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Flowering Persistence and Pollinator Attraction of Early-Spring Bulbs in Warm-Season Lawns

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Flowering Persistence and Pollinator Attraction of Early-Spring Bulbs in Warm-Season Lawns TURF MANAGEMENT HORTSCIENCE 54(10):1853–1859. 2019. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI14259-19 bulbs can persist in zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) and bermudagrass (Cyno- don dactylon) in transition zone environ- Flowering Persistence and Pollinator ments, providing color and biodiversity to dormant turfgrass situations. However, both Attraction of Early-spring Bulbs in studies examined a small number of bulb entries, and neither study documented how Warm-season Lawns these plants might affect other organisms in the system, such as beneficial pollinating Michelle M. Wisdom, Michael D. Richardson, and Douglas E. Karcher insects. In highly managed turfgrass systems, Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, 316 Plant Science many flowering bulbs may be unable to Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701 withstand basic lawn cultural practices such as mowing or weed control. Donald C. Steinkraus Pollinator decline has been widely docu- Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, 319 Agriculture mented in recent years and has been asso- ciated with habitat and biodiversity loss, Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701 wide-spread planting of monocultures, pesti- Garry V. McDonald cide usage, pollinator pests and diseases, and climate change (Biesmeijer et al., 2006; Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, 316 Plant Science Goulson et al., 2015; Potts et al., 2010). Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Pollinator health is enhanced when diverse Additional index words. bermudagrass, buffalograss, Buchloe dactyloides, crocus, Cynodon floral resources are available throughout the seasons when pollinators are active (Abrol, dactylon, daffodil, grape hyacinth, pollinators, turfgrass 2011; Goulson et al., 2015; Wackers and van Abstract. Early-spring flowering bulbs can increase biodiversity while adding color to Rijn, 2012). Significant expanses of managed lawns and other grassy areas. However, few studies have investigated whether bulbs can turfgrasses, such as roadsides, cemeteries, flower and persist in warm-season lawns or provide feeding habitat for pollinating and lawns, represent land areas that might insects. Thirty early-spring flowering bulbs, including species of Anemone, Chionodoxa, be designed and managed to support polli- Crocus, Eranthis, Hyacinthus, Ipheion, Iris, Leucojum, Muscari, and Narcissus, were nating insects (Hopwood, 2008; Ries et al., established in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers) and buffalograss [Buchloe 2001). Historically, seed mixtures for lawns dactyloides (Nutt.) J.T. Columbus] lawns in late autumn 2015 in Fayetteville AR. Bulbs and pastures contained clover and other were assessed over three growing seasons for flowering characteristics, persistence, and legumes (Tyson, 1941), which were included their ability to attract pollinating insects. A growing degree day model was also developed to provide nitrogen to the grass plants to predict peak flowering times in our region. Numerous bulb entries produced abundant through symbiotic nitrogen fixation (Sincik flowers in bermudagrass and buffalograss lawns in the first year after planting, but and Acikgoz, 2007). However, a secondary persistence and flower production were reduced in both the second and third years of the benefit of those species was the abundant trial. Five bulbs persisted for multiple years in both turfgrass species and continued to floral habitat provided to pollinating insects produce flowers, including Crocus flavus Weston ‘Golden Yellow’ (crocus), Leucojum (Larson et al., 2014). With the advancement aestivum L. (spring snowflake), Narcissus (daffodil) ‘Baby Moon’, Narcissus ‘Rip Van of the synthetic herbicide and fertilizer in- Winkle’, and Narcissus ‘Tete-a-Tete’. Several bulbs, primarily crocuses and Muscari spp. dustry, flowering plants are often eliminated (grape hyacinth), were also observed to attract pollinating insects, principally honey bees from turfgrass systems, consequently remov- (Apis mellifera). These results demonstrate that some early-spring bulbs can persist in ing floral resources for pollinators. competitive warm-season turfgrasses, while providing pollinator forage, but species and Some flowering bulbs, such as crocus and cultivar selection is critical for long-term success. grape hyacinth, have been documented to provide forage resources for honey bees in early spring (Steinkraus, 2010), but informa- Flowering bulbs are known to naturalize discuss all of these plants, including those tion on pollinator preference over a wide in grassy areas like meadows and pastures with true bulbs, corms, tubers, and rhizomes. range of bulbs is limited. Identifying bulb (Bryan, 2002; Leeds, 2000). Although many Bulbs that naturalize in grassy areas must species that could both add color to dormant plant species are described as bulbs or geo- be vigorous enough to compete with the warm-season turfgrasses and supply nutrition phytes, their storage structures may be bo- grass, and grass systems must be managed to pollinators, could fill two roles in many tanically characterized as corms, rhizomes, in a way to not damage the bulbs (i.e., turfgrass ecosystems. If bulbs do not interfere or tubers (Hessayon, 1996). Examples of true postponing mowing or grazing until foliage with the majority of turfgrass cultural prac- bulbs include Hyacinthus (hyacinth), Mus- has had time to senesce) (Hessayon, 1996). tices, they could provide additional ecosys- cari (grape hyacinth), and Narcissus (daffo- More than 16 million hectares of managed tem services of lawns and encourage home dil) spp. (De Hertogh and Le Nard, 1993). turfgrass are cultivated in the United States and business owners to establish pollinator- Crocus (crocus) and Gladiolus (gladiola) and represent lawns, golf courses, parks, friendly habitats. The objectives of the cur- spp. produce corms, and tubers and rhizomes roadsides, cemeteries, and athletic playing rent study were to investigate a large number are found in Anemone (windflower) and fields (Milesi et al., 2005). Both temperate of early-spring flowering bulbs for persis- Eranthis (winter aconite) spp. (De Hertogh (cool-season) and tropical (warm-season) tence in warm-season turfgrasses and deter- and Le Nard, 1993). To simplify this discus- grasses are used in turf situations and they mine if flowers produced by early-spring sion here, the term ‘‘bulb’’ will be used to vary considerably in their growth phases, bulbs provide appropriate pollen and nectar with cool-season grasses growing most in resources for pollinating insects. spring and fall and warm-season grasses experiencing peak growth in the summer. Materials and Methods Received for publication 4 June 2019. Accepted for In the transition zone, warm-season turf- publication 31 July 2019. We gratefully acknowledge the technical assis- grasses can experience low-temperature in- Three field studies were established in tance provided by Paige Boyle, John McCalla, duced dormancy for up to 6 months of the Nov. 2015 at the University of Arkansas Daniel O’Brien, and Dan Sandor. year (Patton, 2012). Two previous studies Agricultural Research and Extension Center M.D.R. is the corresponding author. E-mail: (Mirabile et al., 2016; Richardson et al., located in Fayetteville, AR (lat. 36°05#46.8$N, [email protected]. 2015) demonstrated that some flowering long. 94°10#28.5$W NAD83, 394 m HORTSCIENCE VOL. 54(10) OCTOBER 2019 1853 NAVD88). The soil at the site was a Captina Table 1. Bulb entries tested in a bermudagrass and buffalograss lawn, including species, cultivar (if silt loam (fine-silty, siliceous, active, mesic known), and common name. Typic Fragiudults) with an average pH of 6.2. Scientific name Cultivar (if known) Common name Bulbs were incorporated into three distinct Anemone blanda Schott & Kotschy Blue Shades Windflower, thimbleweed full-sun areas: a site established in 2005 to Anemone blanda Pink Star Windflower, thimbleweed ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass, a site established in Chionodoxa forbesii Baker Pink Giant Glory of the snow 2010 to ‘Cody’ buffalograss, and a raised bed Chionodoxa sardensis Whittall ex Glory of the snow where the native Captina silt loam soil had Barr and Sugden been amended several times over a 5-year Crocus chrysanthus (Herb.) Herb. Blue Pearl Crocus Crocus chrysanthus Cream Beauty Crocus period with local compost and covered by pine Crocus flavus Weston Golden Yellow Crocus bark mulch, simulating a typical landscape Crocus isauricus Siehe ex Bowles Spring Beauty Crocus planting bed. The sites were chosen to test Crocus olivieri J. Gay subsp. balansae Zwanenburg Crocus differences in competitive habitats for the Crocus sieberi J. Gay Tricolor Crocus bulbs because bermudagrass is considered a Crocus tommasinianus Herb. Ruby Giant Crocus dense, aggressive turfgrass, whereas buffalog- Crocus vernus (L.) Hill Remembrance Crocus rass is considered a slower-growing, less Crocus vernus Flower Record Crocus aggressive native turfgrass (Christians et al., Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb. Winter aconite 2017). The raised bed was included to test and Hyacinthus orientalis L. Pink Pearl Hyacinth Ipheion uniflorum (Graham) Raf. Spring starflower establish the overall viability of the bulb Ipheion uniflorum Rolf Fiedler Spring starflower entries in the local climate with no competi- Iris danfordiae (Baker) Boiss. Iris tion from the turfgrass. Results from the raised Iris histrioides (G.F. Wilson) S. Arn. Katherine Hodgkin Iris bedhavebeenreportedelsewhere(Wisdom, Leucojum aestivum L. Spring snowflake 2018) and are not presented here; however, a Muscari Valerie Finnis Grape hyacinth
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