Ohananjayarao Gadgil Library mlillm~ mu mn illn I ml ~I GIPE-PUNE-098330 SHIVAJI A. (Britiah M-.m. befOR 1107., SHIV AJI AND· HIS TIMES
JADUNATH SARKAR, M.A., C~I.E., Honorary Member, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain.
gU4ent:d~ ~~en £7k~ g;., &l'ri.!\er.-aI,.W'II),
THIRD E.DITION THOROllCHLY REWRIITEN AND ENLARGED. Wflll ,F'OUR PORTRAITS.
M. C~ SARKAR & SONS CALCUTI'A 1929 R•. 5/- s}- \j~31'5, k · K\ FojF, ;:;<0330 ,/, . l.: I WORKS BY PR'6F. JADUNATH SARKAR
History of Aurangzib, ba.eel on originar louree•. Vol •.•. & II. Region of Shah Jaban. 2nd ed.• R•. s. .. III. Northern India, 1658-1681. 3td ed., R•. 3-8. .. IV. Southern India. 1645.1689, 2nd ed•• RI. 3-8. .. V. Last Phase, 1689.1707. RI. 4. Studies in Mugballndia, (22 hl.torical e.. ay.). R•. 2. Economics of British India, 5th edition, (in prep.) Anecdotes of Aurangzib, 2nd. ed.. Re. 1-8. Ahkam-i·AJamgjri, (Persian text of the Anecdote.). 2nd. ed.. Re. I. Mughal Administration, 2nd. ed.. RI. 3. Chaitanya's Life and Teachings, 2nd. ed.• R.. 2. . India Through the Ages, a 1Ul'Ve)' of the evolutien' • of Indian life and thought. (6 lecture.). Re: I~.... , \t
AU right. reaeroed.
hbliahecl by 8. O. 8arbr ...... of K_ K. 0. lerbr • 10M" ...J.&. IIwrWoa Ioa4. ... PrIAtecl!IF 8. O. ~ lid a-..a ~ 71-1. xu..... s..... ou.tIA. PREFACE TO THE THIRD .EDITION IN this edition more than hA the narrative h~ been entirely re-written and expanded; ~c!flsewhere, too, so many old statements and views have been modified as the result of a fresh study of the subjec.t that in its present form the book has practically' become a new one. A larger format and type have been used. Briefly speaking, the main points in which it diffets from the two earlier editions ace the following:- (a) The total rejectlon of 19th century fabrications, like the Uitnis bakhar, Shioa-digvijaya, the Vriha dishwar inscription, etc. (l» A cautious and' 'selective use of the middle 18th century sourceg, Iiuch as the 91-qalmi bakhar in its different recensions. (c) The full use.of contemporary French and Portuguese sources for' the first time, and of the Marathi chronologies (Shakaoalis.). C'.' '\ ~ The addition of aU the four portraits of Shivaji ~~~1.. .\ definitely known to be c~ntemporary, and of a ..:1.i 1., J full chronology in which the dates make a closer \7\ approximation to exact precision. An index has been now supplied for the first time. Besides adding the above features, I have made a fresh and Hetailed study of the old materials in the light of the newlY acquireq sources. In the course of the eight years that hav~ .'passed since the second edition was published, much new material has been collected. and a study of them as well as further reflection has naturally resulted in several minute corrections and changes in the details of the narrative ~d my opinion about certain persons and events. So far as the extant materials. go, the llI'esent edition is definitive ; but several d~k comers still remam for future dis covery of &.uthentic records t illuminate. This is especially the case with the boyhood and youth of Shivaji. iv
When Captain J. Crant DuJf w ... writing hi. Hi.f0rtl 0/ th. Mahratta. (published in 3 vol•. in 1826). the veteran Kho}ar statesman Mountstuart Elphinstone. in a letter to him (20th April, 1822) exactly desc.riRed the character of the material. then available for a life of.s~vajj: "Your difficulty w ... to get at facts and combme thf~ with judgment, .0 at to make a consistent and rational history out of a m .... of Kouipinl
bak,ha" and gasconading fawarikh •. U These two lOurce. of admittedly dubious value were .upplemented by the En~li.h factory records, which Grant DuJf rightly declared to he "very important for fixing datel, and invaluable in conoborating facta admitted by native authoritie.... Three classel of lource. unknown to Grant Dulf have now filled up many gaps in our knowledge and proved hit nanative of Shivaji" I career obsolete and enoneou. in man,. place•• (a) The contemporary French and Portugue.e MS ••ourcea are now available for the brat time, thanka to the opening of the Paris archives (.e. the M emoire. of F rancoia Martin) and the scholarly and devoted wor~ of Senhor P. Pi.. urlencar amona the Goa records. The original history of Manuca haa heen made accessible in W. Irvine'. masterly tranalation. The travellers' tales in the printed French and Dutch works to which Orme refened with justifiable ditappointment, can be totally rejected now. (b) The .keleton chronicle. (Shal(aooli.) in Marathi supply many reliable datea and facta. after the, have been tested with care and a knowledge of other lOurcea. The 91-qalmi bak.har is a much earlier and Ie.. legendary work than the Olltna bak,har (1810) on which Grant Dull 10 fre quently depended, with the result of Ealsilyinl' hia nanalive of Shivaji in many places. (e) The tame misfortune attended Grant Duff in connection with hit Persian autboritieJ. He used the very late (1735) and traditional history of Kha.6 Khan. which must be now rejected equally with the Q"itnia baltha,. And he had no knowledge of the detaileJ and absolutely contemporary official historiea of Aurangzib (oiz. A /am,lr· namah and Maair-i-Alamgin', the Court newsletter. (a~hbaral). the personal memoirs of Bhimsen. and the letter. of Jai Singh. v
-all of which are in Persian and have been fully utilized by me in this work. A synthesis of this vast and varied mass of new materials. made available during the century following the publication of Grant Duff's book, has naturally resulted in the supersession of Grant Duff's chapters on ShivaJi on the one hand and of the Marathi bak,hars (with the exception of the contemporary recollections of Sabhasad) on the other, both of which had so long held the field. The same has been found to be the case in respect of the history of Shambhuji and Rajaram, which 1 have reconstructed in my Aurangzib, volur- ~s 4 and S. The critical bibliography at the end of this book cU;,.-U ll8es the character of the materials that have been rejected as well as that of the authorities followed by me. From the purely literary point of view, the book would have gained much by being made shorter. But so many false legends about Shivaji are current in our country and the Shivaji myth is developing so fast (attended at times with the fabrication of documents), that I have consi~ered it necessary in the interests of historical truth to give every fact, however small, about him that has been ascertained on unimpeachable evidence and to discuss the probabilities of the others. The Marathas were only one among the many threads in the tangled web of Deccan history in the Seventeenth century. Therefore, to understand the true causes and full consequences of Shivaji's own acts and policy, it is necessary to have a detailed knowledge of the internal affairs of the Mughal empire, Bijapur and Golkonda also. The present work is more than a mere biography of Shiva; it frequently deals with the cOlltemporary history of these three Muslim States, though.an exhaustive treatment of the subject finds its proper place in my History 0/ Aurangzib, Vol. IV.
December, 1928. JADUNAnI SARKAR
Fir" edition. April 1919. Second edition. June 1920. CONTENTS.
Prefaee iii Chapter I. The Land and the People 1-15 Population speaking. Marathi, I-boundaries of Maha rashtra, I-rainfall and crops, 2-isolated vailleys of the western belt, 4-hill-forts, 5-all people work hard. 6-character: lack of elegance and taste, 6-pride. courage and hardiness, i- social equality, 9-religious reformers, 9.....:-literature and language, to-minstrels, I2-Maratha caste, 13--defects of character, 14. Chapter II. Boyhood and Youth ... 16-4l Shivaji's ancestors, 16-rise of Shahji, l8-early historY obscure, 20-Shivaji's birth and infancy, 22-1lonely boyhood, 24-miserable condition of Puna, 25--Dadaji Kond-dev's improvements, 26-Shiva's education, 27-the Mavals des cribed. 2S--Shivaji's love of independence, 31-early officers, 33--decline of Bijapur, 33--Shiva captures Torna, 34-gains forts, 34-Shahji imprisoned, 35--Shiva appeals to Murad, 37- his doings (1650-55), 39-}avli. 41-Mores murdered, 42- critical study of }avli affair. 43-Shiva's' gains from conquest of }avli. 46-extent of territory. 46 . . Chapter III. First Wars of the Mughals and Bijapur 48-73 Shiva's early negotiations with Aurangzib. 48-raids }unnar and Ahmadnagar, 50-Mughal defensive measures, 50-Nasiri Kha~ defeats Shiva, 51-Shiva makes peace, 53-Aurangzib's distrust of him, 54-Shiva invades N. Konkan, 55-extent of his territory (1659). 57-officers, 58-Afzal Kh. sent against him. 59--his sacrileges, 6O-Afzal's doings at Wai, 61-Shiva's perplexity, 62-envoy from Afzal, 63-Afzal reaches place of meeting. 6S--is killed, 66-his army routed, 67-local legends about Afzal, 69-the ""Afzal Khali" ballad. 70-Appendix: Mair of Afzal Khan, evidence discussed. 72. VllJ
Chapter IV, Strenuoul Warrare 7"-10" Shaista Khan viceroy of Deccan. 74-Shivaji beaiel:ed in Panhala. 74-his escape. gallantry of Saji Prabhu. 76-Shai.ta Khan '. march on Puna. 78-eiege of Cllakan. 8O-Mughal. in N, Konkan. 82-Kar Talb Kh. defeated at Umbarkhind. 83- Shiva'. conquest of Dabhol. Pallivana. Shringarpur. Ralapur &c. 84-loses Kalian. B6-fighting in 1662. 87-Netaji', di .. astrous retreat. 81.-night-attack on Shai.ta Kh.• 89-Surat de .. cribed. 9)-panic and neglect of defence. 9S-heroic action of English factors. 95-Shivaji', first sack of Surat. 97-attempt on his life. lOO-Jaswant besiege. Kondana. iOJ-Shivaji'. move ments in 1664. 10). Chapter V. SMvaji and Jai Sin&h ... 105-138 Jai Singh sent to Deccan. I05-his character. 10000i. plan of war. 1000000tes all the enemies of Shiva. 10000heatre of war described, I1I-Mughal outposts, l12-march on Putan dar. II4-Purandar hill described IIS-Vajragarh .tormed. 117 -Daud Khan'. faithless conduct, II8-Shiva'. village, ravaged. 119-Marathaa make diversions, 121-outer tower ••tormed. I23-Murar SaWs death, 124-Shivaji open. negotiation.. 125- visits Jai Singh. 127-treaty 0/ Purandar: it. lennI, 128-forta delivered. 131-lai Singh and Shiva invade Bij a pur. 133- battles. I34-retreat from Bijapur. 13S-Shiva .ent agam.t Panhala. why? 1J6..-fai1. to atorm it. 137-Netaji Palku'. desertion, 137. Chapter VI. Visit to Auranlzib 139-161 Shiva'. reluctance to go to Aurangzib'. Court. 139-hope. held out to him. 139-his arrangements for home defence. 141 -audience with Aurangzib, 143-is placed under guard. 146- appeals to prime-minister. 147-changes in Aurangzib'. policy to Shivaji. 147-Shiva'. escape from Agra. 15O-adventure. during flight. 153-return home. 15l>-Jai Singh'. anxietie•• lSI -his plot to catch Shiva. 160.
Chapter VII. 1667-1670 '0' 16%-186 Death of Jai Singh, J62- Chapter VIII. Struggle with the Mughals and Bijapur, 1610-1614 181-201 Large armies sent against Shiva. 187-Daud Khan's cam· paign in Olandor range. 188-Bahadur Kh. invades Maha. l'ashtra. massacre of Puna. J89-defeat of Ikhlas Kh. near Salhir. 19O-capture of Mulhir. I90-Marathas conquer }awhar .and Ramnagar. 191-chauth demanded from Surat. 192-Koli Rajahs. 194-raiq into Berar. I95-Pedgaon. Mughal base. 197 -Shiva fails at Shivner. 19S-gains Panhala. 199-battle of Umrani. 200-raid into Kanara. 202-battle of Nesari. death of Pratap Rao. 203-Anand Rao's raids. 204-Bahlol's victory. 205-Dilir defe~ted by Shiva, 205-extent of Shiva' s territory (1674). 206. Chapter IX. Coronation of Shivaji ... 208-225 Why Shiva wanted to be crowned. 208-Gaga Bhatta declares him a Kshatriya, 210-preparations for coronation, 2 JJ -religious ceremonies. 212-Shiva performs penance and is "made a Kshatriya." but is denied Vedic mantras, 212-lavish gifts. 2J3-bath on coronation day, 214-coronation hall des" cribed. 215-enthronement. 216-Oxinden presented, 217- street procession at Raigarh, 218--cost of coronation 2 J9-100t of Mughal camp, 220-raid into BagIana and Khandesh, 221- into Ko1hapur, 221-BahadUr Khan deceived by pretended negotiations. 222-Maratha activities. 223-Shiva's illness. 224 -Mughals invade Bijapur, 225. Chapter X. South Konkan and Kanara ... 226-253 Kanara uplands and coast. 226-trade and ports. 227- Rustam-i-Zaman's concert with Shiva. 227-6.rst raid on Rajapur. 228-Adil Shah invades Bednur, ·23O-Shiva in 5. Konkan coast, 231-disorder. in the cout, 232-Shiva. conte~t with Bahlol, 234-musacre of Ghorpare., 23S-conque.t of Savant~vadi. 236-1oot of Vingurla. Hubli. 237-.ack of Barcelore and blackmailing of Karwar. 238-Bijapuri. recOVer and lose S. Konkan. 240-siege of Phonda rai.ed. 242-plot to surprise Goa. 243-eack of Hubli. 24S-Bahlol expd. Marathu from Karwar district. 246--Rustam II. against Shiva. 24~hiva captures Phonda. 249-and other fort. 251-Sunda and Bednur. 252. Chapter XI. Naval Enterprises ... 2'4-278 The Siddis of Janjira. 2S4-Shiva. early conRict. with Siddis, 256-battle between Kay Savant and Bali Pasalkar. 257 -Shivaji's navy described, 258-hi•• ailor •• 2S9-mercantile marine. 26O-doings of Maratha fleet. 26O--grand attack on Janjira (1670). 262-revolution in Siddi State. 262-Portugue.e defeat Maratha fleet. 264-Siddis recover Danda, 265-naval war of 1672~75, 267-battle of Satavli. 268-attack on Janjira. 269-naval war of 1676-80. 270-Shivaji fortifies Khanderi. 273 -naval battles with the English, 274-Engtiah end war, 276- Siddis fortify Underi, 277. Chapter XII, Invasion of the Karnat.k . .. 279-:n' Shiva's need of money, 279-Karnatak. ita wealth. 280- internal discord among ita Hindu prince •• 281-Bijapuri local governor. 283-Sher Kh. attacks jinji nawab, 284-Golkonda invited by jinji nawab, 284-Madanna'I pr~Maratha policy. 28S-Raghunath Hanumante leaves Vyankoji. instigate. Shiv.ji. 286-Shiva secures Mughal viceroy' I neutrality. 288-and alliance with Golkonda. 289-grand entry into Haidar.bad. 2?0 -audience with Qutb Shah. 293-treaty with Golkonda. 2?4- pilgrimage to Shri Shaila. 296-jinji fort captured, 29S-.iege of Vellore. 299-anarchy and plunder in Kamatak. 299-local robbers join. 300-Sher Khan Lodi at Tuuvadi. 301-routed. flees to Bonagir~patam. 302-hi. end, 303-Shiva on the bank of the Kolerun. 303-spoila Nayak of Madura. 304-Vyankoji'. visit and escape, 304-description of Shivaji'l camp. 306- Shiva at Vriddhachal am , 307-hia letter to Madras. 307- Vellore falls, 3OB-value of Shiva's conquests in Kamatak, 308 -Vyankoji attacks Shantaji near Ahiri, 3 1O-peace , 311- European trader's relations with Shivaji, 312-Vyankoji's character, 314. Chapter XIII. His Last Years ... 316-341 Route of return from Karnatak, 316-6.ght with Savitri Bai, 316-attempt to gain Dijapur fort by bribery, 317-Shambhuji attacks Goa territory, 318-Peshwa plunders Trirnbak-Nasik, 319-the Mianas of Kopal district, 319-annexations beyond Tunga-bhadra, 320-second failure at Shivner, 321-disorder in Bijapur and weakness of Masaud, 322-Shambhuji deserts to Dilir, 323-Maratha stratagem to seize Bijapur fort, detected, 324-Mughals and Bijapuris against Shiva, 325-Dilir captures Bhupalgarh, 325-Marathas fight Ikhlas Khan, 326--Shivaji's letter to Aurangzib against the jaziya, 327-Dilir invades Bijapur, 331-Shiva arrives near Bijapur to help, 332-Dilir ravages environs of Bijapur, 333-sacks Athni. 333-Shambhuji returns to father, 334-Shivaji sacks Jalna, 335-fights Ranmast Khan, 336-escapes to Patta, 336-fortifies Panhala as a refuge. 337-raids Khandesh, 337--anxiety about succession. 338- illness and death of Shivaji. 339--was he poisoned) 340. Appendix; Shivaji's wives and children. 341. Chapter XIV. Shivaji's relations with the English and the Portuguese 342-366 First attack on Rajapur. 342-seizure of Gyffard and Balji. 343-sack of English factory at Rajapur (1661) and arrest of factors. 345-imprisoned factors wrangle with Surat Council .. 346--proposed reprisal. 347-EngIish negotiate for compensa· tion for Rajapur factory. 348-their delicate position. 350- Ram Shenvi's report. 351-Maratha envoy at Bombay, 352- mission of Lt. Vstick. 353-embassy of Niccolls. 354-Shiva'8 evasions. 356-embassay of Oxinden. 357-Rajapur factors interview Shivaji. 358-Austen's embassay, 360-later history of indemnity, 361-Portuguese power in India, 362-their quarrels with Shiva. 363-treaty of 1667. 364--treaty of 1670. 365- chauth. ita origin. 365. Chapter XV. Government,' InitihaUon., an" Policy ... 367-385 Extent of his kingdom. 367-helt of territory .ubject to chauth, 368-effect. of chauth, 369-hi. annual revenue and hoarded treasure, 369-strength of army, 37O-elephant. and guns, 371-early administrative ofJiceTl, 311-a.hta pradhan.: their duties, 372-Prabhu' clerks. 374-Army: organization of forts, 374-eavalry, 315-infantry, 316-how hi. army .ub sisted, 371-Revenue system, 378-no military 6ef., 379- district administration. 3BO-Religious policy, 381-Ramlla., 381-practical effect of Shivaji'. re~ationa. 382-Aurangzih'. despair of subduing Shivaji, 383. Appendix: Shivaji'. perlOnal appearance and portraiu, 385. Chapter XVI. Shivaji', Achievement, character and place in Hiltory ... 386-406 Shivaji" 8 foreign policy like that of Muslim king., 386- mulk,giri, 387-causes of his failure to build ao enduring State. 383-caste quarrels, 388-no elevation of people, 390-peflonal character of administration, 391-deaire for land the monge.t feding of the people. -391-confused Jand-daims. example, 392 sel6shness kills patriotism, 393-minute luh-diviaiona of Hindu 80ciety hinder nationality, 393-1eader. blind to country'. interests, 395-Marathas neglect the economic factor, 396- necessity of raida and their ruinous effect. 391-esce.. of trickery and intrigue, 397-failure agam.t Wellesley, 3?8- Character of Shivaji, 398-ha genius analyzed 4OO-1U. political ideas. 402-natural' insecurity of his kinidom. .f03- his relations with' Bijapur. 403-bia true greatneu, 404-hia influence on the Hindu spirit, 406. Bibliography 407-418 Chronology 419-4%8 Index 4%7-431 Errata ..• 431 INDEX Abaji Sondev. 57. 58. Bhupalgarh. captured 325. Abdul Aziz (of Shivner). 198. 321. Bijapur. Aur. invades 48. change of - (Sayyid). 113. ministers 199. alliance with Sh. Abul Fath. killed 91. 225. confusion in 248. politics 287. Abul Hasan Qutb Shah. 289. meets Masaud gains city 317. 322- • Shiva 293- • rupture 322. Maratha plot against 324. begs Abyssinians. see under Siiddis. Sh:a aid 331. Dilir ravages 333- • Adil Shah. see under Muhammad. Bonagir-patam. 302. Ali and Sikandar. Burhanpur. 183, 184. 191 •. Admirals. Shivaji·s. 259. Afzal Kh. 36. against Shivaji 59-67. Chakan. Shiva gains 34, Shai~ta legends 69. ballad 70. evidence captures 79-81. criticized 72. junks 228. son F azl Chandra Rao. see under More. Kh. (q. 0.) Chauth. origin 365. effect 369. Ahiri. battle of 310. Chhatra Sal Bundela. visits Sh. 185. Ahivant. captured 183. 188. Coronation of Sh.• 208-219. Ahmadnagar. attacked 50, 53. 103. Dabhol taken, 84, 228. Ali Adil Shah II.• succeeds 48. dies Dadaji Kond-dev, appointed 23. im· 199. goes to Bankapur 230. proves Puna jagir 25. revenue Ambar. Malik. 18. system 26- , dies 32. Anand Rao's campaigns. 203. Danda-Rajpuri, 255-257, 265. A.hta f;m1dhan, 372- . Daud Kh., ago Sh. 118-121, 169-170. Athni. looted 224. 334. (Dindori) 180. 184. campaign 187· Aurangzib. invades Bijapur 48. first 188. war with Shiva 49-53. his opinion Daulatabad, captured 19. of Shiva 54. 157, 384. policy Daulat Kh. (admiral}. 259. 268. 271. during Sh's captivity 147.. Sh's 273. battles 274. 277-278. letter to Aur on ;az.iya. 327. • Deiri. siege raised 86. Bahadurgarh =Pedgaon (q. 0.). Desais of Savant-vadi in Goa. 236. Bahadur Khan. 173. 189-191 (camp. 363· . ago Sh.). 195-197. camp looted 220. Dharangaon (=Dungom), 221, 337. deceived by false peace offers 222, DiHr Kh.. at Purandar 116-125. fighting 224, • b'ribed by Sh. 288. visited by Sh. 130, quarrels with Baglana. 185. 190. 221. Muazzam 162- , 171- • cam· Bahlol Kh .• at Umrani 201. 202- • at paigns ago Sh. 189· • 205. reo Nesari 203. battles 204-205, usurps called 206. ago Masaud 322. joined regency 223. ago Sh. 234. ill, by Shambhuji 323, captures Kanara 246. 250. dies 240. Bhupalgarh 325. invades Bijapur Baji Chandra Rao, .ee under More. 332-334. Baji Ghorpare. arrests Shahji 36. Dindori, battle of 181-182. massacred 235. Baji Pasalkar. 30. dies 257. English merchants. defence at Surat Baji Prabhu. dies 76. 95-99. 175-176, defy Sh. at Karwar Banklpur. 230. 239. neutrality 267. quarrel with Barcelore = Basrur. Sh. about Khanderi 273-. naval Basrur. looted 238. battles with Sh. 274, Madras cor· Bednur. 233-234. 253-~4. also under respondence with Sh. 312. affair Kanara. of Rajapur factory. 342- • history Belvadi. siege 31~. - of indemnity 348-361, missions of Berar. raid. 183, 195. Ustick (352). Austen (360). Niccolls Bhadrappa Nayak. 231-233. (354), Oxinden (357- ). N. Shenvi Bhavanli temple. 46. (355- • 360-). records 412. 407. Bhonsle family. earliest cqndition 16. Fath Kh. (Nizam Shahi), 18. Kshatriyas 209. F ath Kh. (Siddi) 256, 262. 428 SHIVAJI Fazl Kh. (son of Afzal). 68. 75. joina Kay Savant. dies 257. Jai SlnRh 110. defeated 228. 232. Kh .. nderl island. .eized 272. haltle. Firangji Naraala. 34. 81. 274-278. Gaga Bhatta. 210. Khandeah. raid 183. 337. 197. Ghorpares. mauacre 235. Khandojl Khopde. 61. Goa. Sh.· s plot against 243. deaaia In Khan Muhammad (wwr). murdered 236. Bee uncler Portuguese. 58. Golkonda. Me under Abul Haaan. Khawa. Kh. I, 19. S8. Gopinath Pant. 63. .. .. II. 199. depo.ed 221. 234. Khelojl Bhon.le. ~illed 31. Gyffard. P.. 343. Khizr Kh.. 204. d. 287. Haidarabad. Sh. in 290- . Kolhapur. 221. 223. Halal (Siddi). 75. deserts 194. 195 n. Kond';i Farund. captures Panhala Hambir Rao. cr. c-I-c. 205. 199. Hanaaji Mohite=Hambir Rao. Kond.na. 35. 103. 168 ( ... Sinahprh.' Hanumant Rao More. 41M. KonItan. first (Dv ..lon 55. war 82-, Hubli. aacked 237, 245. 129. Huaain Kh. Miana, 319- . Kopal. 319-321. Ikhlas Kh. Miana. at Dindori 181, Kri.hnajl Bh ..kar, 63. defeated near Salhir 190. Kudal desai. 229. 236. Inayet Kh .• of Surat. 95. 100. Kumbi cute. 13-14. Jai Singh. app. to Deccan 105. Lakham Savant. al. Sh. 229. 236- • character 106. plans ag. Sh. 108. 364- . campaign of Purandar 113-131. Lakhji Tadav. 17, 18. 194. invades Bijapur 133-135, eend. Ludi Kh., 169. Sh. to Aur. 139-141. ansieties and Madanoa (wazir). m. 2M. 289. plana re Shiva 148-161. dies 162. Madura Nayak. 281- • 303. . Jalna. aacked 335. Mahahat Kh .• al. Sh. 167-169. leavee anjira. Bee under Siddis. Deccan 191. an Muhammad (saint). 335. Mahadev hill. Bee under S'hamLhu. jaswant Singh. 92. 103. Maharaehtra country. estent 1. des auhar (Siddi). besieges Sh. 74-77, cribed 111-112. rainfall 2. crope 3, avli. described 40. capture 42- . isolation of village. 4. hill-forts ~. awhar. 191. eaints 9. fairs 10. See Maratba. Ianya, Sh.·a letter of protest against Mahuli. 56. 169-170. 327- • Malik Amber. He under Amber. Jija ·Bal. betrothed 17. foraaken 23. Maloji Bhonsle. career 16-17. bene- ealntly character 24. bleaaee Sh. 65. factions IS. at Sh:. coronation 211. dies 219. Mangalbira, 331. inii. 281. taken 298. Manohar-daa Gaur. 169-170. iv Mahala. 65. 67. Muatha caste, 13. junnar fort=Shivner. .. government. It. effect J82. , unnar. raided 50. caU8e8 of failure 363-398. Kalian, gained 56. l08t 86, regained navy, He under Navy. 169. eacked 222. languap (speakers) 1. II. Kanara. described 226. Adil-Shahl .. 12. invasion 230. war in 233- , 2J8.. • literature, 10-11, mlnatrel. 245, internal troubles 247. con· 12. quests of Sh. 249. See Phonda people. iaolated lives ... and Karwar. .. take to aoldierinl .. , Karin;'. looted 183. poverty and .implicit,. 6, Kamatak (eastern). described 280. equality 9. character 7-9. internal discord 281. political divi· '4-'5, defecta 14, 388, sion. 283. Sh. 'a invasion 298-, 393, Y11. condition during invasion 1!J9-, Martin (Francois). 313. 412. Shiv.a gain. 308, governors 309, Maeaud (Siddi), regent 317. di/&. eettlement 311. cultiea 322- • appeals to Sh. 323. Kar Talb Kh.. defeated 83. 331. Kartoji Gujar=Pratap Rao (q. 0.) Master (Streynaham). defend. Sur.t Karwar, 238- , 241, 251. 175. INDEX 429 Maval country. 28. aociety 29. sub- Portuguese, 250,- 243. 264, Shambhuji dued 30. attacks 318, relations with Sh. 362. Mavle people, 28, 30. 295 n. treaties with Sh. 364-365, Minaji BhonsIe. 49. Prabhavali, 84. Ministers of Sh.. 372. Pratap Rao, 75, 165-166, Umrani 201, Minstrels. 12. dies 203. . Mira Dongar, 87. Pratapgarh, fort built 46. Misri (Siddi), 271. Puna, jagir of Shahji 23, district des More Eamily, 41- , members killed cribed 112, ravaged condition 24- 42. Baji C. R. More 43-44, 109. massacre 189. Moro T andev Honap, 25. Purandar, fort secured by Sh. 39-40. Moro Trimbak PingIe, 58. 63, in described 115. siege 116- treaty Baglana 184, 191-192, threatens of 128, recovered 168. Surat 192-194. 224, left as regent Qasim (Siddi), 262, recovers Danda 289, 319. 320. 264- ,270-272. Muazzam (=Shah Alam), comes to Qutb Shah, see under Abul Hasan. Deccan 93, idler 103, quarrels with Qutb-ud-din Kh. Kheshgi, 119. 221. Dilir 162-170, peace with Shiva 164, suspected by Aur. 166, 171. Ragho Ballal Atre, 44. Mudhol, 235. Raghunath Ballal Korde, 33, 37, Muhakam Singh, captured 190. murders Mores 41M, sent to Delhi 55, to Jai Singh 126, ago Siddis Muhammad Adil Shah, illness 33, 257. dies 47. Raghunath Narayan Hanumante, 285. Mulhir, 185, captured 190. 286. , Mulk-giri, 387. Raigarh, gained 46, coronation pro Mungi-Pattan, 321. cession 218. Murad Bakhsh, letters to Shiva, 37. Rajapur, first raid 227-229, second Murar Baji, dies 124. 344- • indemnity question 348- Mustafa Kh., arrests Shahji 35. 361. Namdar Kh., attacked 87. Rajgarh, built 34. Nasir Muhammad (of Jinji), 283-, Ramdas Swami, 381-382. 298. Ramnagar, 192, 220. 224. Nasiri Kh., defeats Sh. 51. Ranmast Kh., fights Sh. 336. Navy (of Sh.), 258, battles with Religious teachers 9, r. policy 381. Portuguese 264, with English 274, Revenue system of Sh., 378- with Siddis 268, 278. Revington (Henry), 229, 343- Neknam Kh., 185. Rudramal=Vajragarh (q. 0.) Nesari, battle of 203. Rustam-i-Zaman I, 87, defeated by Netaji Palkar, appointed 58, chased Sh. 227-228, dismissed 232. 233. by Mughals 87. 229, 137, remade 242-243, rebels 244. a Hindu 288. Rustam-i-Zaman II, 220. ago Shiva Nilkanth Rao (of Purandar), 39-40. 248. Nimbalkar (of Phaltan). 17, 197. Saints of Maharashtra, 10. Oxenden (Sir George), 96, 102 n. Salabat Kh. Deccani, 83. Shaillta Kh.. a~p. to Deccan 74. Phonda 242. _plot a,. C,oa takes Puna 78. Chakan 79.a1. 243. foiled in Kanar. 246-247. night-attack on 88-91. retort 10 plna Phonda 249. J8IIwant 92. defeats Maralhas 232. atruagle with Siddl. 2';6-278. Shambhuji Bhonsl'; (elder brother of hia navy 258. aeizea Khandrrl Shivaii). 22. dies 38. Tl2-278. Shambhuji (eldest son of Shivaji). Karn.tak espedltlon pl.nnrd born 58. visita Jai S. 131. eacape 285- • vialtl Qutb Sh.h from Agra 156-157. villita Prince at (Haidar.bad) 290-29~. at Shri Aurangabad. 16>. at Sh'. corona· Shaila 296- • pin. Jln;l tion 215. 217. ago PortuQ"Uese 318. 298. interview with Vy.nko,l deserts to DiHr 323. returna 334. 304. hi, camp deKriW 306. character 338. letter to IOvernoy of M.d,,,. Shambhuji Kavji. murders More 42, 307. letter to G. Aunaier 3SS, 6>. 83. conquelta In Myaore 308, Shambhuji Mohile. seized 46. 8'aln. In Karn.ta" 308- Shambhu Mahadev hill. 18. retum horne 308 and 316- , Shantaji Bhonsle. 309. 310. lIIege of 8f.IYadl 316. Sher Khan (of Karwar). 239· . conquers Tungabhad,a rr.trioQ Sher Khan Locli, 283. contellt with 319-321. I.e appealed 10 b., Sh. 299- • 301· • hie end 303. Bijapur for defenC'e 323 32S. SHIVA}I. obscurity of early history letter to Auranplb 011 jaill. 20. birth 22. boyhoOd 23- • 3T1. character 24. education TI, aida Biiafur 331· • Mell. choice of career 31. early lalna 33. fights R.lm ••' officers 33 and 58, captures ~36, reason. with ShamLhuil 338. death 339. wive. and forts 32-34. letters to Murad children 341, appearance Bakhsh 37. murder of Morea .nd .... -45. extent of kingdom 46. portraits 3M . 57. 207. 367·368. relationa with Ena1i.h lactor. correspondence with Aur. 48- 342-361. with PortuA'Uele 362. 49. first war with M··ghal. 366. adminiltrative .yelf'm and policy 367. 386-402. 49-54. invades Konkan 55. character .nd geniua 398-406, encounters Afzal Kh. 61-67. aource, of hi, hiollTaph,. T anaji MaIusare. 30. 85. dies 168. Vikram Shabo 191. 194. Tanjore. see under Vyankoji. Vingurla. 207. 241. 237. Telingana. raid 195. Vitoji Bhonsle. 16-18. his sons 18 n. Tiru~a.vadi. Sh. at 303- Vriddhachalam. Sb. at 307. Tiru-vaCli. Sh. at 301. Toma. gained 34. Vyankoji Bbonale. conquers Tanjore Tub Bai Mohile. mar. 23. 282, 285. Sh:. claims ag. 286. meets Sh. 304- • renews war 310. Udai-bhan. dies 168. character 314. Udai-raj (munshi), 127. Vyankoji Datto. 257. Umbar-khind. hattIe 83. Umrani. hattle 201. Wali-ganda-puram. 301, 306. Vajragarb =Rudramal. 116-118. Yaqut Kh.. general title of Siddi Vellore. siege 299. falls 308. chiefs 263. Verul=Ellora. 17. Yeaaji Kank. 30. 291. 295. ERRATA AND ADDENDA P. 44. I. 2. for eight read eighth . .. 83 .. 15 .. 1657 .. 1658. .. 142 .. 4 .. about the third week of read on 5th .. 219 n .. one day read two days . .. 240 l. 10 .. returned to &c. read marched home northwards. being at Bingur (25 rn. n. of Karwar) on 14th March• .. 265 .. 3 .. March read February. .. 301 n, 4121. 27 for Memoire read Memoirea. .. 4131. 32 for Chooti read Chhoti .. 30. 291. 295 add note: A gentleman suggests that the family-name Kanl( is a misreading for Nik,am. Works of JADUNATH SARKAR, C.I.E•• Honorary Member, Royal Asiatic Society oj Great Britain. History of Aurangzib Complete in fiDe Volumes. sold sepa.ra.tely. Professor Sarkar's History oj Aurangzib is based mainly on original contemporary Persian Marathi and European sources. viz.. the Mughal State-papers, daily bulletins of the Mughal Court, the records of impartial non-official writers (such as two Persian memoirs by contemporary Hindu writers). the letters of Aurangzib. his father, brothers, sons, grandsons. officers and vassal kings, and other makers of Indian history. revenue returns &c. Of the letters oj A urangzib and his contemporaries, more than 5,000 are in the author's possession. He has also used the Marathi bakhars and historical papers. the Assamese chronicles (Buranjis) and the French and Portuguese archives. Vols. I & II (in one) Reign of Shah Jahan and War of Succession (!nd ed.J Revised and cheap issue, ~ s. VoL III. Northern India during 1658·1681 (2nd ed.) Rs. 3·8. VoL IV. Southern India, 1644-1689, (Ind ed.) Rs. 3-8: Vol. V. The Last Phase, 1689·1707, Rs. 4- OPINIONS. H. Beveridge.-"Jadunath Sarkar may be ealled Primus in Indis as the user of Persian authorities for the history of India. He might also be styled the Bengali Gibbon...... It is pleasant to think that England and its Government have had some share in producing such a man of wide know ledge and untiring industry as Jadunath...... All his volumes are good, and reRect the highest credit on tlieir author...... The account of Aurangzib in the 3rd and 4th volumes is exceptional,. good. (History, 1922). JOUl'Dal A.iatique. -"Ce :Kwie siecle mongol nous est connu par lett temoignages de voyageurs eUl'Opeens: mais lea sources persanes et les documents de la chancellerie imperiale n' avaient pas ete utilises dans une etude d' .ensemble. C'est Ie grand merite de l'auteur d' avoir patiemment recherche et mis a contribution toutes lea informations persanes et indiennes ...... et de nous donner une narration vivante et lidele." (1922). ViDcent A. Smith. -"You are doing first' cia.. work .... .I repeat with all sincerity that I have the highest opinion of your learning, impartiality and critical ability. I trust that you may be long spared to continue your good work of.giving honest history,'· (29 Dec. 1919). Sir E. D. Ros•• -"The author seems to me to have used oil the available Persian material. and to have used them with discrimination and care. Hi. manner 0/ treating the subject might well serv:e as • model to writera dealing with other periods of Indo-Musalman history:' (29 Oct. 1908). Englisb Historical Review. -"The author has been indefatigable in consulting all accessible authorities, many of which are still in manuscript: while his zeal has led him to visit the sites of the more important of Aurangzib's battles. He writes graphically in an easy. flowing Idyle: (April, 1913). W. Foder, c.l.E.-"lt i. easily the beat autboril7 on the period with. which it deals." Anecdotes of Aurangzib (Ulliala traulatioa witla .tea, I: • 101, l.ile of A...... ui, :ad ... Ie...... ) The anecdotes. 72 in number. have been translated from a Persian work (the Ahk,am-i-Alamgirl, .scribed to Awangzib'. favourite officer Hamid-ud-din Khan Nimcha). which no other historian haJJ yet used and whose very existence wu hardly known bef ~. Two fragmentary MSS. of it were discovered by Prof. Sarkar ; and with the help of these and of two oth~rs. he has edited the text. and written an English translation. enriched with full historical and textual notes. The work i. exceedingly intereslin, and valuaLle u it throw. much new light 00 Aurangzib and ewbits many unknowD traits of hi. characler, hi. first love, pithy sayingl, and principle. of lovernment, Ind his treatment of hi. 1001, grandees, Hindus lod Shia •• A.iatic Quarterl,. Re.iew.-··Firat camel a lile of Auranpib, luccinctly yet attractively writtell. It aetl out tiu, perfect tralcrd," of Auranazib', career." lodi.. Aotiquary.-··The ANECOOT£.5 i. of real value to [n"li.t. etudentl desirous of doaer acquaintance with the individuality of the Ia.t of the Great Mughals • .. The anecdote. haye lOll little of their vlaour by translation." AHKAM·l·ALAMGIRI (Persian text) Re. 1. In the second edition the Persian text of the Anecdote. has been.carefully corrected. Awangzib has been well called a master 0/ the .word and the pen, and this book illustrates what a powerful. and sometimes caustic, style in the Penil'lJ1 language he wielded. It shows that, contrary to the popular belief, he was not devoid of humow. Printed from one unique and two fragmentary MSS. lodiaD ADtiquary.-··We have in detail accounta of eventl and lncidrnta in Aurangzib·. life, and these bring home to U8 in a remarkabl. wa, what manner of man he wa.... Indian ReTiew.-··The publication of this amaIl yolume has brouaht before the world a great many facti about the dail,. life and mannen. character and ideal. of the great Puritan Emperor which help a (fOOd deal toward. the right understandinsr of the policy of his relp." Mughal Administration 'Seeond edition. rewritten and enlarged to more than double the size of the first edition. 272 pages, R.. 3. A complete treatise on the administrative 'Yltem and constitution of the Mughal Empire. its theory and practice. ill principles 8!'ld aims. its effect on the people. Ends with • lon~ philosophical swvey of the achievements of the Mughal Empire. the causes of its downfall. its enduring influence upon the country, and the lessons of Indian history. Among the chapter. are :-Olaracteristic feature. of the Mughal Govemment.-Daily life and powers of the Emperor_ The Diwan and his duties.-ProvinCial administration.-The spy system.-Condition of the peasants.-ReligiOlU policy and ordinances.-State Industries.-Mughal Aristocracy.-Revenue Regulations (in detail).-Causes of the downfall of the Mughal Empire.-Legacy of Muslim rule.-BibliC)2J'aph,. (critical). India through the Ages Re. 1.8. A survey of the gTowth of Indian life and thought from the vedic age to our own times-with a detai[ed study of the contribution of the Aryans. 'the Buddhists. the Muhammadans. and the English to the growth of Indian civilization. It tries to show how our present is only working out the legacy of our past. Chapters on:- The Aryans and their legacy. The work of Buddhism .. The life-story of Buddhism in 'India. The Muslim settlement and the changes it wrought. The English and their gifts to India. The Renaissance in British Jndia and its effect. Time•• -"An excellent little compendium of the history of India. The author treats his subject under nve main headings. Each of these is considered as a great culture-movement, without emphasis on the battle and conquest side of the picture. He writes with a generous appreciation of the benefits. moral and intellectual. as well as merely administrative, conferred by England on India, and his closing estimate of the 'situation at the present day is thoughtful and valuable." Sir E. A. Gait. -"India Through the Ages gives a Wonderfully clear bird'. eye view o~ a vast subject. I congratulate you in particular on your last chapter, in which you apply a much-needed corrective to modern reactionary tendencies." ' Studies in Mughal India Contain. 22 e ••ay.:- 320 page. R •• 2 Prince.. Zeb-un-niaa's charader The Wealth of Ind.• 1650. defended. A Muslim Heroine. History of Oriasa in the 17th century. Firingi PiratelJ of Chatgaon. Revenue regulations of Aurangzib. , The Mughal Conquellf of Chatgaon. Art in Muslim India. ' Education of a Mughal Prince. Education in Muhammadan India: Shmsta Khan in Bengal. Daily Life of Shah Jahan and Nemellis of Aurangzib. Aurangzib. A Hindu Historian of Aurangzib. Biography of Aunmgzib. 31 "p. An Indian Memoir-writer of the 17th Khuda Bak.hsh. the Indian Bodley. century. Who built the Ta;;! Oriental Monarchie•• The Companion of an Empre8IJ. William Ir:vine. A.iatic Quaterterly Review.-"A series of essays on Aurangzib and his times of the most entertaining description." Indian Antiquary.-"All the essays are brightly written and several contain information not hitherto available in English." tiune, 1913.) V. A. 'Smith.-"The essaYIJ are charming and with constant practice your_style, has attained ease and flexibility." G. Ferrand. -Comme les precedents, ces derniers volumes sont pleiDIJ d' informations puisees a des sources orientales inedites: et c'est 'u qui donne une valeur particuliere aux travaux de M. Sarkar. Ecrits dans un anglais clair et agreable, CBS volumes fourniront aux historiens europeeDIJ la documentation qui leur manquait sur cette periode de la domination mongole dans l'Inde,'· (/. A.) Indian Review.-"1his beautiful book contains 22 essays connected with • • . the Mughal empire and the various phases of the life and work of the Mughal Emperors and their. subjects . . .• The essays demolish many of the popular misconceptions and baseless ideas of those who regard all oriental kinge as heartless brainleSIJ despots:' Economics of British India Fifth editioa, revised and enlarged,' (in prep.) This book gives. in one volume' of manageable size. a complete account of India'. phy.i.cal feature., economic pro duct~ and resources, industries. tranaport facilities. currency, public finance, labour laws. land tenure system and legislation, foreign trade, &c. A vaat number of blue·book. and other authoritative works have been conaulted. An indispensable guide to a right underatandintr o( the country and its people as they are tc.day. . JQr" SiOD. -"This little book i. THE 8tH YORK that _ poIIM!" on the economic condition of India. For all euential Que.liona one find. here a very conciae but very aubetantial eKpoeitioft. hOUfiehed with fKtI and '~ree and of great pereonaf charm." (A Mellea J. Geolll'., Pad•. ) ModeI'D Review. -AD INDlSP£NSABJ,J: YAOC M£C\JM," Sir Theodore Moria.D.-··The IlUthor 01 lh. preteDI book Gppa«. 10 /:IOMe-- the further ...ential qualificatioDl .f cou,,,,. ond indeINndance. Th. c:onecientious investigation oj detail la no I... • ",Jent in til. "r... na economic frecrti..... (E,conomic Journal). CHAITANYA, 2nd eeL with a. portrait, R&2 Chaitanya. (1485-1533), the greatest saint of Bengal, caused a complete moral revolution in Eastern India by preaching the creed of bhal(ti or devotion to- God at incarnate in Kriahn&. His faith conquered Bengal. Orissa and A.sam. and alao established its stronghold in several ether place., notably Brindaban. The best of the three contemporary biographie. of Chaitanya, the work of Kriahnad.. Kaviraj.-hu been here translated for the n,st time, and thus readere of English wh? know not the Bengali tongue have been presented with the most authoritative and unvarnished accOlDlt of Claitanya·. wanderings and preachings exactly a. known to his comrad~ and personal disciples. c. F. AadrewI.-"Of lurp... iD' ••Ia. . . .• .. pee the clearesc picture of the Saint. and hie teachintr. and II fuD of lafe... Ia ..... lat.,..1 from ",iDaia. to ead • . .• The!' picture dra.. of the Saint II _. of extraordinlllY beauty: a truly Luman Jigur. COIDee before _ and .ttrllCb our own love, even .. it attracted the love of tu. 6nt diaciplee:' (,Mod. &ciew. Oct. 1913). CALcuTrA : it. c. SARJCAa & SoNs, 90. Harrison Ro.d. LONDON: lpNCMAN5. CIw:H • Co.