Exploring Solar-Terrestrial Interactions via Multiple Observers A White Paper for the Voyage 2050 long-term plan in the ESA Science Programme Pollock et al. 2003 Contact Scientist Graziella Branduardi-Raymont Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK Tel. +44 (0)1483 204133
[email protected] Exploring Solar-Terrestrial Interactions via Multiple Observers Executive summary The central question we propose to address is: How does solar wind energy flow through the Earth’s magnetosphere, how is it converted and distributed? This is a fundamental science question expressing our need to understand how the Sun creates the heliosphere, and how the planets interact with the solar wind and its magnetic field. This is not just matter of scientific curiosity – it also addresses a clear and pressing practical problem. As our world becomes ever more dependent on complex technology – both in space and on the ground – society becomes more exposed to the vagaries of space weather, the conditions on the Sun and in the solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere that can influence the performance and reliability of technological systems and endanger human life and health. This fundamental question breaks down to several sub-questions: 1) How is energy transferred from the solar wind to the magnetosphere at the magnetopause? 2) What are the external and internal drivers of the different magnetospheric regimes? 3) How does energy circulate through the magnetotail? 4) How do behaviours in the North and South hemispheres relate to each other? 5) What are the sources and losses of ring current and radiation belt plasma in the inner magnetosphere? 6) How does feedback from the inner magnetosphere influence dayside and nightside processes? Much knowledge has already been acquired through observations in space and on the ground over the past decades, but the infant stage of space weather forecasting demonstrates that we still have a vast amount of learning to do.