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Freiberg Online Geology FOG Is an Electronic Journal Registered Under ISSN 1434-7512 FOG Freiberg Online Geology FOG is an electronic journal registered under ISSN 1434-7512 2010, VOL 26 Nadja Schmidt Hydrogeological and hydrochemical inves- tigations at the Salar de Uyuni (Bolivia) with regard to the extraction of lithium 131 pages, 58 figures, 30 tables, 62 references II Acknowledgements First of all, my thanks go to Prof. Broder Merkel, my first supervisor, for providing the amazing topic and thus giving me the opportunity to work abroad, and for his support especially during the fieldwork and back in Germany. Further I want to sincerely thank Dipl.Geoökol. Robert Sieland for his engagement, his consequent advice and encouragement during the stay in Bolivia and the completion of the thesis in Freiberg. My special thanks go to Dr. Jaime Claros from the UATF in Potosí, who organized my stay and the field trips in Bolivia. The kind hospitality of him and his family and his sup- port in any form made my stay an impressive experience. My acknowledgements go to Juan Carlos Erquisia and Dr. Pedro Lopez from the UATF for introducing me into the investigation area, for their assistance in the field and for providing far more than scientific advice. I honestly enjoyed the interdisciplinary work in an international team as a valuable ex- perience. Therefore, I owe thanks to all members of the field trips, German and Boliv- ian students as well as Alberto, Gari and Fidel, for their engagement in the physically demanding work under challenging conditions. Further I generally want to thank the university of Potosí in Bolivia, and especially the rector Juan J. R. Bohorquez for permanent support, be it in material, personal or finan- cial form. My thanks go to the Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe in Hannover, especially to Mr. Schramm und Mr. Hammer, for the financial support of the field trip and for performing important parts of the analytical work. For laboratory assistance with the water analyses in Freiberg, I want to thank H.J. Pe- ter and Dr. S. Kummer, as well as J. Hubálkova for the advice with the CT analyses. I also want to thank the German Academic Exchange Survey (DAAD) for providing the financial base that actually made this stay abroad possible. Great thanks go to the team of chemistry students in Potosí for introducing me into the Bolivian culture, the way of life and the language. Of course, my sincere thanks go to my friends and my family, especially my parents, for their patience and mental support as well as for their willing to listen in good and in bad times. III Table of Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Motivation ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Universitary cooperation project “Salar de Uyuni” ..................................... 4 1.3 Objectives of the work............................................................................... 5 2 Description of the study area ...................................................................... 6 2.1 Geographic and geologic background ...................................................... 6 2.2 Contemporary hydrologic setting of the Altiplano ...................................... 8 2.3 Climatic conditions .................................................................................. 10 2.4 Sedimentology and Paleolakes ............................................................... 12 2.5 Brine chemistry and origin of solutes ...................................................... 14 3 Methods ....................................................................................................... 16 3.1 Drilling procedure .................................................................................... 16 3.1.1 First attempt .................................................................................. 16 3.1.2 Second attempt............................................................................. 17 3.1.3 Distribution of boreholes and drilling patterns ............................... 19 3.1.4 Sampling of salt cores .................................................................. 22 3.2 Well casing ............................................................................................. 23 3.3 Field analyses and brine sampling .......................................................... 24 3.4 Laboratory analyses ............................................................................... 27 3.4.1 Analyses of the core samples ....................................................... 27 3.4.1.1 Geochemical and mineralogical composition ................. 27 3.4.1.2 Computer tomography .................................................... 27 3.4.2 Analyses of the brine samples ...................................................... 29 3.4.2.1 Ion chromatography ........................................................ 29 3.4.2.2 Total inorganic and dissolved organic carbon ................ 29 3.4.2.3 Mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma ...... 30 3.4.2.4 Determination of viscosity and density ........................... 31 3.4.3 Methods of evaluation ................................................................... 32 3.4.3.1 Check for plausibility ....................................................... 32 3.4.3.2 Statistical data treatment ................................................ 32 3.5 Pumping Tests ........................................................................................ 34 4 Results and Evaluation .............................................................................. 35 4.1 Core samples .......................................................................................... 35 4.1.1 Stratigraphy .................................................................................. 35 4.1.1.1 Drilling location SLT-01 .................................................. 36 4.1.1.2 Drilling location SLT-03 .................................................. 39 4.1.2 Rock quality and core loss ............................................................ 41 4.1.3 Chemical and mineralogical composition ...................................... 44 4.1.4 Porosity ......................................................................................... 49 4.2 Hydraulic conductivity ............................................................................. 53 4.3 Brine samples ......................................................................................... 60 4.3.1 On-Site parameters ...................................................................... 60 4.3.2 Photometry ................................................................................... 62 4.3.3 Total dissolved solids .................................................................... 63 4.3.4 Main anions and cations ............................................................... 64 4.3.5 Minor and trace elements ............................................................. 70 4.3.6 Evaluation of errors and check for plausibility ............................... 71 4.3.7 Statistical evaluation ..................................................................... 74 4.3.8 Modelling with PhreeqC ................................................................ 76 4.3.8.1 Ionic strength .................................................................. 76 4.3.8.2 Saturation index ............................................................. 77 4.3.9 Physical parameters ..................................................................... 80 4.3.9.1 Viscosity ......................................................................... 80 4.3.9.2 Density ........................................................................... 82 5 Discussion and conclusions ..................................................................... 84 5.1 Review of salt deposits ........................................................................... 85 5.2 Factors concerning brine evaporation ..................................................... 87 5.3 Chemical aspects of lithium recovery...................................................... 91 5.4 Environmental considerations ................................................................. 92 6 Perspectives and recommendations ........................................................ 93 7 Literature ..................................................................................................... 95 Appendix ........................................................................................................102 V List of Figures Fig. 1: Application of lithium in different industries (modified after Roskill 2009, in Angerer et al. 2009) ................................................................................... 2 Fig. 2: Schematic map of the Altiplano with main drainage basins (after Risacher & Fritz 2000) ................................................................................... 6 Fig. 3: Satellite image of the Salar de Uyuni with laterally adjacent mountain ranges and volcano summits, captured by the MODUS sensor of the satellite Terra (source: NASA) ....................................................................... 7 Fig. 4: N-S cross section of the northern and central basins of the Altiplano with recent and past lake levels (from Risacher & Fritz 2000) ............................... 8 Fig. 5: Climate diagrams for 3 locations in the Altiplano from north to south (data from www.worldclimate.com)
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