DOCSLIB.ORG

Engineering a Bridge 3-27-20

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Engineering a Bridge 3-27-20 ENGINEERING A BRIDGE BETWEEN QUANTUM ELECTODYNAMICS AND QUANTUM GRAVITY – AN ENGINEERING MODEL TODD J. DESIATO Statesville, NC 28625 [email protected] Abstract For engineering purposes, it is proposed that gravitational fields may be interpreted as a reduction in the relative available driving power (Watts) of the Electromagnetic, Zero-Point Field. It is shown that variations in the relative power are covariant with variations in the coordinate speed of light as measured by a distant observer, outside the gravitational field. Gravitational time dilation and length contraction may then be interpreted as a loss of power from the interaction between matter and the zero-point field. It is hypothesized that the loss of power is due to increased radiative damping within matter due to Larmor radiation. The relative radiative damping factor affects the relative ground state energy of the quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator such that, the mean-square fluctuations of matter reproduce the behavior attributed to and resulting from the space-time metric of General Relativity. From this principle the phenomenon observed by a distant observer that are due to gravity, may be reproduced from the variable relative damping factor acting on the quantum harmonic oscillator. Utilizing the technics of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to stimulate Larmor radiation, experiments may be conducted which may pave the way for the creation of breakthrough technologies, such as, Artificial gravity, Anti-gravity and Warp Drive. Keywords: quantum engineering, quantum gravity, quantum electrodynamics, artificial gravity, anti-gravity, warp drive, electromagnetic zero-point field, general relativity, alternative models of gravity, breakthrough technology ENGINEERING A BRIDGE Updated - 3/27/20 1 Nomenclature gµν metric tensor where, µ and ν are indices in this context χ = (V-s) represents a scalar field of random magnetic flux quanta K = g11 / −g00 the relative coordinate dependent refractive index of the vacuum c0 = (m/s) the speed of light in vacuum as measured in a local inertial reference frame cK = c0 / K = (m/s) the relative coordinate speed of light as measured from outside the gravitational field Δx0 = (m) an interval along the x axis as measured in a local inertial reference frame Δx = Δx0 / K = (m) an interval along the x axis as measured from outside the gravitational field Δt0 = (s) an interval of time as measured in a local, inertial reference frame Δt = Δt0 K = (s) an interval of time as measured from outside the gravitational field q2 = (C) squared magnitude of the electrical charge quantum e ! = (J-s/rad) the reduced Planck's constant, h / 2π ε0 = (Farad/m) the dielectric permittivity of vacuum as measured in a local, inertial reference frame µ0 = (Henry/m) the dielectric permeability of vacuum as measured in a local, inertial reference frame G = (N-m2/kg2) the gravitational constant 1. INTRODUCTION Practically speaking, time is measured with a clock and space is measured with a ruler. Regardless of their unique construction, each is just a device used to compare with other similar devices at different sets of coordinates. An observer peering into the night sky uses his own devices to establish a coordinate system with which to compare his observations to identical devices at distant coordinates. He chooses for example, to observe the light emitted by distant supernovae and then compare it to the light emitted by other similar events at various locations, [1]. From this data and knowledge of the atomic reactions that generate these explosions, the distance to these events, and their motion relative to the observer is determined. There are other ways to achieve this of course. Clocks, rulers or supernovae are examples given to illustrate the point, that measurements are made using physical tools of our choosing which are composed of some form of matter. To date, it appears that all matter is subjected to the physical effects of gravity in the same way. In other words; all objects fall at the same rate such that; there are no absolute rulers, or absolute clocks that are impervious to the physical effects of gravity. ENGINEERING A BRIDGE Updated - 3/27/20 2 Working in the reference frame of a distant observer, space and time appear to be variables. General Relativity (GR) interprets these variables as space-time curvature when the local devices and the remote devices disagree. They disagree because matter experiences gravitational length contraction and time dilation in the presence of gravitational fields. This is not an illusion. Time dilation and length contraction are real, physical effects whose action can be described using elementary quantum mechanics, and the correct procedure to do so, which shall be shown here. The model presented here-in uses the reference frame of the distant observer to approximate GR as a scalar field, because it allows all observations to be consistently scaled without the need of complicated tensor coordinate transformations, as this is all that is required to illustrate the engineering concepts to be conveyed. However, like a photograph displayed on a monitor appears to be a continuously smooth image when in fact it is pixelated at a scale that is below the resolution of our senses. Individual quantum oscillators behave in such a way that, in large numbers their averages reproduce the behavior of classical test particles on a curved space-time manifold, as directed by Einstein’s field equations of GR, [2]. Due to this quantum to classical correspondence, it is necessary to drop any expectation of using quantum field theory on a curved space-time manifold. In this model, space-time is considered to be perfectly flat background stage upon which the observations of curved space-time are an emergent property. As such, the simplified equations of physics done in flat space-time will be applied throughout. Engineers are clever, but aside from the calibration of the Global Positioning Satellite network, engineers really don’t know what to do with space-time curvature as a means to manipulate gravity. The Gravitic Caliper is not yet a tool in our toolbox. Likewise, referring to gravitational fields as a variable refractive index, as is done in the Polarizable Vacuum (PV Model) Representation of GR [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] adds some intuitive, pedagogical value to understanding gravitational fields, but does not address the pressing issue of; “What to do to create or mimic gravity?” What engineers require is a more practical set of tools to work with when dealing with the effects of gravitational fields, so that they can acquire a deeper understanding of the “Nuts and Bolts” regarding how gravity and matter interact. These tools are precisely what this paper will address. Space-time curvature is a useful mathematical description of the available data regarding gravity, but it is not the only useful interpretation of the data. The interpretation presented herein, describes gravitational time dilation and length contraction in the proximity of large gravitational bodies, as a physical effect acting on clocks and rulers at the quantum scale. This physical effect begins with a simple harmonic oscillator. Something most engineers should be familiar with. For the practical purposes of discussion, matter may be usefully approximated as being comprised of such oscillators, [8]. ENGINEERING A BRIDGE Updated - 3/27/20 3 If there is power dissipation (damping) occurring within the oscillator, eventually the oscillation will exponentially decay to its lowest energy state. In a passive electronic oscillator circuit for example, there may be a sinusoidal power supply (a.c. source) driving a resonant LC circuit, [9]. In the circuit there may be a resistance, R which dissipates power and damps the oscillation. Eventually, the source of power and the dissipation reach an equilibrium condition. In the case of matter, when a system of particles decays to its lowest energy state, it is in the ground-state. Where, the minimum energy is not zero, [8, 10]. The minimum energy is the equilibrium between a uniform zero-point field, (ZPF) which drives the oscillators, and a variable damping function which damps them. The damping function is dependent on the presence of a local mass-energy density, which stimulates radiative damping as Larmor radiation, resulting in the observed behavior of oscillators in a gravitational field. Where, they have a lower ground state energy than they would in an unperturbed ZPF. In other words; the damping function lowers the relative ground state energy below that which the ZPF establishes as the natural ground state in a vacuum far from any gravitational bodies. In GR, this reduction of the ground state energy is interpreted as gravity possessing negative energy, [11]. In section 2, the physical effects of gravitation are derived from the space-time metric and associated with the variable refractive index of the PV Model for illustration. In section 3, the quantum vacuum processes that determine the ground state equilibrium condition between matter and vacuum are discussed, in addition to the co-variant relationship between relative power and the relative coordinate velocity of light. In section 4, the relative radiative damping factor is derived and the connection to gravity is established. It is shown that the variable metric coefficients result from variations in the radiative damping factor that reduces the relative available power of the ZPF, making a test particle move in a way which may be interpreted as curved space-time. In sections 5, Inflated Matter is introduced as an alternative interpretation of Exotic Matter. Exotic Matter is defined as negative energy density and is in violation of the strong and weak energy conditions of GR. It is a state in which something is below the minimum energy density of the surrounding vacuum. The idea if inflated matter being that since volume increases faster than energy content, matter which is inflated to a larger scale has a lower energy density than mater which has been contracted by gravity.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Quantum Vacuum Energy Density and Unifying Perspectives Between Gravity and Quantum Behaviour of Matter
    Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, Volume 42, numéro 2, 2017 251 Quantum vacuum energy density and unifying perspectives between gravity and quantum behaviour of matter Davide Fiscalettia, Amrit Sorlib aSpaceLife Institute, S. Lorenzo in Campo (PU), Italy corresponding author, email: [email protected] bSpaceLife Institute, S. Lorenzo in Campo (PU), Italy Foundations of Physics Institute, Idrija, Slovenia email: [email protected] ABSTRACT. A model of a three-dimensional quantum vacuum based on Planck energy density as a universal property of a granular space is suggested. This model introduces the possibility to interpret gravity and the quantum behaviour of matter as two different aspects of the same origin. The change of the quantum vacuum energy density can be considered as the fundamental medium which determines a bridge between gravity and the quantum behaviour, leading to new interest- ing perspectives about the problem of unifying gravity with quantum theory. PACS numbers: 04. ; 04.20-q ; 04.50.Kd ; 04.60.-m. Key words: general relativity, three-dimensional space, quantum vac- uum energy density, quantum mechanics, generalized Klein-Gordon equation for the quantum vacuum energy density, generalized Dirac equation for the quantum vacuum energy density. 1 Introduction The standard interpretation of phenomena in gravitational fields is in terms of a fundamentally curved space-time. However, this approach leads to well known problems if one aims to find a unifying picture which takes into account some basic aspects of the quantum theory. For this reason, several authors advocated different ways in order to treat gravitational interaction, in which the space-time manifold can be considered as an emergence of the deepest processes situated at the fundamental level of quantum gravity.
    [Show full text]
  • Gravity Originates from Variable Energy Density of Quantum Vacuum
    American Journal of Modern Physics 2014; 3(3): 118-128 Published online April 30, 2014 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajmp) doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20140303.11 Gravity originates from variable energy density of quantum vacuum Luigi Maxmilian Caligiuri 1, 2, *, Amrit Sorli 1 1Foundation of Physics Research Center, FoPRC, via Resistenza 10 87053 Celico (CS), Italy 2University of Calabria, via P. Bucci 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy Email address: [email protected] (L. M. Caligiuri), [email protected] (A. Sorli) To cite this article: Luigi Maxmilian Caligiuri, Amrit Sorli. Gravity Originates from Variable Energy Density of Quantum Vacuum. American Journal of Modern Physics. Vol. 3, No. 3, 2014, pp. 118-128. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20140303.11 Abstract: The physical understanding of the real mechanism of gravity is one of the most important questions in Physics. As we have already shown in a previous paper, the rest and relativistic mass of an elementary particle or body can be considered as having their origin in the diminished energy density of a Quantum Vacuum, characterized by a granular structure quantized through a Planck metric. The presence of massive bodies, from the scale of elementary particles to that of stellar objects and black holes, then determines Quantum Vacuum energy density gradients. In this paper we have proposed a novel physical model in which gravity is generated by the pressure of Quantum Vacuum in the direction of its own higher to lower density due to the presence of material objects or particles. In this picture gravity is an immediate and not – propagating action – at – a – distance interaction, resulting from the Quantum Vacuum dynamics, in turn related to fundamental properties of space itself only, not requiring the existence of the hypothetical graviton.
    [Show full text]
  • Plasma Modes in Surrounding Media of Black Holes and Vacuum Structure - Quantum Processes with Considerations of Spacetime Torque and Coriolis Forces
    COLLECTIVE COHERENT OSCILLATION PLASMA MODES IN SURROUNDING MEDIA OF BLACK HOLES AND VACUUM STRUCTURE - QUANTUM PROCESSES WITH CONSIDERATIONS OF SPACETIME TORQUE AND CORIOLIS FORCES N. Haramein¶ and E.A. Rauscher§ ¶The Resonance Project Foundation, [email protected] §Tecnic Research Laboratory, 3500 S. Tomahawk Rd., Bldg. 188, Apache Junction, AZ 85219 USA Abstract. The main forces driving black holes, neutron stars, pulsars, quasars, and supernovae dynamics have certain commonality to the mechanisms of less tumultuous systems such as galaxies, stellar and planetary dynamics. They involve gravity, electromagnetic, and single and collective particle processes. We examine the collective coherent structures of plasma and their interactions with the vacuum. In this paper we present a balance equation and, in particular, the balance between extremely collapsing gravitational systems and their surrounding energetic plasma media. Of particular interest is the dynamics of the plasma media, the structure of the vacuum, and the coupling of electromagnetic and gravitational forces with the inclusion of torque and Coriolis phenomena as described by the Haramein-Rauscher solution to Einstein’s field equations. The exotic nature of complex black holes involves not only the black hole itself but the surrounding plasma media. The main forces involved are intense gravitational collapsing forces, powerful electromagnetic fields, charge, and spin angular momentum. We find soliton or magneto-acoustic plasma solutions to the relativistic Vlasov equations solved in the vicinity of black hole ergospheres. Collective phonon or plasmon states of plasma fields are given. We utilize the Hamiltonian formalism to describe the collective states of matter and the dynamic processes within plasma allowing us to deduce a possible polarized vacuum structure and a unified physics.
    [Show full text]
  • Polarizable-Vacuum (PV) Representation of General Relativity
    Polarizable-Vacuum (PV) representation of general relativity H. E. Puthoff Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin 4030 W. Braker Lane, Suite 300, Austin, Texas 78759 [email protected] ABSTRACT Standard pedagogy treats topics in general relativity (GR) in terms of tensor formulations in curved space-time. Although mathematically straightforward, the curved space-time approach can seem abstruse to beginning students due to the degree of mathematical sophistication required. As a heuristic tool to provide insight into what is meant by a curved metric, we present a polarizable-vacuum (PV) representation of GR derived from a model by Dicke and related to the "THεµ" formalism used in comparative studies of gravitational theories. I. INTRODUCTION Textbook presentations treat General Relativity (GR) in terms of tensor formulations in curved space-time. Such an approach captures in a concise and elegant way the interaction between masses, and their consequent motion. "Matter tells space how to curve, and space tells matter how to move [1]." Although conceptually straightforward, the curved space-time approach can seem rather abstract to beginning students, and often lacking in intuitive appeal. During the course of development of GR over the years, however, alternative approaches have emerged that provide convenient methodologies for investigating metric changes in less abstract formalisms, and which yield heuristic insight into what is meant by a curved metric. One approach that has a long history in GR studies, and that does have intuitive appeal, is what can be called the polarizable-vacuum (PV) representation of GR. Introduced by Wilson [2] and developed further by Dicke [3], the PV approach treats metric changes in terms of equivalent changes in the permittivity and permeability constants of the vacuum, εo and µo, essentially along the lines of the so-called "THεµ" methodology used in comparative studies of gravitational theories [4-6].
    [Show full text]
  • Quantum Wave Mechanics 3Rd Ed
    Geometrical description of photons, electrons and composite particles. Dimensional analysis of electrical charge. Quantum gravity, gravitational frequency spectrum, mass oscillator synchronization, spectral energy density modulation and phase conjugation. Origin of charge, fine structure constant and inertia. Prospects for wave-based EM propulsion. Quantum Wave Mechanics by Larry Reed Order the complete book from the publisher Booklocker.com https://www.booklocker.com/p/books/10176.html?s=pdf or from your favorite neighborhood or online bookstore. To my parents who never knew the result of their great experiment Copyright © 2019, 2020 by Larry J. Reed All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author. Printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Control Number: 2018901065 ISBN: 978-1-63492-964-6 paperback To order additional copies of this book, contact: www.booklocker.com CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................................................... ix SECTION 1 – LIGHT 1. Photon model ................................................................................................................. 1 2. Quantum vacuum ......................................................................................................... 13 3. Electromagnetic 4-Potential .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • An Invariant Characterization of the Levi-Civita Spacetimes
    S S symmetry Article An Invariant Characterization of the Levi-Civita Spacetimes Cooper K. Watson 1,2,* , William Julius 1,2 , Matthew Gorban 1,2 , David D. McNutt 3 , Eric W. Davis 1 and Gerald B. Cleaver 1,2 1 Early Universe Cosmology and Strings (EUCOS) Group, Center for Astrophysics, Space Physics and Engineering Research (CASPER), Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; [email protected] (W.J.); [email protected] (M.G.); [email protected] (E.W.D.); [email protected] (G.B.C.) 2 Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA 3 Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: In the years 1917–1919 Tullio Levi-Civita published a number of papers presenting new solutions to Einstein’s equations. This work, while partially translated, remains largely inaccessible to English speaking researchers. In this paper we review these solutions, and present them in a modern readable manner. We will also compute both Cartan–Karlhede and Carminati–Mclenaghan invariants such that these solutions are invariantly characterized by two distinct methods. These methods will allow for these solutions to be totally and invariantly characterized. Because of the variety of solutions considered here, this paper will also be a useful reference for those seeking to learn to apply the Cartan–Karlhede algorithm in practice. Keywords: Levi-Civita metric; general relativity; curvature invariant Citation: Watson, C.K.; Julius, W.; Gorban, M.; McNutt, D.D.; Davis, 1. Introduction E.W.; Cleaver, G.B. An Invariant In the years 1917–1919 Tullio Levi-Civita (LC) published nearly a dozen papers intro- Characterization of the Levi-Civita ducing and analyzing a variety of new solutions to Einstein’s field equations (collected Spacetimes.
    [Show full text]
  • New Approach for Building of Unified Theory About the Universe and Some Results
    New approach for building of unified theory about the Universe and some results S. Sarg E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.helical-structures.org The physical models of a successful unified theory about the Universe must operate in different phase of matter evolution and different fields of physics. The attempts to build such wide range theory as a bunch of theories developed for different fields of physics are not quite successful. The accumulated knowledge from experiments and observations leads to a conclusion that some of the adopted postulates in the modern physics are not absolutely fundamental, as considered so far. A new approach for building of unified model of the Universe suggests resurrection of the principles of causality and logical understanding for any kind of physical phenomena. It is successfully applied in a new theory titled Basic Structures of Matter, which provides fundamentals for a unified theory about the Universe. The new approach leads to different physical models for the elementary particles and the atoms and also to a different concept about the Universe. In the same time the suggested models exhibit the same interaction energies as obtained by the Quantum mechanics and experiments. The analysis of the physical phenomena from a new point of view allows deeper understanding of the relations between the basic physical attributes: mass, energy, space, time, gravitation and inertia. Keywords: (unified field theories, zero point energy, light velocity, gravitation, inertia, relativity) 1. Problems related to development of successful unified theory about the Universe. The foundations of the modern physics rely on postulates and rules adopted about 100 years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Prospects for Breakthrough Propulsion from Physics
    NASA/TM—2004-213082 Prospects for Breakthrough Propulsion From Physics Marc G. Millis Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio May 2004 The NASA STI Program Office . in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to • CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected the advancement of aeronautics and space papers from scientific and technical science. The NASA Scientific and Technical conferences, symposia, seminars, or other Information (STI) Program Office plays a key part meetings sponsored or cosponsored by in helping NASA maintain this important role. NASA. The NASA STI Program Office is operated by • SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, Langley Research Center, the Lead Center for technical, or historical information from NASA’s scientific and technical information. The NASA programs, projects, and missions, NASA STI Program Office provides access to the often concerned with subjects having NASA STI Database, the largest collection of substantial public interest. aeronautical and space science STI in the world. The Program Office is also NASA’s institutional • TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. English- mechanism for disseminating the results of its language translations of foreign scientific research and development activities. These results and technical material pertinent to NASA’s are published by NASA in the NASA STI Report mission. Series, which includes the following report types: Specialized services that complement the STI • TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of Program Office’s diverse offerings include completed research or a major significant creating custom thesauri, building customized phase of research that present the results of databases, organizing and publishing research NASA programs and include extensive data results . even providing videos. or theoretical analysis. Includes compilations of significant scientific and technical data and For more information about the NASA STI information deemed to be of continuing Program Office, see the following: reference value.
    [Show full text]
  • Frame Dragging Remedy for Polarizable Vacuum Theory at High Speed in Deep Space Transport
    FRAME DRAGGING REMEDY FOR POLARIZABLE VACUUM THEORY AT HIGH SPEED IN DEEP SPACE TRANSPORT 29 April 2016 V1 By Jerry L Decker Ph.D. Retired Professional Engineer Abstract Frame dragging resulted from modifications of Polarizable Vacuum Theory that were done to bring high velocity terms into PV consistent with established science of energy and momentum at high speed. It was found that velocity terms could not be brought into PV theory without formalism for exchange of kinetic energy with the vacuum space. Planck’s Law in general and Heisenberg Uncertainty in a specific case were used to develop a mechanism for continual exchange of kinetic energy with the local vacuum. The mechanism calls for incurring equal exchange of energy with space when acceleration does not occur, and unequal exchange when a physical object is accelerating. Accumulating kinetic energy in space was found to polarize the vacuum in a way equivalent to the polarizing parameter K of Harold Puthoff.(1) Frame dragging results from the continual increase of vacuum stress energy trailing longitudinally and propagating transversely from an accelerating deep space vehicle. Introduction A previous attempt to extend Polarizable Vacuum theory of Harold Puthoff(2) and others to high speed in deep space led to modifications of PV for adding velocity terms in agreement with established laws of energy and momentum. The mass function was redeveloped for consistency with widely published 1 results of accelerator experiments. Two possible revisions were considered in making new mass functions, either invariant Planck constant or Planck constant changing gradually with vacuum stress energy. In previous work by others Polarizable Vacuum theory has offered an alternative to geometric theories of space time curvature, with some acceptance in the scientific community as a step in the right direction, but not a final theory or replacement for General Relativity.
    [Show full text]
  • Gravity and the Quantum Vacuum Inertia Hypothesis
    Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 14, No. 8, 479–498 (2005) / DOI 10.1002/andp.200510147 Gravity and the quantum vacuum inertia hypothesis Alfonso Rueda1,∗ and Bernard Haisch2,∗∗ 1 Department of Electrical Engineering, California State University, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, CA 90840, USA 2 Chief Science Officer, ManyOne Networks, 100 Enterprise Way, Bldg. G-370, Scotts Valley, CA 95066, USA Received 27 January 2005, revised 3 April 2005, accepted 14 April 2005 by F.W. Hehl Published online 15 July 2005 Key words Quantum vacuum, mass, zero-point field, inertia, gravitation, stochastic electrodynamics, principle of equivalence. PACS 03.65.Sq, 04.20.Cv, 05.40.-a, 12.60.-i In previous work it has been shown that the electromagnetic quantum vacuum, or electromagnetic zero-point field, makes a contribution to the inertial reaction force on an accelerated object. We show that the result for inertial mass can be extended to passive gravitational mass. As a consequence the weak equivalence principle, which equates inertial to passive gravitational mass, appears to be explainable. This in turn leads to a straightforward derivation of the classical Newtonian gravitational force. We call the inertia and gravitation connection with the vacuum fields the quantum vacuum inertia hypothesis. To date only the electromagnetic field has been considered. It remains to extend the hypothesis to the effects of the vacuum fields of the other interactions. We propose an idealized experiment involving a cavity resonator which, in principle, would test the hypothesis for the simple case in which only electromagnetic interactions are involved. This test also suggests a basis for the free parameter η(ν) which we have previously defined to parametrize the interaction between charge and the electromagnetic zero-point field contributing to the inertial mass of a particle or object.
    [Show full text]
  • Metric Engineering” Approach to GR-Type Effects
    Polarizable Vacuum “Metric Engineering” Approach to GR-Type Effects Harold E. Puthoff and Michael Ibison Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin 4030 W. Braker Lane, Suite 300, Austin, Texas, 78759. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT In addition to the development of the canonical tensor formulation of GR, alternative approaches have emerged over time for investigating metric changes in other formalisms. One such formulation, the polarizable vacuum (PV) approach, derives from a model by Dicke and is related to the THεµ formalism used in comparative studies of gravitational theories. The PV approach treats the vacuum as a variable refractive index medium in which vacuum polarizability alters in response to GR-type influences. At one level the PV approach can be characterized as simply a convenient methodology for calculating GR effects in an engineering-type context that provides heuristic insight; at a deeper level the PV formalism can be taken to constitute a fundamental theory in its own right with testable predictions at variance with those of GR under certain conditions. Though in its simplest form PV is a scalar field theory, it has nonetheless been found to be quite general, and to reproduce to required orders a match to several GR effects, including the classical experimental tests of GR. It is in application that the PV formalism demonstrates its intuitive appeal, and constitutes what can be called a “metric engineering” approach. PV studies published to date have addressed not only the standard tests of GR, but also such issues as alteration of the metric by EM fields and corollary implications for spaceflight propulsion.
    [Show full text]
  • The Planck Vacuum
    Volume 1 PROGRESS IN PHYSICS January, 2009 The Planck Vacuum William C. Daywitt National Institute for Standards and Technology (retired), Boulder, Colorado, USA E-mail: [email protected] This paper argues that there is a polarizable vacuum state (the Planck vacuum) that is the source of the quantum vacuum; the free particles; the gravitational, fine structure, and Planck constants; the gravitational field and the spacetime of General Relativity; the Maxwell equations and the Lorentz transformation; and the particle Compton relations and the quantum theory. 1 Introduction source of these pre-existing theories. The simple calculations in the paper lead to the above constants and from there to This is an unusual paper that needs to be put into perspec- the many suggestions, assumptions, speculations, and hand- tive to be understood because the definitions contained herein waving that necessarily characterize the PV theory at this evoke preconceived ideas that get in the way of the reader. For early stage of development. It is expected, however, that the example, the words “bare charge” mean something very spe- theory will eventually lead to a “sea change” in the way we cific to the quantum-field-theory specialist that evoke notions view fundamental physics. So let’s begin. of renormalization and Feynman diagrams. The definition of these words given here, however, mean something quite dif- The two observations: “investigations point towards a com- ferent; so this preface is intended to provide a setting that will pelling idea, that all nature is ultimately controlled by the ac- make the paper easier to understand. tivities of a single superforce”, and “[a living vacuum] holds About ten years ago the author derived the gravitational the key to a full understanding of the forces of nature”; come 2 2 2 (G = e=m), Planck (~ = e=c), and also fine structure from Paul Davies’ popular 1984 book [1] entitled Superforce: 2 2 ( = e =e) constants in a somewhat confused and mixed- The Search for a Grand Unified Theory of Nature .
    [Show full text]