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UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Cultural colonizers : persistence and empire in the Indian antiremoval movement, 1815- 1859 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/824272sx Author Gonzales, Christian Michael Publication Date 2010 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Cultural Colonizers: Persistence and Empire in the Indian Antiremoval Movement, 1815-1859 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Christian Michael Gonzales Committee in charge: Professor Rachel Klein, Chair Professor Luis Alvarez Professor Ross Frank Professor Nayan Shah Professor Cynthia Truant 2010 Copyright Christian Michael Gonzales, 2010 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Christian Michael Gonzales is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2010 iii DEDICATION I would not have been able to finish this dissertation without substantial support from numerous people and organizations. A travel grant from the Institute of International, Comparative, and Area Studies funded a vital research trip to Oklahoma. I must thank the UC San Diego Department of History for several travel grants in support of my research, and for a dissertation research fellowship which gave me valuable time to write. A fellowship from the UCSD Center for the Humanities also provided vital time to research and write. I give profound thanks to Haverford College for appointing me as Gest Fellow. The research I conducted in Haverford’s Quaker Collection was enjoyable, enlightening, and gave me a much clearer picture of the Philadelphia Orthodox Quakers, and their relations with the Allegheny Seneca. Finally, I want to thank Wesleyan University and the Center for the Americas for supporting continued work on this project by awarding me with an Andrew W. Mellon Postdoctoral Fellowship. There are many archivists and librarians to whom I owe a debt for their generous research assistance. John Anderies was extraordinarily knowledgeable, cheerful, and helpful in helping me navigate Haverford’s Quaker Collection. Others at Haverford, including Diana Franzusoff Peterson, David Connors, and Ann Upton, helped me immensely, as did Prof. Emma Lapsansky-Werner’s insightful comments on my project. I want to thank Thomas Ford at the Houghton Library for his assistance, the staff of the Gilcrease Museum, and the library staff at the University of Oklahoma. Delores Sumner, Special Collections Librarian at Northeastern Oklahoma State University, provided extraordinarily valuable research assistance. I want to give deep thanks to my professors and fellow graduate students at UC San Diego. Ross Frank expertly guided my study of Native America. His patience and extraordinarily effective teaching has given me a clearer understanding of several Native American peoples. I am indebted to Luis Alvarez for the feedback he provided on chapter drafts, and to Nayan Shah for the guidance he provided while I was a student in his seminar courses. I would also like to thank Cynthia Truant who encouraged me to apply to UCSD, and Daniel Vickers and Michael Meranze who led me to questions and insights that have shaped my work. I greatly appreciate the friendships I developed with other students. David, Lynne, and Kazuyo made first year seminar courses stimulating and fun. I am grateful to Merina Smith for organizing our dissertation readers group which was an invaluable source of support. Merina, Todd Welker, Kelli McCoy, Zach Brittsan, Laura Harkewicz, and Suzanne Hillman all provided critiques that substantially improved my work. I give special thanks to Rachel Klein. In supervising this dissertation she has continuously pushed me to sharpen my investigation of history and to improve my writing. She prompted me to ask more insightful and interesting questions, and she worked tirelessly to support me in all phases of my graduate career. She taught me how to be a professional historian. On behalf of their support and sacrifice I dedicate this dissertation to my family. My mother Linda Gonzales, and my father Gilbert Gonzales, have encouraged me in everything I have chosen to do in my life. My brother Garrett Gonzales, my sister-in-law Stephanie Gonzales, my sister Nicole Gonzales, and my step-mother Lindy Gonzales, iv have supported me throughout my graduate career. I give a special thanks to my grandparents, Joseph and Rose Gonzales, who worked to give me opportunity. My in- laws Theresa Horan, Janet Horan Paul, and Clark Paul have always been enthusiastic about my work, and have sacrificed by respecting the time my writing demands. This dissertation is also for my two fathers-in-law, Michael Horan and Professor Thomas Massey. I wish both were here to see the completion of this phase of my life. Mike would have made a joke to convey his love and respect, and Tom would have been proud. My discussions with Tom on philosophy, literature, politics, and travel helped me grow as a scholar. I also dedicate this to my two boys, Owen Gonzales and Hayden Gonzales. They have kept me centered through my years in graduate school. My most profound gratitude is to my wife Erin Horan Gonzales. Without her, I would never have been able to achieve what I have in life, nor been able to finish this dissertation. She has consistently sacrificed for me, and supported me. For her love and for making me a better man, this dissertation is dedicated to her. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page…………………………………………………………….. iii Dedication…………………………………………………………………. iv Table of Contents………………………………………………………….. vi Vita………………………………………………………………………… viii Abstract……………………………………………………………………. x Introduction……………………………………………………………....... 1 Chapter One Merging the Tribes of Men: Early Antiremoval, 1815-1828……………… 12 1.1 A Different Vision of American Democracy………………….. 12 1.2 Race, Land Conflicts, and the Path to Antiremoval…………… 15 1.3 Cultural Change, Power and Antiremoval…………………….. 24 1.4 Anglo Antiremovalists, Racial Equality, and a Vision for Social Democracy…………………………………………. 37 Chapter Two The National Antiremoval Movement, 1829-1830……………………….. 58 2.1 The National Mood on the Eve of the Removal Debate……… 58 2.2 The Birth, Constituency, and Strategy of the National Antiremoval Movement……..…………………………….. 65 2.3 Antiremoval, Morality, Law, and Native Rights………………. 72 2.4 Cultural Adaptation and the Validation of Rights……………... 89 Chapter Three White Knowledge, Red Power: Mission Schools in the Cherokee and Choctaw Nations, 1815-1850………………………………………… 95 3.1 Education and the Path to Power……………………………… 95 3.2 The Path to the First Schools……………………….................. 104 3.3 Negotiating the Growth and Governance of Mission Schools… 113 3.4 Removal, Education, and Native Rights..................................... 125 Chapter Four Servants of God, Masters of Men: Slavery and the Making of a Native-Anglo Alliance, 1817-1859……………………………………….. 142 4.1 Native American Slavery from the pre-Columbian to Antebellum Eras………………………………………… 142 4.2 From Missionary to Slaveholder………………………………. 153 vi 4.3 The Cherokee-American Board Alliance and the Recognition of Native Sovereignty……………………………………… 166 4.4 Abolition and the Native Missionary Alliance………………… 169 Chapter Five “Where we have so long lived in peace & harmony with our white brethren:” The Fight over Buffalo Creek, 1837-1859………………………………….. 182 5.1 The Political Fight against the Treaty of Buffalo Creek………... 182 5.2 Seneca Persistence and the Expansion of American Institutions, 1842-1859…………………………… 205 Coda: (re)gaining the “Peaceable Kingdom?”...…………………………………………………………………. 221 Bibliography………………………………………………………………….. 225 vii VITA 1995 Bachelor of Arts, University of California, Santa Barbara 2001 Professional California Teaching Credential, California State University, San Marcos 2003 Master of Arts, University of California, San Diego 2003-2007 Teaching Assistant, Department of History, University of California, San Diego 2007-2008 Instructor, Departments of History and Ethnic Studies, University of California, San Diego 2008-2009 Senior Teaching Assistant, Department of History, University of California, San Diego 2010 Doctor of Philosophy, University of California, San Diego 2010 Andrew W. Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow, Wesleyan University PUBLICATIONS Book Review of Richard Carrico. Strangers in a Stolen Land: Adventures in the Natural History and Cultural Heritage of the Californias (Sunbelt Publications, San Diego, CA. 2008), in the Journal of San Diego History, forthcoming 2010 . Book Review of Clifford Trafzer and Jeffrey Smith. Native Americans of Riverside County, California: Images of America (Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, SC; Chicago, IL; Portsmouth, NH; San Francisco, CA, 2006), in the Journal of San Diego History, vol 54, March 2008 . “Gunnar Myrdal” in David Goldfield, ed. Encyclopedia of American Urban History (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, 2006). “Nativism” in David Goldfield, ed. Encyclopedia of American Urban History (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, 2006). viii FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: United States History (nineteenth century) Studies in Antebellum Era Social Reform Movements Professor Rachel Klein Studies in Native American History Professor Ross Frank ix ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Cultural Colonizers: Persistence and Empire in the Indian Antiremoval
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