International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Management, Volume 3 Issue 11, Nov 2018 www.ijasrm.com

ISSN 2455-6378

Heavy metals in river: A Review

Deepa Tomar1 and Rupa Upadhyay2

1 PhD scholar, Lady Irwin college, University of , Delhi-110001,

*2 Assistant Professor, Lady Irwin college, University of Delhi, Delhi-110001, India Abstract Himalayan Segment, Upper Segment, Delhi Water is vital for everyone whether they are plants, Segment, Eu-triphicated Segment and Diluted animals or humans. 70% of earth is made up of Segment. water but few percent are fresh water which is fit for drinking or irrigation purpose. Rivers are major Table 1. Segments of Yamuna river by source of fresh water. Due to easy availability of Mishra,2010 water, people allure to settle down near any river. Even industries require water for their various River Approx. Segment Area functions and strangely to dump off the waste. Segments Length River is the best option they can think of for these Himalayan From origin to 172 km activities because of rapid urbanization and Segment industrialization, waste disposal is becoming a Upper Tajewala Barrage to 224 km major problem. These effluents contain hazardous Segment heavy metals. The amount of these effluents Delhi Wazirabad Barrage 22 km released through industries and domestic Segment to households are also multiplying tremendously. Okhla Barrage to Eutriphic-ated Hence, river in urban area are suffering to a large Chambal 490 km Segment extent. Yamuna is one of the major rivers of India Confluence that is almost dried up or almost a sewer at various Chambal Diluted places. This article attempts to review the Confluence to 468 km Segment assessment of heavy metals in Yamuna river from Ganga Confluence its origin to Allahabad where its confluences with Ganga. Keywords: Industrialization, wastewater, Since the beginning of life, rivers have been the urbanization, Yamuna river, pollution, heavy lifeblood of any region. Hence, whole civilizations metals had been set up on the banks of the rivers whether the Nile river or Indus river. As water is the main 1. Introduction: source of socio-economic wellbeing and Water is indispensable resources for sustaining life. productivity of a region, most of the communities The major part of the earth is marine water which is build alongside of the river. Today river pollution not fit for human consumption. As population is becoming a grave issue in many developing increases, the stress on water resources also nations. In less developed countries, many rivers increases because surface water is limited and is and streams are heavily polluted due to being depleted day by day due to anthropogenic anthropogenic activities. Kibria and co-workers activities such as mining, irrigation, dumping (2015) reported that reasons of polluting a river religious or household waste into rivers etc. name Buriganga in Dhaka are expansion of Yamuna is one of the sacred rivers of India and a population, dumping of domestic and solid waste, tributary of river Ganges; originates from encroachment of land, industries like tanneries. Yamunotri glacier near the peak name With industrialization, disposing of industrial Banderpoonch (38o 59`N 78o 27`E) which is effluents become another problem. Disposing of approx. 6387 meters above sea level in district waste in river is an easy and inexpensive way so Uttarkashi (Uttrakhand) (CWC,2018). As per industries as wells sewer containing households’ CPCB report the total catchment area of Yamuna waste is dumped into the river. Polluted river water river is 345848 sq. km as per CPCB Report 1980- contains heavy metals that endangers aquatic 81 In CPCB (1999-2015), Yamuna River has been ecosystem and degrades water quality (Sen et classified into five different segments that are al.,2011; Nongburi and Syiem,2012; Bhattacharya et al.,2008). The parameters to check water quality

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ISSN 2455-6378 are categorized into three groups: physical, domestic waste, slaughtered waste, dairy waste, chemical and bacteriological. Physical parameters carcass of animals, dead bodies of animals and include total solids, suspended solids, dissolved human dumped into the Yamuna river; immersion solids, colour, odour, taste and turbidity. In of idols; industrial waste etc. are the sources of chemical parameters, the assessment of heavy toxic pollution to river (Krishna and Govil.,2004). The metal, biocides, pH, BOD, COD is done whereas practicing of dumping waste from all above sources bacteriological parameter consist total bacterial lead to enhancement of heavy metals in the river count, coliform, E.Coli and Salmonella (FAO, nd). water (Li et al.,2015; Silambarasan et al., 2012; When toxic elements containing water is used for Varol and Sen.,2012). drinking or irrigation purposes; these metals transfer into food chain that ultimately affects human health (Achary et al.,2017; Kacholi and Sahu, 2018)

2. Heavy metals The term “heavy metals” is defined as group of metals and metalloids of relatively high density in comparison with water that means the atomic density of heavy metals is greater than 4g/cm cube (Fergusson, 1990; Hawke 1997). In 1990, according to Apprenhoth: heavy metals are 1. All transition elements except Actinides and Lanthanides. 2. Rare earth metal c. heterogenous group includes Bismuth (Bi), Aluminium (Al), Galium (Ga), Indium (In), Lead (Pb), Antinomy Fig 1. Sources of heavy metal in a river (Sb), and metalloids Arsenic (As), Germanium (Ge) and Tellurium (Te). According to Raone, on 2.2 Effect of heavy metals the basis of biological functions and effects of In limited amount, some heavy metals are required metals, they are classified into three categories: 1. by humans and plants for functioning of life but in The essential metals: It includes Potassium (K), large quantity, they are toxic to human and plants Calcium (Ca), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Sodium both (Mahurpawar,2015; Nath et al., 2008; Malik (Na), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) etc. 2. and Khan, 2006; Rehman et al.,2011; Chaves et The toxic metals: It include Cadmium (Cd), al.,2011). Many diseases like cholera and typhoid Mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb), Aluminium (Al), Silver can spread through drinking contaminated water (Ag) etc and metalloids includes Antimony, (Haque, nd; Pande et al.,2015). Some waterborne Selenium (Se), Arsenic (As), Germanium 3. The diseases caused by polluted drinking water: are nonessential metal: It includes Titanium (Ti), hookworm, typhoid, ascariasis, amoebiasis, and Rubidium (Rb), Caesium (Cs), Strontium (St). On giardiasis. According to a report named “Pollution the basis of the coordination chemistry, heavy effects on Human, Animals, Plants, and the metals are class B metals that falls into the category Environment”, the problems associated with of the non- essential trace elements (highly toxic) polluted water through chemicals like such as silver, lead, nickel (Ni) and mercury hydrocarbons, pesticides, heavy metals etc are (Nieboer and Richardson,1980) and Class A metals cancer, lymphoma, hormonal problems, damage of consist Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium liver and kidney, damage of the nervous system, (Ca), Barium (Ba) etc (Silva & Williams,1993). and damage of the DNA. Essential heavy metals 2.1 Sources of heavy metals are required for physiological as well as biological Natural and anthropogenic activities are functions of the plants. Through soil or irrigation responsible for deposition of heavy metals (Kar et water, plants absorb heavy metals. Some heavy al., 2008). Many natural events degrade the quality metals are required by plants for their germination, of water like hurricanes, torrential rain falls and development and growth (Gurmani et al.,2012; mudflow. Natural factors such as climate, Patil et al.,2008; Kazemi,2013). Excess as well as watershed characteristics, and wild fires could have deficiency of heavy metals affects the plants substantial impacts on the quality of water negatively. Exceeding concentration of heavy (Danquah,2010). Heavy precipitation increases metals in plants negatively affects plants directly or turbidity, metal, microbial loading, colour etc. indirectly (Wang et al.,2017; Ashagre et al.,2013). Industrial pollution, agricultural pollution and urbanization are the prime man-made causes of increasing heavy metals in environment (Liu et al.,2014). According to CPCB 2006, fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture, agricultural residue,

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Presence of iron in Yamunotri could be due to Table 2. Permissible limit of heavy metal for lithological weathering. Downstream to Yamunotri drinking water given by various agencies there is a village named Kalsi settled near Yamuna river, where Cd and Ni were found in to be more than the permissible limit of BIS in the river. Zn and Cr were also found in water, though below the Heavy European permissible limit. Zinc concentration was found to BIS 10500,2012 WHO, metals standard, 2011 be exceed in the water of Yamuna river in upstream (MG/l) 1980 of Dakpathar as well as in Dakpathar (Kansal et al.,2013 and Ishaq and Khan,2013), which may be Acceptable Permissible due to dumping of industrial effluents and As 0.01 1.5 0.01 0.05 untreated sewage. Although Zn concentration was Cd 0.003 NR 0.003 0.005 found to be lower than permissible limit. Lead concentration reported was more than permissible Cr 0.05 NR 0.05 0.005 limit. As per (Ishaq and Khan,2013), Ni Cu 0.05 1.5 2 >3 concentration is higher than permissible limit at Fe 0.3 NR 0.3 0.2 Kalsi, Dakpathar and even at Asan barrage. Copper is mainly sourced by industrial waste hence at Pb 0.01 NR 0.01 0.05 Yamunotri copper was not detectable but from Ni 0.02 NR 0.07 0.05 Upstream of Dakpathar it was there in water and more than permissible limit of BIS. At Asan Zn 5 15 - > 5 barrage all heavy metals were higher in quantity in Mn 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.005 comparison to above mentioned areas near of river Yamuna. Yamuna river after passing Uttarakhand For example, zinc is required for the growth of and enters into Haryana where all heavy metals roots and shoot of plants whereas in excess zinc concentration reported to increase. Cu, Pb and Cd causes chlorosis by reducing chlorophyll (Gurmani level were found to be higher than the permissible et al.,2012; Kazemi,2013). and inhibit the growth limit whereas Ni and Zn were below than and yield of the plant(Mediouni et al.,2006; permissible limit (Juned and Arjun, 2010). High Vassilev et al.,2011; Vijayarengan and concentration of heavy metal may be due to the fact Mahalakshmi, 2013). that Haryana is an agricultural state and According to Ministry of water resources, water industrialization is also surging. In 2001, Kaushik quality standard in India is divided into five classes and others, studied Delhi and Haryana area to find – A,B,C,D,E (Mishra,2010) out how heavy metals is related to the anthropogenic activities. Yamuna crosses Haryana Table 3 Categorization of river water quality into and at Wazirabad it enters into Delhi. A research classes based on its purpose was conducted by Toxic link on Yamuna river of Delhi to monitor heavy metal concentration and Class Uses reported high amount of heavy metals in the river. A Drinking purpose without treatment Wazirabad is a major contributor in surging heavy B Outdoor bathing metal concentration in Yamuna river; could be due to discharge of drains and industrial effluents. Main C Drinking water with treatment industrial areas of Haryana and Delhi were taken to D Wildlife and fisheries find out the causes of water contamination E Irrigation, controlled waste disposal, especially whether it is due to industries. Fe level industrial cooling was higher in Yamunanagar industrial area; in Panipat it drastically reduced and surged in Sonipat again while in Delhi Fe level was shockingly high Class A category water is fit for drinking purposes and reduced to some extent in . Higher without any treatment, while Class C is fit but with concentration of Fe in Delhi is due to the iron treatment. Class E water can be used only for related industries in this area; when its effluent Irrigation, controlled waste disposal, and industrial dumped into the river Fe level increases. Pb cooling purposes. concentration was high in Haryana but decreased 2.3 Heavy metal contamination in Yamuna river: after Yamuna entered into Delhi contrary to this Cd Yamuna river is originated from Yamunotri, concentration was within permissible limit in Uttrakhand. Due to less human population in Haryana and vice versa. Zn was below the Yamuntori, river Yamuna is considered to be clean. permissible limit in Delhi as well as in Haryana. According to (Kansal et al.,2013), Iron was found Similarly, Ali & Jain in their research selected to be in Yamuna river in Yamunotri itself but it was industrial areas of Delhi and tried to assess change below the permissible limit of BIS and WHO. in heavy metal contamination in Yamuna river as

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ISSN 2455-6378 per season. They found that each metal was above distribution of heavy metals in water and sediment the permissible limit except zinc and copper. of river were as follows Cd > Cr > Cu > Pb > Fe > Concentration of heavy metals vary, it depends on Zn > Mn. Heavy metals were found to be the nature of industry from which effluents accumulated mostly in liver > Kidney > Gill > released. Heavy metal concentration increases Intestine > Muscle of fishes. during post-monsoon rather than pre-monsoon. Seven sites of Delhi were taken to find out the 2.4 Strategies taken to improve condition of mean concertation of heavy metals present in Yamuna river: Yamuna river in Delhi and the result was Fe > Cu > The enhancement of heavy metals in Yamuna river Zn > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cd (Bhardwaj et al.,2017). with time is becoming a serious issue. Hence, Untreated effluents from STPs, domestic effluents, researchers and scientists are doing continuous tests untreated industrial waste, immersion of idols etc to know level of heavy metals in water of Yamuna could be the reason of surging of heavy metal river to monitor the contamination level. Then only concentration. When Yamuna leaves Delhi to enter necessary steps can be taken to lessen the side Uttar Pradesh, it remains nothing but a sewer effects of river pollution. In India, Central and containing chemical and biological waste many state governments are concerned about (Mishra,2010). In Etawah region of Uttar Pradesh, continuous increase of Yamuna river pollution. In the mean concentration of heavy metals was tried 1978, CPCB report (1978) concluded that domestic to find out during two seasons, summer and in post waste was the main cause of Yamuna pollution. It rainy season. This time, the mean concentration of also mentioned that two-third of the pollution heavy metals was: Fe> Pb> Zn> Cd> Cr> Cu discharged into the Yamuna river came from during summer and Fe> Zn> Cr> Pb> Cd> Cu domestic households while one-third was during post-rainy season. After monsoon, there was contributed by agricultural and industrial effluents. decrement in concentration of Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb while In 1993, Yamuna Action Plan (YAP Phase-I) was increment in concentration of Zn and Fe. Pb, Fe, Zn implemented by Government of India (GOI) with and Cu were within permissible limit during both the help of Government of Japan with the objective season (Pal et al.,2017). Concentration of iron in to enhance the river water quality level to desired river starts from original point of the river i.e. bathing level. Steps such as construction of Gangotri. It increases with river pollution along the sewages, provision of improved crematoria, low way. Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb were found to be highly cost toilets, diversion of sewages, providing increasing except Zn that is only heavy metal to be awareness through education activities etc were found within the permissible limit. In Mathura, taken under this plan. Again in 2000 to 2002, this concentration of all heavy metals decreases except plan was implemented under the name of Yamuna Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb as their concentration was above the action plan II (YAP Phase-II) (Nakamura,2004). permissible limit (Paul et al.,2014). In Mathura According to PIB report, 2015 it was mentioned region, mean concentration of heavy metal was Zn that there are no separate schemes for Yamuna > Fe > Pb> Cd > Mn> Cu >Ni > Cr (Pal et rejuvenation as being tributary of Ganga it comes al.,2017). In Allahabad, heavy metal concentration under Namami Gange programme. To upgrade the in Yamuna river was Fe > Ni > Cd > Cr> Pb> Mn. existing STPs and trunk sewer, Rs.1650 crore After confluence with Ganga at Sangam, approximately had been approved under YAP concentration Of Fe and Mn increased at Sarawati Phase-III. In 2016, Delhi Jal Board (Govt. Of NCT Ghat otherwise levels of Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb level Of Delhi) came out with the report “ACTION were found to be reduced (Naushad et al.,2014). In PLAN FOR CLEANING THE RIVER 2013, Kumar and his co-workers, conducted a YAMUNA” reported that 70% of the pollution in research to find out the concentration of heavy Yamuna comes from Delhi; the reason is that in metal in water, sediments and fishes of Yamuna Delhi 22 drains are directly discharged into the river of Allahabad area. It was concluded that Pb, river. There is the dumping of solid, industrial Cu and Zn were above the permissible limit set by effluents in drains that are also discharged into WHO for drinking water. Yamuna water and even river. Slums are settled on the bank of the river. fishes living in Yamuna river were reported to be Sewerage Master Plan 2031 was mentioned to unsuitable for consumption. Zn, Ni and Cu were follow for unsewered areas in Delhi. Various steps reported to be mostly accumulated in gills and regarding urban waste management and bio muscles of fishes that is toxic for human remediation were also mentioned under the plan. In consumption. Pb is found to be highly accumulated 2017, Maily Se Nirmal Yamuna Revitalization Plan in the muscles of fishes. Many researches were 2017, Phase-I was implemented and Finance carried out by different authors on different rivers Ministry sanctioned Rs, 344 crores approximately and found similar results (Ayas et al.,2007; for working on STPs of (PIB Bhattacharya et al.,2008; Sen et al.,2011). A study report, 2017). There are schemes made by GOI but was done by Ambedkar and Muniyan (2012) in a results are not as per their expectation. In an article river of Tamilnadu and came to know that the by Srivastav mentioned that ministry of India had

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TABLE 5: Approximate concentration of heavy metals in Yamuna river, India

Approximate Concentration of heavy metals (mg/l) References Study area Cd Cr Cu Fe Ni Zn Pb Mn As Uttrakhand Yamunotri Jan - - ND 0.1 - ND ND - - Kansal et 1 al.,2013 Ap - - ND 0.0 - ND ND - - ril 9 Dakpathar Jan - - 0.8 0.1 - ND 0.0 - - (upstream) 8 9 Ap - - 0.9 0.1 - 0.0 0.1 - - ril 2 7 8 1 Yamuna Vikasnagar Jan - - 0.9 0.2 - 0.0 0.2 - - (downstream) 1 3 8 6 Ap - - 1.2 0.2 0.1 0.5 - - ril 2 5 4 1 Uttrakhand Kalsi 0.0 0.0 - - 0.0 1.2 - - - Ishaq & (Dehradhun) 04 049 045 5 Khan,2013 Dakpathar 0.0 0.0 - - 0.0 1.4 - - - 08 06 041 Asan barrage 0.0 0.0 - - 0.0 1.4 - - - 05 06 069 5 Haryana Yamuna Upstre Summ 0.0 - 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - Malhotra et nagar am of er 03 01 022 227 038 al.,2014 river Mons 0.0 - 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - oon 05 01 008 364 024 Post 0.0 - 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - monso 04 02 01 29 051 on Winte 0.0 - 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - r 09 01 007 336 031 Haryana Yamuna Middl Summ 0.0 - 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - nagar e er 04 016 014 342 041 Mons 0.0 - 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - oon 02 014 006 404 032 Post 0.0 - 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - monso 07 011 011 406 059 on Winte 0.0 - 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - r 05 009 016 365 042 Haryana Yamuna downst Summ 0.0 - 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - nagar ream er 05 02 01 2 05 Mons 0.0 - 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - oon 06 02 007 34 02 Post 0.0 - 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - monso 04 01 008 36 02 on Winte 0.0 - 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - r 05 02 009 341 051 Haryana Hathnikund 0.0 - - - 0.1 - 0.1 - - Kaushik et 1 2 5 al.,2001 Kalnor 0.0 - - 0.7 0.0 0.4 0.1 - - 1 9 6 5 Kundaghat 0.0 - - 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.1 - - 1 6 7 3 Manglora bridge 0.0 - - 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.1 - - 1 9 8 5 Kairana 0.0 - - 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 - - 1 8 3 Khojkipur 0.0 - - 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 - - 1 7 5 3 Mimarpur Ghat 0.0 - - 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 - -

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1 9 8 3 Ghar bridge 0.0 - - 0.8 0.1 0.8 0.1 - - 1 7 4 5 Bairabakipur 0.0 - - 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 - - 1 4 5 3 Delhi Palla Ghat 0.0 - - 0.9 0.2 0.4 0.1 - - Kaushik et 1 4 1 2 al.,2001 Wazirabad 0.0 - - 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 - - 2 7 7 3 Okhla 0.0 - - 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - 2 3 2 5 4 Dadasiya 0.0 - - 3.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 - - 2 8 6 4 Chhaynsa 0.0 - - 1.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 - - 2 2 6 3 4 Mohana 0.0 - - 2 0.0 0.1 0.0 - - 2 8 5 5 Hassanpur 0.0 - - 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 - - 2 3 5 4 Delhi Wazirabad 0.0 0.0 2.2 11. 0.0 0.4 0.0 - - Bhardwaj 17 2 5 26 53 49 31 et al.,2017 Najafgarh 0.0 0.7 5.9 21. 0.2 2.3 0.1 - - 16 5 3 57 244 159 2 ITO barrage 0.1 0.0 1.7 5.7 1.0 0.7 0.0 - - 27 26 9 4 1 4 Okhla barrage 0.0 0.0 1.0 6.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 - - 15 24 83 4 6 136 978 Delh Wazir Pre -monsoon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 - Ali & Jain, i abad 13 08 4 5 3 5 2001 Post -monsoon 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 - 0.3 0.1 0.0 - 07 3 6 1 9 Delh Okhla Pre -monsoon 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 - 0.0 0.0 0.2 - Ali & Jain, i Barra 13 03 4 8 1 2 2001 ge Post -monsoon 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.8 - 0.2 0.0 0.4 - 05 4 6 8 5 Utta Etawa Summer 0.1 0.1 0.0 1.2 - 0.3 0.3 - - Pal et r h, 76 39 725 3 16 56 al.,2017 Pra Post rainy 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 - 0.4 0.0 - - desh 46 92 17 68 63 Uttar Pradesh Agra 0.2 7.9 1.4 - 0.2 1.5 0.0 - - Paul et 43 14 56 6 82 al.,2014

Uttar Pradesh Mathura 0.0 0.0 0.9 - 0.0 0.8 0.0 - - Paul et 88 03 16 97 68 36 al.,2014 Uttar Pradesh Mathura 0.2 0.0 0.1 1.2 0.0 1.8 0.6 0.1 - Pal et 54 7 16 22 96 6 56 58 al.,2017 Uttar Pradesh Allahabad - - 17. - 5.7 79. 15. - - Kumar et 64 1 92 26 al.,2013 Utta Allaha Old bridge 0.2 0.2 - 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 - Naushad et r bad 9 9 23 34 54 1 al.,2014 Pra Arail ghat 0.3 0.1 - 1.9 0.3 0.2 0.0 - desh 3 6 39 45 84 13 Sangam 0.0 0.1 - 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 - 27 3 36 94 48 36 Saraswati ghat 0.0 0.0 - 1.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 - 2 03 09 6 66 55

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ISSN 2455-6378 set up an authority named “National Ganga River References: Basin Authority (NGRBA) in 2009 to curb the [1] Achary M S, Satpathy K K, Panigrahi S, discharge of untreated industrial and municipal waste Mohanty A K, Padhi R K, Biswas S, Prabhu in river Ganga and its tributaries by 2020. But, The R K, Vijayalakshmi S, and Panigrahy R C, Parliamentary Committee on Environment and Concentration of heavy metals in the food Forests listed the reason of failing NGRBA in its chain components of the nearshore coastal task is encroachment of nearby area of river, and no waters of Kalpakkam, southeast coast of involvement of people living around the river India, Food Control, Vol 72: Page no 232- (Shrivastav,2015). To get better idea regarding 243, (2017). current scenario of heavy metals in Yamuna river, [2] Ali & Jain, Pollution potential of toxic there is a need to have more field testing in this metals in the Yamuna river at Delhi, India regard with ground realities. More realistic and Journal of environment hydrology. Vol No pragmatic schemes are needed to revive Yamuna 9(Issue 12), (2001). river. Rather than investing funds again and again, [3] Ambedkar G and Muniyan M, Analysis of more sustainable and cost-effective ways need to be heavy metals in water, sediments and adopted. To enhance the involvement of people, selected freshwater fish collected from more awareness should be raised amongst them. Gadilam river, Tamilnadu, India, International Journal of Toxicology and 3. Conclusions Applied Pharmacology, Vol No. 2 (Issue 2); Page No. 21-30,(2012). This review article summarizes about the current [4] Appenroth K J,What are ‘‘heavy metals’’ in scenario of river Yamuna pollution in terms of heavy Plant Sciences,Acta Physiol Plant, Vol 32: metals. Iron is the only heavy metal that is found in Page No 615–619, (2010). the Yamunotri (Uttrakhand) but its concentration [5] Ashagre H, Almaw D, and Feyisa T, Effect increases with pollution level in water along the way. of copper and zinc on seed germination, With increasing industrialization and urbanization, phytotoxicity, tolerance and seedling vigor concentration of heavy metals also increases in river of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. water. Through polluted water, heavy metals enter cultivar Roma VF), International Journal of into the food cycle and negatively affect human, Agricultural Science Research, Vol No animal and plants. Heavy metals being accumulative 2(Issue 11): Page No 312-317,(2013). in nature, remain in body. Haryana being industrial [6] Ayas Z, Ekmekci1 G, Yerli1 SV and area contributes large amount of heavy metals in Ozmen M, Heavy metal accumulation in Yamuna; after crossing Wazirabad, Delhi Yamuna water, sediments and fishes of Nallihan Bird become a river full of chemical constituents. After Paradise, Turkey, Journal of Environmental passing Delhi, it remains nothing but a sewer. Many Biology, Vol No. 28 (Issue 3): Page No. steps are being taken by Government of India for the 545-549, (2007). betterment of the condition of Yamuna river but [7] Bhardwaj R, Gupta A and Garg JK, strict implementation procedure needs to be Evaluation of heavy metal contamination followed. This review suggests that various sources using environmetrics and indexing approach of heavy metals in water of Yamuna river should be for Yamuna river, Delhi stretch, India. monitored closely; domestic and industrial waste Water Science, Science Direct, Vol No 31, should be treated before dumping in river and people Page No 52-66, (2017). should be made aware about all these issues and [8] Bhattacharya AK, Mandal SN and Das SK, while implementing any programme they should be Heavy Metals Accumulation in Water, involved actively Sediment and Tissues of Different Edible Fishes in Upper Stretch of Gangetic West Bengal, Trends in Applied Sciences Research, Vol No. 3: Page No 61-68 (2008). [9] BIS Indian Standard Drinking water — specification (Second Revision), Bureau of Indian standards, Manak bhavan, 9 Bahdur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi-110002, (2012). [10] Chaves LHG, Estrela MA and Souza RS, Effect on plant growth and heavy metal accumulation by sunflower. Journal of Phytology, Vol No 3(Issue 12): Page No 04-09, (2011). [11] CPCB [Central Pollution Control Board]. (1978). The Ganga basin, Part I: The

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