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An Underwater Acoustic Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Communication System Using Dual Spread Spectrum Code*

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An Underwater Acoustic Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Communication System Using Dual Spread Spectrum Code* 972 Liu et al. / Front Inform Technol Electron Eng 2018 19(8):972-983 Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering www.jzus.zju.edu.cn; engineering.cae.cn; www.springerlink.com ISSN 2095-9184 (print); ISSN 2095-9230 (online) E-mail: [email protected] An underwater acoustic direct sequence spread spectrum * communication system using dual spread spectrum code Lan-jun LIU†‡1, Jian-fen LI†1, Lin ZHOU1, Peng ZHAI1, Hao ZHAO1, Jiu-cai JIN2, Zhi-chao LV3 1College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China 2The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China 3College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China †E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Received Nov. 10, 2017; Revision accepted July 30, 2018; Crosschecked Aug. 8, 2018 Abstract: With the goal of achieving high stability and reliability to support underwater point-to-point communications and code division multiple access (CDMA) based underwater networks, a direct sequence spread spectrum based underwater acoustic communication system using dual spread spectrum code is proposed. To solve the contradictions between the information data rate and the accuracy of Doppler estimation, channel estimation, and frame synchronization, a data frame structure based on dual spread spectrum code is designed. A long spread spectrum code is used as the training sequence, which can be used for data frame detection and synchronization, Doppler estimation, and channel estimation. A short spread spectrum code is used to modulate the effective information data. A delay cross-correlation algorithm is used for Doppler estimation, and a correlation algorithm is used for channel estimation. For underwater networking, each user is assigned a different pair of spread spectrum codes. Simulation results show that the system has a good anti-multipath, anti-interference, and anti-Doppler performance, the bit error rate can be smaller than 10−6 when the signal-to-noise ratio is larger than −10 dB, the data rate can be as high as 355 bits/s, and the system can be used in the downlink of CDMA based networks. Key words: Underwater acoustic communication; Direct sequence spread spectrum; Doppler estimation and compensation; Channel estimation and equalization; Gold code; Single carrier; Code division multiple access https://doi.org/10.1631/FITEE.1700746 CLC number: TN92 1 Introduction ignored. Because of the multipath effect, signal su- perposition at different levels of the receiver may An underwater acoustic channel has the charac- cause serious inter symbol interference (ISI). Because teristics of a strong multipath effect, frequen- of the frequency-selective fading and high noise in- cy-selective fading, high noise interference, low terference, underwater acoustic communication fail- sound propagation velocity, and a narrow bandwidth. ures may frequently occur (Chitre et al., 2004). Because of the low sound propagation velocity, the Therefore, it is difficult and challenging to build sta- Doppler frequency shift caused by the relative motion ble and reliable underwater acoustic communication among platforms or seawater movements cannot be systems. Currently, research on underwater acoustic ‡ Corresponding author communication technology is divided mainly into two * Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of categories: multi-carrier underwater acoustic China (Nos. 61431005, 51409235, and 61401111) and the Funda- (MC-UWA) communication technology, such as or- mental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (No. 201213004) thogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) ORCID: Lan-jun LIU, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7650-9098 aiming to provide a high communication rate for a © Zhejiang University and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of relatively short distance channel or a high quality Springer Nature 2018 Liu et al. / Front Inform Technol Electron Eng 2018 19(8):972-983 973 channel, and single-carrier underwater acoustic blocks in a point-to-point communication system and (SC-UWA) communication technology which aims to recovers the original data by using different se- provide stable and reliable communication for a rela- quences to de-spread the received signal. DS/SS tively long distance channel. By dividing the channel technology not only supports point-to-point commu- frequency band into several sub-bands, OFDM uses nication, but also is an effective method for CDMA the orthogonality of the sub-carriers to transmit data. based networks (Liu et al., 2009). At the transmitter, Although it can greatly improve the system commu- different users’ data are spread by different spread nication rate, this approach may lead to a high spectrum sequences. At the receiver, different re- peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) of the system ceiver structures are designed to distinguish each and high environmental requirements. As a result, the user’s data. A set of correlators are used to distinguish OFDM technology is suitable for applications in- each user’s data (He et al., 2011). Aiming at the mul- volving relatively short distance communication and tichannel detection problem in CDMA communica- relatively good quality channel communication (Rojo tion, the symbol decision feedback (SDF) receiver and Stojanovic, 2010). Because it uses a single carrier and the chip hypothesis feedback (CHF) receiver to transmit data, SC-UWA communication has a low were proposed by Stojanovic and Freitag (2007), and PAPR. Furthermore, with the introduction of the the results showed that these two receivers can well spread spectrum technique, the SC-UWA system has a support a CDMA communication. Different spread strong capability to anti-multipath, anti-interference, spectrum schemes have been studied to support mul- and anti-frequency-selective fading (Yang and Yang, tiusers (Kumar and Kumar, 2015). The results showed 2008). Thus, the SC-UWA communication technol- that, compared with the Walsh-Hadamard (WH) code ogy with the spread spectrum technique is one of the scheme, the carrier interferometry (CI) code scheme solutions for long distance stable and reliable com- has a lower bit error rate (BER) and a better perfor- munication in a complex environment (Sozer et al., mance in supporting multiusers. 1999; Yoshizawa et al., 2017). Moreover, the direct Doppler estimation and compensation is an im- sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS) scheme is a good portant part of high-performance underwater acoustic approach for implementing code division multiple communication. It includes mainly two technical access (CDMA) based underwater acoustic networks methods. One is the data-aided Doppler estimation (Yang, 2016). method, which involves an additional part to the data For most DS/SS underwater acoustic commu- frame, such as a chirp signal, a single frequency sig- nication systems, the information data are modulated nal, and a pseudo random sequence. Based on a cer- by a pseudo random sequence, such as the gold se- tain tolerance of Doppler shift, the chirp signal was quence, the m sequence, and the chaotic sequence used for Doppler frequency shift estimation by (Heidari-Bateni and McGillem, 1994; Palmese et al., transmitting ‘up’ and ‘down’ chirp signals to calculate 2007; Liu et al., 2017). A wideband signal is sent to the time shift (Diamant et al., 2012); the results the channel after carrier modulation. For a binary showed that a quadratic-frequency modulation (QFM) sequence, such as the gold sequence and the m se- chirp signal is more resilient to Doppler shift than a quence, the received signal is demodulated by a cor- linear frequency-modulation (LFM) chirp signal. The relation operation of the received signal and a copy of traditional Doppler factor estimation method involves the pseudo random sequence used by the transmitter a cross-correlation between the received aid data and (Huang and Sang, 2007; Zhang et al., 2007). For a the local copy of the aid data (Sharif et al., 2000), non-binary sequence, such as the chaotic sequence, which may sometimes fail to detect the correlation dual unscented Kalman filtering is used to recover the peak or have a peak fracture. To solve this problem, transmitted signal (Luca et al., 2005). Moreover, the He et al. (2010) proposed a delay cross-correlation chaotic sequence can be used in a secure communi- Doppler factor estimation method that uses the re- cation system (Shu et al., 2015). To improve the ceived aid data to perform a delay cross-correlation communication rate, the M-ary code shift keying with the received aid data. The data-aided methods scheme (Sun et al., 2014) uses different spread se- may reduce the effective data rate. The other method quences to modulate the different information data is the none-data-aided blind Doppler estimation. 974 Liu et al. / Front Inform Technol Electron Eng 2018 19(8):972-983 Cotae and Yang (2010) proposed a cyclostationary In summary, a large number of studies on un- blind Doppler estimation method that uses the derwater acoustic DS/SS systems have been carried m-sequence and the properties of the spectrum cor- out. Different signal processing algorithms have been relation function (SCF) to conduct Doppler estima- applied in these systems. For DS/SS systems, the tion. Simulation results showed that it could estimate larger the spread spectrum gain, the better the system the Doppler frequency shift well. Several blind Dop- BER performance. However, the larger the spread pler estimation methods were compared
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