Perhaps the most positive recent development was the government’s lifting of its longtime advertising ban of The Namibian newspaper. NAMIBIA 284 MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX 2012 INTRODUCTION OVERALL SCORE: 2.56 NAMIBIA Namibia has earned the reputation of being one of the most media-friendly countries on the African continent. A report by Reporters without Borders (Press Freedom Index 2011/2012) noted that Namibia is among the “African countries where no attempts to obstruct the media were reported in 2011.” Reasons Nfor the positive review include the adoption of a Code of Ethics for Namibian Media, which allows for self-regulation of media outlets; and the successful establishment of a self-regulating media ombudsman, who is responsible for addressing complaints from the public. In addition, the media field remains open and transparent, with a multitude of commercial, community, and public media outlets. A new radio station, HitRadio Namibia, oriented to Namibia’s German-speaking population, hit the airwaves in July 2012, bringing the total of commercial radio stations to eight. Perhaps the most positive recent development was the government’s lifting of its longtime advertising ban of The Namibian newspaper. As reported in August 2011 by menafn.com (Middle East North Africa Financial Network), for 10 years a cabinet directive had restricted government ministries and departments from advertising in The Namibian and had forbidden government employees from purchasing the paper because of its perceived anti-government stance and criticism of government policies. The lifting of the directive allows government staff to purchase copies and place advertisements in the newspaper, as dictated by governmental tender requirements—thus giving governmental employees access to the paper’s information coverage. Worryingly, however, violations against the media have occurred since the 2010 MSI, including defamation suits and assaults. Even government ministers have expressed outrage at the media. As detailed on the Namibian Sun newspaper’s website on November 17, 2011, Youth Minister Kazenambo Kazenambo publically ripped up a copy of the paper because it had angered him. Politically, the country remains stable, with a majority-ruling party. However, opposition party protests of the 2009 National Assembly election results dragged on, reaching the Supreme Court. As reported by the African Elections Database, the ruling party, the South West Africa People’s Organization (SWAPO), won 75.27 percent of the 2009 vote; followed by the RDP (Rally for Democracy and Progress) with 11.31 percent. Other parties received less than 4 percent of voter support. Taken together, positive developments worked to increase slightly Namibia’s overall MSI score, from 2.40 in 2010 to 2.56 in 2012. MSI scores rose in the indicators for free speech, professional journalism, and plurality of news sources. However, lower scores in business management also reflected panelists’ concern with progress in that objective, especially the high cost of production and lack of proper market research on the media in Namibia. Supporting institutions continue their work, with little change in the corresponding score. NAMIBIA 285 NAMIBIA AT A GLANCE GENERAL MEDIA-SPECIFIC > Population: 2,165,828 (2011 est., CIA World Factbook) > Number of active print, radio stations, television stations: 5 daily publications (The Namibian, Die Republikein, New Era, Allgemeine > Capital City: Windhoek Zeitung, Namibian Sun), 5 weeklies (Windhoek Observer, Informanté, > Ethnic groups (% of population): Ovambo about 50%, Kavango 9%, The Villager, Namibia Today, Confidénte); Radio Stations: 10 public Herero 7%, Damara 7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, San 3%, Baster 2%, broadcasters, 8 commercial broadcasters, 5 community broadcasters; and Tswana 0.5%.(CIA World Factbook) Television Stations: 1 public broadcaster (NBC TV), 1 commercial broadcaster (One Africa Television), 1 community broadcaster (Trinity > Religions (% of population): Christian 80% to 90% (Lutheran 50% at Broadcasting Network) least), indigenous beliefs 10% to 20% (CIA World Factbook) > Newspaper circulation statistics: Top two by circulation: The Namibian > Languages (% of population): English 7% (official), Afrikaans (50,000 print run, reaching 420,000 readers), Informanté (200,000 common language of most of the population and about 60% of the per month) white population, German 32%, indigenous languages 1% (includes Oshivambo, Herero, Nama) (CIA World Factbook) > Broadcast ratings: N/A > GNI (2011-Atlas): $10.934 billion (World Bank Development > News agencies: Namibia Press Agency (state owned) Indicators, 2012) > Annual advertising revenue in the media sector: Approximately > GNI per capita (2011-PPP): $6,600 (World Bank Development $175 million Indicators, 2012) > Internet usage: 127,500 (2009 est., CIA World Factbook > Literacy rate: 88.8% of adults over 15 years of age, 2010 estimate (CIA World Factbook 2012) > President or top authority: President Hifikepunye Pohamba (since March 21, 2005) Unsustainable, Anti-Free Press (0-1): Country does not meet or only minimally meets objectives. Government and laws actively hinder free media development, professionalism is low, and media-industry activity is minimal. MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX NAMIBIA Unsustainable Mixed System (1-2): Country minimally meets objectives, with segments of the legal system and government opposed to a free media system. Evident AINABLE T progress in free-press advocacy, increased SUS professionalism, and new media businesses 3.34 may be too recent to judge sustainability. 3.05 Near Sustainability (2-3): Country has 2.86 2.82 NEAR 2.75 2.75 AINABILITY progressed in meeting multiple objectives, T 2.66 2.65 2.63 2.59 2.58 with legal norms, professionalism, and 2.52 2.52 2.53 SUS 2.51 2.48 2.49 2.41 2.37 the business environment supportive of 2.27 2.24 2.23 2.20 2.21 2.16 independent media. Advances have survived AINABILITY T STEM changes in government and have been Y AINABLE T codied in law and practice. However, more SUS time may be needed to ensure that change is MIXED S UNSUS enduring and that increased professionalism and the media business environment are sustainable. AINABLE T Sustainable (3-4): Country has media that UNSUS ANTI-FREE PRESS are considered generally professional, free, 2006-07 2008 2009 2010 2012 2006-07 2008 2009 2010 2012 2006-07 2008 2009 2010 2012 2006-07 2008 2009 2010 2012 2006-07 2008 2009 2010 2012 FREE PROFESSIONAL PLURALITY OF BUSINESS SUPPORTING and sustainable, or to be approaching these SPEECH JOURNALISM NEWS SOURCES MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS objectives. Systems supporting independent OBJECTIVES media have survived multiple governments, economic uctuations, and changes in public opinion or social conventions. 286 MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX 2012 OBJECTIVE 1: FREEDOM OF SPEECH Marbeline Mwashekele, former director Namibia Objective Score: 2.82 of the Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA)-Namibia and a media activist, According to the panelists, Namibia has strong constitutional noted that the government “gives the and legal protections of freedom of speech, but society does not apply pressure to ensure enforcement. Sheena Magenya, impression that they ‘own’ the NBC. a freelance journalist and gender activist, said, “We simply Sometimes the director general has to do don’t push the boundaries. We don’t dig deeply enough also the checking of stories himself to see if in terms of investigative reporting.” She also noted that, in they are ‘SWAPO-friendly’ or not!” some cases, journalists face constraints that are based on hesitation to contradict tribal, religious, or cultural values. Some panelists referred to a “culture of fear,” but there was et cetera, but more often than not it [is] not there or debate on this topic. Umbiroo Karuaihe-Upi of the national [is] outdated.” Namibian Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) pointed out that the often-controversial comments reprinted in the SMS Panelists pointed to two other media challenges: the comment pages of daily newspapers, as well as the open numerous cases of defamation leveled against media phone-in programs on NBC, show that people can express practitioners, and the lack of state support for information themselves without fear. access. John Nakuta, a law lecturer and activist, noted the visit in 2009 of the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of However, the panelists observed that Namibia is weak Expression and Access to Information in Africa. According to overall regarding legislation on access to information, and achpr.org (the website of the African Commission on Human journalists tend to censor themselves out of fear of losing and People’s Rights), the rapporteur’s report highlighted a their jobs. Acquiring information from public institutions is serious gap in Namibian legislation, with the country having also challenging, because many public workers are fearful no act on access to information. Although the Office of the of releasing information without bureaucratic permissions. Prime Minister indicated that it is working on an act granting In addition, Mathew Haikali, a media activist, noted, the right to access information, the act had not been tabled “Online information [is] sometimes available from ministries, as of August 2012. The panelists observed that generally, the government does not interfere in the process of registering print LEGAL AND SOCIAL NORMS PROTECT AND PROMOTE publications, and journalists are not required to register FREE SPEECH AND ACCESS TO PUBLIC INFORMATION.