints, absence environmental the of in life, argument, rhetorically: and Malthus’s substantively drove both “environment” lim- (God- of the and itations its plenitude this by self-reproduction. between exuberant contradiction life, The to much given that the is plenitude: nature, in given) of origins its principle years sees older 150 (1967) some Glacken Malthus earlier. by of famous “principle made so-called population” the to short- Odum expression way actual scientific this ob- an gave In resource. as every environmental appear some allowed of to age nonetheless it from norm knowl- deviation a but served such course, This of of popula- environment. empirically, edge its a occur to if never relation could expected without be lived could tion what precision with h e-atuinueo arigcpct appears capacity carrying of use neo-Malthusian The expressed it, formulated Odum as capacity, Carrying odt Survival to Road odt Survival, to Road 9 otsfis o out job first Vogt’s atrdastrain a captured yecolo- by eitnewscnue noeitneb rtpositing first by existence into conjured environmental was tautology: resistance a was section “equation” preceding Vogt’s the that from strik- evident are be should theory it Odum’s and ing, with parallels The (Vogt 22). potential” 1948, biotic of the numbers upon great acting always factors but limiting practi- varying of The the sum . the by is . which imposed . is year. ceiling every cal lower dropping world the large of very “a number and conditions,” “an extraordinary had under cept wrote, Vogt or potential, absolute environmen- Biotic for resistance. E and tal potential, biotic for B capacity, rwllf aaeeto naaei biology: academic in or range management in attempted wildlife been or had than it scales applied in- larger he vastly and he to importance, its but and reality existence,” its civilized on sisted of terms in expression deviated. necessarily which from reality capacity, empirical carrying called limit theoretical a qain:C equation”: preserve. the or on sanctuary understood a be of should model earth environmental— the ecological—and that and an sense,” in world one in Survival to 2007). January 25 communication, e-mail Meine, h niomn n nraigpoutvt appeared productivity increasing and Protecting environment 22). the 1948, (Vogt control ir- insect reducing as and rigation such by measures increased through be resistance environmental must capacity practice, in carrying meant, means” that his within live must . . . that “man imperative ecological the message: was schizophrenic result a The he overpopulated. two, already except these were concluded, but world Antarctica—all the and in America continent North every car- of the capacity evaluated He rying production. food and land arable otcnee ht“h qainfid complicated finds equation “the that conceded Vogt otdfie arigcpct sn “bio- a using capacity carrying defined Vogt ieMlhs otrdcdteevrnetto environment the reduced Vogt Malthus, Like 1948, (Vogt out. wiped the be 16–17) will of race some human three- the least of of at that quarters judgment probable is the it authorities, in informed best comes, this when And the from death war’s of skies. downpour searing can the mankind escape that these long probability ignore little to is continue there we if relationships, Indeed, lot race. the human of the improvement of is considerable there any free, of not are possibility who no men of rulers and of everywhere, thinking men the free into world of thinking a the on into relationships enters scale these of understanding an Until ogtt esaeisraesta w l live all “we that readers its persuade to sought practical theoretical = ,i hc to o carrying for stood C which in E, : B elns”wihwr i otof most “in were which ceilings,” eln hti ee ece,ex- reached, never is that ceiling niomna resistance, environmental Road Downloaded By: [Sayre, Nathan F.] At: 17:05 28 February 2008 rt;w utas,“nhmndcnya elas well as decency human “in also, he wisely, must more we Americans resources natural wrote; we our must steward to only learn sustained Not for compensated abuse. than so environmental more was had which it bountifulness,” that “lush great prosperity its America’s on that solely asserted rested he foreword, his In en- timely. once geo-politically at and was deterministic that vironmentally agenda political a propound could capacity. the carrying by of concept united identical—goals, harmonious—even as n aaiyt ocueta h ruto a already has irruption carry- the occurred: that use conclude Hardin, herd to and the capacity Vogt ing let like not Ehrlichs, Do The irrupt. deer: one the regarding as reached same the Leopold basically both, is for prescription humans; logical or the animals of number only finite can a that support pasture a larger to their world illustrate the sci- likening to arguments, range capacity carrying the of employ sense Anne Hardin ence and and Paul Vogt and Both neo-Malthusian Hardin Ehrlich. Garrett subsequent as of such work ecologists the through tail for standard living 22–23). lower 1948, (Vogt a numbers” or excessive people, lim- of for increases numbers standards the ited rises, living land higher the of population of possibility and capacity carrying wealth the between “When size: trade-off direct a see Strategy World called of book Atlas a worker; An from per adapted wages was graph weekly the thirty- in in measured standards” his countries, “living for four of chose graph bar He well- a xiv). less frontispiece 1948, help (Vogt to peoples” resources endowed our use self-protection, in oisrsucsadtecpct fteevrnetto area’s environment the to the is, of that capacity activities; human the relative sustain and area an resources in its people of to popula- numbers the not but is density overpopulation tion understanding to key The 83,epai noriginal) in nation emphasis every 38–39, virtually overpopulated and vastly planet already entire is the standard, this By is area that occupants, be- human overpopulated. clearly current is its area by an short, degraded of ing In capacity population. carrying long-term the the support if to capacity environment the the degrading of without and ones) nonrenewable into resources renewable converting (or nonre- resources depleting newable rapidly without maintained be can’t tion pacity. otsagmnscnb rcdwt eakbede- remarkable with traced be can arguments Vogt’s Vogt together, wedded thus wealth and ecology With hni nae vrouae?We t popula- its When overpopulated? area an is When twsalgclnx tpto step next logical a was It . ErihadErih1990, Ehrlich and (Ehrlich . h eei,Hsoy n iiso arigCpct 131 Capacity Carrying of Limits and History, Genesis, The lblWar, Global arigca- carrying Conclusion rmawd ag fsucsadfils tsesthat seems It fields. and sources of range wide support a empirical claims from a it as ago: even years of evidence, means 200 empirical by irrefutable than and self-validating more is set that theory first into hyperbole. trap fallen conceptual disciplines—have a and other pop- many from traction more entists sci- prominent the political with ecologists—along Neo-Malthusian and providing “scientific” credibility more ular the academic another, one lending into blurred have the capacity.” carrying others, transgress the not for shalt Thou as be must populations commandment prime human nonetheless “for he that but humans, insists to applied when more complex are things that concedes He well-informed.” the problem to serious no definition presents its circumstances and particular . its in . world . problems nonhuman few the presents “In application capacity: con- carrying the of in cept discerned have managers wildlife and range h rgn fisflw ob overlooked. be to flaws its of origins its allowing the however, between attention, links eluded have incoher- The uses question-begging. theoretically different best is at it or variable, ent if as but conceived vacuous; is it empirically it static, but as elegant conceived theoretically is is capacity of carrying If value value.” possible its the “When ago: succinctly years several point thirty the in nearly put noted 21) been (1978, Hutchinson have The fields. capacity meaning? carrying larger of of much distortion flaws to crippling expanded a without pipeline—be ship, scales a a or or dish pasture Petri a a scales—in bounded small, discerned very something at can be- human Finally, processes of control? natural human function yond of a it or in Is adaptation, grass real? and of or technology amount ideal, a the it of (like Is one pasture)? tonnage a dynamic the a be (like as capacity quantity or carrying ship) fixed Should a uses. as various understood character- its conflated of frequently istics due but flaws contrasting conceptual the serious to with plagued been has ity trap. this into people many so decoy luring major in a 1950—was and 1890 between when credibility exist not his wrote did Malthus that concept capacity—a carrying K scniuul nraig ehltseuto loses equation Verhulst’s increasing, continuously is h w otWrdWrI sso arigcapacity carrying of uses II War post–World two The that flaws the of unaware apparently is (1986) Hardin xeti t alet iea es,cryn capac- carrying sense, literal earliest, its in Except Essay n htaqie t scientific its acquired that and Downloaded By: [Sayre, Nathan F.] At: 17:05 28 February 2008 sceri hti savr ulto o understanding for tool dull very a is it What that history. is its clear throughout it is expres- at to clung numerical content have and that any stasis, sion idealism, has the capacity without whether carrying all unclear of is repres- It concept social 63). the and 2001, [1974] economic, experience (Harvey political, sion” invariably of non-elite form dominated the society some then a elite, in an hold by seizes overpopulation of theory a pas- “Whenever and campaigns. sedentarization ramifi- “relocations” toralist colonial serious in have witnessed can as mistake cations, reality This of itself. model reality to the for mistake intrinsic to somehow nature—is history—as idealized an and time abstrac- in from limits environmental tion of conceive To ship. a Sayre ideal, much an how of Determining measure state. quantitative and the fixed, of agencies by appli- cation serial criticisms, through the reinforced been all undoubtedly despite have power, and durability coher- or Its of appropriate ent. scrutiny was of application foreclosing new authority somehow the and whether while uses familiarity earlier the its on capitalized have 132 ol oasi,btta osntmk h world the make not does that but the ship, let liken a quantifiable, can to or One world controllable. static and rarely predictable are rather, alone limits point, such The that it. is from meaningless—far nonex- or are specify istent to purports it limits the that mean not impossible. be to out in turns values case its given determining a if even exists, referent affirmed tacitly its has that one term, Pandora’s the used linguistic has of one once kind box: a from ca- benefited in carrying has constructions, relations pacity ideal actual than to rather another. world, refer to the to field appearing one by from moved Moreover, it a potency as has its persistence something enabled and carry limit?—has stable to and capacity measurable one’s aided that understand itself, idea cannot term the sensibleness—who the of intuitive continuity its the by though as is motivated. It economically or politically have as otherwise revealed might been rational- that policies objectivity, to precision of and ity, appearance an provided illusory, they proved capacities and desired carrying was when control Even where asserted. areas other in rat- use exerted—has its be ified usually could control bounded, where systems applications—in small has certain it in That worked conservation. and as communications, transporta- varied tion, planning, as management, areas resource in taxation, government of ambition abiding Y hudcne,spot rpouei,i per,an appears, it is, produce or support, convey, should httecneto arigcpct a iisdoes limits has capacity carrying of concept the That capacity carrying of proponents use, new each In X given a like .Ti sPals(94 omlto;Vrus aldit called Verhulst formulation; (1924) Pearl’s is This 8. (1970, Caughley day. this to disputed be to continue They was 7. capacity” “carrying that evidence found not have I 6. of table a presented article scholarly a 1961, as recently can As example, 5. for blood, of capacity oxygen-carrying The 4. always. not but international, were disputes the Typically 3. h ope nerltoso uaswt h aeof face the with earth. humans the of interrelations complex the Notes Acknowledgments .Atneuld10cbcfe.Dfeetcutisused countries Different feet. cubic 100 equaled ton A 2. calcu- to attempts earlier several reviews (1995) Cohen 1. Research. on Committee California-Berkeley of University the by supported was research The drafts. apply. disclaimers earlier usual improve The to suggestions valuable criti- and Karl excellent cism provided Workshop, all referees Politics four and Environmental Zimmerer, the partici- in Hayden, pants Cori McCullough, Dale Guy Huntsinger, Lynn Fredrickson, McClaran. Mitch Ed and Robinett, Havstad, Dan McPherson, Kris Ogden, conversations can many Phil assistance I from with research benefited than whose I times magnificent. Miroff, was Nick more to article and this count, with me assisted “ “ (2002). Young see story, deer Kaibab comprehensive the evidence a of For treatment independent interpretation. found Leopold’s (2006) support how- to al. recently, et More Binkley upsurge confounded.” an ever, hopelessly in are resulted have deer may of that inconsis- factors and the unreliable and “are tent, data the relied that Leopold concluding that on, evidence the dismantled famously 56) research. further ori- warrants their question at the systems but these gins, of formulation the in employed 492). 1961, attributed (Sukhatme and diet worker in per improvements moved to stone of Rica—measured meters Costa cubic in ca- in 1946” carrying and of 1943 increase between great pacity “a showing as described data journals. medical recent in found be 595). 1867, D. under F. fall (J. to by jurisdiction judged federal capacity—and used—were carrying they rivers in the tons extension, ten central over a was Vessels rivers issue: navigable the on which ships in of Iowa capacity of carrying state the and government between dispute federal a the settled Court Supreme U.S. the 1867, In mgaeu oCr en,woecuae and encouraged who Meine, Curt to grateful am I ifrn ehd ocluaeasi’ ong,however, tonnage, ship’s the a so calculate to methods different how- capacity, carrying term ever. none the that employed appears efforts It these of Godwin. neglects he from although first 1628, the population, human maximum earth’s the late almt sup l’extr limite la m iied apopulation la de limite eme ˆ OED ento ih o aeapidi Texas. in applied have not might definition rer el population la de erieure ´ 14,9). (1845, ” 13,16 or 116) (1838, ” Downloaded By: [Sayre, Nathan F.] At: 17:05 28 February 2008 la,W 1949. W. Allan, References con- anecdotes (fictionalized) opening Vogt’s of Several 9. atl,G . .E otn n .K ere.19.An 1993. Perrier. K. G. and Norton, E. B. B., G. Bartels, ene . .Sons n .Kre,es 1993. eds. Kerven, C. and Scoones, I. R., Behnke, ike,D,M .Moe .H om,adP .Brown. M. P. and Romme, H. W. Moore, M. M. D., Binkley, history A Southwest: the of ranges Cattle 1898. L. H. Bentley, ry .L 91 h clgclrltoso h vegetation the of relations ecological The 1901. L. W. Bray, lmns .E 1920. E. F. Clements, with populations, ungulate of for Eruption capacity 1970. G. carrying Caughley, of concept The 1975. B. S. Brush, 1990. B. D. Botkin, hpa,R .12.Teqatttv nlsso environ- of analysis quantitative The 1928. N. R. Chapman, oe,J .1995. E. J. Cohen, ab .M 83 ntetpgah n elg fSanto of geology and topography the On 1873. M. W. Gabb, 1982. R. 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