A WEEKljY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION\ ART\ SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES.
Vol. LXXI.-No. 13'l A YEAR; ESTABT.IPHED 1845. _ NE W YORK, SEPTEMBER 29. 1894. ra3.00_ WEEKLY.
THE U. S. BATTLE SHIP MAINE. the engines are designed to give about tin, and 8 pounds of lead are added, t us for ing the I revolutions h m i 9,000 i i te This vessel, now having her p relim nal'y trials in nd ca d horse power. There are eight steel impro-red alloy. Long Island Sound, is greatly more formidable for war boilers, 14 feet 8 inches by 10 feet, designed to work at ... , . purposes than the cruisers which have been heretofore 1 a pressure of 135 poun s. The pumps are of the Blake Antlqnlty of tbe IlnDlDn Race. d added to' our new navy, on account of her strong dt:\- type, and they will supply hydraulic power for a The Department of Srate, Washington, has received e ie y of uses. fensive armor and the h avy guns she will carry. She v ar t a dispatch from Minister Terrell, at Constantinople, an· t The battery of h is to of four 10 was de�igned by the Navy Department and buil at t e Maine consist nouncing the results of American el:plorations now be inch rifled guns mounted in urr s, one forward the Brooklyn yard, under an aCltof Oongress approved two t et ing conducted at the ruins of Niffer, near ancient on h August 3. 1886. Her armor was made by the Bethle- t e starboard side and one aft on the port side. Babylon. The expenses of the work are defrayed by hem Steel Works, and the long time taken in the con- These guns will be p rotected by the 12 inch armor an association of Philadelphia gentlemen formed under strnction is partl y attributed to delay in receiving the of the turrets and by 8 inch shields. They each throw the name of the " Babylonian Exploration Fund." armor plates. The vessel was launched November 18, a projectile weighing 500 pounds. An auxiliary battery The work began in 1886, and, except at occasional 1890, and illustrations of the event were then published consists of ten 6-inch rifles on the battery deck, pro intervals, has been actively conducted. Dr. Peters by 2 inch s ie , is a secondary ba - in the SCIENTIFIC AI\lERlCAN. tected h lds and there t and Prof. Heilpricht, of the UlliversityofPennsylvania, h inclu i four 6-pou , eight 3-pounder, The Maine is built of steel throug out. Length over tery d ng nder and began the work, and it is still continued by Dr. Peters. all, 324 feet 4� inches; on load water line, 318 feet 3 two l-pounder rapid-firing guns, with four revolving From 150 to 250 Arabs have been constantly em f r gUllS. There will also be inches; extreme beam, 57 feet; mean draught, 21 feet cannon and ou Gatling ployed. n o pe o ub s, with range round the entire hori 6 inches; displacement, 6,682 tons. She haM a protec- seve t r d t e In the number of. tablets, bricks, inscribed vases, and tive belt of nickel-steel armor, 12 inches thick, for a zon. She will have a c re w of about 350 officers and in the value of cuneiform texts found, this American distance of 180 feet of her length on each side,covering men, and her cost is placed at $2,500,000. enterprise rivals, if it does not excel, in the opinion of her machinery and vital parts. The bottom is double, • ' ••• the minister, the explorations of IJayard at Nineveh wi h numerous watertight subdivisions, and she has a A New Alloy. and Rassam's excavations at Abu-Hatba. t protective deck of steel, 2 inches thick amidships and This alloy has the appearance of silver, receives and Prof. Heilpricht remains a.t the museum in Con 4 inches thick on the sloping parts. She is designed to I retains a high polish, does not tarnish, can be rolled stantinople, at the request of the Turkish government, have a speed of17 knots, and her coal-carrying capacity into sheets or drawn into wire, and is cheap to manu translating inscriptions and arranging tablets, bowls, is rated as sufficient for 7,000 knots steaming. The facture. It is composed of copper, nickel, spelter, and vases used from 1,000 to 4, 000 years before Christ. . engines were built by Messrs. N. F. Palmer, Jr. & 00., antimony, tin, and lead, an
THE UNITED STATES BATTLE SHIP MAINE.
© 1894 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. [SEPTEMBER 29, 1894.
VEGETATION, MAN AND less fusible than platinum. It may be filed, it takes While invention has produced many substances I a beautiful polish, and is not attacked by atmospherk re cfeitntifit which in part replace wood and other organic materials, agents. It is attacked but slightly by acids and 1845. ESTABLISHED�mttitan. the fact remains that man is to-day almost as depend- sists aqua regia and alkalies in fusion. ent for his comfort and very life on the vegetable This preparation of chromium will permit of effica MUNN � CO., Editors and Proprietors. world as were his ancestors in more primitive times. ciously studying the alloys of the metal. United PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT The anatomists have had long disputes as to man's either with aluminum or copper, it gives, in fact, some place in the scale of food consumption, whether he is very intere�ting results. No. 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. properly omnivorous or not. Whether carnivorous or I Pure copper, alloyed with 05· of chromium, has its o. D. MUNN. A. E. BEACH. vegetarian, his food derives its ultimate origin in the toughness nearly doubled, and the alloy, which is ca wonderful chemical decompositions and syntheses pable of taking a beautiful polish, alters less than TERMS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAI'i. effected by the vegetable kingdom. The highest copper does in contact with moist air. triumphs of synthetic chemistry have not yet suc- Commercial Products Obtained from Sharks. ceeded in producing his food from the chemical ele- Sharks, says a writer in the Revue Scientifique, fur ments. ni8h quite a number of valuable products. Thus, 'I'he !Scientific Alnerlcttn �lIppleJnen{ 18 IENTIFIC AMERICAN. The production of self·supporting aquaria, consist- the liver of the shark contains an oil of a beautiful a distinct paper from the SC 16 '.PHESUPP LEMENT is issued weekly. Every number contains octavo P8¥es,uniform SUPPLEMENT in size ing of tanks of water in which plant life and fish life color, that never becomes turbid, and that posseS8es 85.00with SClENTIFLC A MERICAN.U. 'l'erms of subscription$6.00 for a year, for the S., Canada or Mexico. a year to foreigll those of cod liver oil. count ie� be]on�iIll! to the Postal Union. Single copies 10 cents. bold are so exactly balanced that there is a miniature self- medicinal qualities equal to r a t ut t e s, b ENT supporting world within the four glass plates, has been The skin, after being dried, takes the polish and hard yC�!�I�l:r;��� lt�t �:����� s �I�i�����Y' A�e:r&�r:G8., ��� ��;j�ii will be sentseven for doUars.one year� to one address in U. Canada or Mexico on a favorite scientific amusement with many. On our ness of mother of pearl. It is marbled and bears a re receipt of a To fOl'eijlll countries within Postal Union eight d
© 1894 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. the in:O.uence of the ship's motion. The smallest ves perhaps ten feet long, is placed against a mirror, high high projecting crown, is drawn closely over the sels are preferable for the carriage of coal. above the :O.oor, and has a raised platform beside it, smooth'hair; the six or eight rows of pink coral beads Mr. Roepke does not believe in the possibility of the from which a number of spectators are generally to be are tight enough about the neck to give It choking spontaneous combustion of cargoes of damp cotton. seen studying her complicated appointments. sensation. The short velvet sleeves fit ti ght enough But it is possible that a spark falling accidentally up The most ambitious industrial work shown in the above the elbows to make a little puff,an d the bare on a bale may remain ignited for weeks and afterward small section devoted to educational exhibits consists arms are as red as impeded circulation and exposure to set fire to the mass. Greasy cotton, on the contrary, of a pretty, well finished road cart and harness made sun and air can well make them. A little shoulder very easily takes fire spontaneously. The same is the at a reform school at 'Logne Pointe, Canada. shawl, laid in tight little fold!!, is fastened over their case with :o'ax, jute and tow. Stacks of hay, and bales The Utrecht Life Insurance Company exhibits a backs, and very ample petticoats complete the cos of tobacco and hops are likewise liable to spontaneous library of 2,009 volumes concerning life insurance and tume. This has, at least, the beauty of being old combustion. the accessory sciences. They are in the ItaJian, Dutch, fashioned in every part.icular; but some Dutch women Electrolysis of Sulphate of Copper. -In a note re German, French, Latin, and English languages. The combine the old and new, to th e great disadvantage cently presented to the French Academy of Sciences, catalogue giving full titles contains some curious sum- of both. This remark applies to those who wear the Mr. A. Chassy states that if sulphate of copper in a maries of books, particularly of old ones. Here is an close-fitting gold helmet over the head, over that Ii hot state be electrolyzed, there will be obtained in a example: .. Hayes, R. A new method for valuing of lace cap with a deep, :O.uted rume at the back of the large number of cases a remarkable violet red deposit. annuities upon lives. Shewing at sight, as follows: I. neck, and on top of all a modern bonnet with flowers At 100°, fol' example, with a current density of one How many years, months, etc., purchase an annuity and feathers. hundredth of an ampere per square centimeter, a upon life, for any age, from 30 to 73 years, is worth, when A serious mistake, in my opinion, is made by many satura.ted solution of pure sulphate of copper givel'l money yields 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 per cent interest. II. How exhibitors in having no one in charge of their exhibits. upon a platinum electrode a beautiful deposit, which, much a year 100 l. is worth upon life for any of the Among the machinery, where most explanation' is examined under the microscope, exhibits magnificent aforesaid ages, etc. III. The value of the buyers' and needed, ,;;carcely any is to be had, except for a short crystals of a bright red, wbose forms are derived from sellers' chances. V. The present value of any annuity time in the afternoon. Where there is anything for the cube and octahedron. upon life, from 1,0001. a year to one pound a year, for sale, and those places are numberless, there is no lack The deposit is not always homogeneous. If tbe tem an y age, from 30 to 73 years, when money is worth 4, of service. During the last few days, lottery tickets perature of decomposition be diminished, there will be 5, 6, 7, or 8 per cent. . . . X. The amount of 100 I. are offered at every turn, and the quantity of money obtained small reddish yellow crystalline masses of a year, if the payment is forborne for any number of to be seen at every stand w here they are sold indicates copper disseminated through the red crystals. The years, under 31. at 5 and 6 per cent. Very useful in that there is no lack of purchasers. A. D. lower the temperature is, the greater will be the pro settling of accounts between executors and orphans. .. •• , .. portion of metallic copper. Thus, toward 40°, we ob Together with many useful examples and instructions The Precipitation of Metals frOIn Solution by an tain only a few isolated red crystals. An increase of for valuing of single lives; two or more lives; lives Electric Current. the density of the current or a diminution of the con" taken in with other lives; reversion of lives; annuities A searching investigati on into the separation of centration produces the same effect as a lowering of in expectation; estates for any certain term of years, metals from their dilute solutions has recently been the temperature of the experiment. In all cases, in as freeholds, leaseholds, and reversions, without any concluded by F. Mylius and O. Fromm. The experi order to obtain the red crystals,a nearly neutral solu decimals, etc. The whole being made easy to a com- ments concerned the phenomena occurring in the pre tion is requisite. The experiment succeeds as well mon capacity. The second edition, corrected. Lon- cipitation of one metal by another, as well as in the with a liquid deprived of air through a prolonged don. 1746. 4to. " electrolysis of solutions. For tbe work as a wbole we ebullition. A Tyrolese log hut is an interesting part of the Aus- must refer our readers to the Berichte der Deutscben • •• I • trian section. It is furnished in a quaint, primitive Chemischen Gesellschaft, xxvii. , 1894, pp. 630-651. Notes from the Ant.werp Exhibition. way, and has some old armor on the walls. But its The London Electrical Review, however, gives 1;he The Room of Honor, where their Majesties the King chief object is to sbow the scenery of the Austrian conclusions arrived at as regards precipitation by the and Queen and other distinguished personages are re- Alps; this is done by three large pictures arranged in electric current. They are as follows: 1. The beavy ceived, was furnisbed by the French Chamber of Com- somewhat the same way that tbe so-called cycloramas metals may be separated more or less easily from their merce in Brussels from the manufactories of France. are, though on a smaller scale. The views of glaciers, dilute solutions in the form of black, porous, and ap It is not large, but is well lighted and handsome. '.rhe lofty peaks, with glorious clouds hanging about them, parentIy non-crystalline precipitates. 2. Silver and walls are hung with beautiful tapestry from the Gohe- picturesque huts clinging to their sides, and lovely copper precipitated in this way may absorb or occlude lin works, and some more delicate in color and design lakes at the foot, will hardly fail of sending some hydrogen during tbe passage of the current, but the from Beauvais. Tbe upholstery is rich and of antique travelers thitherward. greater part of this gas escapes when the circuit is looking patterns. Fine Sevres vases stand about the Hungary makes ber bid, too, to lovers of finescenery opened. 3. Silver and copper precipitates exhihit room. A green one, adorned with enamel of gold, by the attrative frescoes on the walls of her department. spontaneous change into the crystalline state, fre blue, green, and red in elaborate design, which orna- Her display of substances used in the tanning of leather quently accompanied by the evolution of hydrogen. ments the center table, has been presented to the occupies one side of the room. They come from long 4. The conversion of the black into tbe crystalline Queen of Belgium. A very large vase of dark red distances; there are oak bark, sumac, and acorns from modification is hastened by the action of metallic salts, marble, bronze, and gilt, was made at Barbedienne. Greece and Australia, and nutgalls from the Argentine acids, an d oxidizing agents, the metals in this .respect A small cruqifix formed of a gilt cross with the Christ RepUblic. The exquisite glass from Vienna is so deli- being analogous to the alloys. 5. '.rhe black variety cut from a piece of Indian jade hangs on the wall un- cate tbat in comparison with it that shown by other of copper containing hydrogen is essentially diH'erent der glass. It cost $1,200. One of the gems of the room countries looks coarse. from Wurtz's copper hydride. 6. An electrolytic method is a screen c�mposed of two photographs on white silk. Bulgaria has done well to send so larjle a collection of formation of copper hydride no more exists than One lias a purplish blue tint, tbe other a soft greenish - of photographs of her scenery. It is so wild and beau- does a process of preparing tbe same body by means of gray tone; both represent a youth and maiden with tiful that, in time, I believe it will be an important zinc. 7. The black precipitate frequently observed the possibilities of a romance within their grasp. rival of Switzerland. Sbe makes no mean display of on the zinc of a Daniell's cell consists of a copper-zinc England makes very little attempt at an exhibition; ber products-maize, rice, wheat, etc.-in this ex- alloy. The same substance separates alid is deposited but the case of platinum apparatus patented byJohn- hibition where the cereals are conspicuous for their on the copper plate when tbe cell is exhausted. son Matthey & Co., of London, and the specimens of absence. It bas a great variety of useful minerals, too, •• • I • metals separated by its use,is valued at $100, 000. A including marbles, coal, gypsum, iron, copper, and The Howery Young Men'. Inst.ltnte. nugget of platinum weighs 157'5 ounces. An ingot of salt. Carpets and furniture strong in texture and bar- TlIis institution,located in a thickly populated sec palladium, containing 1,000 ounces, was extracted from baric in color, and soft, delicate silk fabrics show the tion of New York at No. 222 Bowery, has for its motto gold and platinum valued at $11,250, 000. Besides these progress in manufactures. •. Aids to Self-Improvement," and aims especially. to specimens there are glasses containing considerable A case of costumes overloaded witb gilt and em- assist in the business education of young men between quantities of the rare elements, silicon in steel gray broidery suggests that some of the people must be very the ages of 17 and 35. crystals, osmium in pale blue grains, and a mass of fond of display. Instruction is given in the following subjects: Steam iridium weighing 240 ounces. The standard meter The United States make a most humiliating ex- engineering, practical electricity, sanitary plumbing, rule and kilo weight adopted by the International hibition. They occupy, the guide book says, 10, 000 carriage draughting, mechanical drawing, architec Commission of Weights and Measures, composed of "square yards of space, as much as Germany; but it tural drawing, freehand drawing, arithmetic, book· pure iridio-platinum, are in the case. The large pla- does not seem to me tbat the pitiful little array of to- keeping, penmanship, shortband, typewriting, Eng tinum gold.lined vessels· for the concentration of sui- bacco, varnisbes, musical instruments from Lyon & lish grammar and composition, vocal music and glee ph uric acid are valued at $18,800. This is the same Healy, in. Chicago, the case of pills, the caligraph, club, and first aid to the injured. exhibit sbown in Chicago. steam radiators, some batbtubs, a few easy chairs, A distinctive feature of this educational work is that Across the Central Gallery hangs the word "Naviga- some bottles of whisky, alarm clocks, the hags of flour the theory is taught to those who are getting the tion," and below and far beyond it extends the fine from Duluth, the drills from a Cleveland firm, and car practical part of the subject in their daily work. display made by the principal great steamer lines. wheels from Buffalo can possibly occupy most of tbat Firemen are taught all the theory necessary for be There are many models of their boats, each in its own space, and yet this is a careful list of what is to be coming engineers. Engineers are prepared to take glabS case. The North German Lloyd's section is par- found under the American flag, though it does not in- charge of higher grade engines. Machinists are taught ticularly interesting, and though more complete than clude a large collection of cash registers of various pat- the mechanical drawing which they need in their some, may be given to illustrate the whole. It occu- terns and sizes. They attract crowds, and probably work. Young men in offices are taught the commer pies two rooms; in one is a large map of the world will not go far to ehange the belief that the dollar is cial subjects. In tbis way the efficiency and com mer placed in a horizontal position. On it all the com- almighty in America-a belief, by the way, which in- cial value of each student is increased for his present pany's routes are indicated by heavy lines, and on each telligent Europeans hold with considerable tenacity. employer. little vessels are placed to show where tbeir entire :O.eet The picturesque costumes that a few years ago add- Connected with the institute is an excellent gym is at a given time. They are all numbered and a key ed to the interest of a visit on the Continent of Europe nasium and also a commodious hall, where lectures on is gi ven. In this room and the other there are beauti- have well nigh passed out of use, and,on the whole, practical topics are given. ful models of twelve of their vessels. The upper part I there is greater sameness in the general aspect of the ------...... , ...... -.------Waterproof Cloth. of the walls is decorated with views of the harbors I crowds here than there was in Cbicago. The older Flem- which they enter, Rio Janeiro, Genoa, Bremen, Syd- ish women in lace caps with large ear-shaped flaps over A textile fabric or cloth, of close texture, is sub ney, etc. On the wall there are also interesting sta- the ears do their share in relieving the monotony, and jected to the action of sulphuric acid of about 115° T., tistics, among tbem these: The whole number of pas- some of the Dutch peasants are really quaint. Occa- so as to partly parchmentize the fibers and more or sengers carried by the line from 1858 to 1893 is 2,956,849. sionally a party of them may be seen going about to- less completely close the interstices without destroy The comers of the room are filled with a promiscuous gether; the men wearing loose black v.elvet trousers, ing the texture of the cloth. The excess of acid is re mass of wbeels, lanterns,bu oys, life preservers, etc. short jackets, their hair cut square in the neck, an d an moved by washing, with or without previous treat Relief representations of the shipyard at Bredow, near indescribable expression of simplicity and unsopbistica- ment with alkali, and the' wasbed material is sub Stettin,of the SOlltham pton Harbor and the docks tion on their faces. The women look as if they had jected to pressure between calendering rolls, whereby there, and a si milar one of Dunkerque are only second seen more of the world, and were out for a good time. a finished appearance is imparted,and the closing of in interest to a visit in all three places. Tightness is apparently with them a very essential the interstices completed. The material may be suit- A half section of a model of the man-of-warVictoria., element of beauty. The white embroidered cap, with ably dyed.
© 1894 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J titutifit �mttitau. THE OPTOMETER SKIASCOPE. instrument-the optometer skiascope. The modus rid ian the illumination will be total. After making Dr. Sureau has recently presented to the scientific operandi is as follows : these observations, it only remains to read the dials in world a most ingenious apparatus designed for ascer A pencil of luminous rays is projected into the eye order to write the prescript.ion for eyeglasses. The taining in a positive manner the nature and the degree of the subject, placed behind the optometer, with the operation is performed very rapidly, and with mathe of the different anomalies exhibited by the eye (myopia, ophthalmoscope, while, at the same time, the different matical precision. So the use of this instrument is hypermetropia, astigmatism, particularly indicated in all cases in which it is neces cl�) � A normal or emmetropic sary to make visual determin eye, as we know, sees a dis ations upon a large number tant object clearly; that is to of subjects, and it is to be say, the image of the latter hoped that it will soon be forms with exactness upon utilized by the ministers of the retina. In a myopic (near war and of the navy, in both sighted) eye the image is of which branches of the ser formed in front of the retina, vice it will render surgeons and in a hypermetropic (long great servicesthrough a gi-eat sighted) eye it is formed be saving in time.-La Nature. hind; hence the use of di ,...... vergent glasses for the correc Dr. Francis Henry "Under tion of myopia and that of W'ood. convergent ones for hyper Dr. Francis Henry Under metropia. Astigmatism is due wood, United States consul to the fact that the power of at Edinburgh, died in that the eye is variable in the dif city, August 8, from blood ferent meridians, there being poisoning resulting from a a maxim um meridian of power carbuncle on the back of the and a minimum meridian of neck. The Scotsman, of the the same placed at right above city, has a long and angles. In order to correct interesting sketch of the life astigmatism, recourse is had and labors of Dr. Underwood. to spherical glasses, and it is SUREAU'S OPTOMETER SKIASCOPE. He was born at Enfield, Mass., very important for the oculist ou January 12, 1825. He was to determine the exact position of the maximum me buttons of the apparatus are revolved according as educated in Amherst, and at the age of 16 was left de ridian in order that he may be able to give the correct need be. pendent upon his own personal exertions.. Starting ing glasses the proper inclination. The oculist then ascertains whether the entire pupil life as a schoolmaster in Kentucky, he afterward en The examination of an abnormal or ametropic eye, is illuminated at once or only progressively. If the tered upon a legal training, and was admitted to the therefore, constitutes a long and difficult operation, former is the case, the eye is myopic by one diopter. bar. and one that through that fact is subject to error. Dr. If the illumination is progressive and the luminous It was as a brilliant man of letters, says the Scots Sureau renders it rapid and easy, and, it may be said, zone moves in the same direCltion as the mirror, the eye man, that Dr. Underwood was best known, and will of almost absolute certainty, with his apparatus, which always be remembered. Though. his studies were registers the observations automatically. It consists, mainly in English literature, his writings cover a wider in the first place, of an optometer formed of three ver field. In his own person he constituted an addition to tical, parallel wheels, movable around a horizontal the long and honored roll of American citizens who axis. One of them carries 18 cylindrical glasses-9 con have shown how felicitously eminence in literature vex and 9 concave-numbered : 0'5, 1, 1'5, 2, 2 '5, 3, 4, may be combined with high diplomatic talent. 5, 6. .. fe •• The second carries 18 spherical glasses-9 convex and THE CHARTER GAS AND GASOLINE ENGINE. 9 concave-numbered : 0'5, 1, 1'5, 2, 2'5, 3, 3'5, 4, 4'5. The illustrations show two constructions of the The third carries 7 additional glasses designed for Charter gas and gasoline engine, manufactured at strong ametropias, and numbered: 5, 10, 15, + + + Sterling, Ill, by the Charter Gas Engine Company, one - 5, - 10, - 15, - 20. being the double flywheel construction followed for The sign + relates to convergent glasses and - to the large sizes only and the other the vertical, made divergent ones. The two series of glasses are separat in but one size, viz., 1% indicated, 1)4 actual horse ed on each wheel by two orifices. We have thus a power. complete optometer, with which the physician will be The only change made in this engine since Janu able to measure the most diverse anomalies. ary, 1890, has been in operating the exhaust by a The eye is placed in a fixed positiou, so that any one cam instead of an eccentric, the cam motiou being of the glasses of the optometer may be paRsed in front shown in the larger cut. This has proved to be an im of it. Each wheel is connected, through a mechanism, provement in facilitating the quiet working of the ma with a needle that moves over a dial so divided that chine, as the motion is much more even than hereto the number in front of which the needle stops corre fore. This motion had been previously in use on the sponds to the number of the glass placed in front of vertical engine, and has now been applied to the hori the eye of the subject. On another hand, a button zontal for all purposes. This engine uses gas, either placed under the hand of the observer affordsa means, THE CHARTER GAS AND GASOLINE ENGINE. manufactured or nat ural or producer gas, as preferred, through the intermedium of levers, of maneuvering the and also gasoline, and in the use of the last named fuel wheel at a distance. is myopic by more than one diopter. If the contrary its simplicity and safety have been attested by yean� A peculiar mechanism permits of registering the de· is the case, the eye is normal or hypermetropic. of highly successful practice. gree of inclination of the cylinders necessary in the Astigmatism is distinguished by the persistence of a It is not affected by cold or changeable weather, determination of astigmatism. To this effect, each of shadow in a meridian, while in the perpendicular me- and does not depend upon the temperature of the air them is set into a toothed or its degree of saturation to wheel, a, which engages with get the gasoline into the cyl the teeth of a wheel, R, so inder. that the rotation of the latter I •• causes all t,he cylinders to Etrect of' Great Cold on turn at th e same angle. Re Animals. hind, there is a piece against Pictet. the French chem which bears a lever that com ist, finds by subjecting ani nmnicates with the needle of mals and insects to the in a quadrant, M N. Onanother tense cold obtainable from hand, there is arranged a rod liquefiedatmospheric air that connected on one side with animals show a wonderful the wheel, R, through a power of resistance to its toothed wheel, p, and, on the effects. A dog placed in a other, a button, Y. If a copper receiver.at a tempera rotary motion be gi ven to this w ture of _60" to _90" C. sho ed button, it will be transmitted a rise of bodily temperature to R; that is to say, to the of 0'5" in ten minutes, and cylinders, and, at the same after au hour and a half had time, to the needle of the only lost 10. A little later, quadrant. This needle will however, nature gave up the indicate, very accurately in struggle, the temperature fell degrees, the amplitude of the rapidly, and the animal died angle described by the cylin� suddenly. Insects resist a del'S, and, consequently, their temperature of -28.° but not inclination upon the horizon. _350, while mydapods live The adaptation of this down to _500 and snails to mechanism to the optometer _1300• Birds' eggs lose their permits of maneuvering it at vitality at _2° to _30 ; ants' a distance. Under such cir eggs at 00• Infusoria die at cumstances the skiascopic -900, while bacteria are method for the examination still virulent at -213°. This of the eye is all indicated. last fact is, perhaps, the This justifies the name of the THE CHARTER GAS AND GASOLINE ENGINE. most significantof all.
© 1894 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. A PORTION OF 'rHE HOTEL DE VILLE, SEVILLE, fertilizers, but are injured by them, while, although als on the same ground the next season, without other SPAIN. through the nitrogen contained in their roots they fertilizer. In 1890, a tract of old, peaty soil was Seville, situated on the left bank of the Guadalqui- improve the soil greatly for succeeding crops of other " vaccinated " with a ton and a half to the acre of earth vir River, 355 miles south-southwest of Madrid, is plants, they injure it for themselves ; and leguminous from a diseased field. Besides this, five hundred and one of the most picturesque and interesting cities in crops, cnltivated too 10lJg in the same ground, become twenty pounds to th e acre of scorire from a dephosphor Europe. Its cathedral, second only to St. Peter's at sickly. It was not until a few years ago that science ating furnace were spread over the ground, and about Rome, as regards size ; the Moorish Giralda, the bell and observation were reconciled, by the persistent in a thousand pounds to the acre of kainite, but very tower of the cathedral ; and the Alcazar, magni- vestigations the of MM. Hellriegel and Wiilfarth. who little nitrogenous manure. The tract was then sown ficent palace which is the chief relic of the Arab demonstrated beyond question the fact that th� legu with clover, which produced nearly three tons of hay domination in Seville, are all world-renowned objects minosre do, in growing, absorb large quantities of to the acre. The next year, a virgin peaty soil was of interest. Hardly less interesting is the Casa del nitrogen from th e air, but with the singular condition treated with half a ton to the acre of sand, from a Aynntamiento, the town house. or Hotel de Ville, as that the absorption of nitrogen begins only with the field which had borne a crop of .. serra delle, " a small would be call d north the Pyrenees. This beau- appearance of it e of a diseased state, which is marked by leguminous plant, unknown to us. The san(j was tiful Renaissance building offers a pleasing contrast the development of tubercles, about the size of a millet harrowed in. No an re of othE'r m u any kint!! was put to the Moorish edifices which abound in the old city. seed, on the roots, and is, apparently, caused by min on. The ground was sown with winter rye. In May, The Ayuntamiento was begun by Herrera, th e Span- ute animals, which are al ways found in the tubercles, thirty-five pounds to the acre of serradelle seed was T ish architect, in 1545. h e facade is divided into two and seem to give the plant the nitrogen-absorbing sown among the rye. The rye produced a good crop, unequal parts, the smaller of which contains an open power. Further investigations showed that the young, and, after the harvest, the ierradelle, which had ab porch or vestibule, as shown in th e illustration, and healthy plants lived on the nitrogen already contain sorbed and fixed about sixty pounds to the acre of is covered with a profusion of ornament that sug- ed in the soil, and that it was not until this was ex atmospheric nitrogE'n, was plowed in, as green man rich facade of the Certosa of Pavia. The hausted, and the plants gests the began to suffer, that the nitro ure. The next year, the land was planted with pota other portion of the front is without ornament from gen-absorbing- excrescences made their appearance ; toes, and similar potatoes WE're planted in neighboring the ground to the first story, along the front of which I and proved, also, that the tiny inhabitants of the fields, which had not had the new treatment. but were runs a series of open arches simply enriched with barn supported by columns. The yard manure. At the har rich carving is executed in vest, the yield from the a style called plateresque, vaccinated fields, which which rather uncouth term had received no other ma is used to denote work in nure. was from twenty stone that resembles the eight to sixty-two per cent, art 0 f the silversmith. greater than from the rna· Owing to the softness of the nured fields, according to climate, the rich carving the variety planted. The still exists in undiminish most surprising result from ed, 'splendor. For our en the treatment appears, graving we are indebt however, to have been ob ed to the Engineering tained in Prussia, where Record. a tract newly brought ••• nnder cultivation was divi " (,he Vaccination o£ Land. ded, and part vaccinated Some of the most extra with earth from a lupin ordinary agricultural ex field. The whole was then periments ever under sown with lupins ; and the taken, considered both yield from the vaccinate. practically and scientific· portion was five and one ally, are described in Le half times as great as that Genie Civil. Every one from the other portion, for who has ever owned alawn equal areas.-Amer. Archi knows that to plow the tect. ground at intervals, and ...... raise a crop of certain vege Return o£ the Peary tables, improves the subse Expedition. quent growth of grass ; and All of the members of the a drive through the suh Peary main and auxiliary expeditions, with the ex urbs of any large city will s how lawns undergoing ception of Messrs. Peary, this treatment, sometimes Lee and Henson. returned with a crop of potatoes, to St. John's, N. F. , Sept. sometimes with beans, ac 15. Lieut. Peary and his cording to the notions of two companions will re the owners, or their gar main at the headquarters, deners. The process by Falcon Harbor, to conduct which this alternation of their explorations next crops improves the soil has year. never been very clearly ex· On October 31, 1893, an plained. Most people sup immense tidal wave swept pose that the repeated away half of the oil which digging up of the earth, was used for heating and to plant the potatoes, and Jighting and destroyed the harveEt the crop, is the launch and dories. The secret of the success of the winter was spent in pre treatment, but chemists parations for the inland " have fancied for many ice journey to Independ years that, in such rota ence Bay, which began on tion!. of crops, one set of March 6, with a party of plants might have the eight men, twelve sledges power of absorbing nitro and ninety-two dogs. The burros and carrier pi eons gen from the atmosphere, g and conveying it to the HOTEL DE VILLE, SEVILLE, SPAIN. were useless. The party soil. With this idea, a arrived a t Anniversary long series of experiments was carried out fifty years tubercles were, as a rule, confined to one species Lodge with twenty· four dogs and no sledges, hav ago, by the greatest chemists in Europe, who analyzed of plant, the acacia microbe, for example, refusing ing advanced only 134 miles in thirty·one days. The various plants, the air in which they grew and the soil, to live on the bean, or the clover microbe on the party was divided, and Peary, Baldwin, Entrikin and before they were planted, during their growth, and lentil. Clark pushed on. At last, when it became evident afterward, and came to the unanimous conclusion It is evident that a plant capable of absorbing nitro that IndependE'nce Bay could not be reached in the that the absorption and storage of nitrogen by grow- gen. which iE>a costly as well as indispensable adjunct summer of 1894, the return trip was begun. In the ing plants was an impossibility. to farming, and of storing it np in the soil for its mas- equinoctial storm, which lasted for four days, the ex possession ; and, as only dis plorers suffered from t e intense cold, the temperature For all this, farmers continued to observe that cer- ter's profit, is a valuable h tain plants, particularly of the leguminous tribe, such ea sed plants have that property, it is obvious that it is at times being as low as 60° below zero, while for as clover, lucerne, sainfoin, and some others, instead desirable to spread the nitrogen-storing disease. With thirty-four consecutive hours the wind blew forty of exhausting the soil, !leemed to enrich it, so that, this view, several skillful farmers in France and Ger eight miles an hour. It is believed that this weather even after the leaves and stems had been cut and car- many have, within tbe past two or three years, been is the worst to which any Arctic explorers have been ried away, the roots alone, left in the gr ound,' sensibly trying experiments, by " vaccinating," as they say, subjected. increased its fertility. Analysis showed that these fields of leguminous plants, by sprinkling them with Though the expedition has ended in failure as 'roots contained a considerable quantity of nitrogen. earth in which tuberculous plants have been growing, regards the main object of the trip, still good work Lawes, Gilbert and or wate in which they have been soaked ; and the was done in surveying and mapping ont quite an If, according to Boussingault, r should be results have been extraordinary. Analysis has shown extent of hitherto unknown coast line. Messrs. others, it. was impos,ible that this nitrogen derived from the atmosphere, it must be drawn from that a single crop of tnberculous leguminosre, if the Peary and Lee are also the first white men to see, 'nitrogenous matters in the soil. The inference would tops are plowed in, adds to the soil from five to twelve measure and locate the iron meteorite near Cape be, in this case, that nitrogenous mannres would be thousand pounds of nitrogen, worth from eighteen York. It is expected that this meteorite will be beneficial to crops requiring so much nitrogen for their to forty-five dollars, to the acre ; and even when brought home next year. The auxiliary expeditions growth ; yet it is well known to farmers that these the tops are cut and carried away, there is enough made some vaJuable explorations in the Carey Islands, nitro e ous ni ro en left in the roots to insure a good crop of cere- at Cape Farada and at Clarence Head. plants not only derive no benefit from g n I t g y
© 1894 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. $ citutific �mtticau. [SEPTEMBER 29, 18<)4· Logarithms. tached to one �ide is moistened by saliva and the worms, for securing the lamp to the left side of the dash, and An expert engineer in a New England city rendered confined under it, are liberated, and become mixed up another illustrates a fitting with which it may be a bill to a corporation who had employed him to write in bloody saliva. With a pair of forceps the operator placed on the side brackets of a carriage. The lamp a technical report. The amount of the fee was large, picks them ont and satisfies the patient.-J. G. Kerr, can be attached in a moment to the front or side of the corporation refuged to pay it, and the claim was Dental Register. the dash, or to the bracket, and the light is thrown carried into court. • t •• • straight ahead. During the trial the counsel for the corporation A POWERFUL CUTTING NIPPER. •.e .• sought to belittle the expert's work, raising questions It will be seen by the arrangement of the jaws of The Gohna Flood. as to his experience, and, in fact, to prove that his la this nipper that it gives great power with rigidity. It The story of the Gohna landslip and its sequel is so bor would have been amply rewarded with a fe w dol forms one of an extensive line of finetools, such as extraordinary that it deserves to be told in some de lars a day. calipers, dividers, gauges etc., made by the J. Ste tail, now that the bursting of the dam and the flood .• How did you reach this result ?" asked the lawyer, vens Arms and Tool Company, of Chicopee Falls ing of the valley have taken place in the exact manuel' referring to a certain calculation which had involved (P. O. box No. 280), Mass. The nipper will cut wire and almost on the exact day which had been foreseen. the use of logarithms. We are enabled to do this through the careful invest i "I consulted Napier's table and "-but he got no gations of Mr. Thomas H. Holland, published in the further. latest issue of the records of the Geological Sur "You consulted Napier's table, did you ?" vey of India. The scene of this curious story is ••Yes." in a Himalayan valley, in the district of Garhwal, " Do you mean to tell this court that you. an expert, between the sacred city of Hardwar on the Upper had to resort to a published table ? Did you prove the Ganges and the Tibetan frontier. It is a land of im figures of that table ? " mense mountains, separated by valleys so narrow that .. No ; but they haye been proved. They are con they may almost be called ravines. The chief of these sidered to be accurate by every scientific man." is the valley of Srinagar, through which runs the river "Why do you not work out your own table of Alaknanda, an object of profound reverence to devout logarithms ? Is it not because you are unable to do Hindus. A tributary of this river is called the Birahi so ?" Ganga, and eight miles above its junction with the "It is not. I am perfectly capable of preparing larger stream is the small village of Gohna, situated such a table, but it would have taken too long a time 160 miles from Hardwar. Close to Gohna was a hill to do so, and so I consulted the standards." called Maithana, precipitous in form, and composed of "In order to prove your calculation as well as your dolomitic rock. On September 6, 1893, almost exactly capabilit.ies in this matter," continued the suspicious a year ago, toward the close of the rainy season, a lawyer, ., I will now ask you to prepare a table of tremendous landslip took place here, nearly the whole logarithms. " hill falling into the valley and damming the stream " Here and now ?" inquired the plaintiff. "I fear it so as to form a long, deep lake. " Falling," writes Mr. will consume too much of the court's time." Holland, "continued for three days with deafening This seemed to confirm the lawyer's doubts, and so noise and clouds of dust, which darkened the neigh he insisted the more upon having a complete table of borhood and fell for miles around." The falls con logarithms prepared. tinued at intervals for several months, and at the time The plaintiff smiled maliciously, took paper and of Mr. Holland's visit last March "a day's rain or fall pencil an d began his work. In about five minutes the of snow was always succeeded by falls-blocks of sev lawyer asked him if he had finished. The plaintiff eral tons came bounding from ledge to ledge for more shook hiR head and continued at work. Ten minutes than 3,000 feet over the broken hill face with a low pas Red by and again the question was put : rumbling noise and the production of clouds of dust." .. How nearly finished are you ?" In March the dam formed an exposed surface of 423 A POWERFUL CUTTING NIPPER. "Very far from finished," remarked the plaintiff. acres, but the river had already become a lake of two "Well, may I ask how long it will take you to pre- at either extreme of the jaws without the opposite and three-quarter miles in length, and this was grow pare a table such as Napier's ? You seem to be very eud closing faster than the cutting end. It is well ing steadily, the dam being, of course, gradually sub slow about it." adapted for cutting music wire and other severe work. merged by the mounting waters. At that time the rate The expert hesitated a little and then replied : "I of ri,dng was six inches a day, but with the melting estimate that, working alone, I might be able to com A CONVENIENT CARRIAGE LAMP. of the snows in the hot season it was known that the plete it in about fifteen years, working day and night. The number of poorly burning, smoky, badly located rise would be more rapid. It took Napier and five assistants seven years to pre The geologists, however, were not content with carriage lamps which one can readily observe. lamps pare his table, but I am less familiar with the calcula vague prophecies such as must have occurred to un which serve rather to "make the darkness visible" than tion than he was, and, as you say, work slow. Still in common sense. The question for illuminate the roa-dway over which one is traveling, aided them was, fifteen years I think I ran complete it." precise time will the lake reach the top would seem to afford a good field for the introduction At what of the It is unnecessary to say that the lawyer was not a dam, and what will then be the precise course of the a really efficient and simple lamp. Such lamp, as little taken aba.ck by the answer, which enlightened of a liberated waters ? The answer to these questions offers him a trifle on the subject. He withdrew the ques a curious instance of exact scientific prevision, worthy tions, and eventually the expert won his case.-New of being put on record as such, and of high practical York Herald. value as an instance of what is done for the people of • ·e' • India by a government that has at command the best Dentistry in China. scientific ability and the power of making full use of In the department of dentistry the Chinese have, it. At the time of Mr. Holland's visit, the lake was strange to relate, anticipated by centuries the profes less than three miles long, and before it, could overflow sion in Europe and America in the insertion of artifi its length must reach seven miles. Yet the date was cial teeth. Utilizing the femur of an ox, and sawing a exactly calculable, as was the course of the water after circle of half or three-quarters of an inch from the reaching the limit. "The lake," he wrote, "will be shaft, a section of this circle is used sufficientto fill full and will overflow the barrier about the middle of the vacant space in the mouth. The section of bone August. Means of recording by instantaneous photo is then dressed with a file. so as to imitate the teeth graphs the effectsof the water on the dam are being to be replaced, and through holes drilled in each end, carefully arranged by the government of the North copper wires are passed to fasten it to the adjoining western provinces." teeth. These artificial teeth are designed more for Again, speaking of the point at which the overflow good looks than for purposes of masticatio :l, and since would begin, the writer said, "When full the lake will, the cost of inserting three or four teeth amounts to unless a cutting is m'tde, overflow at the point referred about twenty-five or thirty cents, this means of reme to as 5,850 feet above the sea level; and the stream, dying uncomely defects is within the reach of all. rushing down an incline of 11 degrees, will rapidly cut American and English dentists of high standing with increasing head a channel in the mud and loose ha ye practiced their profession in Hong-Kong, stones, until its speed is checked by the reduction of Shanghai, and other cities open to foreign commerce, slope and the exposure of large blocks of dolomite which and have employed Chinese young men to assist in must occur below at no great depth." This is just the mechanical part of the work. With the talent for what has now oC0urred. The water reached the top on imitation for which the race is noted, these young men Sunday morning, August 26, and by midnight had be_ have not been slow to ayail themselves of the oppor gun to escape in great volume. The heavy rush tunity of learning the more delicate parts of the work took place at night, and by 4:30 A.M. some 320 performed by the dentist himself. A number of these feet of water had escaped, the lake sinking to a young men have become successful practitioners among quarter of its maximum size in that short space their own countrymen, and with foreign instruments of time. It can easily be imagined that the and material, are superseding the crude and unsatis rush of water down the valley was prodigious. factory work of the native artists. They have not yet and we need not be surprised to read that great THE "DIETZ " TUBULAR DRIVING LAMP. attained to the skill in the treatment of diseases of the destruction of buildings took place between mouth which requires scientific knowledge, but that made by the R. E. Dietz Company, of No. 77 Laight Gohna and Hardwar. But, in spite of this tremendous will come in time. Street, New York City, is represented in the accom outburst of force. no lives appear to have been lost, The theory that toothache depends on the presence panying illustrations. Its tubular construction, with either in the valley or in the towns exposed to the of worms in decayed teeth is universally believed. and the double sides forming an air chamber down which water, though a column six feet deep is reported to is demonstrated by a process peculiarly Ohinese, and the air passes to the flame, as shown by the arrows in have made its swift way through Hardwar. The ad which was investigated some years ago by Dr. Roger�, one of the views, insures a perfect combustion unaf ministration had exerted itself splendidly, and its work a dentist of Hong Kong, and myself. The native fected by wind or the jar of travel, and the reservoir is was crowned with complete success. Telegraphi9 operator holds back the lips with a wooden spatula designed to hold a ten hours' supply of kerosene, with warnings had been flashed down the valley, and e'Very while he works around the offending tooth with a out refilling. The front of the lamp consists of a man had been told beforehand exactly what to expect. pointed instrument until there is a flow of saliva and beveled, moulded lens, and at its back is a small lens The warnings were listened to, and every human being blood ; adroitly turning the spatula and placing the of ruby glass giving a brilliant point of crimson light appears to have kept safely out of the way.-LondoIi I, other end in the mouth, a piece of delicate paper at- at the rear. One of the views shows an attachment Times.
© 1894 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J titutifit �tUtrintu. 199 urgent need for a ship canal from the Hudson to the if the first attempt failed, it would cast a damp upon Great Lakes, and we believe that this route is practi the enterprise and prevent a repetition of the cally at the only point where one cau be built. In attempt."* Fruchtzueker. calculating the benefits that would follow from a ship " What I did affirm in 1836-37," continues Dr. Lard To the Editor of the SCIENTIF1;C AMERICAN : canal, one would be the opening of ocean transit to ner.. . was that the long sea voyages by steam which I beg you to convey to your readers through your the heart of the continent by way of th e port of New were contemplated could not at that time be main columns that the fruchtzucker received by the Van York. Another would be that the chances of shutting tained with that regularity and certaipty which are Bibber Roller Company from Dr. Follenius (mentioned off communication between the East and the West by indispensable to commercial success by any revenue in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN of August 25) was an if not railroad strikes would be materially lessened, which could be expected from the traffic alone, and other article than that which has been so highly �ntirely removed. that wi thout a government subsidy of a considerable spoken of in the American press throughout the " As to the cost, I have made no estimate, but I do amount such lines of steamers, although they might United States, and which will absolutely not crystal not doubt that it would cost to construct the canal be started, could not be permanently maintained." lize. This circumstance has in the meantime been ex proper, not taking into account the improvement of He then proceeds to show. up to 1851, th e com no doubt plained to the V. B. R. Company. who will Oswego Harbor, $150, 000 000. perhaps more. But this mercially non-success of transatlantic steamers that you for your corroborate my assertion. Thanking is pure guess work. If it be thought best to have a were not subsidized, and adds : courtesy in giving publicity to this letter, I remain, waterway entirely within the United States, then the "Thus it appears, in fine, that after a lapse of nearly yours, etc., S. H. ROSENBLATT.. expense of a canal around Niagara Falls-from La fourteen years, notwithstanding the great improve NflW York, September 14, 1894. Sal1e to Lewiston-would be a large additional ex ments in steam navigation, the project advanced at •••I. pense. Bristol, and there pronounced by me to be com Artichokes. It is claimed that a large percentage of the ocean mercially impracticable, signally failed."-Admiral To the Editor of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN : freight is carried in boats of fourteen feet draught and Preble, United Service.
I want to say to farmers, plant less corn and more less. We would regulate the depth of, the proposed •.e .• canal, if entirely within the United States, to pass any root crops for winter food for !Stock. I have cultivated . Antarctica. and fed the white Jerusalem artichoke four yea.rs. boat drawing fourteen feet in salt water. The time has come when it is possible to state. with They excel other root crops by their not being injured Elmira, N. Y. IRVING BOARDMAN. a considerable degree of accuracy, the physical con by freezing and t.hawing in the ground during winter. ditions of the Antarctic regions, much in the same way They need not be gathered and stored away as other Lardner 8ald about Transatlantic as constructive geography assiglled an extensive pla- roots, thus saving a great amount of labor. They with What Dr. Navij/;atlon. teau to the center of Africa, before the genius of Stan- stand either dry or wet weather better than other has been frequently said, and it is generally be- ley Africanus outlined for the world the Congo basin crops and ca.n be planted either in spring or fall. The It lieved, that Dr. Dionysius Lardner publicly asserted with its million square mile8. The adventurous voy way we feed them to hogs is just to turn them in when before the voyages of the Great Western and Sirius ages of Cook, Palmer, Bellinghausen. Weddell, Bal the tubers are matured and let them root the tubers were accomplished facts, that a steam voyage across leny, D'Urville, and especially of Wilkes and Ross, from the ground. Cows, calves, and colts winter nicely the Atlantic was a physical impossibility. What he definitely determined the location of certain isolated on them. For these we plow out and pit for winter did say was, however, -Iuite different, viz., that such points. while the admirably planned and skillfully con feeding. After the first planting there are always vessels could not be made a paying investment for such ducted cruise of the Cha llenger resulted in such a enough tubers left in the ground to produce the next a voyage without government assistance or a subsidy, wealth of physical observations that Carpenter and crop. E LI HEATON. in the then state of steam navigation. . Murray have been able to read the riddle of Antarctica, Russiaville, Ind. He says :* H It cannot be seriously imagined that any as Murray terms the southern continent. •• ••• A PropoSl'd Ship Canal. one who had been conversant with the past history of Scarcely an attentive physicist doubts that this land, steam navigation could entertain the least doubt of of quite continental area and inconsiderable ayerage To the Editor of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN : the abstract practicability of a steam vessel making elevation, is covered by an eternal yet ever-changing Of the many plans which have been proposed for the voyage between Bristol and New York. ice sheet that swallows up all but its highest peaks. ship canals between the Hudson and the Great Lakes, " A ves!;lel having as a cargo a couple of hundred tons Formed from successive snowfalls of centuries, the ice none, so far as I have learned, embraced the features of of coals would, creteris paribus, be as capable of crQss- cap moves, in the line of least resistance, seaward, the following, which has to recommend it that it is ing the Atlantic as a vessel transporting the same through the interactions of various force!',ofwhich that the shortest and has the fewest lop-ks, as well as that it weight of any other cargo. A steamer of the usual arising from changes of temperature 'seems most potent. passes the summit at the lowest point. form and construction would, it is true, labor under Its outward marcb into the ocean, unwasted by the Mr. McAlpine's report, made to the Oswego Board comparative disadvantages, owing to obstructions pre- freezing teinperature of the sea water, presents a tower of Trade, some years ago, gives the distance by his sented by her paddle-wheels and paddle-boxes; but ing perpendicular front of from 1,000 to 2, 000 feet thick, proposed canal from West Troy to Lake Ontario at still it would have been preposterous to suppose that which plows the ocean bed until, through flotation in Oswego as 191%,miles. The distance by this proposed these improvements could have rendered her passage deep water, disruption occurs, and a floeberg is born_ route from a point eight or nine miles south of West . to New York impracticable. But, independently of The unvarying temperature of the Antarctic sea, from Troy, below Albany, would be about 166 miles-thirty these considerations, it was a well known fact that, surface to bottom, proves that no stratum of colder three miles shorter. long antecedent to the epoch adverted to, the Atlantic water exists poleward, and the thickness of the ice Our plan is substantially this : Make Lake Oneida had actually been crossed by the steamers Savannah barrier proclaims a continental or extensive land area, the summit and use it as our summit reservoir, and and Curacoa. . . . Projects had been started, in on which only such unparal1eled ice sheets could have enter the Hudson near Albany, or rather south of it, 1836. by two different and opposing interests, one ad- been formed. The most marvelous aspects of these near where the Delaware and Hudson Railroad curves vocating the establishment of a line of steamers to ply desolate regions are the active volcanoes, which rear to the west. The section extending from the Hudson between the west coast of Ireland and Boston, touch- their glowing cones, and pour forth their showers of inland would join the Erie Canal at or near Schenec in� at Halifax, and the ether a direct line making an scorire, and rivers of molten lava, to the south of both tady, and would be as straight as it could be made, the uninterrupted trip between Bristol and Naw York. In Patagonia and New Zealand, on opposite sides of the distance being between these points sixteen or seven· the year 1836, in Dublin, I advocated the former of Antarctic circle. teen miles, instead of thirty, as at present by way of these projects, and in 1837. at Bristol, at the next meet- Thus Antarctica is a continent of wonderful contrasts West Troy and the Erie Canal. From Schenectady ing of the British Association, again urged its and unsurpassed desolation. The severity of its wintery the line would follow the Erie Canal to Utica. Thence I advantages, and by comparison discouraged the pro- summer offsets the comparative mildness of its sunless a straight cut would be made to Lake Oneida, from ject of a direct line between Bristol and New York. winter. While a fauna peculiar to its icy waters ob the western end of which the canal would be excavated When I say that I advocated one of these projects, it tains over its ocean bed, with vegetable life more abun to Lake Ontario, joining it at or near Oswego. is needless to' add that thfl popular rumor that I had dant than in any other sea, yet its barren land furnishes We avoid crossing the Mohawk by keeping to the pronounced the Atlantic ' voyage by steam imprac- forth no trace of vegetation -not even a lichen or a sea south of it. We avoid locking up sixty or seventy ticable is utterly destitute of foundation." weed. The sea is so filled with allimal life, small crus- feet, going east from Lake Oneida, as in Mr. McAl The meeting took place August 25, 1837, and the re- taceans, that the Challenger's tow nets occasionally pine's plan, by deep excavatiolls from Little Falls, or port of the Times' special reporter, which appeared in burst from repletion. while fish and seal, whale and near there, to the lake and passing beneath the "long that paper on the 27th, says : penguin, abound. On its desolate shore, for a few level " of the Erie Canal from sixty to eighty feet. The "Dr. Lardner said he would beg any one. and more weeks each year, the nesting sea bird findsperfect soli ri!;lefrom the Hudson to Schenectady, being about 200 especially of those who had a direct interest in the in- tude-the only absolute tlolitude on the wide earth feet, would necessitate twenty locks. aD(l about the quiry, to dismiss from their minds all previously form- that means safety to its broods. Here notice a mani same number would be required from ere to the th ed judgments about it, and more especially upon this festation of universal law, that the ceaseless, silent point where we would reach our long level at Little question to be guarded against the conclusions of mere and seemingly feeble forces of nature, which create Falls or near there, to and through Lake Oneida to theory; for if ever there was one point in practice of a and maintain the ice cap, are more potent than the the first lock beyond, a distance of from sixty to commercial nature which more than another required terrible, intermittent and seemingly irresistible forces, seventy miles. to be founded on experience, it was this one of extend- aS 8een in the volcanoes. Aud thus it is that the eternal There would be np-eded six or seven locks between ing steam navigation to voyages of extraordinary ice sheet, which grinds forever its continental rocks Lake Oneida and Lake Ontario. The present outlet length. was aware that, since the question had granite, diorite and quartz-reflects definitely back, of Lake Oneida would be closed and Oswego River He arisen, it had been stated that his own opinion was through long months of polar night, the upshooting would be left alone, except to feed the canal. At the averse to it. This statement was totally wrong; but pillars of fire from numberless volcanoes that dot the points where the canal enters and leaves the lake, he did feel that great caution should be used in the land of Antarctica.-Gen. W. Greely, in the Cosmo gates would be placed to accommodate the varying A. means of carrying the project into effect. Almost all politano height of the water. depended on the first attempt, for a failure would "1., . Oswego Harbor would require deepening accom -50 much retard the ultimate consummation of the pro HON. CHAUNCEY DEPEW, President of the New York moda1;e boats of twenty feet draught, provided our ject. Central Railroad, says that 90 per cent of the defalca canal passed boats of that size. "Mr. Scott Russell said that he had listened with tions and thefts and ruin of youth among people who The prism of the proposed canal would be large great delight to the lucid and logical observations they are employed in places of trust are due directly to enough to pass any boat that could pass the Welland had just heard. He would add one word. Let them gambling. " I have seen in my vast employment so Canal. try this experiment with a view only to the enterprise much misery from the head of the family neglecting The question of water sufficient for the needs of the itself. but on no account try any new boiler or other its support and squandering his earnings in the lottery canal is sati8factorily settled by this plan, Oneida experiment, but have a combination of the most ap or the policy shop, and promising young men led astray - Lake furnishing the supply to pass the summit both proved plans that had yet been adopted. in a small way, and finallybecom ing fugitives or landing / ways. The demands west the lake are supplied in of .. After some observations from Messrs. BruneI and in the criminal dock. that I have come to believe that part by Oswego River and east of the lake by the Field, Dr. Lardner, in reply, said that he considered the community which licenses and tolerates public Mohawk. There would be some very heavy excava the voyage practicable, but he wished to point out that gambling cannot have proslJerity in business, religion tions on this line, but none, I believe, deeper or but which would remove the possibility of a doubt, because in its cburches, or morality among its people." little deeper than on the Suez Canal. There can be there a no doubt that exists most • M1I8IlUDl 01 Science and ArIII, vol. It., 1856. • LondonTwee, Auguet lW, l88'1.
© 1894 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 200 J titufifit �mtrintu. phite is a well-known basis for a silver-plating bath· THE EIGHTH AVENUE PLAZA AT THE ENTRANCE the architect has departed from the old brown stone TO CENTRAL PARK, front of the packing box type, and has produced street The hypo bath of the photographer after it has been Some weeks ago we presented our readers with a after street of really beautiful and picturesque city used for fixingwill act as a plating bath. It is enongh characteristic scene on lower Broadway, in this city. dwellings. In this district, to the west of the Boulevard, to put into it the article to be plated with a bit of zinc It was a reproduction of a photograph taken during a is Riverside Drive, winding along the banks of the resting on it, when a coating of silver will soon make fire, and showed the great thoroughfare with the traffic Hudson River many feet above its waters. To its east, its appearance. Medals and coins can be quite pret in part suspended, while the fire engines were station far uptown, is beautiful Morningside Park, overlooking tily plated in this way. Where wire tongs are used ed on it. We' now show another view in New York. the plaim; of Harlem. These are among the most for handling negatives, the ends of the tongs will often The reader must transport himself some four miles to picturesque features of the city. On the high ground become quite thickly plated by their repeated immer the north and west of the former place, to the plaza to the east of the Boulevard, above 110th Street, and sions in the liquid in the hypo. tray. at the corner of 8th Avenue and 59th Street. Here between the Boulevard and Morningside Park, is the The Convertibility of the Dynamo.-Electric fans, the south western entrance of Central Park is situated ; site for the new Columbia College and other institu such as are constructed for use on the direct current, from the plaza the continuation of 8th Avenue, Cen tions, and for the new Episcopalian cathedral. may be made to give a very simple ill ustration of the tral Park West as it is called, extends to the Harlem It is the gateway to this characteristic region that is intra-convertibility of the dynamo and motor. If the River, while to its west the Boulevard opens, and ex guarded by the beautiful Columbus monument erected fan is placed in a window through ""hi ch a strong tends in an irregular course to the north. on occasion of the quadri-centennial of the discovery of draught of air passes, the fan will act as a windmill and In the foreground of the cut is seen the rostral America. will rapidly rotate. If a galvanometer is connected to column erected by the Italian residents of the United .. 4 • I • the ends of the wires, quite a difference of potential States in honor of Columbus. The beautiful granite Laboratory and Science Notes. will be observed. On connecting the same wires to column, with projecting bows of galleys and anchors Drying Mercury.-When mercury has been used in a source of current, the apparatus again becomes :), to mark it as a naval trophy, has on its base bronze re physical experiments or in gas analysis, it often be- motor. wet. If it becomes with • ' •• • liefs of the scenes of Columbus' life. Above one of the comes dirty and contaminated bronzes is a marble group of a winged youth or genius zinc or lead, prolonged treatment with dilute nitric acid History oC the '-, ocomotive Whistle. with a globe, symbolizing the discoverer's faith in his may be required to purify it. Washing with water Messrs. R. Stephenson & Co,. in August, 1832, work, while the noble figure cut from Carrara marble, has to be resorted to in such cases as these to remove commenced the construction of two locomotives for and representing the great discoverer, overlooks from all soluble impurities. Often in experimental work it . the Leicester and Swannington Railway Company ;
THE EIGHTH AVENUE PLAZA AT THE ENTRANCE TO CENTRAL PARK.
its summit the metropolis of the land which he gets wet with pure water. The drying of mercury in these had cylinders 14 inches in diameter, 18 inches found. such cases is quite troublesome, unless time can be stroke. and four coupled wheels of 4 feet 6 inches The view shown is that of one looking uptown to given to it. Where time is at the experimenter's dis diameter. The wheel base was 4 feet 9 inches and the north and west. On the right appears Central posal, the use of porous battery cups is highly to be the total length of the frame 17 feet. The first Park, the city's great pleasure ground, a region which recommended. The wet mercury is poured into one of of these engines was named Samson, the second is within the memory of many New Yorkers as a dis these and is shaken about a little and left standing. Goliath. mal wilderness of rocks and shanties ; but which now The porous cup absorbs the water by capillarity, and it One of the first events in the history of the Samson is one of the most beautiful of pleasure grounds, and evaporates. In a few hours th e mercury is perfectly was that it ran into a horse and cart crossing the line what is more to the purpose, one which is thoroughly dry. If no porous cup is at hand, the wet mercury at Thornton, the cart being loaded with butter and utilized by the citizens. Along the Park runs the con may be poured into a tumbler and one or two pieces eggs for the Leicester market. The engine driver had tinuation of Eighth Avenue or Central Park West, of thick blotting paper are thrust down between the I;mt the usual "hom," and could not attract atten·. from whose wasteru side many stately buildings look mercury and the glass, so that several inches project tion. Mr. Ashlen Bagster, the manager of the railway, down upon the foliage and lawns of the great pleasure above its surface. These act as described, absorbing went the same day to Alton Grange to report the cir ground. Running a little more to the west, in a slight by capillarity the water. This evaporates from the cumstance to Mr. George Stephenson, who was one of diagonal from Central Park, is seen the Boulevard, the paper above the mercury. The meniscus of the metal the directors and the largest shareholder. After va successor of the old Bloomingdale Road. Thisimpressive tends to cause the water to settle down against the rious ideas had been considered, Mr. Bagster remarked: street is very wide, providing two parallel roads. Much sides of the porous cup or against the paper, when it is "Is it not possible to have a whistle fitted on the en of its surface is now paved with asphalt, and through its at once absorbed. gine which steam can blow ? " George Stephenson re center runs a series of grass plats, with a double row of Caps for Acid Bottles.-When strong acids or liquid plied : .. A very good thought. Go and have one . elms therein. Along the sides are two other rows of elms, chemicals are carried about in glass-stoppered reagent made ;" and such an appliance was at once constructed the four series of trees shading and marking the course bottles, there is constant danger of the stoppers coming by a local musical instrument maker. It was put on of a picturesque and uniq ue roadway. It runs through out, and of the contents escaping. For such bottles in ten days, and tried in the pre�ence of the board of one of the most beautiful residential portions of the India rubber fingercaps, such as are sold in the rubber directors, who ordered other trumpets to be made for city, a region comprising the Riverside Drive and the stores, form admirable covers. These are sprung on the other engines which the company possessed. The streets contiguous to it. Many of the streets are paved over the stoppers and flange of the neck. They not accident at Thornton was, therefore, the origin of the with asphalt, and they are characterized by one of the only secure the stoppers from coming out, but even steam whistle ; and the bell whistle, as we now have most varied and picturesque arrays of dwelling houses if a stopper loosens or leaks, nothing can escape. it, is simply an improvement upon the steam ave ever een erected that,h � in Ne'Y Xor�, In this region Hypo. Slops for Silver Plating.-Sodium hyposul- trumpet.
© 1894 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. SEPTEMBER 29, I894·J J titutifit �·tu��itl�.• 201 THE TORPEDO BOAT DESTROYER. FERRET. of any kind occurred in the maiihTriei:Y. -The speed for �ompanying illustration, for which We ate indebted to The third of the large fleet of toi-pec,19 boat de the six runs on the measured niile .jS. the highest ever the Illustrirte Zeitung. 'l' here were performances by stroyers built for the British government haS just cOm yet �ecorded by any vessel for He�- Majesty's navy On specially fine gymnasts, and contests of various kinds, pleted her official trials, and the build'ers, Messrs. the. Admiratty official trial, and, Seeing that the speed including a game of football. On the last afternoon Laird, of Birkenhead, have to be congratlilated ' on a of the eugines -was only 361 revolutions per minute, the prizes were distributed, bringing the festival to a highly successful issue. . there seems no likelihood of there being any difficulty happy close. The Ferret js 194 feet long between perpendiculars, in maintaining this at future times when the vessel is . t. I • with 19 feet 3 Inches beam, the ratio beilig,' therefore, in comUlission. . Death from Acid Fumes. about 1 to 10, and at a draught of 5 feet the displace We are indebted to Engin�ering for the foregoing 'rhe Druggists' Circular tells of a gentleman of this ment is 220 tons. 'l' he city who lost his life hull is divided in t 0 some weeks since by a twelve main compart rather uncommon acci ments by water-tight dent. In the prnsecu bulkheads, and a water tion of his business he tight lower deck is built occupied a portion of a forward of the machin building so constructed ery space, below which that to reach a floor there are eight separate occupied by an other water-tight magazines tenant it was necessary and storerooms, and a to pass through his pre water-tight flat is fitted mises, and this tenant aft of the machinery used large quantities of space. Abaft the ma nitric acid in a manu chinery 40 faet is devot facturing business in ed to the wardroom and which he was engaged. cabi ns where the offi- While two men were cers are berthed, and carrying a carboy of the crew is accommo- this acid through the dated forward. The store of the gentleman bunker capacity is 70 mentioned it was brok- BOAT DESTROYER FER ET tons. The a,rmament THE TORPEDO R . en in front of his private consists of one 12 pound- office. As the fumes be- er and three 6 pounder quick-firing guns, one pair of particulars, and to the Engineer for our engraving, 'came manifest all other persons in the vicinity fled, t.orpedo tubes on the deck, and one tube in the bow. which is from a photograph of the vessel taken when I but the gentleman, fearing that fire would result, in- She carries the new 18 inch torpedoes. going at highest speed. sisted on re maining and attempting to prevent further The engines are of Messrs. Laird's fast running tri- ' • , • • • damage. This delay proved fataL He inhaled enough compound type, the cylinders being 19 inches, 29 THE FESTIVAL OF ATHLETES IN BRESLAU. of the deadly vapor to induce such extensive inj ury of inches and 43 inches in diameter by 18 inch stroke, Every four or five years there is a review of the dis- the lungs that he died the next day. and it is worthy of notice that all parts of the engines ciples of Jahn, in the form of a universal German Had the unfortunate man been more familiar with are accessible when working at full speed, as Messrs. "Turnfest," or festival of athletes. The eighth of the extreme danger of inhaling the vapor of nitric acid. Laird have been able to arrange a good passage at the these festivals was held in Breslau from the 21st to the he would doubtless have escaped with bis life, but he back of the machinery. which will no doubt be found 25th of July, and was aHended by thousands of ath- evidently failed to understand or realize the fact that of great advantage compared to the ordinary torpedo letes from all parts of Germany and other European its immediate effects are not al ways its worst ones. boat type of engine room. The two circular condensers states, and even from far- off America. About 12, 000 It is doubtful if even many druggists and chemists are placed forward of the main engines instead of in the guests marched from the railroad station through tl�e are fully aware of the risk involved in the inhalation wings, which involvf's an increase in length of engine richly decorated streets of the Silesian capital. In of this or similar corrosive vapors. When any of the room, but.gives a wider platform between the engines the southern part of the city, at the end of the beauti· Jiquirls from which they may arise happen to be spilled and a g'ood passage all round, as indicated. ful Kaiser-Wilhelm St.reet, i s a fine liq uare of twenty- in appreciable quantit y, prompt retirement from the 'I' he average speed of six runs on the measured mile nine acres, that was given up to athletic sports during scene is neceEsary to insure escape from severe if not 'was 27-612 knots per hour. Mean indicated horse I the festival. On the south side of this square a fine fatal inj ury. --- - power. 4, 507. hall was erected which commanded the whole square. ,-- _..H-, ...... _----- When consideri ng the design of the boat;it becam e It was built entirely of wood, ornamented with towers, Preservation of Wood. necessary to adopt the water tube type of boiler on ac- and the interior was handsomely decorated. The The wood is impregnated through its pores. under count of the saving of weight which it admits of as windows reminded one of painted church windows, any Wp.1l known process. first with a strong solu
compared with the locomotive or any. other type, and, but really were only canvas saturated with oil. The tion of calcium bisulphite and then with a corre . after careful consideration, sponding solution of caus· Messrs. Laird decided to tic 1ime. A monosulphite adopt the Normand type, is formed, which is sub�e which has been proved quently oxidized by the in . the numerous torpedo action of the air to calcium boats built by Messrs. Nor snlphate, and becomes mand at Havre.to give ex practically part of the lig cellent results_ The Fer neous structure. - A. A. ret's performance has fully Hely, Westminster, Eng. justified the selection, no ...... difficulty b e i n g experi Sensitizing Canvas, Silk, enced throughout the three and Paper. hours' trial in maintaining A. mixture of bromide the steam at the intended and iodide of silver is pre pressure. There was no cipitated at Ii.temperature indication of p ri min g, of 28° C. in the presence of either on the official or a trace of gelatine, and is any of the preliminary maintained at that tem- trials, and, therefore, one perature for an hour or so of the principal difficulties with constant agitation, of the water tube type has so as to prevent the pre been overcome. cipitate from coagulatinll'. The official trial took It may then be washed in place on the measured a centrifugal machine to mile at Skelmorlie, on the remove the alkaline ni Clyde, on the 10th of July, trate, and is finally well in the presence of Mr. mixed with a cold solution Deadman and Mr. Pledge, of arrowroot which has represen ting the Con been boiled in water till structor's Department of perfectly clear. The fabric the Adm��·alty. and Mr. or paper to be sensitized is Ellis, th.e engineer-in-chief, then coated by means of a and M>;,. Hobbs, of Devon sponge in the dark room port D ckyard. The build o / , - and dried, and if the emul ers were represented by sion has not been washed Mr. J. M. Laird and Mr. it is soaked in water for R R. Bevis, Jr. an hour and dried again. The three hours' trial was THE FESTIVAL OF ATHLETES, BRESLAU. Development takes place commenced at 10: 15 A. M .• as for an ordinary gela the vessel having on board her full normal weight, the first evening there was a fine reception, and the next Uno-bromide emulsion. Prints so made lend them coal 26 in bunkers being rons, and the average speed day a long procession marched. through the city_ selves far more readily to finililhing in crayons, oils, or for the whole time was found to be 27'51 knots with Fifteen thousand men took partin this and about 600 water colors than when the fabric has been coated 361 revolutions. After the run the usual trials as to were dressed in fancy costumes, thus varying the mo with an emulsion in �e]atine, as there is no fear of the maneuvering were made-the helm was put from hard notony wh ich must have prevailed if the proces!!ion whole film strippin�'o1f thelcanvas. Paper prints made over to hard over both ways in less than 12 seconds had been composed entirely of the different clubs in with the arro-wroot emulsion may also be finished'b oth each at full speed, and the steering \vas proved to be their gymnastic suits. After the procession the ath" with'chalk and the brush, which was impossible before. ent.irely satisfactory. There was a remarkable absence a letic sports began wi th club swinll'ing performance "'owing to the impenetrable nature of the gelatine of vibration when running at full speed, and no hitch by •. 250 men from Saxony. This is shown in the ac- film. "-G. J. Junk, Berlin.
© 1894 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 202 J citutific �lUtticau. The Sea-Its Extent and Depth. m. Two chimneys, of 50 m. in height and 3'14 m. dia justed boiler plant, economizers, feed, and utilization It is hopeless to do more than to briefly sketch th� meter at the summit, are used for the twent.yboilers. of waste water. . amount of our knowledge. Each group of five boilers is served by an economizer The cooling of the air is effected by means of inject First, as to the greatest depths known. It is very of 53 tubes, constructed by Lemoine d'Allines, which ing water into the compressing cylinders, and into the remarkable, and from a geological point of view sig sends the warm water through a Schmid water meter. intermediary reservoir. This water is retained, as also nificant, that the very deepest parts of the ocean are The results obtained are most satisfactory. Thus, in the air, in two large horizontal reservoirs of steel plate not in or near their centers, but in all cases are very ordinary working, with crude coal of 15 per cent ash, placed one above the other, and having 2 m. diameter near land. a production of 9'2 kilos. steam per kilo. of coal burnt and 9'5 m. in length. The higher reservoir carries a One hundred and ten miles outside the Kllrile Islands, with feed water 72 to 80 c. c. is obtained. Feed water tubulure for air entrance, a connection for air with the which stretch from the northern point of Japan to the is .obtained in the following manner: Each machine lower one, and a small connection plaCed at the lower northeast, the deepest sounding has been obtained of possesses two feed pumps drawing injection water from part to act as a drain cock. The lower resfrvoir 4,655 fathoms, or 27, 930 feet. This appears to be in a the Seine and emptied in a single collector, which re carries two tubulures for air exit and a pocket from deep depression, which runs parallel to the Kurile ceives equally, by the aid of two small pllmps, the which flows the injector water, which, as a result of Islands and Japan ; but its extent is unknown, and warm water of condensation from the jackets and the air pressure, is lifted into a reservoir placed outside may be very large. drain cocks of the cylinders, as also from those of the the works, and for this the water runs by a conduit Seventy miles north of Porto Rico, in the West conduit of steam pipes. There are two reservoirs which communicating with the aspirating part of the feed Indies, is the next deepest cast known-4,561 fathoms, serve to regulate the pressure. Each reservoir serves pumps and the donkey engines. The injector pumps or 27,366 feet ; not far inferior to the Pacificdep th, but two groups of boilers. From these reservoirs the water constructed by the firm of Onillacq & 00., of Anzin, here the deep area must be comparatively small, as passes by the meters into the boiler, through the econo have difl'erential bell valves controlled automatically sha!lower soundings have been made at distances mizers ; a by-pass permits the feeding of the boilers by the system of Professor Riedler. They are worked sixty miles north and east of it. directly without utilizing the economizers. by two compound machines having each the following A similar depression has been sounded during the The prime motors are triple expansion, vertical, di dimensions : Diameter of little cylinder, 0 375 m,; large last few years we"t of the great range of the Andes, at rect-acting, with three cranks and Corliss valve gear. cylinder, 0'55 m.; common travel of two piE tons, 0'600 a distance of fiftymil es from the coast of Peru, where The compressors are of Professor Riedler's system, m. ; initial pressure of small cylinder, 7 kilos. These the greatest depth is 4, 175 fathoms. compounded with three cylinders. The compressing machines are provided with variable cut-off by the Other isolated depths of over 4,000 fathoms have been cylinders are placed on an extension of the steam cyl regulator for the s!Dall cylinder and fixed cut-off by Rounded in the Pacific. One between thfl Tonga or inders. Bronze safety valves with India rubber clacks simple adjustment of the slide valve forthe larger one. Friendly Islands of 4,500 fathoms, one of 4,478 fathoms are arranged in the domes for the entry and exit of No steam jacket is provided for the small cylinder, but , near the Ladrones and another of 4,428 fathoms near air. These safety and bell valves, which open freely a jacket is provided for the larger one to act af'a reser Pylstaart Island, all in the Western Pacific. They under the action of difference of pressure and the air, voir for the vapor escaping from the small cylinder and all require further investigation to determine their are closed mechanically. The compression of air is to warm it up at the same time. extent. carried on in two stages. Thus, two cylinders out of the The regulator enables one to alter the velocity and With these few exceptions, the depth of the oceans, three are disposed for low pressure, and draw external regulation from 50 to 80 revolutions per minute by the so far as yet known, nowhere corne"!up to 4, 000 fathoms, air by openings arranged in the roofing of the engine simple adjustment of a counterweight along a scale. or four sea miles ; but there can be little doubt that house. This air passes through air tanks, which serve Below 50 revolutions the velocity:is regulated by acting other similar hollows are yet to be found. as supply conduits, at a pressure of 2'5 kilos. into an by hand upon the steam valve. These machines are The sea with the greatest mean depth appears to be intermediary reservoir where it is quite cooled, and is furnished with a condenser. The differential pumps the vast Pacific, which covers 67 millions of the 188 then drawn by the third cylinder at high pressure, are of the following dimensions :
millions of square miles composing the earth's surface. where it is finally compressed to 6 kilos. This last com Diameter of small plunger ...... m. H , ...... 0'212 Of these 188 millions, 137 millions are sea, so that the pression can be pushed to 8 kilos. 'l' he normal speed of �, large ' • •• •••••••••• ••••• • •••••••••0 0'300 m. Pacificcomprises just one-half of the water of the globe, these engines is 60 revolutions per minute, but they are Travel of plunger ...... " ...... 0'600 m. and more than one-third of its whole area. able to run up to 72 revolutions in case of necessity. They can draw easily from 5 m. depth, and give out The Northern Pacific has been estimated by Mr. The steam distribution is on the Corliss system, with at 50 m. mean height, and exceptionally to a hundred. John M urray to have a mean depth of over 2, 500 disengaging out-of-gear on the smaller cylinders on the The output of each pump is 100 liters per second. The fathoms, while the Southern Pacific is credited with a high pressure, without variation in the point of cut-off masonry work and buildings, constructed by Joseph little under 2,400 fathoms. These figures are based on for the low pressure cylinders. The regulation of the Leclaire, of Paris, have dimensions corresponding to a number of soundings which cannot be designated cut-off in the high pressure cylinders is obtained by the engine and the boiler which they cover. The en otherwise than very sparse. hand; independently of this regulation a centrifugal gine room has 70 m. length, 16 breadth, and 23 '1 high To give an idea of what remains to be done, I will regulator prevents all variations of speed above 72 to the tie rods of the roof, the machines having a total mention that in the eastern part of the Central Pacific revolutions, in order to prevent any excessive strain height of 12'12 m. above the ground. There has been there is an area of 10,500,000square miles in which there falling upon the moving p' © 1894 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. SEPTEMBER 29, 1894.J J ,itutifl, �lUt.ri.,au. 203 "How Make 'he to Mo.' o� LU'e." SPEAKING WATCHES. Gas Motor Cars. The Grindelwald Conference held this year was To get up anything new iu tbe way of watches The gas motor cars on the Croydon tramways are marked by a new feature. In addition to the religious seems difficult. Tbe precision of the present con- (says a correspondent of the Glasgow Herald) work discussion which had previously taken place, there struction leaves little margin to progress, and the ing satisfactorily, the cost being about 25 cubic feet was opened on August 13 a lit.erary and scientific de indications that it has been possible to give these of gas per car mile. They carry 28 passengers, and partment, the debates in which were to continue at small instruments are so numerous and interfere so go on routes with gradients of 1 in 23, with short intervals for a month. The introductory address in little with the perfect running of them that we might lengths of 1 in 16. This cost is against 3�d. per mile this section was given by a member of our own profes consider perfection as having been nearly reached in for fodder and bedding of horses, so that in future sion, Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson, with after ad watchmaking. this type of motor must be ranked in competition�with dresses delivered by Sir Robert Ball, Mr. Whymper, Mr. Sivan, a French watchmaker, established at electric and cable haulage. Indeed, from officialre turns Mr. Carus Wilson, Mr. Edmund Gosse, and several Geneva, has, nevertheless, succeeded in stepping of tbe German tram ways just out, the results of the others. outside of the beaten track in devising a chronome- gas motor cars are shown to be very formidable. The The title of the introductory address was, "How ter that speaks the hours, instead of striking them, cost of a car weigbing 7% tons empty, to carry 29 per to Make the Most of Life," the lecturer dealing through an ingenious app�ication of the phonograph. sons, and fitted with two' 7 borse power gas engiIles, is naturally with the physical side of the question in the The ordinary repeating watch carries a detent £900, and the gas consumption, with 10 to 12 per first place. He set forth by stating that, according to through which it is possible to free a small movement sons on board, :is from 34·7 to 37 cubic feet per car his views, that man or woman who trained himself or tbat actuates little hammers wh ich strike spring bells. mile. The engines are under the seats, and are ar herself in the best bodily and mental health made the It is thus possible to strike the hours, quarters and' ranged to work at three rates of speed, the maximum best of life. He considered the bodily welfare first, eV611tbe minutes at will. This bell deviee, which is being 240 revolutions. As to cost of construction, five essentially monotonous, requires, moreover, miles with cars running every five minutes, requiring close attention on the part of the owner 20 cars, and working 14 hours per day, is put at £1.040 of the watch, who is obliged to count the per mile, including everything ; while in Germany the strokes and to distinguish the intervals be- cost for.3n electric tramway is £7, 648 ppr mile, and for tween the hours, quarters and minutes. a horse tramway £5.636. The working expenses with There are no such inconveniences in tbe gas at 3s. 5d. per 1,000 cubic feet are about 3d. per car Sivan watch. The spring' bells are replaced mile, with 1 borse cars of 4%, tons weight, carrying by a vulcanized rubber disk provided with 22 persons ; and with a 10 horse power gas motor the grooves upon which the hammers bear, cost is 4·25d. to 5·4d. per car mile. For electric tram through a point. The accompanying fig- ways the cost in Germany has been found to be 3 ·86d. ures will permit of the operation being un- per car mile. The conclusion arrived at is that, with derstood. similar traffic conditions, a gas tram might be ex- Fig. 1 represents the watch open, with its pected to give a return of 6%, per cent on the capi phonographic disk, which is provided with tal invested, while an electric tram would barely cover 48 grooves that correspond to the 12 hours cost of working. and to the 36 quarters traversed by the hand -----...... '-4 ...... ' .... ------in making .one revolution of the dial. Fig. 2 Acids of Beeswax. shows the same watch, from which the disk T. Marie describes a method for the extraction of has been removed in order to allow the the free acids in beeswax, which gives good results if mechanism to be seen. This disk is seen it is applied to mixtures of acids, so long as bodies be on the side opposite that carrying the longing to other organic series are absent. Beeswax, grooves. when treated by boiling alcohol, yields to this solvent When the detent is pressed, the rubber not only the free acids present, but also hydrocarbons, Fig. I.-SPEAKING WATCH, WITH ITS PHONOGRAPHIC DISK. disk begins to revolve, the point that fol oleic compounds, coloring matters, and myricin, which lows its sinuosities vibrates, and the vibra- are difficult to separate properly. The method adopted tions are manifested by such expres�iol1s as for obtaining the acids free from these other sub not becaU!�e he reckoned it more important in itself, "It is eight o'clock," .. It is half-past twelve, " etc. stances is as follows : After the wax has been treated but because the health of the mind so !argely depends The grooves, in fact, are the exact reproduction, upon by the boiling alcohol, the greater part of the latter is on the health of the body. He then described the a plane, of the helicoidal groove produced by a human subsequently distilled. The cooled and crystalline various conditions leading to good bodily health, and voice upon a p honograph cylinder. residue is then squeezed to separate oleic compounds showed how a good engine outlived many of its mas Naturally, watches are not the sole pieces of wheel and coloring matters, after which the solid cake is ters because they attended to it more carefully than work to which thisingenious 'Systemis applicable. All melted, washed repeatedly with boiling water, and they attended to their own bodies; kept it clean, made clocks may be provided with it, and, for the moment, further decolorized by charcoal and filtration through ' it regular in its work, freed it from obstruction in its Mr. Sivan is already constructing alarm clocks which, paper. ! furnaces, and fed it with proper and simple fuel and instead of the strident and ear-piercing bell that every The slightly yellow mass thus obtained melts at pure air. one is acquainted with, have speaking disks. One '70°. This, after being heated with potash and lime, I He then traced the relationship of life to maturity, can thus have himself awakened by the crowing of the is cooled, powdered, and mixed with a large quantity ' indicating that life should extend five times the period cock, or by the vigorous accents of a well known of water, which is then heated to ebullition. Dilute of maturity, so that a man taking twenty-one years to voice. The inventor is constructing some a.larms hydrochloric acid is then added t.o neutralize the ' mature should live to 105 years. Such length of life which, with a disk of 6 or 7 centimeters, cry was exceptionally obtained, which showed the possi out to you from one room to another, bility of the occurrence; and why it was not more through closed doors, such phrases as "Get widely obtained in the human species was due to errors, up I" .. Come, wake up I" loudly enough and often of the grossest kind, some of which were pointed long enough to suatch you from the arms out. In passing to the question of mental health; the of Morpheus. lecturer dwelt on three subjects-diligence, learning, In add ition to the difficulty resulting from and travel. Diligence he thought a better term than the disproportion between the smallness of work, because it included everything; diligence in the grooves and the force that is necessary labor, in play, even in sleep. "Blest are the diligent to give the sound, Mr. Sivan has bad sev who can command time, Nature's clock." Of learning eral others to surmount. It was necessary, he said that the most important was historical, and in the first place, to introduce the system among the historical the most important was bio into a watch case without exaggerating graphical. .. Know the life of a man of any period," the latter's dimensions, and afterward to he remarked, .. and you must then know not only the find a plastic, although resistant, material man, but his period also." The fact was illustrated for the disks. These obstacles have been from several instances, but especially from such as happily surmounted. Mr. Sivan's watches showed the existence of great men who in their own resemble the ordinary repeaters ; and their time were practically unknown; men, forinstance, like disks, despite the pressure of the point, are Stephen Grey, who, in the early part of last century, capahle of speaking several thousand times carried from the Charterhouse to Faversham the ele without showing any appreciable wear. mentary parts of our present electrical science in the Further, by retouching the phonographic little basket, from the contents of which he laid down grooves, suppressing some of them, and S.-SPEAKING WATCH, WITH the first elementary electric telegraph. exaggerating others, the inventor has suc Fig. THE DISK REMOVED, IN ORDER TO SHOW THE INTERNAL MECHANISM. Dealing with travel, Sir Benjamin Richardson treat ceeded in giving the words pronouneed ed on the marvelous expansion of the mind that came the peculiar accent characteristic of such from excursions over the world. The famous Dr. or such a locality. Amateurs who may not be con alkali, and the free acids of t.he wax combine with th .. William Harvey and men of his school made the "grand tent with ordinary disks will thus be able to order soluble calcium salts in the mixture to form insolublE' tour " in their day. They went to Italy, came back, as others that will be true family souvenirs. There is compounds. The latter are separated, washed, and it was said, ., Italianated," and were thought to be re no limit to the variety of the combinations of which dried, then treated with boiling alcohol and benzin to markable scholars. Now men went all over the globe; the realizationbecomes possibl� with this system. remove neutral substances, and decomposed. The the whole world became their Italy, and they might be There is one thing, however. that it will be neces acids thus isolated, after crystallization from alcohol, said to be "planetated." Tbis was a mode of learning in sary to see to, and that is, that in houses that possess which removes a small quantity of palmitic acid 'which the surface of the earth became the living map, several speaking watches or clocks, the latter shall run formed from the myricin, melt at 79°-80°. By further ,the spoken languages, the living grammars-a mode in perfect unison. Otherwise their disputes, sources treatment with methylic alcohol cerotic acid is dis that must extend day by day as ·the mind yearned for of pernicious examples, might chance to disturh the solved out, and on crystallizing is found to melt at more knowledge and the power that springs from it. tranquillity of serious households and cause steady 76°. the melting point being raised to 77'5° after a single He saw no end to a line of learning by travel now people to lose their reckoning. But the precision of crystallization from ethylic alcohol. The residue melts inaugurated, and he suggested as the next step that the apparatus easily permits of avoiding such an incon at 78°, and contains melissic acid, described as identical university ships should be manned, not with guns and venience.-La Nature. with that extracted from carnauba wax by Story-Mas fighting men, but with professors, laboratories, observa •••• • kelyne and Pieverling. Crude cerotic acid is said to tories, and libraries, and in which voyages of research CmCAGOANS per capita are not as well policed as contain from 30 to 40 per cent of analogous acids, and should be made by all classes round the world, Eng Londoners, the police in Chicago numbering only Marie announces his intention of furtherst udying the land, as mistress of the seas, leading the advance. 2,726 for 1,600,000 people against London's 13,814 for pure compound and its derivatives.-Comp. .Rencl., The Lancet. 5,000,000 population. cxix., 428. © 1894 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 204 J ,itutifi, �mtri,au. Films of Gold. Thin his films he mentions copper in thin sheets, and paper,' toes, . and4;oe and fingernails are aU carefully investi One of the interesting exhibits made at the recent shellac, wax, etc., made conductive upon the surface gated, and severe punishment is meted out to any conversazione of the Royal Society, held June 13, 1894, which is to receive the deposit. one fouud attempting to steal. was that of Mr. J. W. Swan, F. R. S., who presented a For removing the deposited film from copper and They are never p.ermitted to pass out of the sight number of specimens of leaves of gold of extreme paper, Mr. .Outerbridge describes the use of a bath of of the mine police, and in case they have procured thinness, which had been prepared by the process of dilute nitric acid, or of perchloride of iron. In the case permission to leave the precinct of the mines and to electro-deposition. From a brief notice of the exhibit, of the shellac, wax, etc., alcohol, benzine, aad other Visit the neighboring towns, they are ·�ept in con published in London Nature, it appears that it repre solvents are referred to. finement, .and their whole system is subjected to a sented an attempt by Mr. Swan to produce gold leaf While they detract neither from the interest nor thorough cleansing with purgatives for a period of by electro-chemical, instead of mechanical means. genuineness of Mr. Swan's work, these circumstances ten days before they are released. In spite of every "The leaves were prepared by depositing a thin film of are recalled in justice to Mr. Outerbrldge, to whom precaution that can be taken, the stealing cannot be gold on a highly polished and extremely thin electro priority undoubtedly is due.-W.,IJour. Fr. Inst. stopped, and it is claimed that nearly 25 per cent of copper deposit. The copper was then dissolved by .. ' .. .. the South African diamonds sold in the market are perchloride of iron, leaving the gold in a very attenu t Cla School for Watchmaken and or stolen A Flr!l - S8 illicit property. This is so in spite of a police ated condition. The leaves were approximately four Jeweler•• system more perfect than is to be found anywhere millionths of an inch thick, and some of them monnted The Parsons Horological Institute at Peoria, Ill., of outside of Russia. A complete record is kept of every on glass showed the transparency of gold very per which Mrs. Lydia Bradley has been the beneficent stone mined, and the red tape that has to be gone fectly when a lighted lamp was looked at through patron, appears to be realizing the solid success which through in the purchase of a diamond is very strik them." its design and scope made so eminently desirable. It ing. An intending purchaser in any of the well It will donbtless prove somewhat of a surprise to will be remembered that a full description of the in· known markets has to make application of the au Mr. Swan to learn that identically the same method stitute, with illustrations, was published in the SCIEN thorities to purchase certain stones. Written permis of procedure for the production of films of metal of ex TIFIC AMERICAN of July 8, 1893. It was the outgrowth sion is then granted him and the transfer is made, then treme tenuity was described and illustrated by Mr. A. of a school for watchmakers originally founded by Mr. the purchaser has to procure a license to carry about E. Outerbridge, Jr. , in a lecture delivered before the J. R. Parsons at La Porte, Ind. The school had got with him and take out of the country the diamonds in Franklin Institute in 1877, an abstract of which was beyond its original limited facilities, when Mrs. Lydia question. The license states the number and weight published in the Journa1.* At the stated meeting of Bradley, of Peoria, Ill , furnished the means for pro of the stones, their color and general appearance, the Institute held May 16, 1877, the then resident sec viding a fine building, with all the tools and appli where they were mined, whom they were bought retary, the late Mr. J. B. Knight, made reference in ances necessary, for the use of any number of deserv from, the purchase price, and every detail of the trans his monthly report to the thin gold films produced by ing young men and women who wished to learn the action that would tend to identify them. It is ex Mr. Outerbridge in the following terms : t trade of watchmaker and jeweler. pedient for any one carrying a gem on his person to Transparent Gold.-In the course of a lecture on The building, and such machinery and appliances as have his license with him, as he is liable to be stopped gold, delivered before the Franklin Institute, on Feb could be turned to the uses of an educational estab at any time bya detective or policeman, and if he is sus ruary 27 Jast, Mr. A. E. Outerbridge, Jr. , of the Assay lishment, was for many years used by the Peoria pected of being au illicit dealer, his person is searched Department of the Mint in this city, gave an account Watch Company, so that a portion of the instruction and he is required to establish the identity of any of some experiments he had made, with the view of given is effected by the aid of the tools and appliances stones found on his person. His license, of course, will ascertaining how thin a film of gold was necessary to formerly employed in making watches for the trade. accomplish this, but in case he cannot produce it, or produce a fine gold color. The location and the conveniences for enabling cannot refer to the public registration, which is always The plan adopted was as follows : From a sheet of students to obtain a practical knowledge of the busi made. when the license is issued, he is thrown into copper rolled down to a thickness of 5-1000 of an inch, ness are all that could be desired, and Mr. Parsons, prison and tried as an I. D. B., as the illegal diamond he cut a strip 2� X4 inches. This strip, containing 20 who had previously devoted many years to the pur buyers are c.alled. There are a large number of 1. D. square inches of surfa.ce, after being carefully cleaned pose of building up snch a school, now finds himself at B. 's, both whites and blacks, now working out long and bnrnished, was weighed on a delicate assay bal the head of an ideal establishment of this kind, o�e of sentences at the government penitentiary. The sen ance. Sufficientgold to produce a fine gold color was the leading technological establishments of the world tences are very severe, as the colonial government is then deposited on it by mean� of the bat tery; the strip in this particular department. doing all in its power to wipe out the illegal tra.:ffic. was then dried without rubbing, and reweighed, and The object of thp institute is not to make money, Many of the diamond thieves escape into the neighbor found to have gained one-tenth of a grain, thus sh ow but to turn out competent watchmakers and jewelers, ing provinces, wherethey cannot be reached by the laws ing that one grain of gold can, by this method, be and the tuition is, therefore, made very low. Metal in the colonies. The Orange Free State, which is very made to cover 200 sqnare inches, as compared to 75 engraving is an important feature of the school, to near the diamond district of Griqualand, is a favorite square inches by beating. gether with the various methods of making and re refuge for smugglers, and fugitives from justice find By calculation, based on the weight of a cubic inch pairing the many kinds of silverware. A lecture on this the same haven of rest that Canada is to fugitives of pure gold, the thickness of the deposited film was demagnetizing and electricity was recently delivered from this country. ascertained to be 1-980400 of an inch, as against 1·367650 at the institute by Mr. Fred. Purdy, and a course of lec It is no wonder that the blacks try to steal, althongh, for the beaten film. tures by eminent scientists willbe delivered the coming as a rule, their compensation is very meager. It is an examination under the microscope showed the winter. said that the king of one of the leading tribes has a film to be continuous and not deposited in spots, the half bushel basket full of diamonds that he has exacted whole surface presenting the appearance of pure gold. Diamond ltIintng till Sonth Africa. from the natives of his tribe upon their return to their Not being satisfied, however, with this proof, and Kimberley, in Gliqualand, is the center of the dia- native land. desiring to examine the fil m by transmitted light, Mr. mond traffic of South Africa. Mr. A. G. Phillips, o f He rents out the services of his subjects, and one Outerbridge has since tried several methods for sepa Johannisberg, South Africa, recently called upon us condition of his permission to leave the country is rating the film from the copper, and the following one and showed us some gravel and clay taken directly that upon their return they must present their chief has proved entirely successful. from the mines of Zelsers, at Delpots Hope, not far from with a diamond or its eq uivalent in gold. The gold plating was removed from one side of the Kimberley. The clay contains specimens of quartz, The I. D. B. 's, however, are not all so desirous of flee copper strip, and by immersing small pieces in weak chalcedony, onyx, and other varieties of stones and ing the colony, and many of them carry on their trade nitric acid for several days, the copper was entirely conglomerates, and the small diamond crystals are in a manner so cunning and so secret that they feel dissolved, leaving the films of gold intact, floating found embedded in the deposits, which are apparently secure from justice, and in some cases, although their on the surface of the liq uid. These were collected on alluvial deposits carried down in past ages by the nefarious traffic may be an open secret, they have strips of glass, to which they adhered on drying, and feeders of the Orange River. In the separating of the amassed fortunes which they are permitted to enjoy, the image of one of them is here projected on the clays from the pebbles the latter wash out very smooth owing to the fact that there is no legal proof that can f'creen, by means of the gas microscope. and round and show evidences of having been carried be brought against them. One notable instance of You will observe that it is entirely continuous, of long distances before being deposited in their present this is the case of a Jew, who came to Griqualand the characteristic bright green color, and very trans localities. The diamonds themselves further verify some twelve or fifteen years ago, and wh<1, in some parent, as is shown by placing this slide of diatoms this hypothesis, as in some cases they are found as per- mysterious way, has amassed a fortune of nearly a behind the film. By changing the position of the in fect crystals, but more often as fragments. They are million poun ds, upon which he is now living in great strument, and throwing the image of the film on the not alone found, however, in alluvial deposits, as in magnificence. He is known to be an I. D. B., but hEl screen by means of reflected light, as is here done, you many cases the matrix in which they are embedded is has covered up his transactions with such cleverness will se� its true gold color. volcanic matter that has been forced up in channels or that the accusations against him are only whispered. Mr. Outerbridge has continued his experiments, and, pipes from inferior deposits. He has been elected a member of Parliament, and no by the same processes, has succeeded in producing The method of separation is very simple and primi- doubt now intends to become a respectable member of continuous films, which he determined to be only the tive, and it would seem that great economy could be society. 1-2798000 of an inch in thickness, 01' 10,584 times thinner effected by the introduction of mechanical washers, • • • • • A than an ordinary sheet of printing paper, or 60 times but the negro labor is so cheap that np to the present Balloon Strnck by Lightning. less than a single undulation of green light. The time there has been little advance over the origi nal An occurrence partaking of the nature of the Frank weight of gold covering 20 square inches is, in this methods first introduced. It would seem that the dis- lin experiment is reported from Aldershot. A captive case, 35-1000 of a grain ; one grain being sufficient to honesty of the negroes would, however, force the mine balloon was held by a wire cable about 200 feet long. cover nearly 4 square feet of copper. owners to introduce any methods that would lessen Suddenly it was struck by lightning, which ignited As you see, the film is perfectly transparent and con their opportunities for stealing. The clay as it is taken the gas, the balloon falling to earth amid a loud peal tinuous, even in thickness, and presents all the char from the mines is simply washed in a series of ' gauze of thunder. Three of the sappers at the wi nch below acteristics of the one shown before. That a portion trays, which permit the water and mud to flowaway, were seen rolling on the ground, apparently in intense of the image appears darker is due to superposed but retain all substances of any considerable size. These pain. This is attributed to their connection to the films, the intensity of the green color being propor screens are made of different capacity or grades, and' wire cable through the brass handles of the winch. tioned to the thickness through which the light the pebbles are therefore separated according to their One, a bugler, had the inside of his hand rather badly passes. sizes and collected in trays, where they are carefully burnt, but th e worst case of all showed no external It may be stated, in conclusion, that the mode of examined. The negroes are very acute and are won, signs of injury. The car of the balloon fell witbout procedure above described was patented by its author � derfully alert in discovering the presence of the much- doing any damage. On examination it was found under the title "Manufacture of Metallic Leaf." In sought-for gems. One negro under the present system that all the upper part had been burnt away, though his patent the inventor describes, as "a new and im only washes on an average about sixteen cubic feet of the metal valve was almost uninjured. Had any one :proved method of manufacturing gold leaf, silver leaf earth a day. All the cunning of their nature is called been in the car, even if he had escaped uninjured and other metallic leaf," the above named method of out in their endeavors to elude their masters and to from the electric shock, he would have had a terrible electrical deposition. As suitable mediums to support smuggle gellis out of the mines without being detected. fall. None of the sufferers were very seriOUBly in Every workman as he leaves the mines is subjected to I jured. Jour. ..Vide Frank. Inst., eiii, 284. the most rigid examination. All his clothes are re- Jour. Frank. Inst., moved and the inspectors make a most thorough ex- THE United States has over four hundred institu t Vide ciii, 369. 18, * U.IS. Patent, 198,llOO, Dec. 1877. amination of his person. Their ears, mouth, nose, tions known as college or university, © 1894 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J titutifit !tuttitau. 205 RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. Thl& is a device for systems which become operative applied to almost any box or case. It is a top or side of when theheat risesabove certain temperature. It has such construction that the boxes or cases in which it is Engineering. Ii fusible parts arranged in such a way that they do not di- UBed may be piled safely one upon the other, and yet char� under BOILER SETTING.-Charles V_ Ke rr, rectly or indirectly affect the sealing of the head, which have the goods in them readily !!isplayed. The im- 1'he 10'1"Imerl ioo t1li.B head"one DoIZar IIUne 10'1" e�ht WO'/"ciB to II lim.e. Aa,'er Fayetteville, Ark. The setting and furnace of the boiler is normally closed by an automatic valve so snpported provement comprises a pair of swinging doors, a tight 6IIch mserlioo ; llbout tisomentBbe must recei'l!edlit as ear/v a. are so constructed, according to this invention, that the that the water pressure forces it open when the fUBible . joint being formed between them, and the doors being publiclltiooOffice 711 aav mom\'nDto the foUowino week'. is.u, flames are carried twice the length of the boiler before stops are softened. The valve also forms a deflector to closed automatically by a spring attachment. When one ..... IIpP/lllriin entering the boiler tubes, the flames impiIiging upon the 'throw the water evenly around all sides of the sprinkler of the doors is swung open, a stop holds it in open .. U. S." metal polish. IndianapoUs. Samples free. bottom and sides of the boiler in such a way, through a head. . position for such time as desired against the tension of . For pile driving engines. J. S. N. J. novel arrangement of flues in the masonry, as to produce , B OOT TREE. � William J. Yapp, 210 the spring. Mundy,Newark, an even heat, and utilize all the heat before the smoke . Sloane Street, London, S. W., England. This device LOGGING ApPARATUS. -Anderson W. Wood pulp machinery. Trevor Mfg. Co.,Lookport, N.Y. enters the stack, thereby giving great efficiency ' with has a toe and heel portion, jointed to which is an inter- Brown, Rhinelander, Wis ..For drawing logs over icy Distance Reading Thermometers.-See lI1us. adver- economy of fuel. mediate adjustable tbrust rod adapted to act as a toggle roads this in�ention provides a sleigh-carrying engine tisement, page 159. Ward & Doron, Rochester, N. Y PUMP.-Vett S. Reed and Daniel Ap- tciapply pressure to the front or toe portion. The action and boiler, tIlere being on the sleigh transverse shafts of the device applies the pressure in an upward thrust having sprocket wheel and chain crank connection with Screw machines, milling macbine8� and drill presses. gar, Loveland, Col. This is arotary pmnp in which the 'r be Garvin Macb. Co .. T.ai.. bt and Canal Ste., New York. casiug has a ftxed transversepartition from which leads againstthe front of the upper near the instep. This boot the engine, the shafts operating eccentrics with legs Centrifugal Pnmps. Capaeity, 100 to 40,000 gals. par a platform, inclines leading downward to the bottom of tree is very light, easily applied and adjusted, and may whose feet have cutting toes. The latter engage the ice minute. All sizes in stook. Irvin Van Wle, Syracuse, N.'t. the casing, while a rotatable piston head carries a series be packed away in small space. in the roa!! to push the . apparatus forward, the eccen tricsbeing so set that some of the legs always be of pistons arranged to slide throngh it, and a plate Box LIFTER.-Henry Edd shaw, Phil- will Guild & Garrison, Brooklyn,N. Y., manufacture steam i pnshing, and the apparatUB being designed to draw pumps, vacuum pumps. vacuum apparatus, spring flxed to the top of the stationary casing is ar adelphia, Pa. For handling boxes placed overhead out air pumps. heavy loads, andmove forward evenly. acid blowers, IIlter press pumps. etc. ranged over the partitiou in the circular path of the sev of ordinary reach, this inventor has devised a light and eral pistons, the free end of the spring bearing npon easily operated device which may be used instead of a MECHANICAL DOLL. -Daniel S. McEI Emerson, Smitb & Co., Ltd.. saw manufacturers. Pa., them as they pass successively beneath it and drop off ladder, forfacilitatiugthe takingdown of the box. It roy, New York City. Movable legs, arms andhead are so Beaver Falls. will send Sawyers' Hand Book on Oil"" the platform. The invention constitutes a 11ft and force comprises a supportingpol e, on which is a head with up- connected, according to this invention, that by moving culars and Band Saws free to auy address in the world. plJ.IIlp designed to be very efficient and to utilize the wardly extending arms, a shelf being supported beneath one of the arms the leg on that side will be moved in the For the original Bogardus Universal Eccentrio Mill, power to the greatest advantage. the head, and one of the parts being revoluble with re- same direction, the same movement also causing the Foot and Power Presses, Drills, Shears, etc., address 26 spect to the other. There is a lever mechanism at the turning of the head. The leg and arm of either side are J.S. & G. F. Simpson, to 26Rodney St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Rallw-ay Appltances. lower end of the pole for . operating the shelf, which connp.cted by a train of gearing, and on the pivot of one 'r be best book for electrieians and beginners in elec e o e n h el DRAWBAR GUIDE. einrich W. P tricity Is "Experimental SCience," by Geo. M. Hopkins. -H f j el o e o e o t a i By . Mnnn & Co .. publisbe ... , 361 Broadway, N. Y. Jaeger, Saudusky, Ohio. This is a device adapted to F.be :�� � �!�:X :�:� ::�=�:: ��: :::f�� :a� �� V:;:; :'�: � �::!:� ��; � ��: :�:�� mail U; may be handled safetyby the device, without fear in imitation of walking, the head at the same time turn- readily applied on the draw timber of freight cars. It with Competent persons who deSIre �enole. for a new of dropping it. � � ing from one side to the other. � has ou its inner face a recess for receiving the followers, popularbook, of ready sale, with handsome prollt,may end :flanges to be bolted to the inner face of the drawbar WALL PLASTER COMPOSITION.-J ames DESIGN FOR A WASHBOARD PLATE. apply to Mnnn & Co., Sclentillc American office. 361 timber, an offsetextending out from the gnlde .between E. Summers, Clifton Forge, Va This is a composition James A. W. Sears, Menominee, Mich. In the upper Broadway, New York. the flauges to engage a recess in the inner face of the which freezing does not injure and moisture does not side of this plate are parallel transverse rihs and inter IIY"'Send for new and complete catalogue of Sclentillc drawbar timber, and a rib projecting from the oifset to penetrate. It is made of pulverized lime, cement, plaster vening flat surfaces, the flat under side of the plate hav , and otber Books for sale by Munn & Co .. 861 Brpadway, New York. Free on aPDlip.stion. engage a furtherrecess in the drawbar timber. An es- of Paris, pulverized furnace slag, and other ingredients ing rounded grooves opposite the ribs ofthe npper side. sentially horizontal flange extends outward from the in specified proportions, made of the desired consistency gulde at the bottom, andbeyond the outer face of the withwater. As a plaster it can be easily finished with rib, the flange being adapted to be bolted to the hottom one coat, hecoming as hard as stone. surface of the drawbar timber. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN DENTAL PLUGGER.-Augusto A. Nouel, 'HAND CAR.-Joseph McMurrin, Sho- Jr., Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. This invention consists BUILDI NG EDITION. shone, Idaho. According to this invention, the propel- of a head or stock fitted to slide and having a socket to ling mechanism for the car is arranged at its ends, in- receive the point or tool, a spring-actuated, hammer len SEPTEMBER, 1894.-( o. 107.) stead of near the center of the car, to leave a clear space gaging the head and a band lever lifting thelilammer and N HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. NalDes alld Addl'ess in the center in which ballast, rails, etc., may be piled. then releasing it to permit it to snddenly exert its force TABLE OF CONTENTS. mUBt accompany all letters, A simple, strong and easily operated driving mechanism on the head. The COJllltruction is simple and the device or no attention willbe paid thereto. This is for our An elegant plate in colors, showing a Colonial resi information and not for publication. is provided, pinions on the axles being turned by gear works antomatically� 1. References dence at Portchester, N. Y., recently completed to former articles or answers . should wheels, actuated throngh a crank from a driving the give date of paper and p�e or number of qnestion. rod, COpy BOOK CABINET.- Robert for Geo. Mertz, Esq. Two additional perspective latter being driven by a hand lever. E. Ash- Inquiries not answered ill reasonable time should hrook and Milton H. Ingram, Padncah, Ky. In this views and floor plans. An attractive design. Mr. berepeated ; correspondents will bear inmindthat case or cabinet the books will be kept from warpingand Louis Mertz, architect, Portchester, N. Y. some answers require not a little research, and, though we endeavor to reply to all either by letter Electrical. Plate in colors showing a residence recentlycom getting ont of shape, the leaves being kept smooth and 2. or in this department. eaeli must take his turn. prevented from drawing up. It a movable shelf pleted for R. H; Robertson, Esq., at Sonthampton, rc as ARC LAMP. -Harold E. Bradley, New has L. I. Two perspective elevations and floor plans. e n d Bedford, Mass. In this lamp are a feed rod and tilting gulded by or carried to or from a stationary shelf by ex Bllfuhouses.:-! ���:� manufacturing:oJ:� � or fcarrying:i.=�li,O! the same.'t� �r::�� lever, and main and shunt magnets to tilt the lever and terior mechanism; and the case may thus be made to A pictnresque design and an admirable model for Special 'V ritten Infol'lllation on matters of o�rate the feed rod, with a spring plate cut out and a takethe place of a letter press for ordinary letter copy a seashore cottage. Mr. R. H. Rohertson, archi personal rather than general interest cannot . be tect, New York City. expected without remuneration. relatively stationary plate in its path of travel. The im ing. The framework consists of skeleton sides, between Scielltific Amel'ican Suppl ments referred provement is designed to simplify and chElapen arc which the shelVes are arranged in pairs, one shelf of S. Residence of Frederick Woollven, Esq., at Rosemont, to may be at the office. Pncee cents each. Book had 10 lamps and improve the feed, while the resistance and each pair being stationary andthe other adjUBtable to or Pa. Two perspective elevations and floor plans. .. referred to promptly supplied on receipt of A neat design in the Colonial style. Cost complete price. cut-out automatically short circuit the lamp if the cur from it. Minel'als sent !!or examination should be Mr. J. D. Thomas, architect, Philadelphia, marked or labeled. distinctly rent becomes too strong. The lamp is durable, easily VEHICLE DOUBLETREE. - Samuel J. $4,800. placed in position and designed to give a steady light. McDonald, Gallatin,Mo. According · to this invention, Pa. 4. A cottage at Roger's Park, recently erected for where the doubletree is pivoted on the dranght pole, the Ill" (6241) A. N. J. writes : An empty tin Edward King, Esq. Two perspective elevations 1. Aa:rlcultural. ends of a curved bar are secured to the donbletree, the can inche8 long and inches sqnare, with an open and floor plans. A nnique design. Mr. Geo. W. 9� 4).2 har.having on its nnder side spaced ears projecting down ing inch in diameter at the top, well corked so as to be E. Hopkins, Mc Maher, architect, Chicago, % PLow.-Richard on opposite sides of the pole, while a forked brace plate III. air tight, was sunk in abont 70 feet of water. The cork Cottageat Hollis, L. I., recently completed for the Gaheysville, Va. The point may be slid into the share is secured to the donbletree and to the curved bar. The 5. was withdrawn while at that depth, and upon pulling German-American Real Estate Co. Two perspec of this plow so as to project a considerable distance be attachment is designed to obviate the tendency of the the can to the surface the can was badly crushed in. tive elevations and floor plans, Cost complete yond, or be withdrawn within it, rendering the point as doubletree to rock on its coupling bolt under strain, and Can yon tell me wben the collapse took place, and what Mr. Edward Grosse, builder, same place. long or as short as desired, or it may be so located that prevent the elongation of. the bolt hole. $3,200. was the canse thereof ? A. The canprobably commenced when thrust outward it will have a downward I\S well as 6. Perspective elevation with ground plan of Saint to collapse at a few feet below the surface, as its square FIFTH WHEEL. - Samuel K. Paden, Gabriel's Chapel, recently erected at Hollis, L. I. an outward movement, being extended or withdrawn form but very little resistance to the increasing pres Petersburg, Ohio. Combined with an axle andwooden A uuique and most excellent plan for a small had while the plow is running. There is also a vertical cutter sure as it sank, which at feet would be SO'ponndson at the forward portion of the share, and a horizontal bolster having recesses or sockets in opposite sides is a chapel. Cost complete Mr. Manly N. 70 $6,500. each sqnare inch of its sides. The air on the inside had base plate having pendent, parallel, integral flanges Cutter, architect, New York City. shear cutter at the lower forward side of the wing or no resistance until it was compressed by the collapsing which closely embrace the sides of axle and bolster, pen 7. elevations and an interior view, also mold board,the shears or cutters being readily removed Two perspective sides. Will brass stop cocks injure, for photographic dent bosses fltting in the bolster sockets. The floor plans, of ' a residence recently erected at 2. for sharpeuing and quickly and easily replaced. tubular purposes, hyposnlphite of soda and alum solutions ? A. mvention is an improvement in that class' of fifth wheels Orange, N. J., for Homer F. Emens, Esq. Mr. POTATO PLANTER.-Millard M e s, Brass stop cocks are not suitable for hyposulphltes. F. y r in which' the king bolt or anajogoUB counection is dis Frank W. Beall, architect, New York City. A Gr�enville, Ohio. 'l'his machine is designed to feed The sulphur attacks the brass. pensed with, and plates or disks rigidly attached to the pleasing design in the Coloulalstyle. either large or small seed, depositing it in the hill. A axle and bolster are employed, the disks rotating on each 8. (6242) W. G. J. asks : Can rubber be horizontally rotating planting has a series of ad Perspective elevatlOn and floor plans of a cottage re disk other and being held together side clips. mixed with asphalt so as to make it flexible ? A. By justable pockets, there being a driving connection be by cently erec�d at Flatbush, L. I., for F. J. Lowery, Esq. Cost complete Mr. J. C. Sankins, masticating pure raw lrubber in benzole, and thinning tween the axle and the disk, over which is a hopper con SASH FASTENER.-Ferdinand Unk $4,600. F. architect and huilder, Flatbush, L. I. asphalt with the same or with naphtha, the two can be taining the seed. Two operatives are necessary to work rich, Galion, Ohip. .The worl<;ing parts of this device are A residence at Yonkers, N. Y., recently completed mixed by grindlng or rubbing, and the benzole, ete., Can the machine and place the seed, but the machine is of adapted to sonnd an alarm if tampered with. It is a 9. for Mrs. Northrop. A very unique design for a theu be distilled off. The mixture may be quite flexible. very simple and inexpensive construction and designed sash lockiof simple and ineXpensive character, adapted to hillside dwelling. Perspective elevation and floor The use of turpentine instead of benzole make it to be very effective. retain the sash at any desired point of slidlng adjust will plans. Messrs. J� B. Snook Sons, architects, m re flexible an!!sticky . FER TIL I Z E R DISTRIBUTER.-Lewis ment, affording means 'of - securely locking the sash & O New York City. either entirely open, partly open, or completely closed. (6243) M. says : Can you give Roat, Milton, Pa. This machine consists of a hopper Club Honse of the Sea Sid� Clnh, Bridgeport, Conn. F. F. me 10. a formula for glycerine of cncumber ? like body snpported on wheels in such way that it may CULINARY VESSEL. -David C. Wood, A good example of Romanesque style. Perspective A. White castile soap ...... oz. be nsed as a cart when not employed as a fertilizer dis Matamoras, Pa. This is a'donble-walled vessel, witha elevation and floor plans, also an interior view. . � tributer, and there is Pommade de concombre ... • ...... combined therewith a removable bottom and side space for water and steam, the cooking Messrs. Longstall' & Hurd, architects, Bridgeport, . 1 Rose water. . . . • . •• ...... 30 ll. oz. pulverizer and spreader composed of a toothed cylinder, being effected in the interior compartment The cover Conn. a detachable shaft haviug a spline connection with the Glycerine . • ...... • . • ...... 2 fl. oz. has a connection with the side. ' steam space, and is pro n. A residence at Hinsdale,Ill ., recently erected for C. cylinder, a drive shaft connected with the detachable Cut up the soap small and dissolve it in abont 4 ounces vided with a steam exit, and the cover also has a steam E. Raymond, Esq., at a cost of $7,000complete. shaft, and means which operatively connect the axle and chamber which covers the entire inner compartment, the Perspective elevation and floor plans. Mr. J. H. of water. Melt the pomade and pnt it in .a hot mortar. drive shaft. Gradnally add the hot soap solution, stirring until thor heat from the steam compartment of the cover contrib Shannon, architect, Hinsdale, Ill. HAND SEED SOWER.-William R. uting to the cooking at the top of the articles in the in 12. The Castle.of. Bonnetable. Half page engraving. oughly mixed, then slowly add the rest of the rose water Bowen, Clayton, Fla. This is an iuexpensive device for ner vessel, and the cookingbeing effectedwithout danger 13. MiscellaneoUB Contents : Tne irrigation of laws, mixed with the glycerine. Keep well stirred nntil cool, sowing ordinary garden seeds or for sowing broadcast of burning. illnstrated with two engravings.-Viadnct for street then let stand for some hours, stirring occasionally. Properly manipulated, a perfect emulsion is obtained. small seeds, fertilizers, insecticides, etc. It consists of a ROASTER,. -N�ils H. Jensen, Philadel railways, Cincinnati, Ohio, iIInstrated.-The fire When completed it may be perfumed as desired. The cup with a handle and rounded bottom, near the center phia, Pa. This construction is more especially designed proof building construction of the New Jersey soap employed should be of good quality. of which is a good-sized opeuing, while to the bottom for roasting coffee beans, cocoa, etc., withont requiring a Wire Cloth Co., illustrated.-Silvester's remedy are journaled two disks_ dropping disk and a broad large amount of fuel. It comprises a lower furnace and against dampness.-Palmer's "Common Sense " (6244) F. A. writes : Referring to query cast disk. The former has a series of opeuings to per frame puJley.-" The Old Hickory Chair," illns 1894, an upper spherical roaster having trunnions journaled in 6203, in your issne of September 1, of SCIENTIFIC mit the discharge of seed when the is adjusted in trated.-An improved hot water heater, illustrated. disk the furnace 'door to swing with it, the roaster having a AMERICAN : 1. What Is the E.M.F. of the sulphate of register with the larger opening in the cup bottom, while covered opeuing for inserting'and removing its contents, -The Caldwell Tower, iIIustra�ed.-The American mercnry battery described in qnery as above ? A. the broadcast disk has other adjustable openings for the Boiler Co.-The " Little Giant " floor clamp, illus and an outlet at right angles for shells and impurities, About 1%;volts. 2. How does the resistance and capa· discharge of seed, insecticides, etc. there being a flaring or dished shield on the interior of trated.-The Akron air blast furnace.-Laundry city for work compare with same size of bichromate of Hop CLEANING MACHINE.- Raphael the roaster around the outlet opening. glaze.-The " Piqna " metallic lath, illustrated. potash cell ? A. It is not used for heavy work. S. Dges M. and John P. Mackison, North Yakima, Wa.h. This The Scientific American Architects and Bnilders the battery run down on open circuit ? It maintains HEATING DitUM. -Henry I. GrennelI, A. machine has an elongated frame snpporting an incline!! Edition is issned monthly. a year. Single copies, itself very well. Ashland, Wis. This is a drum to be ordinarily inserted $2.50 bed with a carrying apron to carry away the dirt, dUBt, 25 cents. Forty quarto pages, eqnal to about in the pipe to form a passage for the smoke and large (6245) A. N. M. What size leaves, ete., deposited by the hops, which are delivered two hundred ofdinary book · pages ; forming, practi asks : 1. gases, and a controllable passage for air, to be heated storage battery would be reqnired to run a 4 horse power to a carrier or apron from a chute in the upper end of the cally, a and splendid MAGAZINE thereby and contribute the heat of a room, the drum large OF ARCHITEC electric motor 6 hours ? A. Allowing 7 square feet of frame. Means are provided for adjusting the bed, which to richly adorued with elegant plates in colors and being readily connected with stoves, furnaces, etc. The TITRE, positive plate per ceH, cells would be required. is adapted to clean the apron on its under side, and the with fine engravings, illnstrating the most interesting 40 2. passage of the smoke and gases thiongh theshell of the And how many X 8 gravity cells wonld be requlred to constructionis such that perfectlyclean hops may be de examples of Modern Construction and 6 drum is retarded, that they may give up all their heat to Architectural charge storage nattery ? A. A prohibitive number. The livered rapidly from one end of the machine. allied snbjects: the regulated air currents for charinels are pro miuuumn would be and 10,000 would be none too which The Fulluess, Richness, Cheapness, and Conveuience 100, videdthrough'thedrum. many. of work have won for it the Miscellaneous. this LARGEST CrncULATJON BQ�, Top.:"""Lyman Miller, Lexington, of lmy Architectural Publication in the world. Sold by (6246) S. E. G. says : What causes the SPRINKLER HEAD FOR AUTOMATI Ky. Thl& is an improvement readily applicable to show all newsdealers. & CO., diaease on fruit trees called " black knot, " also the treat C MUNN361 PuBLISHERS, FIRE EXTINGUISHERS.-John H. Dixon, Marietta, Ohio. cases, packing boxes, etc., and is cheap enough to be Broadway, New York. ment for It r A. Answer by the Department of Agricul- © 1894 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 206 J citutific �mtrican...... •..... 626,100 fungus Railway switch, automatic. C. Dietz known as Plow Drier. See Clothes drter. . 526,849, 626.350 et al. . ture.-Blackknot is caused by a . • ••• Drying kilOhW. G. Galloway ...... •• ..... ••. 0 •••0 •• Railway switch. street. J. C. Jacobs ...... 526;162 through P. 526,228 J. rightia morbosa. Spores or seeds enterthe tissue C. Hewitt...... Railway systems, substructural supportfor, <0 D. Drying macA. ine, J. . 626,297 ...... Reed ...... 526,054 cracks in the bark, multiply and grow, forming the Drill head, W.Cooper H...... A. . 626.032 Drill rod grab. Wlsherd ...... 1'26.334526;358 Railway time siflllal, C. Gordon ...... ORDINARY RATES. vegetatio •• " knots." Experiments in Massachusetts indicate that Dust arrester.A. Volm ...... Railway tracks, etc., n burner for, Daw- 26,3(K1 I n lllti d e P ac e. each in sertion en E. E. Hersh ...... 526,227 ,.�c ta a IIDe painting the knots with linseed oil or kerosene willpre Electric cut-out. E. IIncl, I'all'e. ellcil insertion - a line Electric generator. H. O. C. Wll,Clemann...... 00 , 0' 621i,064 Re:r"J:e�ar:r�'ll!"'.;CGieeiie:::::::::::::::::::::::::: b:225 - - - $1.00 vent further growth. Best and surest way is to cut off ElectriC indicator, C ..1 . Coleman ...... 526,220 Register. See Cash register. lIT' For Bome C!aBSIJ8 of AdlVertiBements, Special and Electric machine. dynamo. D. H. Wilson ...... 526;170 Re �r. See Feed regulator. Pressure regn- H«;her ratlJ8 are required. branches or knots from large branchesand paint wound A...... 626.083 �:a�� Electric motor. W. Meston. . to Electric motor, E. Thomson ...... Rendering tank. A. White ...... 526,091 'l' e abore ar a l a e Wlth some sort of varnishor put on graftingwax keep L. o ••• i . � e �l.�::. �tfcJ':�o':f:t�e�idtb ����e lfn�� Electric Bwitcll, Winterbalder ...... •. . lr;��v!tn:t g�� roJ·�d�:::�� i:ib�e iiiaiiufaciure out the air. Electrical connector. J. B. Henck, Jr...... b26, © 1894 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. ",ieutifi, �meti,au. 207 Fownded, Mat lww Owrl'l/J, l'185. ,. by t * THE "MUNSON " TYPEWRITER. * PROPOSA.LS. HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO. This machine Is an .. evolutiOn," the outgrowth of years of experience and the INDUSTRIAL PtrnLISHERB,BOOKSELLERS & IMPORTJrnS best ���f WO\,. It p the I I Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa., . S. A. :'�� iS tr�a!'� �:n!yr:���,�:� t� u. S �:�:m�!r i a 810O U EasllJ' operated, with Univer8al Key Board. ·.fo�� WE ����orr.,� ��lp���l1�: P"' ur New and Revised Catalogue of Practical and dredgingo 3f1J,&i8cubic yards, more less, of material ScientificBooks, 88 pages, 8vo,and our other CataloJ © 1894 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 208 PAID for all kinds of good Second-han,1 ASH Il'on and WOOd-WOl'killfl llIacbinel'v. �(lverfi$emenf$. A . H. W. JOHNS M'F'G CO., C""""""'- Address W. P. D V I S. ROCHESTER, N. Y.. ORDINARY RATES. e d g A·SftSfo-S· E R Y , a�: �:inJ!��� §� p Insid.e Page, eacb insertion, - .,;jcent.s It line LIQUID PAI NTS, ASBESTOS Quick process and�:� large stock, Wben in a �urry, Back Page, each insel'tion. a line �OOFING, MANUFACTURES, -- $1.00 (.,'tJNCINNATI.Mbuy of THE 'l'ANITE (jU.,NEW YORK CITY, Pi'"" For some elMs.. of Advertisements, Special and NON-CONDUCTING AND INSULATING MATE�IALS, and STROUDSBURG, PA. Higher rates are required. E The above are charges per agate line- about eight 87 words per line. This notice shows the width of the line, MAIDEN LANE, NEW YOR.K. and is et in agatetype. Engravings may head adver City. Boston. tisementsB at the sam.e rate per agate line, by measure- Jersey Chicago. Philadelphia. e d e :;��}ve�S :r p r��BLQffic! �: �:8 �; The Kombi morning to appear��t��t in the following�i; week's issue.1�:d Makes a pictur� tbe size of this Caand inmer any sbapea you COLD FORGED PRODUCT, please. It is a combined camera and grapboscope. by 2 in.-weilrhs 4 oz. l�Goes in any pocket, no tri- o lfgy �r f/{;lcan r:::ett� Y 10, 19, 1887; 29, 1889 ; ForgedPatented Wood May July ScOct.rew Will photo!JTaph awythimg Aug. 19, oct. 21, 1890 ; April 1 May 1891; cu anybodJy. Can be made very P'l'ojitable. 12, .c � or July 19, 1892. T e p t • - h Kombl, com le e, sa.BO Its A,lvRntagelJare : - � Strip "t Film (2ii exposul'es) 211 >. �;...-b cents additional. 1. Stronger tban a common screw. If not for sale by your photo dealer, the Kombi will be 2. Uniform and wide slot. sent to any address. postage paid, on receipt of price, S. Requires the use of but one bit In hard Est s � A I,FREJ) C. KI<;lU I'ER. 2118 Lake St., Chicago wood. Manufactory abli h ed 1161. 1�w. F1BEI '0 � � 4. Inserted easier. LEAD PENCILS, COLORED PENCILS, SLATE PENCILS, WRITING SLATES, STEEl, PENS, GOLD !i!' l 5. Centralized point. PENS, INKS, PENCIL CASES IN SILVER AND IN UNIVERSAL LAMP HOLDER. 6. Superior holding power. GOLD, STATIONERS' RUBBER GOODS, RULERS, Place your lamp jnst where you want it. F 7. The screw being CollI ora-ed. lnstead COLORS AND ARTISTS' MATERIALS. _ of () IIt, leaves on its entire surface a _ metallic skin. Reade Street, New ork, We Guarantee PerfectPER.E.T Satisfaction. _ Send for samplesto 78 Y N. Y. IIlr Mannfactory Established 17'61. 16 S. Water st., � :.PRochesACT'' ter LOO OpHT,t'lcal Co • Rochester,ON DETAO N. Y.� �1 il lllllllllllllUIIlIlIlIlIIIIIllllllllIIllIIllIlllIlllllll11111111111111 .. 1111111111111111111111111111111111111 AMERICAN SCREW CO. Trade Supplied. Salesmen Wanted. SAVE � YOUR FUEL � pr Catalogue Eree. PROVIDENCE, R. I. By using our (stove FARIES MANUF'G CO., DECATUR, pipe) RADIATOR. 1l,I,. TO MAKE TELEPHONES AND has wh re 4866 HOW It 120 Cross Tubes e SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLE Telephone, Calls.-Directions for making the latest and sq. in. Iron get intensely hot, thns most improved form of telephone. with perspective and of lllustrated in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, March 31st, p. 197 n u b r f h C se_etional views in which all the parte are shown exactly making ONE stove or furnace do the A� SU�; �:2i::� kca� �e tag al ;hrs ��c�I��� full size. A pa per for the benefit of those who are de Send postal �:��·c sirous of makin� telephones for their own use or for work of TWO. foc proofs PROOF CARTRIDCES. 10 cents. Also to be bad of newsdealers in all parts of SCIENTIFIC en e tbe country. sale. With 20 illUstrations. Contained in from promin t m n. Best and Most PracticalNO DARK Camera ROOM in the REQ WorldUIRED regard. AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. No. 966. Price 10 cents. To introduce our Radiator, the first less of price. Prices. to To be had at this officeand from all newsdealers. LICHT FILM $IS $11>. = = = = from each neighborhood filled ItJr Send jor Description, with Sample oj Work. THE price, thus eecuring WHOLESALE Boston Camera Mfg. Co., 382 Tremont St., Boston, Mass. cOmputing Figures agency. Write at once. mentally is probably the ROCHESTER RADIATOR CO., hardest kind of toil known. The Comptometer makes it Roche"." N. r. · easy, is twice as Ql1ick, i�· ESTABLISHED sures accuracy and relieves iT' 1841}. all mental and nervous strain. rol\FINE TOOLS IN EY£RYSHOP. The Most Popular ScientificPaper the World Why don't you get one ? A in 14 CATALOGUE U.H. &. (jO. Ouly a Year, Inclnding Posta e W,ite forPamphlet. GEN�'AND AGENC:Y.,��TED BESLY $3.00 g . FELT & TARRANT MFG CO, CHICAGO, .ILL.U.S.A.- Weekly--32 Nnmbers a Year. •• 82-S8 ILLINOl8 ST CIiIOAGO. - This willelycircn lated and splendidly illustrated paper is published weekly. Every number contains six INDICATOR. teen pages of useful information and a large number of $6.00 original engravings of new inventions and discoveries, to $100.00. representing Engineering Works, Steam Machinery, KDDThe Iightes t andAKS most practical cameras for hand New Inventions, Novelties in Mechanics, Manufactures, or tripod use. An illustrated manual, free with Chemistry, Electricity ,Telegraphy, Photography, Archi eyery Kodak, tells how to develop and print the tecture, Agriculture, Horticulture, Natural History, pictureS. etc. Complete list of Patents each week. Eastman Company, Terms of SnbscriPtion.-One copy of the SCIEN Kodak TIFIC AMERICAN ! Bend for � �ochester, will be sent for one year-52 numbers l,Oatalouge.Z N. Y. postage prepaid, to any subscriber in the United Sta.tes, Canada,o� .Mexico, on receipt of Three DollaJ's by the publishers; six months, $1.50 ; three months, $1.00. 'VA��"", Clnbs.-Special rates for several names, and to Post THE BEST IN THE WORLD. masters. Write for particulars. Pumps Any Kin d of Liquid. Alway. in Order, never Clogs nor 'I'he safest way to remit is by Postal Order, Draft, or freezes. Every Pump Guaranteed. Express Money Order. Money carefully placed inside of envelopes, securely sealed, and correctly addressed, Belt acing seldom goes astray, but is at the sender's risk. Address es L ea . allletters and make all orders, drafts, etc., payable to :�rl rf� ��� MUNN CO., Bl'oadway, NewYork. r:J'Fasteni Fo!r all� kindsl & 361 The value --- .--- TO BUSof the SCIENTIFICINESS AMERICAN MEN u.s anadver. � n Sam- � DISPOSAL OF THE GARBAGE AND tlslng medium cannotbe overestimated. Its circulation �fe. s�: f,:ee. Waste of Cities.-By W. F. Morse. A stntement.of what, Is many times greater than that of any similar journ8J The = = THE - = during the la&t two years. has been added to our know now Bristol Co. ledge on the subject of the disposal of city garbage and published. It goes Into all the States and Territo Waterbury, Conn refuse; with special reference to the disposal by fire of ries, and is read in all the principal Jibraries and reading . the organic waste and ,:,tarbage of the Chicago Fair. rooms of the world. A business ICE -HOUSE AND COLD ROOM.-BY n FI C N T man wants something This is a separate and dlstiuct publication from THE ���:�is� ¥oAb� ��� :t th�����:��� fr�::; more than to see bis advertisement in a printed news .. R G. Hatfield. With directions for constructiou. Four Jdttltitit �mtri(atl Juppltmtut �3n��i ��i�� SCIENTIFIC SCIENTIFIC AMERICA N, but is uniform therewith in all newsdealers. paper. He wants circulation. This he has when he ad engravings. Contained• in AMERICAN SUP PLEMENT, No •,)H. Price 10 cents. To be bad at this vertises in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. And do not let officeand from a11 newsdealers. size. every number containing sixteen large pages full the advertising agent of engravings, many of which are taken from foreign Inlluence you to substitute some 'p�pers and accompanied with translated descriptions. oth.er paper for the SCIENTIFIC '1'HE ,y">AD JUSTABLE HOLDERS AMERICAN when se TilE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT is published I" t f/) INCANDESCE.� lecting a list of publications In which you decide it is for Motor of 1 9th Century TRLAMPS, your interest to advertise. This is frequently done for Can be used awy place, to dO any weekly, and includes a very wide range of contents. It �\\ ' : O.C WHITE CO. WORC E.ST E.R, B presents the most recent papers by eminent writers in ." FOR CIRCULARS· the reason that the agent gets 8 Jarger commission from �n¥;�'te� ! �� .... .r � SEND MASS. the papers haviug a small circulation than is allowed on Ashes:;'r"r\��! 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Germnn "'t.. of a variety of the latest and best plans for private resi Hn Itimore, l.l1d. dencefl. Cityand country, including tbose of very mod Thomas dis n a R a A. E o M y 3, PARTIES ��t� �'f:dLA�U�tl:. 1KM�:' Rubber s��:s� �����Bi�e\s. Stereo- erate cost as we1l as the more expensive. Drawings in PERCY WES'!',r.;fif� 19 West 44th Street, NEW YORK. type Machinery and Supplies. perspective and in color are given, together with,Plans, 1 89 2, for a Speaking Tele- ,i,�:",," DeSCriptions, Locations, Estimated Cost, etc. graph, which Patents cover The elegance and cheapness of this magnificentwork THE ELECTRIC STORAGE BATTERY CO. have won for it the Largest Ch'cnlation of any fundamental inventions and � SOLE MANUi'ACTURERS OF Architectural publication in the world. Sold by all newsdealers. $2.50 a year. Remit to MVNN & CO., Publisllers, B a way N ew Yo k 361 ro d , r . PRIThe SCIENTIFICNTING AMERICAN is printedIN withKS. 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