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Schellings Treatise: on the Essence of Human Freedom

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Schellings Treatise: on the Essence of Human Freedom SERIES IN CONTINENTAL THOUGHT r� EDITORIAL BOARD Lester Embree, Center President Joseph J. Kockelmans Duquesne University Pennsylvania State University William McKenna Algis Mickunas, Secretary Miami University Ohio University J. N. Mohanty Edward G. Ballard University of Oklahoma Tulane University Thomas M. Seebohm Jose Huertas-Jourda Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat Mainz Wilfred Laurier University Richard Zaner Vanderbilt University INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD Suzanne Bachelard John Sallis Universite de Paris Loyola University, Chicago Rudolf Boehm John Scanlon Rijks universi tei t -Gen t Duquesne University Albert Borgmann Hugh J. Silverman University of Montana State University of New York, Stony Brook Amedeo P. Giorgi Carlo Sini Duquesne University Universita di Milano Richard Grathoff Elisabeth Straker U niversitat Bielefeld Universitat Koln Samuel IJsseling Jacques Taminiaux Husserl-Archief te Leuven Louvain-la-Neuve Alphonso Lingis D. Lawrence Wieder Pennsylvania State University University of Oklahoma Werner Marx Dallas Willard Albert-Ludwigs-U niversitat University of Southern California David Rasmussen Boston College Sponsored by the Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology, Inc. SCHELLING'S TREATISE ON THE ESSENCE OF HUMAN FREEDOM Martin Heidegger Translated by Joan Stambaugh �I OHIO UNIVERSITY PRESS AT HENS, OHIO LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Heidegger, Martin, 1889-1976. Schelling's treatise on the essence of human freedom. (Series in continental thought ; 8) Translation of: Schellings Abhandlung iiber das Wesen der menschlichen Freiheit. Includes bibliographical references and index. l. Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von, 1775- 1854. Philosophische Untersuchungen iiberdas Wesen der menschlichen Freiheit. 2. Liberty. I. Title. II. Series. BJ1463.S356H4313 1985 123'.5 83-19472 ISBN 0-8214-0690-6 ISBN 0-8214-0691-4 (pbk.) Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved. © Translation Copyright 1985 by Joan Stambaugh. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface . ..........................................................vii Editor's Preface ...................................................viii Introductory Remarks rifthe Lecture Course, Summer Semester, 1936 ............... 1 1. Schelling's Work and the Task of This Interpretation ...... ......... 1 2. Schelling's Dates; Editions of His Work, and Literature on Him ......4 3. Schelling's Question about Freedom as Historical Questioning about Being ...... ......................................... ..9 4. Schelling and Hegel ............ ... ..................... ..... 12 A. Interpretation rifthe First Discussions in Schelling 's Treatise... ..... ......... 14 Introduction to the Introduction (pages 7-9) ......................... 14 1. Freedom in the ScientificWo rld View as a Whole . .............. 14 2. What Is a System and How Does Philosophy Come to Build Systems? ..... ...... ............ ................... .........22 3. Sketch of Modern Projects fo r a System (Spinoza, Kant's Will to a System, Kant's Significance fo r German Idealism) ....... .....33 4. The Step beyond Kant. (Intellectual Intuition and Absolute Knowledge in Schelling) .............................. .......42 5. Is a System of Freedom Possible? (Onto-theo-Iogy. Principles of Knowledge) . .... ... ... .............. ........ ..... 48 6. The Inevitability of the Question about the System of Freedom . ....57 B. Interpretation rifthe Introduction to Schelling 's Treatise (p ages 9-31) ...... .... ...62 1. The Question of the System and Pantheism .....................62 2. Various Possible Interpretations of Pantheism ................. ...68 3. Pantheism and the Ontological Question. (Identity, Dialectic of the "Is") ............................... .................. 74 4. Various Versions of the Concept of Freedom. (The Ontological Question as a Fundamental Question) ....... .... ... ....... .....83 5. The Nature and Boundaries of Idealism's Position ...... ..........90 6. Schelling's Concept of Freedom: Freedom fo r Good and Evil. The Question of Evil and I ts Ground ......................... ..96 C. Interpretation rifthe Main Pa rt rifSch.;lling's Treatise. Its Task: Metaphysics rifEvil as the Foundation rif a Sy stem rifFreedom (p ages 31-98) . .. 104 I. The Inner Possibility of Evil .............. ...... ..... .... 105 a. The Question of Evil and the Question of Being ... ..... ...... 105 b. The Jointure of Being: Schelling's Distinction of Ground and Existence .................. ..................... .......10 6 c. The Becoming of God and Creatures. (Temporality, Movement, and Being) ... ... ...... ....... .......... ..... 112 d. The Jointure of Being in God ......... .................. 118 e. Longing as the Nature of the Ground in God. (The Existence of God in Identity with His Ground) ..........12 4 f. Creation as the Movement of Becoming of the Absolute and of Created Beings (The Individuation of Created Beings) ........12 9 g. The Questionability of Today's Interpretation of Nature. Reality and 0 bj ective Presence (Vorhandenheit) . ... ....... ...137 h. Self-Will and Universal Will. The Separability of the Principles in Man as the Condition of the Possibility of Evil .............13 9 II. The Universal Reality of Evil as the Possibility of Individuals ... 146 III. The Process of the Individuation of Real Evil ................ 152 IV. The Form of Evil Appearing in Man ............. ........... 156 V. The Justification of God's Divinity in the Face of Evil . ........ 158 VI. Evil in the System as a Whole ............. ................ 160 VII. The Highest Unity of Beings as a Whole and Human Freedom .. 161 Appendix Excerpts from the manuscripts in preparation for the advanced Schelling seminar, summer semester, 1941, and excerpts from seminar notes, 1941-43 .........................................165 Notes ....................................................... 196 PREFACE This study of Friedrich W. Schelling's treatise On Human Freedom should come as a welcome investigation of a philosophy less known to English readers than that of the other two major German Idealists, Johann Gott­ lieb Fichte and George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Schelling's treatise is available in an excellent English translation, OJ Human Freedom (Chicago: Open Court, 1936), by James Gutmann who also wrote the introduction. The reader can thus study the treatise as a whole and perhaps initiate a kind of dialogue between Martin Heidegger's interpretation and his own under­ standing of it. In general, the longer passages of Schelling quoted in this book are taken intaet from Professor Gutmann's translation. There are some minor discrepancies in my translation of Heidegger's text and Professor Gutmann's terminology. Much of the terminology in the Heidegger text was chosen with an eye to Heidegger's own interpretation rather than Schelling's treatise proper. This is perhaps the most "straightforward" study of Heidegger's yet to appear in English. At the same time it deals with questions at the borderline of our fa miliarity with German Idealism. Thus the basic problems at stake here lie at the very heart of the Idealist tradition: the question of the compatibility of the system and of individual human fr eedom, the question of pantheism and the justification of evil. Schelling is the first thinker in the rationalist-idealist tradition to grapple seriously with the problem of evil. He does not, as did, fo r instance, Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz, simply dismiss evil as contributing to the variety and perfection of the whole or as a simple lack or privation of being having no real existence in its own right. Rather, Schelling goes the way of seeking the origin of evil in the self­ assertion of the creature. These questions are the great questions of the philosophical tradition, inevitably fa miliar and important to philosophers. However, where these questions lead Schelling, and with him Heidegger, are possibilities which come very close to the boundaries of the Idealist tradition. To take one of the most important examples, Schelling's concept of the "groundless," what reason can no longer ground and explain, points back toJacob Boehme and indirectly fo rward to the direction of Heidegger's own inquiry; it would surely not be congenial to a Fichte or a Hegel. It is hoped that this hitherto unpublished dimension of Heidegger's thinking will prove to be stimulating and provocative to English readers. ScheUing is one of the thinkers to whom Heidegger has the most affinity, and . thIs study should be fruitful fo r an understanding of both. Joan Stambaugh EDITOR'S PREFACE In its main part, this work contains the principle part of a lecture course given at the University of Freiburg in the summer semester of 1936. The manuscript was copied and abbreviated references were made into con­ nected sentences. I am very grateful to Professor Heidegger fo r his helpful advice in collating this text. Since this manuscript is based on the outline fo r a lecture course, it was sometimes necessary in the revision to replace helpful remarks with the insertion of clarifying words. In a few cases, repetitions or short side remarks were omitted when they seemed superfluous. On the whole, the style of speech has been preserved. The Appendix contains excerpts from the manuscripts of an advanced seminar on Schelling held in the summer semester ofl941. Mr. Fritz Heideg­ ger had already obtained a copy of these manuscripts. In addition, the Appendix contains an extract of seminar notes fr om 1941 to 1943. I
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