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Polish Cartographical Review Vol. 48, 2016, no. 4, pp. 173–183 DOI: 10.1515/pcr-2016-0013

JAKUB KUNA Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Department of Cartography and Geomatics [email protected]

Cartographic visualization of Jewish heritage in cross-border tourist project Routes (, , )*

Abstract. The aim of the author of this article is to present cartographic visualizations designed for an inter- national tourist project Shtetl Routes. The methodology consists of the study of early topographic maps, field studies, GIS analyses and 3D modelling. 63 town maps, 15 virtual mock-ups and a large thematic map have been developed as results. Multiple methodological problems are discussed. Cartographic products designed for the project have already been published or will be published in the near future. Keywords: cartographic visualization, Historical GIS, 3D, Shtetl Routes, Jewish heritage

1. Introduction1 the spatial turn in humanities (A. Knowles 2002, D. Bodenhamer et al. 2010), cartographic me- During the World War II, German Nazis held thods of research and GIS tools were present a near total extermination of Jewish community at every stage of the project: starting as a base of eastern interwar Poland (1918–1939). Shtetl material for field study, setting domain for the Routes: vestiges of Jewish cultural heritage in collection of data and finishing as a complete cross-border tourism is an interna­tional project set of products for tourists. that aims to create a supra-regional tourist route based on the Jewish cultu­ral heritage of 2. Methodology, acquisition of data border regions of Poland, Belarus and Ukraine (shtetlroutes.eu). The project included three The main idea of the Shtetl Routes project cartographic objectives: designing town plans was to use the remains of Jewish cultural heri- for the guidebook, designing large tourist map tage to create the tourist product that would and developing virtual 3D mock-ups of selected promote the unique beauty of small towns of towns. The mapping of pre­served traces of Jew­ eastern Poland, western Belarus and western ish culture as well as the most important non- Ukraine. To accomplish ambitiously stated -existent objects of their cultural heritage was goal at the highest standards it was required to a very difficult issue. The creation of cartogra- gather an international team of specialists and phic products for tourists required combining to use an interdisciplinary approach. At the enormous documentation that had been gath­ beginning a list of 63 destinations of Shtetl ered during interdisciplinary research. Early Routes (tab. 1) was selected: 20 towns from maps, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Belarus, 21 from Poland and 22 from Ukraine. and cartographic visualization played an impor- Among them 15 were selected for 3D model- tant – if not crucial – role in the project. Following ling (shtetlroutes.eu, poligonstudio.pl). The cri- teria of selection were rather subjective: the * The term “shtetl” (yid. noun, singular) stands for small main points were if any extraordinary examples town with large Jewish population, which existed in Central of Jewish architecture were preserved and if and Eastern before . The article is an extension of the analysis presented at the 39th Polish Car- towns were small – generally, population should tographic Conference, Zwierzyniec 2016. be fewer than 50,000. Experts concluded that 174 Jakub Kuna

Tab. 1. List of towns selected for Shtetl Routes. Towns scales from 1:25,000 up to 1:100,000 (tab. 2). with thicked names were selected for 3D modelling Topographic situation presented on plans and Belarus Poland Ukraine maps varied chronologically (P. Cebrykow 2015, A. Czerny 2015, J. Kuna 2014). Among topo- Biłgoraj graphic maps at the scale of 1:25,000 1 German Davyd-Haradok map and 17 Polish maps were appropriate for Izbica Shtetl Routes, 3 Polish maps and all Soviet Haradzishcha Józefów maps at this scale were out of date. Soviet Roztoczański ’s maps 1:42,000 and 1:50,000 and Indura Kazimierz Austro-Hungarian Spezialkarte 1:75,000 were Dolny also outdated. All Polish tactical maps at the Knyszyn Busk scale 1:100,000 were considered adequate. Kock At second stage, maps were rectified in GIS Lunna Delatyn and compared with current spatial data – sa- Mir Lesko tellite images, ortophotomaps, maps and plans Motal Łancut (T. Panecki 2014, J. Kuna 2015a, B. Szady Navahrudak Łęczna 2008). Digitalization of features connected to Ostryna Międzyrzec Khust Jewish heritage (, cemeteries, etc.) Podlaski resulted in creating a database of possible Orla locations of historic sites and monuments. The Rymanów database was converted to KML format and shared via Google Maps – researchers working Radun in field identified points of interests (POI), cor- Siemiatycze rected location (address, GPS coordinates), updated the status of monuments, created do- Tykocin cumentation (photo), described characteristics Volozhyn Wielkie Oczy and filled the database with other places that Zheludok Wojsławice were considered “worth seeing”. Collecting of Włodawa Volodymyr- the data in field required no sophisticated tech- -Volynsky nology as popular smartphone applications seemed sufficient. The majority of field re­ searchers used on-line version of Google Maps and Open Street Map (which sometimes had there is no point in promoting big (such more detailed layers, especially in Belarus). as Lublin or ) or internationally recognized However, few researchers admitted that tradi- landmarks (such as Zamość). tional equipment (printed map, notebook and At first stage of the project cartographic re- pen) was the most dependable. During the search was focused on gathering archival maps field research, a large number of features, ob- from period 1900–1940 (igrek.amzp.pl, mapy- jects and sites was marked in the project’s wig.org). The research resulted in obtaining Google Maps. Updated layers were reconverted digital copies of 115 early topographic maps at into GIS database, all records were catalogued

Tab. 2. List of archival topographic maps gathered for cartographic research

Map Scale Sheets Situation Messtischblätter 1:25,000 1 1940 Soviet Red Army (reprints of Half-Verst maps) 1:25,000 6 1885–1904 WIG detailed map 1:25,000 20 1892–1937 Soviet Red Army (reprints of One-Verst maps) 1:42,000 2 1893–1896 Soviet Red Army (redrafts of One-Verst maps) 1:50,000 3 1888–1891 Spezialkarte 1:75,000 3 1874–1914 WIG tactical map 1:100,000 79 1922–1938 Cartographic visualization of Jewish heritage in cross-border tourist project Shtetl Routes... 175

Fig. 1. Ashmyany (Belarus) 1:35,000 – town map designed for the Shtetl Routes guidebook (sample) in 15 categories: 5 categories referred strictly had started. The only outline for the guidebook to Jewish heritage, 5 categories referred to sacral was the size of a single page (16 cm × 23.5 cm). objects of Christianity ( or Orthodox) and GIS analyses revealed that selected towns dif- Islam, other categories included secular fea­ fer in many characteristics: number of POIs, tures. Preservation status was coded with Bo- area covered by thematic features, complexity olean: 1 – “preserved”, 0 – “not preserved”. of urban arrangement, etc, therefore there was Comments like “active”, “closed”, “rebuild”, “in no possibility to draw all maps at equal scale. ruins”, “changed usage” were added to records It was decided that dimensions of each map with “true” values. GIS database served as should be constant: rectangular, 12 cm × 8 cm, a foundation for designing maps (J. Kuna horizontal or vertical – depending on the range 2015a). Along with the development of the pro- of presented area. Thus, scales of town maps ject, the idea of designing online, interactive vary from 1:7,500 to 1:40,000 resulting in dif- map was mentioned. Unfortunately, it had to ferent level of generalization and all further be postponed due to the rigid budget. consequences (M.-J. Kraak, F. Ormeling 2010, J. Kuna 2015a). 3. Cartographic products Another methodological problem occurred when the base map was considered. It seemed As three types of cartographic visualization impossible to decide whether the maps should have been developed for the project, different present current or historical situation (B. Szady problems occurred. Methodological questions, 2008). Obviously, current situation is neces- solutions and workflow are described below, sary for map’s user to locate sites and monu- along with each type of the cartographic product. ments in present space of the town. However, thematic layer of designed maps mostly con- sists of historic features, hence presenting in- 3.1. Town maps terwar situation has a logic explanation as well. The aim of the Shtetl Routes project is to The most fundamental methodological ques- invite tourists to participate in a journey that is tions appeared before the design of town maps both physical and mental. The authors decided 176 Jakub Kuna

Fig. 2. Kremenets (Ukraine) 1:20,000 – town map designed for the Shtetl Routes guidebook (sample) to choose compromising solution. While all between features were desired (M.-J. Kraak, other features are drawn up to date, build-up F. Ormeling 2010). Shtetl Routes’s point sym- area is shown at two stages: pre-WW II and bols were designed in the combined manner. current (fig. 1, fig. 2). Cartographic presentation The outer geometrical figure (5 mm × 5 mm) is of change adds another dimension (time) to common for all signs. Signatures are distin- these primarily simple maps, giving them a new, guished by inner shapes, which are: simplified deeper meaning (M.-J. Kraak, F. Ormeling 2010, depictions of the reality or abstract symbols B. Szady 2008). Despite the fact that this that would easily associate with the reality. methodological solution is not innovatory itself, The colour of outer field divides signatures there are only a few similar cartographic pro­ into two categories depending on preservation ducts where the presentation of dynamics can status (fig. 3). Cartographic symbolization of be encountered (M. Meksuła 2001). roads encountered serious problem in terms of The design of cartographic symbols was comparability between three countries. Con- also problematic. Graphic representation of trary to Poland or Ukraine, in Belarus the system database features had to be simple, unambi­ of administrative categorization had no reference guous and neat. The accordance with the iso- with qualitative attributes. To obtain correspond- morphism rule and the thematic resemblance ing values, nominal parameters had to be Cartographic visualization of Jewish heritage in cross-border tourist project Shtetl Routes... 177

Polish and Ukrainian), designing versions of maps separately for every language turned out very problematic. Due to different lengths of words endless changes of text’s placement re- minded cartographic nightmare. Small maps of towns did not allow to use combined, multi- lingual texts (doubled, tripled or quadrupled). Therefore it was decided to use one common version of maps, with English transcription (shtetlroutes.eu).

3.2. Three dimensional mock-ups

Modelling of virtual mock-ups (maquettes) requires base maps at very high level of detail, so that the location and dimensions of single building can be precisely measured (J. Kuna 2015b). Among collected topographic maps only a few maps 1:25,000 could meet such requirements and only 2 depicted towns that were selected for modelling. Another query carried in national archives was focused on town plans and cadastral plans. It resulted in collecting 16 different maps that were present- ing selected towns in different periods (tab. 3). Timeliness of 8 archival maps was proper for the Shtetl Routes project. With lack of adjacent sources for 7 other towns, modellers had to be satisfied with earlier or newer plans (gesher- .org). Mock-ups are provided by professional mod- ellers – mainly Poligon Studio from Lublin (poligonstudio.pl). Minority of mock-ups were modelled straight on raster images of archival maps. For majority realistic phototextures had been designed. In most cases surface under Fig. 3. The common legend for all 63 town maps in buildings is flat, whereas terrain outside build-up the Shtetl Routes guidebook (thematic features only) area is varied. It may lead to the conclusion that the terrain models used in mock-ups are hand-made. changed. Experience of field researchers was Models of buildings stand at a very high level the key. With such a diversity of signatures the of detail such as Open Geospatial Consortium legend was needed, but there was no possibility CityGML Level of Detail 2 and 3. OGC CityGML to place the legend within limited size of maps. is an internationally used standard of 3D mod- Expecting random placement of maps through- elling. LoD 2 refers to models of buildings with out the guidebook, authors came with an idea photographic textures, proper roof types, adja- that printing legend at an external part of the cent cubature and all details that exceed 1 m. cover (that would fold in and out) would be LoD 2 models are used to present less important useful. buildings that would fill the background of Shtetl Routes project is targeted on interna- mock-ups. LoD 3 refers to models of buildings tional tourists. While the guidebook is written with photographic textures, precise geometry in four language versions (English, Belarusian, of roofs and every outer detail that exceed 0.5 m. 178 Jakub Kuna

Tab. 3. List of archival maps and plans used for 3D modelling

Town Map Year Scale Berezne Sketch plan of Berezne (pol.) 1926 1:2,500 Current land use map of the county town Biłgoraj (rus.) 1902 1:5,000 Biłgoraj Map of Biłgoraj (ger.) 1918 1:5,000 Indura WIG tactical map, sheet: P35 S38 (pol.) 1926 1:100,000 Knyszyn Site map of Knyszyn (pol.) 1947 1:1,000 Locations near the town of Kock (rus.) 1814 1:20,320 Kock GUGiK topographic map, sheet: 125.244 (pol.) 1970s 1:10,000 Luboml Copy map of the county town Luboml (pol.) 1926 1:5,000 Detailed map of the Mir’s town squares (pol.) 1831 1:1,840 Mir WIG detailed map, sheet: P35 S43 A (pol.) 1934 1:25,000 Map of the voivodship city Navahrudak (pol.) 1927 unknown Navahrudak Map of the city of Navahrudak (pol.) 1931 1:5,000 City map of Navahrudak (pol.) 1935 1:12,500 Ostroh Jewish memorial map of Ostroh (hebr.) 1930s unknown Cadastral map of Pidhaitsi and surrounding settlements (pol.) 1846 unknown Pidhaitsi Cadastral map of Pidhaitsi (pol.) 1939 1:5,000 Ruzhany WIG detailed map, sheet: P37 S40 D (pol.) 1932 1:25,000 Wielkie Oczy Cadastral map of Wielkie Oczy (pol.) 1910 1:1,000 Wojsławice General map of Wojsławice estate (pol.) 1833 unknown Zheludok WIG tactical map, sheet: P34 S40 (pol.) 1929 1:100,000 Map of the city of Zhovkva and its castle granting (ger.) 19th cent. 1:4,900 Zhovkva Sketch plan of Zhovkva (pol.) 19th cent. 1:2,880

Maps and plans names translated on the basis of: Kuncewicz A., 1929: Plany przeglądowe miast polskich and Lewandowska M., Stelmach M., 1996: Plany miast w polskich archiwach państwowych – katalog

Fig. 4. Kock 1930s (Poland) – Shtetl Routes 3D mock-up (sample) (source: poligonstudio.pl) Cartographic visualization of Jewish heritage in cross-border tourist project Shtetl Routes... 179

LoD 3 models are used to present unique to Suceava (S) and from Łomża (W) to Ka- buildings. The combination of LoD 2 and LoD 3 mianets-Podilskyi (E). The generalization is buildings placed on large-scale map or tex- similar to the International Map of the World tured Digital Terrain Model filled with 3D models 1:1,000,000 but the level of detail is higher – of trees created attractive mock-ups (fig. 4). especially in matter of towns and road network The addition of effects of sunlight, shadows, (fig. 6). The selection of cartographic projec- fog, cloudy sky and (in some cases) even tion for Shtetl Routes map was problematic. shiny water with reflections of objects in model To reduce distortions, authors decided to use teasers rendering, makes Shtetl Routes mock- 3° Gauss-Krüger projection with central merid- ups a digital masterpiece (fig. 5). ian at 25°E. Due to an irregular distribution of

Fig. 5. Zhovkva XVIII (Ukraine) – Shtetl Routes 3D mock-up (sample) (source: poligonstudio.pl)

Current experiences with the online, interac- the destination towns (SSW-NNE shift) the tive application “Guidebooks 2.0.” (teatrnn.pl/ base map was rotated by 12° clockwise to re- przewodniki) are rather positive. The technology duce the size of a sheet. allows to fly through the mock-up, clicking on The design of cartographic symbols was particular object triggers popup window with challenging as it was supposed to correspond further information about the object. Yet, it is with the system used in the guidebook. Except difficult to predict how the technology would for Jewish cemeteries, the thematic layer was behave with such detailed mock-ups. limited to preserved features connected to Jewish heritage. New categories have been added (e. g. active , German Nazi 3.3. The tourist map concentration camps and extermination camps). Signatures are smaller than in the guidebook The thematic map of Shtetl Routes has been (3 mm × 3 mm) and use more contrasting colours designed at scale of 1:900,000 (J. Kuna et al. (gold and black instead of gold and white). 2016). Vertical A1 sheet covers the area of The number of mapped cities and towns ex- approximately 330,000 km2: from (N) ceeds 5,000 (tab. 4). Except for 63 main Shtetl 180 Jakub Kuna

Fig. 6. Shtetl Routes – part of tourist map 1:900,000 (source: J. Kuna et al.: Shtetl Routes. Vestiges of Jewish cultural heritage in cross-border tourism, Lublin 2016) Cartographic visualization of Jewish heritage in cross-border tourist project Shtetl Routes... 181

Routes towns, 68 other towns have been high- Tab. 4. Amount of thematic features on Shtetl Routes lighted as “with important objects of Jewish tourist map 1:900,000 heritage”. The authors mapped, what is believed Object type Amount to be, a complete database of 538 towns with Big city (areal feature) 42 preserved Jewish cemeteries and 127 towns Small city 226 where Jewish cemeteries historically existed but are not preserved. In 237 towns preserved Town or big village 4989 buildings of former synagogues have been Shtetl Routes city or town 63 marked (23 still active). 69 monuments or me- Other city or town with important 68 morial places and 29 museums and cultural objects of Jewish heritage centres connected to Jewish heritage have Town with preserved or partially 538 been marked in selected towns as well as preserved Jewish cemetery 58 towns with other facilities of Jewish heritage. Town with not preserved Jewish cemetery 127 2 signatures of German Nazi concentration Active synagogue or prayer house 23 camps and 6 signatures of German Nazi ex- Preserved building of former synagogue 214 termination camps close the list of thematic Museum or cultural centre connected 29 features. to Jewish culture Monument or memorial place (selected) 69 4. Discussion Other facility of Jewish heritage (selected) 58 German Nazi concentration camp 2 Creating cartographic products on the basis German Nazi 6 of archival maps and historical data is bur- dened with methodological hesitance and may encounter awkward questions. One can ask at similar level of detail resulted in designing why these towns were selected and others of output map at similar scale (figs. 1 and 2). weren’t, why map “X” was chosen to compare For 2/3 of towns it was a comparison of Polish with map “Y” instead of map “Z”, why town “A” map 1:100,000 from the 20th century 1920s is shown at year “xxxx” and town “B” at year and 1930s with much more precise current da- “yyyy”. Some decisions are always to be made. ta. The question about reliability of outcome Instead of asking “why” the role of a cartogra- based on such a comparison must occur in the pher in Shtetl Routes project was to answer consequence (J. Kuna 2014, J. Kuna 2015a). “how” to get things done. Thankfully, detail on WIG tactical map is more The list of towns (tab. 1) was selected by comparable with generalization on modern a team of recognized authorities that specialize maps 1:50,000 rather than 1:100,000 and there- in history of 20th century, history of , and fore the accuracy of output maps is convincing history of art. Cartographic research included enough (P. Cebrykow 2015, J. Kuna 2014). the study of 20th century topographic maps Modelling of virtual mock-ups required more starting from maps 1:25,000 (Messtischblätter, Red Army, WIG) and ending on maps 1:100,000 detailed base maps (tab. 3) – only 2 topo- (WIG). Query resulted in collecting detailed graphic maps 1:25,000 were used as a basis. 1:25,000 maps of 15 compete towns and 2 more For 11 towns 18 other large-scale maps and towns fragmentary (tab. 2). Soviet maps plans were used. Among them, for 4 more towns 1:42,000 and 1:50,000 added depictions of interwar plans were found, for 7 other towns 3 towns. Polish maps 1:100,000 by WIG pro- only earlier plans were preserved (e.g. XIX cen- vided complete image of all 63 towns – some tury cadastral plans). 2 towns had neither sheets were reprinted and rescaled from Spe- large-scale topographic maps nor town plans, zialkarte 1:75,000 hence finding antecedent thus WIG tactical maps were used. It may lead maps it seemed proper (P. Cebrykow 2015, to a question about the timeliness of what was A. Czerny 2015). Design of all 63 town maps supposed to be an mock-ups. was done by confronting the most accurate 7 out of 15 mock-ups have been designed for archival topographic maps with current topo- 1920s and 1930s (fig. 4), 2 mock-ups present graphic maps, town maps and satellite images. towns in 1910s, 5 mock-ups present earlier In 1/3 of causes, comparison of maps and data situation (19th, 18th and 17th century). Only 182 Jakub Kuna

one mock-up presents latter stage – 1940s. It and raster graphics allowed to benefit from shows that the methodology of modelling was each format’s advantages and fill its imperfec- not equal. The quality of source maps was an tions. Regrettably, apart from providing few important factor, however few base maps have cartographic basis the author did not partici- been successfully compiled of two or more pate in 3D modelling. maps. There is no methodical explanation why The cost of the whole Shtetl Routes project 3 towns were modelled to present a pre-indus- was estimated at 450,000 € (timesofisrael.com, trial stage. The decision in this matter was not haaertz.com). Cartographic research and car- within the author’s competence. Despite occa- tographic visualization took up an insignificant sional historical inaccuracy, 3D mock-ups amount of funds (except 3D modelling which created for Shtetl Routes stand at world-class I assume, took a vast majority). It is puzzling level (fig. 5). how tiny work (in value) can play a fundamen- tal role in the whole project. 5. Summary 6. Credits In Shtetl Routes project, cartographic re- search and cartographic visualization encoun- The Shtetl Routes project lead by Emil Ma- tered multiple methodological and technical juk (“Grodzka Gate – NN Theatre” Centre Lub- challenges. The creation of the unified system lin, Poland) is done in cooperation with Yanka of large-scale town maps for the guidebook was based on a diverse set of data. Carto- Kupala State University of (Hrodna, graphic work required organized workflow. GIS Belarus), Navahrudak Museum of History and tools were very helpful at the stages of gather- Regional Studies (Navahrudak, Belarus), Centre ing, adjusting and analysing data (B. Szady for Social and Business Initiatives in 2008, J. Kuna 2015a). Each map’s projection, (Yaremche, Ukraine), Marketing Re- scale and range were set in GIS. Cartographic search Centre (Rivne, Ukraine). The project editing (symbology, colours, effects) was done is co-financed by the under in classic vector graphics, however. Prepara- European Neighbourhood and Partnership In- tions for the design of small-scale tourist map strument Programme for Cross-Border Co-ope­ was also done in GIS, although editing (which ration Poland-Belarus-Ukraine 2007-2013, grant was much more demanding, obviously) was no. PBU/0594/11. The author is thankful for an done in vector and raster graphics (fig. 6). invitation and opportunity to participate in the Conversions between GIS, vector graphics project.

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