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The Effects of ASEAN Free Trade Are to Its Members
Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade Working Paper Series, No. 21, November 2006 Determinants of AFTA Members’ Trade Flows and Potential for Trade Diversion By Indira M. Hapsari and Carlos Mangunsong* *Indira M. Hapsari and Carlos Mangunsong are Research Assistant at the Department of Economics Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Economics, University of Indonesia, The views presented in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of CSIS, ARTNeT members, partners and the United Nations. This study was conducted as part of the Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade (ARTNeT) initiative, aimed at building regional trade policy and facilitation research capacity in developing countries. This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. The technical support of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific is gratefully acknowledged. Any remaining errors are the responsibility of the authors. The authors may be contacted at [email protected] and [email protected] The Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade (ARTNeT) aims at building regional trade policy and facilitation research capacity in developing countries. The ARTNeT Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about trade issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. ARTNeT working papers are available online at: www.artnetontrade.org. -
Chapter 2 New Challenges to the Export Oriented Growth Model
Chapter 2 New Challenges to the Export Oriented Growth Model Song Hong Institute of World Economics and Politics (IWEP), Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) December 2012 This chapter should be cited as Song, H. (2012), ‘New Challenges to the Export Oriented Growth Model’, in Zhang, Y., F. Kimura and S. Oum (eds.), Moving Toward a New Development Model for East Asia- The Role of Domestic Policy and Regional Cooperation . ERIA Research Project Report 2011-10, Jakarta: ERIA. pp.27-54. CHAPTER 2 New Challenges to the Export Oriented Growth Model SONG HONG Institute of World Economics and Politics (IWEP), Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) The export-oriented strategy played a crucial role for the successful development of East Asian economies after the World War II. They first exported low-technology manufactured goods, then gradually upgraded and transformed their export goods packages and finally caught up with the developed countries. Export oriented strategy in East Asia has been based on a series of internal and external conditions. Those conditions includes an open international environment, the existence of a certain size of external market, a stable supply of raw materials, as well as good and convenient navigation, and some internal conditions. Global financial crisis badly changed some of these conditions. For example, the external market was very unstable and was growing very slow; after the financial crisis, international raw material and energy prices experienced sharp volatility, which caused great challenges to the countries and enterprises seeking to implement an export oriented strategy. However, after the financial crisis the changes in international and domestic environments did not change the nature and trends of globalization, only temporarily slowed the pace of this process. -
Do Hub-And-Spoke Free Trade Agreements Increase Trade? a Panel Data Analysis
ADB Working Paper Series on Regional Economic Integration Do Hub-and-Spoke Free Trade Agreements Increase Trade? A Panel Data Analysis Joseph Alba, Jung Hur, and Donghyun Park No. 46 | April 2010 ADB Working Paper Series on Regional Economic Integration Do Hub-and-Spoke Free Trade Agreements Increase Trade? A Panel Data Analysis Joseph Alba,+ Jung Hur,++ The authors are grateful to Andrew Rose, Kamal Saggi, and three anonymous referees for their useful comments. The +++ and Donghyun Park usual disclaimer applies. This research is supported by the Sogang University Research Grant. Joseph Alba is grateful for No. 46 April 2010 research funding from Nanyang Technological University. +Joseph Alba is Associate Professor at the Economics Division, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798. Tel +65 6 790 6234, Fax +65 6 792 4217, [email protected] ++Jung Hur is Associate Professor at the Department of Economics, Sogang University 1 Shinsu-Dong, Mapo-Gu, Seoul 121-742, Korea. Tel +82 2 705 8518, Fax +82 2 704 8599, [email protected] +++Donghyun Park is Principal Economist at the Economics and Research Department, Asian Development Bank, Philippines. Tel +63 2 632 5825, Fax +63 2 636 2342, [email protected] The ADB Working Paper Series on Regional Economic Integration focuses on topics relating to regional cooperation and integration in the areas of infrastructure and software, trade and investment, money and finance, and regional public goods. The series is a quick-disseminating, informal publication that seeks to provide information, generate discussion, and elicit comments. Working papers published under this series may subsequently be published elsewhere. -
International Trade
International Trade or centuries, people of the world have traded. From the ancient silk routes and spice trade to modern F shipping containers and satellite data transfers, nations have tied their economies to the rest of the world by complex flows of products and services. Free trade, which allows traders to interact without barriers imposed by government, can improve the living standards of people because it reduces prices and increases the variety of goods and services for consumers. It can also create new jobs and opportunities, and it encourages innovative uses of resources. However, even though free trade can benefit an economy as a whole, specific groups may be hurt. While certain sectors will experience job gains, others will face job losses. Still, societies throughout history have found that the benefits of international trade outweigh the costs. Why Trade? As consumers, all of us have an interest in trading they live, is because they believe they will be better with other countries. We often are unaware of trade’s off by trading. When we consider the alternative— influence on product prices and the quality and each of us producing everything for ourselves—trade availability of the goods we buy. But we all benefit simply makes more sense. from the greater abundance and variety of products and the lower prices that trading with others makes Trade is beneficial because it allows people to possible. Without trade, countries become isolated. specialize, or concentrate their work in the type of The quality of their goods and services lags behind production that they do best. -
The Trade and Investment Effects of Preferential Trading Arrangements
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: International Trade in East Asia, NBER-East Asia Seminar on Economics, Volume 14 Volume Author/Editor: Takatoshi Ito and Andrew K. Rose, editors Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: 0-226-37896-9 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/ito_05-1 Conference Date: September 5-7, 2003 Publication Date: August 2005 Title: The Trade and Investment Effects of Preferential Trading Arrangements Author: Philippa Dee, Jyothi Gali URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c0193 5 The Trade and Investment Effects of Preferential Trading Arrangements Philippa Dee and Jyothi Gali The number of preferential trading arrangements (PTAs) has grown dra- matically over the last decade or so. By the end of March 2002, there were 250 agreements in force that had been notified to the World Trade Organi- zation (WTO), compared with 40 in 1990 (WTO 2002). The coverage of preferential trading arrangements has also tended to expand over time. The preferential liberalization of tariffs and other mea- sures governing merchandise trade remains important in many agreements. But they increasingly cover a range of other issues—services, investment, competition policy, government procurement, e-commerce, labor, and en- vironmental standards. This paper examines, both theoretically and empirically, the effects of the trade and nontrade provisions of PTAs on the trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) flows of member and nonmember countries. 5.1 Theoretical Review The first wave of PTAs in the 1950s to 1970s were generally limited in scope, with preferential liberalization of merchandise trade playing a cen- tral role (the European Union [EU] was an important early exception). -
Sustainable Growth Based on Export-Oriented Economic Strategy : the Bulgarian Case in an International Comparison
ECONOMIC POLICY ANALYSES Sustainable Growth Based on Export-Oriented Economic Strategy The Bulgarian Case in an International Comparison Prof. András Inotai This paper aims at identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the Bulgarian economy’s transformation to a more dynamic and export-oriented growth model. By referring to two groups of countries – Central European EU member states as well as the Western Balkans, the study puts an emphasis on the impact the EU membership and the 2009 crisis year have on the Bulgarian foreign trade and export performance in particular. The first chapter gathers arguments in favour of the export-oriented growth model but also addresses potential risk factors of such long-term policy. Despite some drawbacks as increasing vulnerability and de- pendence on external factors, this development path is justified as the better way for achieving sustainable economic growth of small economies like Bulgaria. The second chapter deals with the global financial crisis and its influence on the exports and foreign trade in general. Then, the author focuses on Bulgaria’s export performance in the EU and on a regional compari- son by stressing on the role of foreign direct investments in the export orientation of the country. Finally, the paper concludes by summarizing measures and instruments for catching-up export-driven economic development and by formulating policy recommendations supporting the successful implementa- tion of such an export-led growth model. April 2013 Imprint Orders All texts are available online Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Economic www.fes.bg Office Bulgaria Policy Institute 97, Knjaz Boris I St. Yasen Georgiev The views expressed in this publication 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria are not necessarily those of the Responsible: e-mail: [email protected] Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung or of the Regine Schubert, Director Fax: (+359 2) 9522693 organization for which the author works. -
International Trade: Who Is Left Behind and What to Do About It”
Department of Economic & Social Affairs CDP Background Paper No. 45 ST/ESA/2018/CDP/45 Rev.1 December 2018 International trade or technology? Who is left behind and what to do about it* Ann Harrison** ABSTRACT We examine globalization’s effects on those left behind in both industrial and emerging mar- kets. While access to global markets has lifted billions out of poverty in emerging markets, the benefits have not been equally shared. Increased competition through globalization as well as skill-biased technical change has hurt less educated workers in rich and poor countries. While much of the rising inequality is often attributed to globalization alone, a brief review of the literature suggests that labor-saving technology has likely played an even more important role. The backlash has focused on the negative consequences of globalization in developed countries, and now threatens the global trading system and access to that system for emerging markets. We conclude by proposing some solutions to compensate losers from the twin forces of techni- cal change and globalization. Keywords: trade, “leaving no one behind”, globalization, inequality JEL Classification: F02, F16, D63 * This paper replaces a previous version entitled “International Trade: Who is left behind and what to do about it”. ** Member of the Committee for Development Policy (CDP); University of California, Berkeley Haas; research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). All errors remain those of the author. CONTENTS 1 Countries left behind by globalization ....................................................................... 3 2 Individuals left behind by globalization in emerging markets ................................................ 9 3 Individuals left behind in industrial countries: disentangling globalization and technology .................. -
Trade Facilitation and Tariff Evasion
Chapman University Chapman University Digital Commons ESI Working Papers Economic Science Institute 6-2020 Trade Facilitation and Tariff Evasion Cosimo Beverelli World Trade Organization, [email protected] Rohit Ticku Chapman University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/esi_working_papers Part of the Econometrics Commons, Economic Theory Commons, and the Other Economics Commons Recommended Citation Beverelli, C. & Ticku, R. (2020). Trade facilitation and tariff evasion. ESI Working Paper 20-24. https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/esi_working_papers/319/ This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Economic Science Institute at Chapman University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in ESI Working Papers by an authorized administrator of Chapman University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Trade Facilitation and Tariff Evasion Comments ESI Working Paper 20-24 This article is available at Chapman University Digital Commons: https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/ esi_working_papers/319 Trade Facilitation and Tariff Evasion∗ Cosimo Beverelli†‡ Rohit Ticku§ This draft: June 2020 Abstract This paper investigates the extent to which trade facilitation measures included in the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement affect tariff evasion. In a dataset covering 121 countries and the whole set of HS6 product categories in 2012, 2015, and 2017, the paper shows that trade facilitation measures that improve legal certainty for traders moderate tariff evasion. Holding tariff rate constant at its mean, one standard deviation improvement in trade fa- cilitation measures related to legal certainty reduces tariff evasion, as measured by missing imports in trade statistics, by almost 12%. In a counterfactual with full trade liberalization, countries with higher scores on facilitation measures related to legal certainty experience larger reductions in tariff evasion than countries with lower scores on these measures, even for similar initial tariff rates. -
Intra-ASEAN Trade – Gravity Model and Spatial Hausman-Taylor Approach
Working Paper No. 20/2017 | December 2017 Intra-ASEAN trade – Gravity model and Spatial Hausman-Taylor approach Phung Duy Quang Foreign Trade University (FTU), Vietnam [email protected] Pham Anh Tuan Vietnam Military Medical University Nguyen Thi Xuan Thu Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam Abstract: This study examines determinants of intra-industry trade between Vietnam and Asean countries. By solving endogenous problem and applying Hausman-Taylor model for panel two-way dataset, we detect that export flows of Vietnam gravitate to neighbouring countries and those with similar GDP. More importantly, the research indicates the existence of spatial-lag interaction. Keywords: Intra-trade, export, import, gravity model, two-dimensions fixed effect panel model, Hausman- Taylor model, Spatial Hausman - Taylor model. Research for this paper was funded by the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs under the SECO / WTI Academic Cooperation Project, based at the World Trade Institute of the University of Bern, Switzerland. SECO working papers are preliminary documents posted on the WTI website (www.wti.org) and widely circulated to stimulate discussion and critical comment. These papers have not been formally edited. Citations should refer to a “SECO / WTI Academic Cooperation Project” paper with appropriate reference made to the author(s). 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS From my heart, I would like to show my gratitude and sincere thanks to Dr. Anirudh ([email protected]), from World Trade Institute, Switzerland, who is my mentor, for guiding me to find out research, practical approach, looking for material, processing and data analysis, solving problem ... so that I can complete my research. Also, in the process of learning, researching and implementing the research I was getting a lot of attention, suggestions, supporting from my precious colleagues, expertise and organizations. -
The Dynamic Gravity Dataset: Technical Documentation Update
The Dynamic Gravity Dataset: Technical Documentation Update Note Version 2.00 Abstract This document provides an update to the technical documentation for the Dynamic Gravity dataset, describing changes from Version 1.00 to Version 2.00. For full descrip- tion of the contents and construction of the dataset, see full technical documentation for Version 1.00 on the dataset page at https://www.usitc.gov/data/gravity/dgd.htm. This documentation is the result of ongoing professional research of USITC Staff and is solely meant to represent the opinions and professional research of individual authors. It is not meant to represent in any way the views of the U.S. International Trade Commission or any of its individual Commissioners. It is circulated to promote the active exchange of ideas between USITC Staff and recognized experts outside the USITC, professional development of Office Staff and increase data transparency by encouraging outside professional critique of staff research. Please address all correspondence to [email protected]. 1 1 Introduction The Dynamic Gravity dataset contains a collection of variables describing aspects of countries and territories as well as the ways in which they relate to one-another. Each record in the dataset is defined by a pair of countries or territories and a year. The records themselves are composed of three basic types of variables: identifiers, unilateral character- istics, and bilateral characteristics. The updated dataset spans the years 1948{2019 and reflects the dynamic nature of the globe by following the ways in which countries have changed during that period. The resulting dataset covers 285 countries and territories, some of which exist in the dataset for only a subset of covered years.1 1.1 Contents of the Documentation The updated note begins with a description of main changes to the dataset from Version 1.00 to Version 2.00 in section 1.2 and a table of variables available in Version 1.00 and Version 2.00 of the dataset in section 1.3. -
10Chapter Trade Policy in Developing Countries
M10_KRUG3040_08_SE_C10.qxd 1/10/08 7:26 PM Page 250 10Chapter Trade Policy in Developing Countries o far we have analyzed the instruments of trade policy and its objectives without specifying the context—that is, without saying much about the Scountry undertaking these policies. Each country has its own distinctive history and issues, but in discussing economic policy one difference between countries becomes obvious: their income levels. As Table 10-1 suggests, nations differ greatly in their per-capita incomes. At one end of the spectrum are the developed or advanced nations, a club whose members include Western Europe, several countries largely settled by Europeans (including the United States), and Japan; these countries have per-capita incomes that in many cases exceed $30,000 per year. Most of the world’s population, however, live in nations that are substantially poorer. The income range among these developing countries1 is itself very wide. Some of these countries, such as Singapore, are in fact on the verge of being “graduated” to advanced country status, both in terms of official statistics and in the way they think about themselves. Others, such as Bangladesh, remain desperately poor. Nonetheless, for virtually all developing countries the attempt to close the income gap with more advanced nations has been a central concern of economic policy. Why are some countries so much poorer than others? Why have some coun- tries that were poor a generation ago succeeded in making dramatic progress, while others have not? These are deeply disputed questions, and to try to answer them—or even to describe at length the answers that economists have proposed over the years—would take us outside the scope of this book. -
How Do Exports and Imports Affect the Use of Free Trade Agreements? Firm-Level Survey Evidence from Southeast Asia
ERIA-DP-2016-01 ERIA Discussion Paper Series How Do Exports and Imports Affect the Use of Free Trade Agreements? Firm-level Survey Evidence from Southeast Asia Lili Yan ING* Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and University of Indonesia Shujiro URATA ERIA and Waseda University Yoshifumi FUKUNAGA Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) January 2016 Abstract: Based on profit estimations, findings from a firm-level survey of 630 manufacturing firms across Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries conducted in 2013 showed that a 1 percent increase in the share of exports in total sales will increase the probability of use of free trade agreements (FTAs) by 0.2 percent, whereas a 1 percent increase in the share of imports in total inputs will reduce the probability of use of FTAs by 0.4 percent. Results from locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOESS) show that the use of FTAs is tilde-shaped and negative-shaped as a function of exports and imports, respectively. Keywords: Free Trade Agreement, ASEAN, Regional integration, FTA Utilisation JEL: F14, F15, F16, F23, F6 * The authors thank national teams for their work on leading surveys in Southeast Asia – MOFAT for Brunei Darussalam, CICP for Cambodia, LPEM–FEUI for Indonesia, NERI for Lao PDR, MIER Malaysia, YIE for Myanmar, PIDS for the Philippines, SIIA for Singapore, University of Chulalongkorn for Thailand, and CIEM for Viet Nam. The authors thank Ikumo Isono and Archanun Koophaiboon, and participants at the 14th East Asian Economic Association Conference for their comments on an earlier draft, and Robert Herdiyanto for his assistance in data cleaning at an early stage of the survey, and Rully Prassetya and Muhammad Rizqy for checking the use of GSP.