2/1/18
SEAL
250 mln years BP
Permian
Eemshaven Groningen Zechstein Sea Geology of the Gas Field Delfzijl RESERVOIR Loppersum Groningen Field Three 270 mln years BP Early Permian Groningen Geological Desert Success Rien Herber Factors SOURCE Delft, 1st February 2018 300 mln years BP Late Carboniferous
Tropical Forest
Modified after Kroonenberg, 2008
Groningen Seismic Cross Section The Reservoir
1 km
2 km
3 km
5 km
Modified after: De Jager & Visser, 2017 Source: SPB Atlas, 2011
1 2/1/18
Mid Permian – 240 MY Southern Permian Basin Rotliegend Paleogeography 30 N
0º
C. Scotese
In a landlocked position at some 15 to 20 North, the Netherlands was exposed to a hot and dry climate Source: Geluk, 2007 Source: Scotese, 2003
Rotliegend in Groningen – Depositional Environments Rotliegend – Environments of Deposition
aeolian dune field
fluvial sheet floods
lateral feeder channel (incision)
wind
sand sheet
wadi
Source: Grötsch et al, 2012
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Seismic Facies Development across Groningen Field
S N Groningen Gas Field 0
Rotliegend Thickness Map
300m
Seismic Expression Rotliegend - Flattened on Base Zechstein 0
300m Westphalian
Source: Grötsch et al, 2012 Source (seismic): R.Romein, 2017
Groningen Gasfield
Net Hydrocarbon Column Height
(thickness x net/gross x porosity x gas saturation) (at subsurface conditions)
Rotliegend Sandstone
m A. In a downhole core
B. Under the microscope
Porosity 23.5% Permeability 202 mD 0 5 10 km Source: De Jager & Visser, 2017
Source: Grötsch et al, 2012
3 2/1/18
Rotliegend Fault Patterns in NE Netherlands Net Hydrocarbon Column Height Reservoir Compaction (at subsurface conditions) (measured at surface in 2012)
0 5 10 km
Source: Ligtenberg et al, 2012
Groningen Field – Rotliegend Fault Pattern Groningen SW-NE Seismic Cross Section – Focus on Deep Faulting
240.000 260.000 - - 1 km
Regional Paleo Stress Orientations
-600.000 3 km
(Ligtenberg et al)
5 km
-580.000
7 km
Source: Romein, 2017 Source: Kortekaas & Jaarsma, 2018
4 2/1/18
Groningen Field – EW time-section Base Upper Northsea Dipmap Zechstein Salt Isochore Map
WEST EAST 0
1 sec
2 sec 20 km
2 km m Source: Romein, 2014 Source: Romein, 2017
240.000 260.000 - - Groningen Field Location of Zeerijp Rotliegend Fault Tremor Pattern and its Precursors - 6 dec ‘17 600.000 based on Moment Tensor Inversion (KNMI)
- 8 jan ‘18 580.000
11 mar ‘17
Focus on Zeerijp Area 7 dec ‘16
Source: B.Dost, 2018
5 2/1/18
The Salt Top Zechstein Salt NE Netherlands
Groningen Field
Source: Meijles, 2010
240.000 260.000 - - A Groningen Gasfield – NS Transect A A’ Zechstein 0 Isochore Map
- 1000 - - - - -
100 500 1000 1500 1700 thickness in meters 2000 in meters in epth epth d - 3000
Source: R.Romein, 2017 A’
Source: R.Romein, 2017
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Defocussing in Salt and Scattering in Anhydrite Stringers Wavefront Simulation ray paths – simple velocity model 0 Tertiary
1 km - 1 Chalk
2 Zechstein salt km 2 km - 3 Rotliegend More detailed velocity model
4
3 km - Carboniferous
5 km
Source: ExxonMobil, 2015 Modified after Kraaijpoel, 2012
30km N Impact of 3D Scattering The Shallow Soil Difference (b-a)
30km N 30km
(a) Flat Layer Model
30km N 30km
Source: ExxonMobil, 2015
(b) Groningen 3D Earth Model
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Site Response depending on Soil Composition Huizinge Tremor, 16th August 2012
Recorded Acceleration at station Middelstum-1
Vsh 100 – 200 m/s ) 2 Horizontal - X
50-100m Horizontal - Y
Vertical Vsh 2000 – 3000 m/s dispersion & damping Acceleration (cm/sec
≈ 3000m
Source, KNMI 2012
Shallow Soil Groningen – W-E Cross section Huizinge Tremor – Intensity 16 August 2012 Winsum Woldendorp 0 Eemshaven
Delfzijl
10 km
50m Groningen
Source: Meijles, RUG, 2015
Source: KNMI 2013
8 2/1/18
Soil Composition Groningen (top 2m – deposited from 800 AD until today) ‘Upsweep Effect’ of Shallow Soil
Eemshaven Eemshaven high Amplification 2-3 Hz
low
Delfzijl Delfzijl
Groningen Groningen
Source: Alterra 2006 Source: Tijn Berends (MSc, RUG), 2014
Source: Alterra, 2006
Anthropocene – Dwelling Mounds ‘Upsweep Effect’ of Shallow Soil
Paleogeography 1500 BC high Amplification 2-3 Hz
low
Density? Velocity? Tidal flats & channels peat Source: Tijn Berends, MSc RUG, 2014
Fluvial deposits & salt marshes
9 2/1/18
Groningen Seismic Cross Section Locations of Dwelling Mounds in Groningen and Friesland (from 600 AD onward)
1 km
2 km
3 km
5 km
Source: Landschapsbeheer Friesland & Groningen
Modified after: De Jager & Visser, 2017
Special Thanks to:
Jan de Jager
Clemens Visser
Remco Romein
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