Pastoral Care and Society in Late
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ABIDING IN THE FIELDS: PASTORAL CARE AND SOCIETY IN LATE ANTIQUITY AND ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School At the University of Missouri In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy By MARK ALAN SINGER Dr. Lois L. Huneycutt, Dissertation Supervisor May 2012 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled ABIDING IN THE FIELDS: PASTORAL CARE AND SOCIETY IN LATE ANTIQUITY AND ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND Presented by Mark Alan Singer A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Lois L. Huneycutt, Ph.D. John M. Frymire, Ph.D. Rabia Gregory, Ph.D. Lawrence Okamura, Ph.D. A. Mark Smith, Ph.D. DEDICATION I was twelve years old when a school acquaintance announced to his parents that my family’s home was “weird” because it was “full of books.” Both then and now, I think that be “full of books” is a basic reason to live. With love and gratitude, then, I thank my sister Diane Hill, my mother Ellen Singer, and my late father David Singer for their love of reading and for much else besides. My partner of twenty-three years (and marriage partner since 2011) Larry Bauer has heard me out as I grumped, complained, and conjectured my way across two states and through three degrees to finally complete my education, something that he was convinced I could do long before I gathered the courage to try. To him, with love, I dedicate this work. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation was possible because of the instruction and advice I received from faculty members at the University of Missouri––Johanna Kramer, Craig Palmer, Todd VanPool, and my doctoral committee members John Frymire, Rabia Gregory, Lois Huneycutt, Larry Okamura, and Mark Smith––and from Timothy Graham at the University of New Mexico. Vital assistance was provided as well by MU’s Ellis Library, the Knights of Columbus Vatican Film Library at St. Louis University, the British Library, the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford, and the library of Salisbury Cathedral, its Canon Chancellor Edward Probert, and librarian emerita Suzanne Eward. Guy Wilson in Educational Technologies@MU found and shared with me recent DNA studies on the Anglo-Saxon adventus, and my fellow medievalists, in particular Autumn Dolan, Rebecca Jacobs-Pollez, Alexis Miller, and Nina Verbanaz, have been generous with both their praise and their helpful critique during our writing seminars. The Graduate School and the Department of History at MU have unfailingly supported my studies and research through a five-year William Gregory Fellowship, a grant from the John D. Bies International Travel fund, and a grant from the fund for overseas research so generously established by emeritus professor Charles Nauert and his wife Jean. The staff of the Department of History, and in particular Graduate Studies Administrator Nancy Taube, have been unfailingly helpful and good-humored throughout my time at MU. Finally, without the knowledge, leadership, and support of my master’s and doctoral advisor Lois Huneycutt, I would not successfully have completed the first year of graduate school, much less a dissertation. My thanks to you all. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ ii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ v CHAPTER 1: CONVERSION, INCULTURATION, AND PASTORAL CARE ............. 1 Introduction: The Conversion of England and Social Change .................................................... 1 Christianization and Inculturation ............................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER 2: JUDAISM, CHRISTIANITY, AND THE BEGINNINGS OF PASTORAL LEADERSHIP .................................................................................................................. 23 The Bishop’s Burden: Authority and Pastoral Interaction ........................................................ 25 The Development of the Pastoral Role in the First Century of the Church .............................. 32 CHAPTER 3: LEADING AND FOLLOWING: ROMAN RELIGION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRISTIAN PASTORAL AUTHORITY................................... 54 Understanding Religion in Society ............................................................................................ 56 Roman Religion and Roman Society ........................................................................................ 64 Roman Religion and Authority at Home and in the World ....................................................... 73 The Shepherd’s Oversight: Church Structure and Pastoral Instruction ..................................... 82 Knowledge and Power, Town and Country, High and Low: Understanding the Shepherd’s Authority .................................................................................................................................. 100 The Shepherds within the Roman World ................................................................................ 118 CHAPTER 4: CLAIMING NEW FIELDS: PASTORS, SETTLEMENTS AND COMMUNITY IN EARLY MEDIEVAL NORTHWESTERN EUROPE .................... 121 From the Ground Up: The Challenges of Archaeological Evidence and Interpretation ......... 126 Christian Sites in Northwestern Europe: Churches and Monasteries ...................................... 141 iii Mission and Monasticism ........................................................................................................ 152 The Anglo-Saxon Adventus .................................................................................................... 164 Conversion and New Christian Places in England .................................................................. 183 Burial in the Century of Conversion ....................................................................................... 185 Churches and Minsters ............................................................................................................ 193 CHAPTER 5: THE PASTOR IN THE FIELDS OF THE WORLD: PASTORAL TEXTS IN THE EARLY ENGLISH CHURCH ......................................................................... 205 Pastoral Care and Early English Community .......................................................................... 205 English Manuscripts from the Seventh through the Mid-Ninth Centuries .............................. 210 Texts and Pastoral Care: Conversion and Catechesis .............................................................. 214 Text and Pastoral Care: Books of Prayer ................................................................................ 225 Text and Correction: “Pagan Survivals” in England and Insular Books of Penance .............. 242 Conclusions and Directions for Further Study ........................................................................ 261 CONCLUSION: PASTORAL CARE, ADAPTATION, AND INCULTURATION .... 264 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................... 270 VITA ............................................................................................................................... 294 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 3.1 The Ara Pacis Augustae. Adapted from Paul Rehak, “Aeneas or Numa? Rethinking the Meaning of the Ara Pacis Augustae,” The Art Bulletin vol. 83 no. 2 (June, 2001), 199. ..................................................................................... 79 3.2 Church orders of the first through fifth centuries. Adapted from Bruno Steimer, Vertex Traditionis: Die Gattung der altchristlichen Kirchenordnungen (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1992), 7. ......................................................................................... 87 4.1 “Cruciform” temple of Apollo at Nettleton. Adapted from David Petts, Christianity in Roman Britain (Stroud: Tempus, 2003), 73. .......................... 144 4.2 North of Saltwood Tunnel: Anglo-Saxon graves and grave-related features from the central cemetery. Adapted from Riddler and Trevarthen, Funerary Landscape at Saltwood Tunnel, figure 44, ADS Collection: 335, doi:10.5284/1000230. ©Archaeology Data Services. .................................... 178 4.3 Changes in the proportion of weapons combinations and weapons-burials over time. Adapted from Helen Geake, The Use of Grave-Goods in Conversion- Period England, c.600-c.850, BAR British Series 261 (Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1997), 75. ................................................................ 187 5.1 Manuscripts related to pastoral care that were produced and used in England before the mid-ninth century. .......................................................................... 212 5.2 British Library Ms. Harley 2965, first (originally second) quire, proposed original foliation. ............................................................................................. 230 v CHAPTER 1: CONVERSION, INCULTURATION, AND PASTORAL CARE Introduction: The Conversion of England and Social Change At its most basic, the conversion of England to Christianity was a royal affair. Whatever else may be connoted by the act of conversio––of an individual or group turning from adherence to the tenets and practices of one religion to that of another––all of those who examine the history of the English conversion acknowledge