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AN INVESTIGATION of the WIDER LANDSCAPE ARCHAEOLOGY of BOG BODIES: a CASE STUDY of LINDOW II and TOLLUND MAN by ZENA MARIE ZEIN

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AN INVESTIGATION of the WIDER LANDSCAPE ARCHAEOLOGY of BOG BODIES: a CASE STUDY of LINDOW II and TOLLUND MAN by ZENA MARIE ZEIN AN INVESTIGATION OF THE WIDER LANDSCAPE ARCHAEOLOGY OF BOG BODIES: A CASE STUDY OF LINDOW II AND TOLLUND MAN By ZENA MARIE ZEIN-ELABDIN A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY Department of Classics Ancient History and Archaeology University of Birmingham August 2019 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. This thesis describes an investigation of the wider landscape archaeology of bog bodies: a case study of Lindow II found on Lindow Moss, Cheshire and Tollund Man deposited on Bjӕldskovdal bog, Denmark. Focused on establishing the surrounding cultural archaeology, pre-peat landscape, development of the bog landscape on Lindow Moss and Bjӕldskovdal bog. Then locating the positions of Lindow II and Tollund Man in their respective shape of bog basin. A spatial exploration of Lindow II and Tollund Man’s relationship to the contemporary edge of the peat landscape was facilitated using 3D models created using newly generated auger data. A landscape investigation has shown that there was an absence of cultural archaeology surrounding Lindow II and Tollund Man within a 1.9km circumference. Spatial analysis demonstrated Lindow II was placed 164m from the northern contemporary edge of peatland and 169m from the southern edge. Tollund Man was located 91m from the northern edge of contemporary peatland and 64m from the southern edge. Development of the bog landscape has demonstrated accessibility to central areas on both sites were difficult due to open water and pools. This study has demonstrated the potential and significance of a landscape approach to bog body research. Dedication To Hassan, for giving me the opportunity and encouragement to embark on this PhD journey. For my children Rania, Hiba, Mustafa and Amjad, always do those things that make you happy and challenged whatever your age…. Acknowledgements I would like to express my immense gratitude to my supervisors Professor Henry Chapman and Dr David Smith for their support, patience and encouragement during my PhD research and write up. Especially to Henry who allowed me to steam ahead and arrange a second case study site in Denmark. Thank you both for your infinite knowledge on all subjects, sense of humour and good company in Denmark. Many appreciation and thanks goes to CAHA who awarded me a grant that enabled a trip to Denmark possible, for fieldwork on Bjӕldskovdal bog. I would like to thank Ben Malin, Consultancy Terraqueous Ltd. and Croghan Peat Ltd. for granting permission to carry out a borehole survey on Lindow Moss and to Richard Gardener, and Joe Pimblett, Cheshire Wildlife Trust. Many thanks also go to Vanessa Oakden, curator at Museum of Liverpool, Dr Julia Farley, British Museum, Isabelle Mulhall, National Museum of Ireland and Sam Moorhead, British Museum for all your advice and additional information it was much appreciated. My sincere thanks go to Ole Nielsen and Nina Helt Nielsen at Silkeborg Museum who provided invaluable assistance and support with research on Tollund Man and Bjӕldskovdal bog. Many thanks are due to Peter Steen Henriksen at the National Museum of Denmark, who provided copies of Troels Smith’s notebook; Hans Jensen and Poul Ravnbӕk for granting permissions to undertake fieldwork. Finally, I would like to thank my husband and children for being there for me, with endless love, encouragement and support. To my friends, a big thank you for listening and pulling me out of the dark clouds back into the sunshine. Especially to Mazda, Shelagh and Julie-Anne my loveliest best friends who were there for me. Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction: Beyond the Body ................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Research Aims and Objectives ................................................................................................. 9 1.3 Research Objectives ............................................................................................................... 10 1.4 Summary of Chapter 1 ........................................................................................................... 11 1.5 Thesis Structure ..................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................... 13 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 13 2.2. The Iron Age in Britain .......................................................................................................... 16 2.2.1 Iron Age Settlements in Britain ...................................................................................... 16 2.2.2 Hillforts ........................................................................................................................... 18 2.2.3 Burial Practices in Britain ............................................................................................... 19 2.2.4 Weapon Hoards and Votive Deposits in Britain ............................................................. 22 2.3 The Iron Age in Denmark ....................................................................................................... 24 2.3.1 Iron Age Settlements in Denmark .................................................................................. 24 2.3.2 Burial Practices in Denmark ........................................................................................... 26 2.3.3 Weapon Hoards and Votive Deposits ............................................................................ 28 2.4 Summary of Iron Age Britain and Denmark ........................................................................... 30 2.5 Early Bog Body Investigations and Interpretations ................................................................ 31 2.6 Modern 21st Century Scientific Approaches to Understanding and Interpretation of Bog Bodies .......................................................................................................................................... 39 2.7 Forensic and Medical Investigations: Evidence of Violence and Cause of Death .................. 42 2.7.1 Tollund Man ................................................................................................................... 43 2.7.2 Grauballe Man ................................................................................................................ 43 2.7.3 Elling Woman ................................................................................................................. 44 2.7.4 Lindow II ......................................................................................................................... 45 2.7.5 Worsley Man .................................................................................................................. 47 2.7.6 Osterby Skull .................................................................................................................. 48 2.7.7 Dätgen Man .................................................................................................................... 50 2.7.8 Weerdinge Men ............................................................................................................. 52 2.7.9 Yde Girl ........................................................................................................................... 54 2.7.10 Borremose 1946 (man) ................................................................................................ 55 2.7.11 Clonycavan Man ........................................................................................................... 56 2.7.12 Oldcroghan Man ........................................................................................................... 57 2.7.13 Gallagh Man ................................................................................................................. 58 2.8 Problems Encountered Investigating Injuries of Bog Bodies.................................................. 59 2.9 General Medical Examination of the Bodies: Information about the Nature of Individual Bodies .......................................................................................................................................... 62 2.10 Beyond the Body ................................................................................................................. 64 2.10.1 Understanding the Local Context: Stomach Contents and Last Meals ........................ 65 2.10.2 Understanding the Local Context: Preservation of Clothing and Artefacts ................. 69 2.10.3 Understanding the Local Context: Old Peat Cuttings and Burial ................................
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