VECTOR CALCULUS Syafiq Johar
[email protected] Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Vector Spaces 2 n 2.1 Vectors in R ......................................3 2.2 Geometry of Vectors . .4 n 2.3 Lines and Planes in R .................................9 3 Quadric Surfaces 12 3.1 Curvilinear Coordinates . 15 4 Vector-Valued Functions 18 4.1 Derivatives of Vectors . 18 4.2 Length of Curves . 22 4.3 Parametrisation of Curves . 23 4.4 Integration of Vectors . 28 5 Multivariable Functions 29 5.1 Level Sets . 30 5.2 Partial Derivatives . 31 5.3 Gradient . 34 5.4 Critical and Extrema Points . 41 5.5 Lagrange Multipliers . 44 5.6 Integration over Multiple Variables . 45 6 Vector Fields 52 6.1 Divergence and Curl . 54 7 Line and Surface Integrals 56 7.1 Line Integral . 56 7.2 Green's Theorem . 62 7.3 Surface Integral . 65 7.4 Stokes' Theorem . 72 1 1 Introduction In previous calculus course, you have seen calculus of single variable. This variable, usually denoted x, is fed through a function f to give a real value f(x), which then can be represented 2 as a graph (x; f(x)) in R . From this graph, as long as f is sufficiently nice, we can deduce many properties and compute extra information using differentiation and integration. Differentiation df here measures the rate of change of the function as we vary x, that is dx is the infinitesimal rate of change of the quantity f. In this course, we are going to extend the notion of one-dimensional calculus to higher dimensions.