July 18, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 21517 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS JUDGE WALTER LOGAN FRY cause of the diversity and complexity of sence of self-determination in many na­ this work, the administrative law judge tions. Let this week bolster our resolute­ should accordingly be evaluated not like ness to correct this wrong. • HON. JOHN F. SEIBERLING "all other civil servants," but rather, ac­ OF OHIO cording to those standards by which IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES U.S. district judges are evaluated. CARL SNOWDEN Tuesday, July 18, 1978 Judge Fry exemplified this sense of impartiality and independence. He e Mr. SEIBERLING. Mr. Speaker, June worked long and ably to secure for his 6, 1978 marked the death of Administra­ HON. PARREN J. MITCHELL fellow citizens those benefits which the OF MARYLAND tive Law Judge Judge Walter Logan Fry, country has deemed necessary for those an honored resident of my district. His who have become disabled and for whom IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES passing prompts me to remark briefly employment opportunities are no longer Tuesday, July 18, 1978 on Judge Fry's judicial professionalism available. Judge Fry approached this im­ and to his role-and that of all admin­ e Mr. MITCHELL of Maryland. Mr. portant responsibility with dedication Speaker, on Friday, June 9, 1978 the citi­ istrative law judges-in the increasingly and fairness. We will miss him.• complex and important work of the fed­ zens of Anne Arundel County gave a com­ eral system. munity salute to Carl Snowden. This Judge Fry was raised in Akron, Ohio, young man is my friend who has demon­ in a neighborhood rich in the diversity strated concern for the community since TWENTIETH OBSERVANCE OF he was 16 years old. of Americans of Appalachian, African, CAPTIVE NATIONS WEEK English, Italian, German, Greek, Polish, Carl Snowden is a lifelong resident of and other national and ethnic origins, Anne Arundel County. Mr. Snowden, drawn together by the phenomenal ex­ HON. RONALD A. SARASIN who was born on June 17, 1953, is the pansion of the rubber and rubber tire OF CONNECTICUT son of Mr. and Mrs. William Snowden of Annapolis, Md. He has eight brothers industry at the turn of the century. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and sisters. He is presently employed as A graduate of East High School and Tuesday, July 18, 1978 Ohio University Judge Fry received his the chief program officer for the Anne law degree from Akron Law School, now • Mr. SARASIN. Mr. Speaker, the week Arundel County Community Action a part of Akron University. Firestone of July 16 to 22 marks the 20th observ­ Agency and in addition is the host-mod­ Tire, during the depression, sent him to ance of Captive Nations Week. This an­ erator of WANN radio station's "Com­ its affiliated bank in Monrovia, Liberia, nual occurrence serves as a reminder to munity Viewpoint." where he managed the bank's affairs for the free world that there are less fortu­ Mr. Snowden is a 1971 graduate of 3 years. On his return, he traveled nate people who do not share the advan­ Key School, a private institution in An­ through Europe, only to witness Hitler tages of national independence. napolis, Md. He attended the University conduct a thunderous, frightening har­ The nations of Eastern Europe and of the District of Columbia as well as angue in Munich. Asia which live under the dominance of classes at Anne Arundel Community When World War II later erupted, a stronger neighbor cry out for justice College. At the age of sixteen he took Judge Fry joined newly formed Good­ and equal status in the world commu­ an active interest in human rights and year Aircraft as a member of the original nity. They yearn for the day when their civil rights and has been active ever training group, following which he en­ national cultures can once more flourish since. In 1970 he was arrested while pro­ listed in the Navy recruiting service. and their political freedoms can once testing discrimination against blacks in more be maintained. Their present ex­ Anne Arundel County. After the war. Judge Fry commenced In 1970 he organized a boycott for a 34-year career in the Federal civil istence is one of subservience and as such, it is a condition which we cannot classes in the area of black studies at service in OPA/OPS, the Veterans' Ad­ Annapolis Senior High School; which ministration, the Internal Revenue tolerate. Particularly hardpressed in this situa­ later became part of the curriculum at Service

Statements or insertions which are not spoken by the Member on the floor will be identified by the use of a "bullet" symbol, i.e., • 21518 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 18, 1978 A.M.E. Church and the Anne Arundel country. His work brought him in contact But the view from the top of the dam ls County Legal Aid Bureau; was one of with U.S. Air Force officials at all levels, magnificent. On one hand can be seen the the founders of VOTE, which sponsored other Department of Defense and Gov­ tiny darter monarchs holding sway in their water hideway. On the other is a panoramic the first black political convention in ernment agencies, civilian organizations, view of better living for thousands of per­ 1977. Mr. Snowden is the third vice presi­ the Congress, and representatives of sons, which didn't materialize and sub-level dent of the Anne Arundel County Branch free-world nations. existence continues. of the NAACP. Mr. Gray also served as administrative Tourists should love visiting Little T That is quite a record for a man who director of the Aerospace Education dam.e has just reached the age of 25. Foundation, an educational affiliate of I believe you will share my thought AFA. that America needs many, many more He is in the Retired Air Force Reserve SEYMOUR L. KATZ Carl Snowdens.• as a brigadier general. Among his mili­ tary decorations are the Legion of Merit and Bronze Star Medal. HON. BENJAMIN S. ROSENTHAL Over the years Mr. Gray has accumu­ OF NEW YORK TRIBUTE TO JOHN 0. GRAY lated many friends, admirers, and well­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES wishers, among which I count myself. Tuesday, July 18, 1978 HON_. JIM WRIGHT He has always set high standards for himself, professionally and personally, e Mr. ROSENTHAL. Mr. Speaker, it OF TEXAS gives me great pleasure to pay tribute to­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and has always lived up to them. Directly and indirectly, as a civilian day to a distinguished member of the Tuesday, July 18, 1978 leader in military affairs and as an Air Queens community, Mr. Seymour L. fD Mr. WRIGHT. Mr. Speaker, on June 30, Force officer, he has served the United Katz, upon his completion of serving for John 0. Gray of Washington, D.C., re­ States and its interests with honor, with 3 years as president of the Queens Coun­ tired from his position as assistant execu­ dedication, and with talent. I am sure my cil for Soviet Jewry. As an active and tive director of the Air Force Association. colleagues join me in wishing him well in dedicated advocate for the liberation of Mr. Gray has been a key member of the his retirement.• Jews in the Soviet Union, Seymour national headquarters staff of that fine served as a delegate to the Brussels Con­ organization for more than 21 years and ference on Soviet Jewry in 1976 and has played a leading role in the associa­ visited the Soviet Union to meet with tion's impressive growth in size, influ­ MONUMENT TO DARTER IS TOUR­ persons wishing to emigrate to Israel. ence, stature, and prestige. Additionally, IST ATTRACTION The "refuseniks" Seymour met became over an even longer period of time, Mr. his lasting and special friends. He is in Gray compiled a distinguished record of constant phone contact with them, accomplishment as an officer in the U.S. HON. JOHN J. DUNCAN sends frequent "care packages" and Air Force Reserve. from his entry on OF TENNESSEE ceaselessly petitions Soviet and Amer­ active duty in June 1941, to his retire­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ican officials on their behalf. It was Sey­ ment as a brigadier general in 1969. I Tuesday, July 18, 1978 mour who brought the plight of refuse­ want to call the attention of my col­ •Mr. DUNCAN of Tennessee. Mr. Speak­ niks I recently "adopted"-Carmella leagues to the career of this outstanding er, as my colleagues are aware, the pub­ and Vladimir Raiz-to my attention. military and civilian leader. licity and controversy surrounding the Under Seymour's leadership the Born in Boston, Mass., Mr. Gra:v lived Supreme Court's June 15 decision in the Queens council organized numerous most of his young life in t.he Northwest. Tellico Dam/snail darter case has by no rallies and vigils around New York City He is a graduate of the University of means disappeared. In no area is this and hosted the annual "Freedom Seder," Idaho and still calls Spokane, Wash., his more evident than in my own Second in which I have had the privilege to par­ hometown. Congressional District of Tennessee ticipate, to honor recent Soviet emi­ He entered active military service in wherein the Tellico project lies. For the grants and to pray for those unable to 1941 as a second lieutenant commissioned residents of this area, the people who celebrate the Passover in the Soviet from the Army Reserve Officer Training have seen many of their hopes for a bet­ Union. Corps. After a tour at Lubbock Army Air ter future smashed by this decision, this Seymour has been a leading figure in Base in Texas. he served for 4 years in case represents the ultimate in bureau­ the Jewish affairs of the borough of Europe with the 8th Air Force. cratic folly. This sentiment is evident in Queens for over 20 years, serving as a During the Korean conflict he was re­ the following editorial which appeared founder and vice president of the New called to duty as a lieutenant colonel and in the Athens, Tenn. Daily Post-Athen­ York Region of United Synagogue, served with Headquarters, U.S. Air Force, ian on June 19. I commend its reading Queens chairman of the N.E.P. program in Washington. Later he served a 4-year to my colleagues. for the Jewish Theological Seminary, tour of duty in the Air Force's Office of MONUMENT TO DARTER Is TOURIST ATTRACTION United Synagogue representative to the Information, in charge of Reserve Forces Tennessee has been forging ahead in Synagogue Council of America and one activities. tourism for the past few years. of the American representatives on the In 1957 he jolned the national staff of It now has an attraction that is un­ board of directors of the World Council the Air Force Association in Washington, equaled in any of the other 49 states. of Synagogues. He also served as a mem­ ~ . C., and was the association's project A multi-million dollar monument to a ber of the board of directors of the Solo­ director for the golden anniversary cele­ three inch fish. mon Schecter School of Queens, the bration of the Air Force in that year. To make the monument even more com­ Queens UJA Cabinet and synagogue manding it has a no less body than the chairman of Queens Israel Bonds. In October 1957, Mr. Gray became the Supreme Court as publicity agent. association's administrative director and The court says the three-inch snail dar­ In recognition of his dedication and soon became its assistant executive ter is so rare that its habitating waters service to the Queens Jewish community directo~ .. director of military relations, must not be disturbed, only viewed from and the cause of Soviet Jewry, Seymour and military affairs editor of the Air the balustrade of a huge overlook of con­ was recently elected honorary president Force magazine, the association's official crete and steel erected at the cost of mil­ of the Queens Council for Soviet Jewry journal. lions. and vice chairman of the Greater New In these capacities he supervised many However the vantage point can be reached York Conference on Soviet Jewry. of the administrative and operational nicely by a driveway which is almost inlaid With great respect and admiration for functions of the association. He worked with dollars. The monumental dam should be a double Seymour's selfless dedication to the closely with the association's executive pronged attraction. Nowhere else in the Queens community and oppressed Soviet director in the programing and supervis­ United States can one see the combination Jewry, I am pleased to jom in my com­ ing of seminars, symposia, and confer­ of the majesty of three-inch fish and the munity's praise and appreciation for ences conducted annually throughout the stupidity of interpretative court rulings. Seymour L. Katz.• July 18, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 21519 COAL SLURRY PIPELINES Further, slurry pipeline development The restructuring would be accomplished should have no significant impact on the through H.R. 11009. The bill would eliminate achievement of projected levels of coal use the current multiple statutory maximum HON. OLIN E. TEAGUE on a national scale. loan amounts for single and multi-sectional OF TEXAS Copies of the OTA report, "A Technology mobile homes, either attached or unattached Assessment of Coal Slurry Pipelines," are to the land, and substitute a maximum IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES a vailable from the U.S. Government Printing guaranty in the amount of $17,500. It would Tuesday, July 18, 1978 Office. The GPO stock number is 052- 003- also increase the maximum term of years for 00523- 9; the price is $3.25. Copies for con­ which loans are financed from 12 years, 32 e Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Speaker, the bill gressional use are available by calling 202- days to 15 years. 32 days in the case of a H.R. 1609, better known as the coal 224- 8996.1) loan for the purchase of a single-sectional slurry pipeline bill will no doubt be one mobile home only or for the purchase o! a of the most debatable issues before the lot. U.S. Congress this session. REMARKS FOR THE RECORD In addition, it would impose the same cri­ Several years ago, during my tenure teria for restoration of entitlement as applies as chairman of the Office of Technology HON. DOUG BARNARD to restoration of entitlement used for site­ Assessment, I directed that a study be built homes-the home must be disposed of ' done on this issue for the benefit of the OF GEORGIA and the loan must be paid in full. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Finally, the bill would provide that a Members of this body. The study was veteran who obtains a mobile home loan will completed several months ago, and I Tuesday, July 18, 1978 have the opportunity to use his or her partial am sure that every Member of this body 0 Mr. BARNARD. Mr. Speaker, as a or remaining entitlement when moving. has received a copy of that study. The House Veterans Committee recently member of the Subcommittee on Hous­ approved the legislation and it is not ex­ Because the bill was scheduled for ing of the House Committee on Veterans' consideration, the Office of Technology pected to meet any major resistance in the Affairs, it is my pleasure to serve with a House. Assessment has published a one page fellow Georgian who has established How does Congressman Brinkley view the position paper on the subject as a re­ himself as an expert in the field of vet­ industry and his role as a legislator? sult of their study. A copy of this paper erans' housing. I refer to the distin­ MERCHANDISER talked with 'him in his of­ follows: guished chairman of the Subcommittee fice in Washington, D.C. recently to find COAL SLURRY PIPELINES on Housing, Representative JACK BRINK­ out. Comparison of the costs of unit trains LEY who has developed a level of com­ "Legislation is a partnership situation, I and slurry pipelines c~:mcluded that, depend­ think," Brinkley explained. "You represent .ing on specific conditions of a given route, petence that has drawn the admiration many interests. Besides the general public either mode can represent the least costly of veterans' organizations and industry and veterans, there is a concentration of mo­ means of transporting coal if one ignores spokesman as well. bile home manufacturers and suppliers in regulatory distortions and unquantifiable JACK BRINKLEY is a friend to the vet­ my District in Georgia. When we touch down social impacts. Which mode is cheaper in eran and the veteran's family through in their lives, all of a sudden it indirectly a given instance can be determined only by his untiring work to legislatively im­ impacts on lenders and many other groups. a detailed economic and engineering evalu­ prove and update the Veterans' Admin­ "So simply, my service on the Veterans ation. istration housing programs. In an ar­ Committee provides me with a vehicle to do Without the power of eminent domain at that which we perceive to be good and right either the Federal or State level, coal slurry ticle in the trade journal of the mobile not only for veterans, but for the other peo­ pipelines will have great difficulty compet­ home industry, he has also been ac­ ple we represent. Hopefully, we improve the ing with railroads. Without eminent do­ knowledged as a friend of the housing lot of all of them at the same time. main, the pipelines would have to redirect industry. " Now, as you know, we have a severe hous­ routes. thereby increasing their costs and I request permission to insert this ing shortage in this country. Even on the reducing their ability to compete success­ article in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD: Veterans Committee, my thrust has been fully with established railroads. t oward better housing and better medical. I On the other hand, if t he pipelines are MERCHANDIS ER TALKS WITH JACK BRINK­ LEY- A FRIEND ON THE HILL think those are the two big issues which con­ granted the power of eminent domain, they tribute a great deal to the quality of life. could enjoy significant advantages over the In the words of one industry Washing­ And so, if we can spill over from the Veterans railroads because of regulatory restrictions ton, D.C. insider, "Jack Brinkley is a Con­ Committ ee to the Housing Committee we've on the latter's ability to enter int o long-t erm gressman who cares. His interest has gone acGomplished something. contracts with selected customers. far beyond the scope of his district." "It has to be understood that when you Water availabilit y is a central issue. Al­ For the mobile/ m anufactured housing in­ talk about housing, you're directly laced to though transportat ion of coal by slurry pipe­ dustry, who has felt itself an outsider on quality of life, and a lot of people can't lines will require mu ~ h less of the m ine Capitol Hill, this is good news indeed. Better affc.rd expensive site-built homes. region's water per ton of coal than onsite still, Brinkley, reprernnting t h e Third Dis­ ''I think this will become increasingly evi­ gasification or ele::tric power generat ion, t rict of Georgia (which includes that now dent in t he future, so when witnesses come pipelines do represent a substantial potential fabled community of Plains) , has taken a before our committee and testify about the demand o:i. remaining unallocated resources. p ~s ition of leadersh ip in revit alizing the excellence of mobile homes, their livability, Sufficient unused quantities of suitable water Veterans' Administration Home Loan and their life expectancy, it gives us an option exist, although they are not necessarily le­ Specially Adapted Housing Programs. for the future for the man and woman who As chairman of the Subcommittee on gally available, for the transportation of 0 cannot afford site-built h omes. nearly 200 million tons per year from Western Housing of the House Committee e n Vet­ "They can go with mobile homes, which coal-producing areas. However, diverting erans' Affairs, the industry has benefited can be attached to real estate or can be water for slurry pipelines now would limit from his activities for veterans. moved if people choose to do S-O . the options for future uses of that water. Wit h the termination of the Vietnam era, "From pictures we have been given, we see Eminent Domain legislation could inadver­ the questicn arose as to whether eliminat­ what can be done with a little imagination tently alter the balance of Federal and State ing loan (:Uaranty entitlement for post­ and by cho.osing the right lot for a mobile authority over water resources. Unless such Vietnam peacetime veterans would be con­ home. Some multi-sectional homes do not alteration is intended, care should be t aken sistent with the Administrat ion's goal of look any different from site-built homes. to avoid that consequence. eliminating duplicative Federal programs. They have eye appeal, comfort and safety­ One environmental area of uncertainty in­ Un::ler Brinkley's leadership, it was deter­ we in the Congress are very safety conscious volves the substances that will b ·:) present mined that the VA Home Loan Programs these days, and I think the industry is, too. in the i:lurry water after it has been sepa­ would continue for all veterans and for ac­ "During oversight hearings, Committee rated from the coal at the end of the pipeline. t ive duty members of t he m!litary who h ave Counsel Elizabeth Lunsford and other staff The Department of Energy is now sponsoring served more t han 180 days. members visited mobile home . manufac­ experiments to clarify this problem. In t he 94th Congress, Brinkley sponsored turers, lenders, retailers and communities. The environmental impacts of the water legislation leading to the en actment of the We have been tremendously impressed with use, its discharge, and the construction of Veterans' Housing Amendments Act of 1976. the quality of construction in these homes. the pipelines must be weighed against t he The act included a provision of an increase "Visits have been made in California, noise, land-use disruption, and rail-highway in the mobile home loan guaranty from 30 Florida, Georgia, Nevada, New Mexico and crossing accidents and inconvenience associ­ percent to 50 percent. Texas. I should point out that although we ated with moving the same coal by rail. Currently, the Congressman's initiatives haven't been north of the Mason-Dixon Railroad financial health probably would include House passage of a bill to eliminate Line-yet-we have had quite a bit of con­ be affected less by a substantial pipeline in­ duplicative VA inspection of mobile home versation with people in Illinois, Indiana dustry than by adverse rate regulation or manufacturing plants and restructuring the and Michigan. diminished productivity gains of railroads VA Mobile Home Loan Program to closely "We certainly have had quite a bit of co­ in the future. parallel the program for site-built homes. operation and support. 21520 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 18, 1978 "I think the VA deserves a bouquet too, act together. I think Congress will move in to Strasbul'!g and the surrounding area at this point. It can be aggravating because fill that vacuum and provide some consis­ is rich in history and has contributed sometimes we don't always fully understand tency. much to the great State of Ohio. The the rules and methods they must employ. "In some cases, it's cheaper to move a But George Alexander, who is just a peach of mobile home, for example, from Tennes­ people of the area are very proud of the a man, Mr. Coon, and Mr. Malone have just see into Georgia, rather than ship it to development they have contributed to, been fine. We have received splendid coop­ northern Georgia from a southern plant in and for good reason. This city, once just eration from the VA." the state. But I have heard that there has a mere settlement, is ·now a thriving, ac­ Moving on the future areas of interest, been some problem between state rules. tive, and successful city. Brinkley commented on the possibility of "I believe the states have the right to limit Mr. Speaker, on behalf of the 18th placing mobile homes on private land in the where these homes will be moved, but as for Congressional District, I would like to VA real estate program. the number of personnel needed, pilot ve­ express my sincere congratulations to "I think there is a trend in that direction," hicles and the like, these are fairly basic he said, "and we are taking a look at the things that ought to have one standard. Strasburg, its city officials, and its people possibility of future action in that area. How­ Where homes are permitted to be moved by on the celebration of this great event.• ever, in discussing it with the VA, we think the states, I believe there should be one perhaps that it is an area that might better standard." be handled administratively. Asked whether he had any reservations "The way I see it today, there's not a press­ about the durability or life expectancy of LEAA EXTENSION BILL BEST ing need to solve this because it can evolve mobile homes, Brinkley responded, "Abso­ VEHICLE FOR FUTURE DEBATE and take care of itself, provided we make the lutely not." guaranty for mobile homes realistic enough. "I think that mobile homes will last in­ We're hopeful that the $17,500 ceiling will re­ definitely. HON. ROMANO L. MAZZOLI late to the mobile home purchase as well as "I'll tell you this much, there's a lot of OF KENTUCKY the lot. maintenance and replacement that goes into "If that's not realistic, it should be raised a site-built house. With the quality of ma­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES but there are a number of things to be terials and craftsmanship in today's mobile Tuesday, July 18, 1978 worked out in the marketplace. home, if they are given the same mainte­ "So, at this time the way I see it, mobile nance and if parts are replaced, they will • Mr. MAZZOLI. Mr. Speaker, on July homes serve a market of people who have less just last indefinitely. 10, I joined Chairman RODINO and several resources as a general rule, and the more "I have no reservations or concerns about other of our colleagues in sponsoring the moderate price can be handled under the the 15 year term we're extending it to. That's administration's proposal to restructure laws we are trying to adjust upwards. In the just a drop in the bucket. LEAA. future, that might change." "I consider mobile homes permanent The bill, developed with the strong On another aspect of the VA program, homes-a valuable investment that will last Brinkley had an idea of his own. Asked about a family for a lifetime. leadership of Senator EDWARD KENNEDY, paperwork, he first said, "I'm not real sure "I'm impressed with the state of the art and the cooperation of the administra­ there is a paperwork problem although per­ as it is today. The mobile home industry is tion, is the product of months of hard haps any paperwork is a problem. It's a rela­ the wave of the future-and perhaps the work and compromise. As a result the bill tive problem. While the paperwork involved wave of the present-in fulfilling the hous­ may well be as the Washington Post in the VA program is certainly more compli­ ing needs of the American people. tditorialized on July 17, 1978: "the best cated than with a conventional loan, I don't "We don't have the resources to continue to go the way we have in the past. The manu­ solution anyone has thought of to LEAA's think it's any worse than other federal pro­ problems." grams. facturers know the needs of tb e buying pub­ "You have to look at the protection being lic and they're trying to meet those needs. However. among those of us who sup­ afforded to the people participating in the They have made remarkable strides to this port the bill as a vehicle for hearings and program. point. But I know that when we turn the eventual markups there are concerns "But I am aware that the VA is attempting page, go to the next chapter, there will be about specific points of the bill. to cut down on the time involved. There are even greater technology employed and even greater innovative techniques used by the In general I support the five major now stations that can process out a loan ap­ industry. goals of the bill: plication in about two days. And as the pro­ gram expands, hopefully the people who man "If there were any area in which the in­ First. to give local governments more the stations will expand, and that will help. dustry might improve. I suggest it would be control over LEAA money; "But you know, you've struck a responsive the lots on which homes are placed. More communities are needed where the land­ Second, to encourage innovation in chord with me. Regardless of the way things scaping is more natural, where people could criminal justice through Federal research have always been or what the perceived needs permanently put their home, plant flowers and incentive grants to local govern­ are, I think this is a fertile field we can and a garden-put down roots. This would ments: consider. make mobile homes even more attractive. Third, to increase the overall budget of "If we can practice what we preach, sim­ "I think I'd get one myself."• plicity and the cutting of red tape, we can LEAA: look into this and see if the VA can't be the Fourth, to reduce the number of ear­ leader in reducing paperwork to the very marked funding categories and increase basic needs. If we can do that, we will have done our part toward improving the quality STRASBURG, OHIO, CELEBRATING the amount of money that can be spent of life which I keep referring to. I'm sure 150TH BIRTHDAY as priorities indicate; and most federal forms are too complicated. We Fifth, to streamline and reorganize the hear about it every day in this office. agency's internal workings to cut red­ "I will undertake this experiment. With HON. DOUGLAS APPLEGATE tape and bureaucratic delay. OF OHIO the knowledge of the VA, Ms. Lunsford will However, I am concerned that the bill pretend that she is a mobile home purchaser IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and go through all the steps-fill out all of does not go far enough in fulfilling these the paper a mobile home purchaser must. Tuesday, July 18, 1978 goals. Particularly, I believe that we must Then we'll evaluate and see if there's a e Mr. APPLEGATE. Mr. Speaker, it is carefully examine the control that State redundancy, if the forms are too long, too an honor for me to bring to the atten­ governments will have over the money complicated, whatever. We'll know first hand spent by large local governments. that way. We will have experienced it. tion of this House and its distinguished "In addition to our own experience, we'll Members an event in my congressional The bill is an improvement over cur­ follow a specific case, unbeknownst to v A district. It is the celebration of the 150th rent practices, but the system of setting to see what treatment John Q. Public i~ birthday of one of the leading cities I "Statewide priorities" to which local receiving." represent; namely, Strasburg, Ohio, lo­ governments must conform, may give Another industry problem Brinkley has cated in Tuscarawas County. States too much authority to overrule given some thought to is home movement Needless to say, the residents of this local criminal justice decisions. "The industry has expressed cancer~ about the varying rules on movement of community are planning many activities I am inserting the Post's editorial for homes 14 feet in width, and I have some for their sesquicentennial which is my colleagues' information: concern about this too. planned for August 4, 5, and 6 of this THE FUTURE OF LEAA "My philosophy is to let each state deal year. There will be plays, dances, and The Law Enforcement Assi!'ltance Admin­ with its own internal affairs, but carriers parades. In addition. there will be a istration was created in 1968 in the fond of mobile homes often move interstate. In junior Miss Sesquicentennial queen cho­ belief that it would provide an answer to the the future, if th~ states do not get their sen to reign over the event. nation's crime problem. Ten years and $6 July 18, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 21521 billion later, LEAA is a case study in how a HUMAN RIGHTS IN CUBA of political prisoners at anyWhere be­ good idea can be strangled by red tape, bu­ tween 15,000 and 20,000. He is joined in reaucratic ineptitude and political in-fight­ this estimate by former President of ing. While its efforts have produced some im­ HON. ROBERT K. DORNAN Venezuela, Romulo Betancourt. Prof. Ed­ provement in local law-enforcement agencies OF CALIFORNIA in some parts of the country, almost no one ward Gonzalez, of the University of thinks the results have been worth the price. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES California at Los Angeles, puts the num­ LEAA must be either drastically changed or Tuesday, July 18, 1978 ber at anywhere between 25,000 and put out of its misery. 80,000 political prisoners. Estimates vary, Despite the campaign rheto.ric that sug­ e Mr. DORNAN. Mr. Speaker, how fate but the numbers, all agreed, given the gested President Carter would urge the aboli­ plays with the lives of men and na­ size of the population, are horrendously tion of LEAA, the administration is now tions. The most famous dissident trials high. And, as Mr. Calzon reveals, they arguing that the agency is worth saving. The of modern history, the trials of Ginsburg come from all walks of life and hold a program it has proposed, devised largely by and Shcharansky, have become the oc­ Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.) , would variety of political opinions. casion of yet another act in Mr. Young's The Calzon study reveals the horrible streamline the agency's operations, reduce comedy of the absurd. In the gigantic and break up its bureaucracy and keep the conditions endured by the prison in­ dollars flowing from Washington. It is an in­ moral confrontation between the United mates. In dark, damp, ill-ventilated genuous solution ot LEAA's problems because States and the Soviet Union, we are dungeons, thousands of these human there is something in it to answer almost treated to comic relief. beings languish. They suffer from bru­ every critic of LEAA's performance. Mr. Young's remarkable mouth aside, tality, malnutrition, and a lack of medi­ For those who think there have been too it is heartening to see the outpouring of cal attention. Some are confined to many federal strings attached to the money moral support from this House for the local governments get, this proposal assigns solitary cells where they have lost track Soviet dissidents Anatoly Shcharansky of night or day, but rot in what must 70 percent of LEAA's funds to a block-grant and Alexander Ginsburg. But we have program. State and local governments will seem to be an endless misery. Before know in advance how much they are going no excuse to be selectively outraged. The succumbing to despair, many breathe to get and can decide themselves on how to trials and the sufferings of these two men their last in the cramped confines of spend it within certain restrictions. For those are representative of the trials and suf­ their cells. who think there have been too few federal ferings of many others. The Soviet to­ strings attached, the other 30 percent of talitarian sewer has swallowed hundreds Mr. Speaker, I ask you to imagine for a LEAA's funds would be controlled by Wash­ of thousands, no, millions of human moment the extent of this suffering. I ington and made available to local govern­ beings while the West closed its eyes and ask you to allow your mind's eye to pene­ ments-mostly those with major crime covered its ears. Christians and Jews, trate this oppressive, quiet blackness. problems-on a matching basis for innovative True, the silence is occasionally broken law-enforcement programs. For those who Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Latvians, Poles, Hungarians, Romanians, and Estonians, by the gruff orders of a prison guard or claim local governments have had trouble the screams of a helpless innocent being finding the matching funds, the proposal lets have long known life in the Soviet con­ local governments use the federal dollars centration camps. Some are learning systematically tortured or beaten into they get through block grants to match the only very recently what historians, writ­ submission, pleading for mercy where dollars they want under the other program. ers, and journalists have been trying to none is to be found. But otherwise, it is The same balancing act runs through the tell them for decades: We are dealing as if these unfortunates are being administrative aspects of the proposal. State with a brutal regime, whose excesses have buried alive. They are literally entombed governments would lose much of the control rarely, if ever, been surpassed by the most in the nether world of the totalitarian they now exercise over how local govern­ political order. And their worst fear is ments spend LEAA money. LEAA would lose vicious dictators throughout history. While we focus our attentions on the that they may fall victim to the sin of much of the control it has over the major despair. Their greatest hope is that, in portion of its grants. But LEAA would gain plight of these two brave men, we should even wider discretion than it has had over not forget that their struggle is against putting their faith in the conscience of where and how 30 percent of its funds are a type of totalitarian system that has free and civilized people, the awful spent. · been imported into our own hemisphere. silence will finally be broken. They pray Anyway you look at it, that is a nice mix­ We should remember that the very same that those of us who breathe the clean, ing of the approach to federal aid urged un­ methods, the same political and admin­ free air of liberty will hear their stifled successfully by former president Richard istrative structure of repression and cries. Nixon and the traditional, many-strings­ terror exists only 90 miles from the Will we hear them? Will pressure be attached view of congressional Democrats. bl'.ought to bear on the arrogant dictator It gets some money to help law-enforcement shores of this Republic. agencies into almost every community (the Mr. Speaker, of course, I am speaking who daily castigates us? Will the export District of Colum'l)ia would get $1.5 million of Fidel Castro's Cuba. And I think the of his vile totalitarianism in Africa and off the top and Fairfax Count.y would get time is right to press this point home: other parts of the world eventually be $643,000, for example) and yet leaves Wash­ Human rights violations are never more stopped? ington with enough funds to try to guide severe than they are in Communist coun­ Mr. Speaker, history sadly reveals that local governments into exceptionally useful tries. And in Cuba, we have a system the justice or nobility of a cause is no programs. of repression and internaJized violence assurance of its success. The eventual The proposal, in other words, is the best solution anyone has thought of to LEAA's against dissidents that most closely ap­ liberation of political prisoners in Cuba problems-if you believe there ought to be proximates that of Soviet Russia. And will not occur until the truth of their an LEAA. Frankly. we are not yet entirely yet, listen as I may, I hear only con­ condition is widely publicized. It was sure about whether the federal government spicuous silence. therefore painful for me to learn that ought to be in the business of helping and Cuba is a study in grotesque contrasts. there are those who will continue to guiding local governmimts in solving what It is like an ugly painting. Once a glit­ ignore the truth, even when it is brought is clearly a local problem: crime control. tering jewel in the Caribbean Sea, it is to their attention by a fellow country­ LEAA was created in the hope that some now an incredibly dour, regimented so­ man wh~ endured imprisonment in Cuba, fed~ral money and some federal guidance could produce miracles. Clearly. that hasn't ciety. The beautiful Caribbean·sun is it­ Mr. Frank Emmick. In the interests of happened. Is it better for Washington to try self mocked bv the cold, gray totalitarian this cause, I am inserting two related to focus its guidance more sharply and con­ order that smothers the very life of the stories, published in the July 1978 edi­ tinue to send local governments a little island's people. tion of the Conservative Digest, into the money

Capital gains tax applies to a sold as­ 1 has substantially increased-roughly dou­ set regardless of how long it was held­ President, National Bureau of Economic bled-the overall effective tax rate on ci:>r­ as long as it was at least 1 year. Conse­ Research, and Professor of Economics, Har­ porate stock capital gains. Although this vard University. The viewpoints expressed estimate relates to 1973 (because that is the quently, the inflation factor is quite here are my own and not necessarily those of severe for assets whlch have been held either the NBER or Harvard. only year for which data of this type is a long time. Even though there may be "M. Felstein and J. Slemrod, "Inflation and available), the continuing hillh rate of infta­ the Excess Taxation of Capital Gains", Na­ tion means that the tax distortion for more a large nominal gain, the real capital recent years is likely to be even greater. gain can be negli15ible because of in­ tional Bureau of Economic Research (to be flation. The Feldstein study found that, published in the National Tax Journal, June CAPITAL GAINS TAX RATES AND THE SELLING OF 1978) and M. Feldstein and S. Yitzhaki, "The CORPORATE STOCK in 1973, individuals paid capital gains Effects of the Capital Gains Tax on the Sel­ Although there has long been spec.ulation tax on $4.6 billion of nominal capital lin~ and Switching of Common Stock", Jour­ about the extent to which high tax ratei; on gains on corporate stock. When adjusted nal of Public Economics, 1978. capital gains deter individuals from selllng CXXIV--1354-Part 16 21532 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 18, 1978 stock, there has been little hard evidence on the basis of our statistical estimates of the mated tax sensitivity, we calculated that the subject. In collaboration with two col­ tax rate sensitivity of individual selling, we limiting the capital gains rate to 25 percent leagues, I recently completed what I believe calculated the effect of removing the 25 per­ would have caused an almost three-fold in­ a.re the first econometric estimates of the cent ce111ng that was in effect in 1963 and crease in the total value of net gains realized effect of capital gains tax rates on the selling taxing individuals at one-half of their in 1973. Because of this great increase in the of corporate stock and the realization of cap­ ordinary income rates. We found that this realization of gains, the reduction in tax ital gains. change would have reduced the value of cor­ rates would have substantially increased We actually carried out two studies using porate stock sales by 23 percent. capitals gains tax revenues. Our calculation two quite different bodies of data. Both Our second study used the same 1973 indicates that the tax revenues on corporate studies indicate that capital gains tax rates Treasury sample that I referred to a few stock capital gains would have more than have a very substantial effect on individuals' momen ts ago in discussing the the effects of doubled if the tax rat& had been limited to decisions to sell corporate stock. infiation.3 This analysis again found that in­ 25 percent. The first study analyzed the experience of dividuals' selling of corporate stock is very Let me emphasize that this estimate of a random sample of high income investors sensitive to their tax rates. We used this esti­ extra revenue does not depend on any as­ whose portfolio behavior was recorded in a mated behavior to calculate the effects of sumed increase in share prices, in investment special survey carried out by the Federal Re­ changes in the 1973 law. We found that limit­ or in economic activity. The extra revenue search Board in 1963. An important finding ing the rate of tax on long-term gains to 25 results directly and immediately from the in an analysis of that data was that two­ percent would have nearly doubled corporate "unlocking" of gains that would not other­ thirds of the value of the proceeds of cor­ stock sales, from $29.2 billion to $49.5 billion. wise be realized. A favorable impact on share porate stock sales were reinvested in corpor­ The Treasury data also permitted us to prices and total economic activity would, of ate stock and other financial assets within evaluate the impact of differences in tax course, increase revenue further. But even 1963. Since some of the remaining one-third rates on the amount of capital gains that in­ without such stimulating effects, the evi­ of the proceeds were held in cash and rein­ dividuals realize. We found that the realiza­ dence indicates that reducing the tax rate or vested in the following year, the data indi­ tion of gains is even more sensitive than the corporate stock capital gains would increase cate that less than one third of the proceeds selling of stock. Using the statistically esti- both total tax revenue an the taxes paid by of corporate stock sales were used to finance high income individuals. current consumption. 3 This study is reported in M. Feldstein, J. That concludes my summary o! the studies The evidence in that study showed that Slemrod and S. Yitzhaki, "The Effects of Tax­ of capital gains taxation. I hope that you find the amount that individuals sell is quite ation on the Selling of Corporation Stock and that these !acts are useful to you as you con­ sensitive to their tax rate. For example, on the Realization of Capital Gains," National sider proposals to reduce the taxation o! cap­ Bureau of Economic Research, 1978. ital gains.

EXHIBIT 1 CAPITAL GAINS AND ASSOCIATED TAX LIABILITIES (In millions of dollars!

Adjusted gross Income class Less Zero $10, 000 $20, 000 $50, 000 $100, 000 $200, 000 More than to to to to to to than zero $10, 000 $20, 000 $50, 000 $100, 000 $200, 000 $500, 000 $500, 000 All

1. Nominal capital gains ______86 77 21 369 719 942 1, 135 1, 280 4,629 2. Real capital gains ______-15 -726 -895 -1, 420 -255 437 839 1, 125 -910 3. Tax on nominal capital gains ______1 -5 23 80 159 215 291 374 1, 138 4. Tax on real capital gains ______0 -25 -34 -52 58 141 235 337 661

(From the Washington Post] gage-interest payments. They deducted at ductive investment, and there's no reason THE STEIGER AMENDMENT the nominal rate-which is 5 percent. The whatever to encourage it with expensive real rate is the nominal rate minus inflation. new tax benefits. The Steiger amendment evokes strong feel­ For most of the years since 1968 the real A final note on homeowners: Most peo­ ings. The amendment, you will recall, would rate on a 5-percent mortgage has actually cut capital-gains taxes, mainly for people ple buying houses on mortgages, in the cur­ been negative-that is the bank was paying rent inflation, are doing well out of it. The with large incomes. We observed the other our couple for having borrowed its money. day that it is an offense to public morality. victims are the thrifty souls who financed If Congress is going to let them adjust their the mortgages by putting their money into Since then we have heard from a good many capital gains for inflation won't consistency of our readers; a sample of their letters ap­ savings accounts. Inflation is cruelly unfair. compel it to require them also to adjust all It enriches borrowers. The people who get pears on this page today. While you would of those past mortgage payments and de­ not quite call it an avalanche of denuncia­ sheared are the savers and lenders.o tion, it is a spirited reply. Rising to the bait, ductions for the same inflation? If it did, they would need a computer to we shall now offer a few more thoughts on figure out their tax return. No sane person capital gains and taxes. would seriously support the idea. But the The hypothetical middle-income couple point is that you can't stop with just one PROPOSITION 13 AS VIEWED FROM in our example had bought their house years figure. If the tax code is to take account PENNSYLVANIA ago ifor $35,000 and recently sold it for of inflation, it leads to a brain-busting $135,000, for a capital gain of $100,000 and series of adjustments to adjustments to a tax on that gain of $17,490. A number of adjustments. HON. JOSHUA EILBERG readers observe that if the original purchase The Steiger amendment would do only one OF PENNSYLVANIA was in 1955 almost exactly half of that capi­ thing for the couple in our example, and tal gain is pure inflation The purchasing it has nothing to do with inflation. It would IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES power of $35,000 in 1955 is the same as $84,000 exempt sales of homes from a rule called Tuesday, July 18, 1978 today. Those letters bitterly ask whether it the minimum tax, saving our couple about is fair to assess taxes on appreciation and is $4,000 of their $17,490 capital-gains tax. e Mr. EILBERG. Mr. Speaker, the re­ merely the result of inflation rather than a That's a reasonable thing to do. Last Jan­ cent passage of proposition 13 in the rise in real value. uary, in fact, President Carter proposed do­ State of California has caused many of That's a serious and important question of ing precisely that. us here in Congress and our fellow leg­ equity. But wait a minute. If we want to be But the Steiger amendment goes much islators in State capitols to focus new absolutely fair-and who in this litigious further. It would abolish the minimum tax attention on the need for tax reform. country will settle for anything less?-we altogether, and lower the rates of capital­ have to note that our hypothetical couple gains taxes for everybody in the highest I believe that before any of us rush didn't pay cash for their house. Like most 1bra.ckets. The amendment's author, Re·p. headlong to embrace action similar to of us they bought it with a 20-year 5-percent William A. Steiger (R-Wis.), says that he that taken by California voters, the peo­ mortgage. The inflation adjustment has to wants to encourage productive investment in ple and legislators of every State should be made not for the date when they bought industry-a laudable purpose. It's possible assess their own needs, and should com­ the house but the dates when they actually to write tax legislation that woud encourage pare their own situation to that of Cal­ paid the money-that is the dates of the 240 that kind of investment specifically. But his monthly payments. We also have to note amendment would give the same breaks to ifornia's. that our hypothetical couple has taken tax everyone making money trading in land, A comparison between Pennsylvania deductions all those years !or their mart- paintings, antiques and gold. That's not pro- and California, for instance, shows that July 18, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 21533 Pennsylvania has been light years ahead should be considered accordingly in any remarks the text of an article entitled of the Golden Gate State in keeping comparison with the situation in Cali­ "The Mihailovich Tragedy," written by property taxes down, and in not permit­ fornia.•> the famed Yugoslav dissident, Mihajlo ting surpluses to develop in our budget Mihajlov, who is now in the United without returning revenue in the form States. This article appeared in the re­ of tax cuts. ANNIVERSARY OF THE DEATH OF spected American weekly, The New Essentially, many people in Oalifornia GENERAL MIHAILOVICH Leader, on February 3, 1975. Almost im­ believed that State government refused mediately thereafter Mihajlov was sen­ to control spending and taxation, and tenced to 7 years at hard labor. I call HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI attention to the fact that Mihajlov in so the people took matters into their OF ILLINOIS own hands. This simply has not been this article states that, after examining the case in Pennsylvania. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES he entire record of the Mihailovich trial, Specifically, when proposition 13 was Tuesday, July 18, 1978 he concluded that "Mihailovich was passed in California, that State had ac­ e Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, yes­ guilty of only one crime: fighting the cumulated a surplus as large as Penn­ terday, July 17, marked the anniver­ Communists." sylvania's entire general fund budget. sary of the execution by the Yugoslav [From the New Leader, Feb. 3, 1975) On the other hand, when Pennsylvania Communists of Gen. Draza Mihailovich, DISENTANGLING HISTORY: THE MIHA.JLOVICH was faced with a $400 million surplus in leader of the nationalist resistance TRAGEDY 1974, our Government returned those forces in Yugoslavia during World (By Mihajlo Mihajlov) funds to the people in the form of re­ War II. NovI SAD-Last October 23, Djuro Djuro­ duced State income and corporate net On this occasion, I think it appropri­ vich, 74 years old and ailing, was sentenced income taxes. ate to remind the House: to five years in prison by a Belgrade court Property taxes are the local form of on charges of writing hostile articles for · That General Mihailovich rescued foreign publications. Djurovich had his first support for school districts and munic­ over 500 American airmen during the brush with Yugoslav law in 1945, while sec­ ipalities. They ar.e generally considered course of 1944 and arranged for their retary of the National Committee formed to be too inflexible, and therefore the safe evacuation by air to Italy; by General Draja Mihajlovich--chief rival to most burdensome of all forms of taxa­ That for this and other services to Marshal Josip Broz Tito during World War tion. Pennsylvania has reduced prop­ the Allied caunse Mihailovich was post­ II. Having subsequently served 17 years of erty taxes for senior citizens through a humously awarded the Legion of Merit a 20-year sentence, he recently wrote a book rebate program, and a number of leg­ about his incarceration and sent part of the in the Degree of Supreme Commander manuscript to friends in Paris. Although islative proposals have been considered by President Truman: none of it has been published so far, he was that would shift from a reliance on the That the National Committee of convicted under Article 109 of the Criminal property tax to a more equitable in­ American Airmen Rescued by General Code, covering actions that "aim at over­ come tax. Mihailovich 3 years ago petitioned throwing the existing order." Nevertheless, the question remains: Congress for permission to erect a me­ The Djurovich trial has again focused pub­ Are property taxes too high in Penn­ morial to Mihailovich as an enduring lic attE 'ltion here on one of the most painful sylvania as they obviously were in questions facing the Yugoslav Communists: expression of their gratitude to the man their attitude toward the Mihajlovich move­ California? who saved their lives; ment. The General was shot in 1946, yet Recent data indicate that property That this monument is to be erected articles. books and films designed to show taxes in Pennsylvania are quite low com­ with publicly subscribed funds, that is, that he was essentially not an adversary of pared with other States. In comparing at no expense to the Government; the Nazi conquerors have continued to ap­ property taxes per $1,000 of income, our That this project has been strongly pear every year. His opponents contend that citizens pay $30 compared to a national endorsed by the American Legion at its from the very begining he was a German average of $45. We are 36th in the Na­ last annual convention; collaborator, but this claim is substantiated mainly by the fact that he also fought tion. Californians pay $64 per $1,000 of That authorizing legislation has twice against the Communists. income. They are sixth in the Nation. been passed by the Senate, without dis­ Ironically, the more the official propa­ Looking at it another way, a com­ senting vote; ganda tries to villify Mihajlovich, the more parison of property taxes paid per per­ And that parallel legislation, spon­ it provokes reservations among unprejudiced son shows our rate at $176. We also rank sored by almost 50 Members of the observers. A mere comparison of the present 36th in the Nation by this measure. Cali­ House, has been pending in the Sub­ complete myth with the history of the Yugo­ fornians pay $415 per person. They are committee on Libraries and Monuments slav internal struggle, as described by the very same Communist press immediately fourth in the Nation. since January of last year. after the War. casts doubt upon everthing Other comparisons between our two It is my earnest hope that the sub­ the regime is attempting to prove. In addi­ States show: committee will move expeditiously to tion. many secret documents from the In 1975-76, California had the third report this legislation out so that the British, American and German government highest tax burden in the country with House will have an opportunity to vote archives now available in the West have $964 per capita in State and local taxes. on it before the close of the session. shed new light on the relations of both the Pennsylvania's burden was $684 per I would like to say a few more words Allies and the Axis to the competing Tito and Mihajlovich movements. A pattern has capita, ranking us 24th among the of tribute to Mihailovich. emerged, in fact, that explains why Tito won, States. The Communist Government of Yu­ though some important causes of Miha.j­ California spending by State and local goslavia executed General Mihailovich lovich's defeat remain hidden. governments was sixth in the Nation as a traitor. But it was Mihailovich who To comprehend the full complexity of the compared to Pennsylvania's ranking of raised the banner of continuing resist­ bitter contest between the two men, waged 28th. ance to the Nazis at a time when the during the Fascist occupation, one must go California has a graduated income tax Communists were still collaborating back briefly to the formation of the Kingdom with them. Mihailovich's early resist­ of Yugoslavia. It was created in 1918 by a. which was substantially increased and merger of the Kingdom of Serbia, the King­ eventually led to the $5.3 billion general ance may very well have been instru­ dom of Montenegro --- and Croatia. and fund surplus. Pennsylvania's flat income mental in saving Moscow by slowing Slovenia, previously parts of Austro-Hungary. tax is at a lower level now than it was down the Nazi advance-indeed, at the The new state of Southern Slavs was bur­ in 1971. time of his execution, the New York dened with many national, social and politp Times suggested a statue in Red ical problems from the outset. The most California's surplus will take up the Square dedicated to Mihailovich, savior serious was the antagonism between the two slack for the cutback in property taxes of Moscow. biggest nationalities, the Eastern Orthodox for probably the next year. After that, Hitler himself offered 100,000 gold Serbs and the Catholic Croats, who speak the State may experience an enormous marks for Mihailovich, dead or alive. the same language yet have a different his­ reduction in services. Many thousands of Mihailovich support­ torical pa.st and different social mores. Pennsylvania has no surplus to cover It would have been difficult to resolve ers paid with their lives for their com­ the existing social-political contradictions a reduction in property taxes that al­ mitment to freedom. even in a. state with well-established demo­ ready compare favorably with other I ask unanimous consent to insert cratic traditions, let a.lone under the seml­ large States. These are the facts and into the RECORD at the concluson of my authoritarian regime of the Kara.djordjevlch 21534 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 18, 1978

Serbian royal dynasty. But the fatal mistake to interfere as little as possible, knowing Malta, and with 10,000 men decided to con­ of the rulers was their unwise ·attitude that the internecine struggle would totally tinue the struggle in the mountains of Yugo­ toward the Communists-and it must be p1~ralyze the anti-Hitler movements and slavia. In the near future, he felt, the Com­ admitted, regretfully, that the Russian hoping that an opportune moment they munists' forcible collectivization would emigres in the country played no small part would thus succeed in crushing both lead­ surely arouse sharp resistance from the in the development of that attitude. ers. Documents available now, though, prove peasantry (which did indeed occur, but three The Communist movement in Yugoslavia, thf\t Hitler regarded Mihajlovich as the more years later after Tito's 1948 clash with as well as in the rest of Europe, experienced dangerous enemy than Tito, because it was Stalin). a. great upsurge right after World Wa.r I . Had Mihajlovich whom the majority of the Ser­ In March 1946 the Communist secret po­ it been left alone to exist in a framework bian people supported. during almost all of lice succeeded in trapping Mihajlovich. of democratic laws, it would never have be­ the War and they made up approximately Four months later he was shot, marking the come the iron-disciplined organization it be­ 50 per cent of this multinational country. enc:J. of the Yugoslav civil war. came the moment the party wa.s outlawed a.nd Mihajlovich (who was promoted to the One can only guess at Churchill's motives. Communist activity was persecuted in many rank of general and named minister of war Undoubtedly, the fact that Tito was inflict­ ways, including long prison terms that only by the departing royal government) received ing greater damage on the Germans than encouraged Communist fanaticism a.nd un­ full Allied support during the first years of Mihajlovich played a significant role. In their derground activity. the War, and the British BBC was a mouth­ struggle for power the Partisans did not Many of the Russian emi•zres in Yugo­ piece of his movement. For its part, the So­ spare either themselves or others, and they sla. via., who were fully accepted by the gov­ viet Union opened Radio Free Yugoslavia never paid the least attention to the out­ ernment and people, repaid the kindness by in Tbilisi to serve as the mouthpiece for rages committed by the Germans in return­ raising the level of theater, opera and ballet Tito. At the end of 1943 the Communists the shooting of 100 hostages for each Ger­ in the country, a.nd by helping consider­ formed a new Yugoslav government, the man soldier lost, and the burning of entire ably to advance the teaching of science in Anti-Fascist Assembly, and three months villages. On the contrary, this seemed to the universities. At the same time, there later the Mihajlovi:::h movement created its gladden the Communists, for it reinforced were extreme Rightist elements among the National Committee. The Committee was the flight of the population to the ranks of emigres who had a. harmful influence on supported by leaders from almost all of pre..: the insurgents. Mihajlovich's detachments the policies of the Yugoslav Kingdom to­ war Yugoslavia's political parties, including acted more cautiously in this respect, refus­ ward the Communists. (After the Axis over­ the Socialist and Democratic parties. Djuro ing to purposely incite German reprisals ran Yugoslavia, those authoritarian Russian Djurovich, a long-time correspondent for the against the peaceful population. They rec­ emigres formed a. voluntary military move­ Yugoslav press from London and Paris ognized that until the Allies arrived, an open, ment of 10,000 men to fight the Bolsheviks (where he earned his PhD), a lawyer by aggressive war with the German occupying on the Eastern Front. Instead, they were training and a prominent Democratic party armies could not bring anything but enor­ used by the German High Command in Ger­ politician by profession, was elected secre­ mous casualties. man uniforms to fi•Jht a.s a so-called "Rus­ tary. Still, at the time that Churchill shifted sian Guard Corps" throughout World War In the interval between the creation of the his full support to Tito few people doubted II against Tito's Partisans, a.nd they lost Communist Assembly and the Committee, the Nazis' defeat, and Churchill had to real­ three-quarters of their number in battle.) ize that his policy change would do more to however, an event occurred that decided the bring about the Communists' v.ictory in In short, beca. use the King lacked wide future direction of Yugoslavia-an event popular support, the two-week-long cam­ Yugoslavia than to harm the Germans. In whose underlying causes still have not been all probability, the British Prime Minister paign of Hitler a.nd Mussolini against -y;ugo­ fully uncovered because the explanation for sla.via in April 1941 ended with the shameful decided that no matter who the Allies helped, it given by all involved could merely have Tito would win the civil war, and therefore capitulation of the Yugoslav Army, the flight been the immediate reason for what hap­ of the government to the West, a.nd the total it was necessary to establish the best rela­ pened. In any case, in December 1943 Prime tions possible beforehand. partition of the country by German, Italian, Minister Winston Churchill of Great Britain Hungarian, Bulgarian, and Albanian oc­ To be sure, the Mihajlovich movement suf­ sharply altered his policies toward the Yugo­ fered from the weaknesses characteristic of cupiers. Two puppet states were set up: a slav insurgents and, under the pretext that formally independent Croatia, where power all anti-Communist movements, without ex­ Tito's Partisans were doing more damage to ception, throughout history. To begin with, wa.s seized by the Croatian fascists, the the Germans than Mihajlovich's forces, "Usta.shis," and Serbia., which was occupied it lacked a positive philosophy for building shifted the full weight of his support to a new society and failed to understand that by the Germany Army and found itself in Tito. the same position as Petain's France. The the Communist idea cannot be fought by That step could not have been a conces­ force of arms a.Ione. Furthermore, the patri­ Communist party took a detached stand sion to Stalin, for the Teheran conference and thanks to the alliance then in force be­ otic notion of a "united and indivisible" was then under way and Churchill's decision Yugoslavia and the worshipping of tradi­ tween Hitler a.nd Sta.Un, it embraced the provoked Stalin's strongest suspicions. He slogan, "We should not participate in a.n tional national-Serbian Orthodox values imperialist war." even proposed that Churchill and President clearly provided an inadequate ideological It was in these circumstances that Dra.ja Franklin D. Roosevelt continuing helping platform for a multinational country. The both movements, evidently having little absence of a political organization and the Mihajlovich, a colonel of the Army's General impossibility of disciplining the whole move­ Staff and a professor a.t the Hi•Jher Military hope that Tito would ultimately prevail. Churchill not only persisted in his plan, but ment exclusively by military means under Academy, decided not to be taken as a conditions of guerrilla warfare and inade­ prisoner of wa.r by the Germans and with a he resolutely prevented the Americans from continuing to send aid to Mihajlovich (the quate communications was another weak­ group of his officers took off for the moun­ ness. tains to organize a resistance. Within only a Balkans comprised England's political zone of interest) , although American communi­ The last led some commanders in different few months the lines were drawn between parts of the country to become virtual local his forces and the Germans and Ustashis. cations officers remained in Mihajlovich's headquarters until the end of 1944. autocrats, who often compromised the whole Except for England, from April-July 1941 movement by slaughtering Communist sym­ Hitler was resisted only by Mihajlovich, who This basically sealed the fa.lie of the Yugo­ pathizers and Muslims. And General Mihaj­ was properly named i;he first rebel of slav civil war. Mihajlovich stopped receiving Iovich himself, despite his great personal Europe. any help from the Allies, while the aid for valor, was better suited for the role of a Then, after Hitler attacked the Soviet Tito's Partisans-arms, uniforms, strong air "patriarch" (as his entourage jokingly re­ Union, the Communist party of Yugoslavia support, medical supplies, transportation of ferred to him) than a stern insurgent leader. quickly changed its line and started to or­ the wounded by military ships to Italy, and Nevertheless, Mihajlovich was brought down ganize a resistance too. By the fall of 1941 so on-grew from day to day. BBC broad­ not only by his shortcomings, but to an both Mihajlovich's and Tito's detachments casts ceased mentioning Mihajlovich and equal degree by the attitude of the democ­ were fighting the German occupiers. The sometimes even attributed his military suc­ racies toward one of the two most pro-West­ leaders of the two move men ts met personally cess during the last battle witb. the Germans ern, anti-Hitler resistance movements (the three times from September to November to to the Partisans. In the middle of 1944, as other being the Polish national movement of negotiate a possible unification of their mili­ the result of strong pressure from Churchill, Generals Anders and Bor-Komarovsky). tary units, but they did not arrive at any the King's government-in-exile in London Once, after he had already left office, agreement ·and soon started an internecine signed a pact with Tito and dissociated it­ Churchill said his stake on Tito was his big­ war. • self from Mihajlovich. Nevertheless, until ges~ mistake during the War. Yet it is hard Since the Croatian national movement the arrival of the Red Army under Marshal to believe the sincerity of that statement had tied its destiny to the German Reich, it Fyodor Ivanovich Tolbukhin, Mihajlovich's because of the existing proof that he very was clear that the struggle for power in forces in eastern Yugoslavia far exceeded the well knew what a. Partisan victory would the country following the expected defeat of Communist forces. lead to. By no means did he believe Tito's Germany would be between Tito and Mihaj­ At the beginning of 1945, threatened by constant, solemn promises not to introduce lovich. Moreover, Ustashi atrocities served to Tito's detachments and the Red Army, part one-party dictatorship in Yugoslavia, al­ replenish the bloodied ranks of the two men, of Mihajlovich 's movement followed the re­ though he was forever convincing the Brit­ with most of the Serbs joining Mihajlovich treating German armies into Italy. The Gen­ ish Parliament of their sincerity. and the Croatian anti-Fascists joining Tito. eral h imself declined the Allies' offer to Brigadier Fitzroy McLean, who represented The German and Italian occupiers tried evacuate him and his entire general staff to the British Army at Tito's headquarters, de- July 18, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 21535 scribes in his memoirs an extremely inter­ when a lamb can sleep safely near a wolf . .. suming that this was simply an attempt to esting conversation between himself and both Stalin and Ti to are going to be against create a Serbo-Croatian "balance." But the Churchill following the Prime Minister's de­ you. I will no longer be able to see with my interrogator reminded me of the encounter cision to stop supporting Mihajlovich. In own eyes how right I was ... but it is your with the gray-haired old man in the house briefing Churchill, McLean expressed his destiny to comprehend how blind you have of my lawyer acquaintance (I was followed conviction that a Partisan victory would been. When you realize all this, it might be day and night), and only then did I really bring a Communist system to Yugoslavia no too late." learn who I had met. At the new trial in different from the Soviet one. Churchill The honeymoon year went quickly and gov­ Belgrade, where I was sentenced to three and looked at him coldly and asked: ernments in the West, albeit somewhat be­ one half years in prison, they did not bring "'McLean, do you intend to live in Yugo- latedly, bega.n to remember the General. In up the encounter. slavia after the War?' 1948 President Harry S Truman posthu­ Last year I again met Djurovich by acci­ "'No sir.' mously awarded Mihajlovich an honored dent in a friend's house in Belgrade, and I "'Neither do I'." American decoration for "high merit in the told him about the attempt to link me with In the summer of 1946 in Belgrade, three Allied struggle for victory over the enemy." him. It was news to him. He invited me then months after a cagey secret police maneuver General de Gaulle also spoke well of him in to stop by sometime. I went to visit him has resulted in Mihajlovich's capture, a Mos­ his memoirs. briefly in December 1973 and found him bed­ cow-style demonstration trial was hastily The young generations in Yugoslavia, nat­ ridden with rheumatism. A week later he was arranged. The role of the general prosecutor urally, know very little about the true history arrested and taken off to prison; last Octo­ was played by the present foreign minister, of the civil war. And it is possible to sustain ber, almost a year afterward, he finally re­ Milosh Minish. General Mihajlovich behaved the sugary myth-Partisans fought heroically ceived his day in court-and five-year prison in a way that made one wonder about what against the tremendous number of German sentence.e he had been subjected to in prison: He an­ divisions and numerous quislings, among swered questions irrelevantly, did not under­ whom the bearded followers of General Mi­ stand many of them, and once even fell a.sleep hajlovich figured prominently (in accord­ during the court examination. ance with national tradition, many of the MAINTAINING AMERICAN MILITARY The court did not want to hear out the men vowed not to shave until the country CEMETERIES IN FRANCE witnesses pre.sented by two brave defense was free) --only under a complete ban on all counsels (who later paid for their bravery), unofficial statements. A reintroduction of and the special hand-picked audience was freedom of the press would undoubtedly lead raging. Yet, even after reading the official HON. OLIN E. TEAGUE immediately to reevaluating the civil war OF TEXAS and obviously doctored stenographic record and particularly Mihajlovich's role. of the trial-in which there was no place for All doubt about this was removed three IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the remarks and full speeches of the defense, years ago, during the peak of the so-called Tuesday, July 18, 1978 or the defendant's statement-it becomes ·'liberalism" here, when Yugoslavia's best perfectly clear that Mihajlovich was guilty weekly, Nin, published a strange article in • Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Speaker, last week of only one crime: fighting the Communists. connection with the 30th anniversary of the I alerted my colleagues that the U.S. Everything else, like the charges of col­ armed uprising, entitled, "Forgive us, his­ Ambassador to France, Arthur A. Hart­ laboration and of intensifying the fratricidal tory!" Notwithstanding the official story that man, has proposed that seven World war, was either untenable and pure fiction, the entire anti-German revolt began after or could just as well have been brought War I American military cemeteries an appeal in July 1941, the article said, big now maintained by the American Battle against the Communists. But, of course, what and bloody battles were already being fought we have here is a double standard: When in June against the Ustashis and the Italian Monuments Commission be turned over the Partisans conducted negotiations with Army in Herzegovina, involving artillery, to the supervision of foreign nationals the Germans and Italians that was a military planes and large Army formations. But this rather than being maintained by Ameri­ ruse, and when Mihajlovich did the same was somehow "overlooked," the article con­ can personnel. thing it was collaboration; when the Parti­ tinued, because the leaders of this initial, I recently expressed my dissatisfaction sans attacked the General's detachments that spontaneous uprising later became outstand­ with this proposal to the Secretary of was war with quislings, and when the Gen­ ing commanders in Mihajlovich's detach­ er·al attacked the Partisans that was inten­ State and based on the reply I received ments. Alas, not overlooked was the firing of from the State Department that they sifying the fratricidal war. the editor of Nin during the subsequent The most curious charge against the Gen­ crushing of "liberalism." apparently plan to proceed with Am­ eral was that he had negotiated with the Any regime after Tito's that does not at bassador Hartman's recommendation, I Germans in the fall of 1944. As was widely least partly rehabilitate Mihajlovich and his am introducing a bill today which would known, those negotiations were carried on movement will merely be prolonging a dic­ require that personnel employed as cem­ in the presence of the United States repre­ tatorship that prevents the healing of the etery superintendents and assistant sentative, Colonel McDowell, and the German civil war wounds. . . . superintendents shall be citizens of the High Command in Yugoslavia offered to sur­ It is not only the quiet debate stimulated United States. There follows a copy of render to the Western Allies represented by by the trial of Djuro Djurovich that led me Mihajlovich. The British and Americans to set down my thoughts about the Mihajlo­ my letter to the Secretary of State and declined this one-sided offer, unsuccessfully vich movement. I first met Djurovich under the response received regarding this demanding a full German surrender to Tito strange circumstances. In November 1966, a matter: and the Red Army, too. Apparently the court day before I was to start a one-year prison JUNE 8, 1978. wanted to show that the Western Allies were term given to me by the court in Zadar, I Hon. CYRUS R . VANCE, making agreements with the Germans behind stopped to say goodbye to an elderly lawyer Secretary of State, Department of State, 2200 the back of the Soviet Union. who is an acquaintance of mine. He had with C Street NW., Washington, D.C. The General was shot. The same fate was him a tall, thin, gray-haired man who kept DEAR Mr. SECRETARY: This is in reference shared by thousands of active fighters in his silent all the time, and to whom I did not to the consideration being given by the De­ movement, and tens of thousands of others pay much attention, missing his name alto­ partment of State to decrease the need for were subjected to severe persecutions that gether. American Superintendents at American threaten his sympathizers to this day. It can­ The next day I entered the prison in the overseas military cemeteries in order to im­ not be said that Western public opinion was town of Pozharevac. and after 10 days I was prove our balance of payments. very indignant over these events; it was the transferred suddenly to the central prison in American memorials and overseas military first year, the "honeymoon year," after the Bel.grade for reinvestigation. I had been for­ cemeteries are administered by the American War. Most of the protests came from hun­ mally convicted not because my articles had Battle Monuments Commission. Legislation dreds of American filers who had been shot appeared in the Western press, but because relating to the American Battle Monuments down above Yugoslavia and saved by Mihaj­ of my attempt to establish an independent Commission comes within the jurisdiction lovich's forces. Many of them recalled the journal, which is not punishable under the of the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, o! farewell speech the General gave to a group Yugoslav laws. The arrested members of the which I am the senior Member. Conse­ of 250 Americans who were returning home editorial board of our journal were already quently, I have enjoyed a long and continu­ in the summer of 1944: awaiting me. They had previously prepared ous relationship with Members of the Com­ "Your leaders will soon realize what a the first issue and had been continuing pub­ mission and have visited a number of the grave mistake they have made. The Germans lication work, refusing to be intimidated by overseas memorials and cemeteries. are already on their deathbed, and after they the fact that I had actually been convicted. All of these cemeteries administered by are defeated, Stalin and his servants won't During the new investigation the interro­ the Commission are a credit to the United need you any longer. You have armed them gator insisted throughout that I confess States. These cemeteries represent a per­ and strengthened them for your own mis­ about the person I had contracted from the petual memorial to those citizens who made fortune, because they will turn all their high leadership of Mihajlovich's movement. the supreme sacrifice in the national in­ strength against you. One cannot be under Since up to that time they had been trying to terest. It is fitting and proper, therefore, any delusion: Communism and democracy accuse me of nonexistent connections with that such memorials be administered by cannot coexist. The day has not yet arrived the Croatian nationalists, I just chuckled, as- Americans, especi·ally when we realize that 21536 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 18, 1978 these overseas cemeteries are visited by large Mission on the other, the President at a days, compared with 11.5 days for nonmem­ numbers of Americans each year. By having March 1978 Cabinet meeting approved action ber airlines. "MAP ls just a sham," says the memorials operated by American Super­ to follow through on recommendations sub­ Northwest pilot and union official Gene intendents, we are demonstrating to the mitted by various American ambassadors. Kragness. "On the one hand, the CAB ls relatives and friends of those interred there­ The inter-agency mechanism for taking advocating laissez-faire capitalism, and on in, that by their presence, our country really such action, Monitoring Overseas Direct Em­ the other hand, it is supporting this blatant cares. ployment (MODE), was instituted by a di­ restriction of free trade." I want you to know that I am personally rective of the National Security Council. Its An Industry Joke: Northwest, the seventh­ opposed to any plans to replace the Super­ procedures required that reduction recom­ largest U.S. carrier, ls the main beneficiary intendents and Assistant Superintendents at mendations undergo very careful scrutiny of MAP, but that's hardly surprising, given our American memorials and overseas mm­ before final decisions are reached. Any agency its labor record: the industry joke is that tary cemeteries with foreign nationals. In affected, including the ABMC, has full op­ the company should change its name to keeping with my views on this issue, I am en­ portunity to comment and participate. In "Cobra Airlines-we strike at anything." closing copies of correspondence by the Dis­ addition, we have provided copies of your Over the past two decades, Northwest has abled American Veterans to the respective letter to those who are addressing the issues. taken strikes with astonishing regularity­ Chairmen of the Subcommittees on Ap­ So far, no decision has been made affecting four in the last eight years alone-and col­ propriations which approve funds for the ABMC personnel levels. However, an initial lected an estimated $180 million from the American Battle Monuments Commission. staff review has been prepared, outlining the MAP pool, nearly $80 million during the There is no justification for replacing facts and arguments for and against. It con­ current walkout. Americans in the positions of Superintend­ cludes that more data are needed before the Some member carriers are growing critical ents and Assistant Superintendents at these issue should go forward for final decision. of Notrhwest's dips into the MAP pool; they overseas shrines. I want you to know, there­ The concerned parties will be contacting worry that the attenion paid to its regular fore, that I will support legislation that ABMC headquarters for this purpose. "welfare checks" could result either ill a CAB Those charged with decisions in this lnter­ ruling or new legislation to scrap the ar­ would prohibit such a transfer, should legis­ agency process are fully sensitive to the lation be necessary. rangement. Eastern Airlines, for one, with­ depth of feelings represented in your letter drew from MAP last week, saying it had Sincerely, ' and others received on this subject. OLIN E. TEAGUE, paid out $74 million and received only $26 Sincerely, million over the years. Direct competitors Member of Congress. DOUGLAS J. BENNET, Jr., Enclosures. also complain that Northwest is playing both Assistant Secretary for sides of the street. Even as it accepts MAP DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Congressional Relations.e payments, the carrier has continued to fiy on Washington, D.C., July 12, 1978. a limited basis with cockpit crews recruited Hon. OLIN M. TEAGUE, from management and a handful of non­ House of Representatives. striking pilots-and, says the competition, DEAR MR. TEAGUE: On behalf of Secretary THE COBRA'S NEW STRIKE only on the most lucrative runs. Vance, I am replying to the letter which you Pinchpenny: In the best of times, North­ addressed to him on June 8, regarding pro­ west chairman Donald Nyrop runs a pinch­ posals which could alter staffing arrange­ HON. BRUCE F. VENTO penny operation-the line is headquartered ments in France for the American Battle OF MINNESOTA in a windowless, hangarlike building at the Monuments Commission (ABMC). I would Twin-Cities airport. Now it's tighter still, like to summarize the facts 'concerning these IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES with an but 2,000 of his 10,000 employees proposals and assure you that neither the Tuesday, July 18, 1978 furloughed. The result: give the MAP pay­ Department of State nor Ambassador Hart­ ments, the sale of several planes, and reduced man desires to curtail a program which • Mr. VENTO. Mr. Speaker, I would like wage and fuel costs, Northwest will show a maintains American cemeteries abroad ac­ to call the attention of my colleagues to second-quarter profit of at least $10 million, cording to highest standards of excellence. the article in Newsweek for July 24, 1978, analysts predict, compared with $16.6 million The President's general concern ab9ut which sums up extremely well the facts in the first quarter before the walkout. overseas staffing does not relate primarily to and the issues in the current Northwest Most Northwest employees also take the balance of payments or to immediate budget­ Airlines strike. strike in stride. "We really look !award to a ary savings but rather to a desire to limit and strike," says stewardess Barbara Vignere, who reduce the number of U.S. officials who are I want to commend the writers of this ls married to a Northwest co-pilot. "They're resident in foreign countries. In order to succinct article. usually in the summer, so we plan on taking identify any excessive employment of Ameri­ THE COBRA'S NEW STRIKE vacations then." The Vlgneres can enjoy can citizens overseas, the President directed A Minneapolis executive files home from themselves; on layoff because of the strike, last year that staffing for all programs oper­ Boston-via Dallas. Montana ranchers who she is receiving $488 unemployment compen­ ating abroad be carefully scrutinized, using want to fly between Billings and Helena, only sation a month. Meanwhile, her husband gets a Zero Base budgeting approach. Agency 225 miles a.part, find themselves passing $700 a month from the union's strike fund. headquarters as well as our ambassadors through Denver, a detour of nearly 1,000 Still, the strike is no picnic. The pilots who were asked to complete separate reviews of miles. And in North Dakota, east-west air are still flying say they have been harassed crossing picket lines, received death threats staffing. traffic slowed to a virtual standstill So it Each American ambassador is responsible and voodoo dolls and have even found pipe goes these days, all across the northe.rn tier bombs in their cars. by statute (22 U.S.C. 2680a) for directing, of states from Illinois to Washington, as the coordinating and supervising all U.S. Govern­ strike by 1,500 pilots of Northwest Airlines The public, meanwhile, ls caught in the ment employees within his jurisdiction. moves well into its third month. There is no middle. Northwest ls the only major carrier Moreover, President Carter has personally apparent settlement in sight, and for one serving much of Montana, North Dakota, charged each ambassador to keep the num­ curious reason: with both sl- Tuesday, July 18, 1978 Now, I give you the opinions of the ple who apply to receive welfare __ 71. 4 (4) Leave the system as it is now______2. 9 e Mr. DON H. CLAUSEN. Mr. Speaker, 38,000 citizens Arizonans who responded we hear a great deal these days about to the citizens response survey. G. The recent coal strike re-opened the the declining strength of the U.S. Navy A. For some time a proposal has been debate regarding whether strikers should under consideration for a freeway to con­ receive food stamp benefits. Do you feel and the increasing strength of Soviet nect with Interstate 10 through the center of striking workers should be entitled to food forces. Phoenix (so-called Morelantl Corridor Free­ stamps? However, it is often difficult for my way). These plans now call for a depressed (1) Yes------13.6 colleagues to assess the credibility of the freeway with parks and landscaping on the (2) Nb------85.2 reporter or individual making the judg­ sides of the road. With this proposal in mind, H. Now only Americans who do not have ment or analysis. We are all aware that would you favor the construction of such access to private pension plans are able to set relative offensive and defensive military a freeway? up tax-free Individual Retirement Accounts capabilities are a very complicated mat­ ( 1) Yes, I favor the construction of the freeway ______74.9 (IRAs). Do you believe that: ter, and it takes a real expert to accur­ ( 1) The system should be changed, so ately assess the true situation. (2) No, I do not want the freeway____ 23. 2 that all Americans would be eligi­ B. After the House passed the Equal Rights So that my colleagues may have the ble for an IRA, whether or nt>t benefit of the observations and view­ Amendment, the amendment had to be rati­ they participate in another pen- fied by two-thirds of the states in seven sion plan ______60. 6 points of a real expert, I am entering years. into the RECORD a speech made by Rear The seven years will expire in March, 1979. (2) The system should be kept as it is, Adm. Edwin M. Wilson, USNR, at his Legislation is now pending in the House to so that only Americans who are unable to participate in private recent retirement ceremony. Admiral extend the ratification date an additional Wilson is a World War II naval aviator, seven years. Do you favor this legislation to pension plans are eligible' for extend the ratification period for the ERA? IRAs------35.7 and has served in the Naval Air Reserve (1) Yes, I favor an extension______27. 5 I. Last year, the Administration began ne­ as executive officer and commander of (2) No, I do not favor the extension__ 71. 7 gotiating with Cuba to improve relations and jet :fighters squadrons and the air c. The role of the Federal government in end the trade embargt> the United States im­ wing staff of the Naval Air Station of providing health care services has been con­ posed in the 1960s. However, negotiations Alameda. He has completed 36 years in sidered by the Congress for over 30 years. have been suspended because Cuba has con­ the Naval Air Reserve with duties as the The 95th Congress has teen no exception, tinued its military presence in Africa. What west coast representative for the Naval and talk of a "national health insurance" do you believe is the proper course of action Air Reserve. program has received considerable atten­ in dealing with Cuba? But, Admiral Wilson's activities have tion. Do you feel the role of the Federal ( 1) Grant Cuba full recognition and government should be to: halt the trade embargo______5. O not been confined to naval interests. He ( 1) Entitle all Americans to complete (2) Continue the negotiatit>ns, not is also a Mason, a Shriner and a mem­ health benefits, federally fi­ linking them to Cuban aggres- ber of the Bohemian Club and the Com­ nanced and administered______11. 9 sion in Africa______9. 1 monwealth Club of San Francisco. He is (2) Be responsible for financing health currently an insurance broker in Santa care for the aged, poor, disabled, ( 3) Before improving relations, insist that Cuba reduce its involvement Rosa, Calif. and persons experiencing catas­ in Africa ______40.4 trophic illness costs______23. 5 His remarks follow: ( 3) Provide federally financed eco­ (4) Postpone the negotiations indefi­ It is grea.t to look out and see some of my nomic incentives toward the nitely------41.4 fellow naval aviators and officers from World purchase of private health in­ J. Congress is debating the pros and cons War II. Especially from bombing eleven. We surance plans, such as income­ of financing Congressional campaigns with had some great times, some rough moments tax deductions for health insur- and we won World War II. The last war our ance benefits ______18.7 federal tax dollars. The fundamental issue of this complex legislation is whether or not military has been allowed to win. (4) Require employers to pay for ade- the financing of Congressional campaigns It's nice to see so many of my fellow quate private health insurance by the federal government is a proper use of reservists. Especially those who were with plans for employee groups____ 4. 2 tax dollars. me in fighter squadron 872, jet fighter (5) Avoid any further involvement in squadron 878, the ca.ptain's study group, and the health insurance/ health ( 1) I do support the use of tax dollars to the air wing staff. care industry______24. 2 finance Congressional campaigns ____ 15.7 For many years I have been telling orga­ D. On December 6, 1977, the House voted to (2) I do not support the use of tax dollars to nizations all around this country of ours, ban federal funding of abortions with the finance Congressional campaigns ____ 82.8 that the Soviets are coming. Why? Because following exceptions. K. President Carter has been in office for we are their goal. Goals a.re strong motiva­ When the life t>f the mother would be en­ over 15 months. How would you.-ate the per­ tion to dedicated persistent people. In our dangered if the pregnancy were carried to lifetime we have seen many goals achieved term. formance of his Administration in meeting the challenges, both domestic and foreign, and we as individuals have achieved goals in When the pregnancy results from rape or that confront our nation? our own lives ... . incest, and such rape or incest has been re­ We got into World War II because we did ported promptly to a law enforcement agency (1) Excellent______2.1 (2) Good______9.8 not believe Hitler when he laid out his goals or public health service. (3) Fair ______23.5 in Mein Kampf, and which he almost When severe and long-lasting physical (4) Poor ______61.7 achieved. health damage to the mother would result if the pregnancy were carried to term. (5) No opinion______1.9 It is amazing to me that with all the com­ Do you suppt>rt: munist's writings a.nd manifestor's spelling L. How would you rate the 95th Congress, out how they are going to take over the ( 1) A total ban on the use of federal which began in January 1977, in meeting the world, people doubt their goal and don't funds------31.9 challenges that confront our nation? recognize their moves and progress in achiev­ (2) Federal funding only under the ( 1) Excellent______------0.4 ing that goal. You and I must be deter­ conditions listed above ______42. 2 (2) Good______5.5 mined to stop them. Destiny has made the (3) No restrictions on the use of Fed- eral funds ______18.9 (3) Fair ______35.4 United States the leader and final hope of (4) Poor ______53.8 the free world, and only 20 percent of the (4) Undecided ------4. 3 (5) No opinion______3.8 world's population ls free. We are also the E. Do you favor further ct>ntrols, registra­ la.st hope of religions of the world. Should the tion, or licensing on firearms? Please indicate the issue you feel is most communists continue their fantastic prog­ important. ress, they will not only eliminate freedom in (1) Y'es ------29.0 (1) Inflation ______41.8 the world but also all religions. As the gospel (2) No------69.9 (2) Unemployment______3.0 hymn goes, you, and we in the armed forces F. Legislation to reform the welfare system (3) Growing federal deficits ______22.0 are not only fighters for freedom, we are is being studied in Congress. What do you ( 4) Crime ______------4.1 indeed Christian soldiers, as well as soldiers believe should be the major emphasis !or (5) Soviet/ Communist aggression_____ 6.8 for all religions. I firmly believe that a "show­ wel!are refurm legislation? • down" with the Soviets ls inevitable. No 21544 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 18, 1978 empire or country has ever built a war ma­ nor have we had one damaged by hostile my Navy Wings has never diminished. Nor chine as large as the Soviets, not even Hitler, action. Only our own misguided politicians has my admiration for my fellow naval avia­ and not eventually use it. We must prepare have done what the Communists dedicated tors. for the worst and hope for the best. to world domination have not been able to As I conclude my naval air career I will What is the position of the United States do, and that is to remove most of our air­ borrow and change a line .from that great Navy in our 202d year? In spite of vast tech­ craft carriers from the seas. As I mentioned American, General Douglas MacArthur. nological advances we are threatened now by before we had 119 aircraft carriers at the end We should steadfastly dedicate our­ the Soviets as we were threatened by the of wW II and now we have 13. Aircraft car­ selves to the defense of our great country British over 200 years ago. In a world covered rier critics say our aircraft carriers are vul­ and our freedom. To accomplish this great 75 percent by navigable water we are an nerable to surface-to-surface missiles. They purpose we must support, strengthen and island nation with 69 of our 72 strategic ma­ have to be less vulnerable than any shore perpetuate the Navy Air Corps, the Navy Air terials coming from overseas. One of those based fixed target or airfield which can be Corps, the Navy Air Corps, the Navy Air materials is oil and we must import 50 per­ programmed into the missile-you cannot Corps.e cent of our needs in order to survive as a program a moving target. Will there ever be a modern industrial society. better missile than the World War II Jap­ LEUKEMIA DEATHS With the Soviets operating over 335 sub­ anese Kamikaze pilots and planes? Yet not marines, and over 100 in reserve, they are in one fleet carrier was ever sunk during World a powerful position to cut supply lines and War II by Kamikazes. Today our carriers are HON. DAN MARRIOTT heavily protected by surface ships, attack effectively blockade the free world ports. They OF UTAH have 435 subs, we have 118. Just remember submarines, aircraft, electronic counter­ World War II and what the German subs did measures and missiles, and are moving tar­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to us and they started with only 55 slower, gets. The new aircraft carriers have 2000 Tuesday, July 18, 1978 smaller subs. water tight compartments. The supercarrier Only our Navy can protect, and keep open Enterprise, during accidental explosions on e Mr. MARRIOTT. Mr. Speaker, on the flight deck, took the equivalent of 8 to 9 Thursday, July 20, the House Interior the vital sealanes of the free world. surface to surface missiles and could have Yes, sea control is our Navy's No. 1 mission, Energy and Environmental Subcom­ landed aircraft the next day. Our carriers mittee, of which I am a member, will with the overseas protection of power our now have steel decks instead of the World second. War II wooden decks. We now have only jet begin markup on legislation to clean up Can we accomplish those two missions? It fuel aboard which is must less volatile than 22 radioactive uranium tailings piles in will be difficult as our Navy is being scuttled. aviation gas. Bear in mind, that for eight the United States, 3 of which are in my In 1968 at the height of the Vietnam war we years, our carriers operated off Vietnam with­ home State of Utah. These sites, the had 976 ships. We now have 485. We have less in striking range of the enemy, yet no air­ most hazardous !Jeing the "Vitro" site in ships than we had in 1939. At the end of craft carrier or a plane aboard was damaged the heart of Metropolitan Salt Lake City, World War II we had 119 aircraft carriers. We by enemy action. At the same time, 400 U.S. are tragic souvenirs of America's infant now have 13. It takes 6 to 8 years to build a planes were destroyed and 4000 were damaged days of nuclear development when the modern warship, so, we cannot sit back and on South Vietnamese air bases, and we have think, that should the need arise, we can now lost every expensive airfield we built potential hazards posed by waste ma­ produce them like transistor radios. there. terial from uranium production were While we decommission ships, the Soviets Obviously carriers are not so vulnerable, unknown if not actually ignored. commission them. The English editor of as the Soviets are now building them, and, The Federal Government had con­ Jane's Fighting Ships charges that the grow­ even if carriers were vulnerable we should tracted with now defunct private opera­ ing Soviet fleet "has outrun the legitimate have more of them because they are absol­ tions to produce uranium from ore in requirements of national defense" and must utely necessary for our survival. the 1950's and 1960's. Now, years later, be considered "intended for aggressive ac­ A positive plus for national defense is our we discover that the leftover tailings are tion." He pointed out that the Soviet Union naval air reserve. We now have the same air­ has spent 50 percent more than the United craft flown in the fleet. Our squadrons. wings, themselves still radioactive, emitting a States on shipbuilding in the past 10 years. and air groups are fleet size. For the first known cancer-causing gas, radon, which Admiral Sergi Gorshkov, commander in time since World War II the regular Navy al­ may already be responsible for the loss chief of the Soviet Navy for 20 years says, lows our Reserve squadrons to operate from of human life. "The flag of the Soviet Navy now proudly carrier decks. We are ready for any emer­ The legislation I have introduced calls flies over the oceans of the world. Sooner gency, but need more men and women as on the Government to clean up the mess or later the U.S. will have to admit that it no does the regular Navy. Our Navy needs in­ they have caused. In prior hearings, the longer has mastery of the seas." So, they're dividuals of the highest caliber to operate, not looking for parity but for domination. maintain and support its sophisticated ships, Government has accepted the responsi­ The motto of the Pearl Harbor Survivors' aircraft and electronic equipment. Today's bility and we will be working out the Association should be tattooed on our brains, Navy offers job opportunities which are not details of the remedial action this week. "Keep America Alert . . . Remember Pearl only unique and challenging, but offer true But as a striking example of the seri­ Harbor?" Major General Frank Schober, com­ job and professional satisfaction. The bicen­ ousness of the problem, I offer my col­ manding general of the California National tennial brought us a resurgence of patriotism leagues the following article from the Guard, told a Commonwealth Club of Cali­ and pride in our country. Service in our Navy Washington Post on Sunday, July 16, fornia audience. "If we don't turn around can demonstrate an unequaled patriotic com­ 1978 written by reporter Bill Curry: American understanding of where we are go­ mitment to the survival of our United States. ing in national defense, the United States So we should individually encourage young [From the Washington Post, July 16, 1978] stands a good chance of becoming a 'Finland­ people to serve in the Navy and give Navy A SMALL UTAH TOWN AND 4 LEUKEMIA ized' satellite of the Soviet Union within ten recruiters referrals. DEATHS-VICTIMS LIVED NEAR URANIUM years." It is hard to believe but we spend 3 times 'TAILINGS' PILE Our Navy needs more men, ships and planes more to support people on the welfare rolls (By Bill Curry) to meet this challenge. As mentioned before, than we spend for all our worldwide military Monticello, Utah.-It takes only a min­ 75 percent of the world is covered by navi­ commitments. The cost of our new cars and gable waters. We need more aircraft carriers, ute to drive past the houses here, where repairing old cars is a great as our whole the four leukemia victims lived; they're all for aircraft carriers are absolutely necessary military budget. We now appropriate more to protect sealanes, and to be Johnny-on-the­ just a few blocks from each other. money for the Health, Education and Welfare Una Manzanares, 12, was the first to die, spot in trouble areas. Our carriers have Department than we do for national defense, fighter, attack and anti-sub aircraft for full Gail Barber, 11, the last. In between were and bear in mind, when the Soviets strike we Renae Heaton, 7, and Alan Maughan, 16, the sea control. Our strategy is based on moving won't be able to stop them with food stamps. captain of the high school basketball team. quickly from one location to another and As a sage long ago said, "If a nation does not to be able to exert power with our ai~craft They all lived within a half-mile of the choose to support its own military establish­ old mill where the Atomic Energy Commis­ to support amphibious landings, "to sink" ment, that nation might be forced to sup­ enemy submarines and to maintain air su­ sion for 11 years processed uranium ore for port that of its enemy." nuclear weapons. The mill put enough junk periority for the preservation of naval sur­ Unfortunately, this could happen to us. face ships, troops ashore, and allied merchant in the air, local residents say, to dirty the ships. An aircraft carrier ls an instant air­ A FEW PERSONAL REMARKS wash hanging out to dry, enough to corrode field-no construction or base supplying is re­ To be a naval aviator has to be one of the chrome on automobiles and enough to quired. Aircraft carriers are expensive, but the most challenging, exciting, and reward­ literally dissolve the screens in house win­ not as costly as overseas air bases. ing experiences a man could ever desire. It dows. Tilose bases are fixed targets and are sub­ certainly has been for me. All in the national defense. all to keep .1ect to political and military vulnerability. Only those who have had their Navy other nations at bay with the threat of nu­ We ended World War JI with 1100 costly Wings of Gold put on for the first time can clear death. But some residents here say maJor overseas bases. Now. we're down to really appreciate the thrill and satisfaction that when the threat became an actuality, less than 40 in 53 years or crises since World of that great moment. For me that momen­ it occurred here in Monticello, where in the War II, we have not lost an aircraft carrier tous day was 36 years ago and my pride in 1960s a mysterious incidence of leukemia July 18, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 21545 took four young lives in a town of 1,900 and northwest Arizona blame the nuclear tests the uranium operation. Although her son left a former resident now living in Salt for a continuing incidence of leukemia and was born in 1964-after the mill had been Lake City battling for his life against the cancer among longtime residents. closed and radioactive tailings covered with disease. Statistically, there should have been And yesterday, health officials in Salt Lake dirt-she believes his leukemia is somehow only one case in 25 years. City began examining firemen long exposed related to her exposure over the years to the "He was exposed to radiation somewhere to radiation from five feet of fill hauled in 20 radioactive uranium site. or some way along the line," says Alan years ago from Vitro. Now, 16 Jon, who used to live around the Maughan's father, Dale, as he cruises the The firehouse, where about 60 people work, corner from Alan Maughan and now is a quiet streets at the foot of the San Juan is the one that is so "hot" with radiation Salt Lake City resident, has been fighting Mountains in southeastern Utah and points that if it were a uranium mine federal mine leukemia for eight years, althought he was to the houses of the victims. safety officials would close it as hazardous. once given only two years or so to live. "If I hadn't moved here to Monticello, my Three towns in southern Utah were studied But the other four leukemia victims have boy would still be alive," he says of his move in 1967 by federal health officials for unex­ long been gone, youngsters who spent most from Logan, Utah. "I firmly believe .that." plained increases in leukemia. FindinoJS were of their brief lives growing up so close to the Instead, Alan died of leukemia on July 5, inconclusive. Some areas of the firehouse, uranium mill. 1966. generally the living and sleeping quarters, So unusual were their deaths that federal The mill is gone, closed in 1960. Gone too record five times the amount of allowable health officials investigated them in 1967. are the days when it sent readings of highly radiation that uranium miners are permitted Although all of the children had leukemia. dangerous radium in South Creek to more to be exposed to. that can be associated with radioactive, "no than two times the acceptable levels and And last week Colorado state health offi­ relationship" was found with the uranium gamma radiation levels along the edges of cials were in Grand Junction, Colo., in an ef­ mill, Dr. Glyn Caldwell, a cancer specialist the mill site up to 20 times those of the fort to determine whether leukemia-occur­ with the Center for Disease Control, quoted surrounding area. ring at twice the expected rate and concen­ from a final report on the deaths. But such fac111ties as this are not a matter trated in the elderly-is at all related to the Caldwell acknowledged, however, that the of bygone concern, for the mill's radioactive old uranium processing opera ti on there or to investigation focused on viruses then wastes, called "tailings," remain-as they the extensive use of its radioactive remnants thought to spread cancer. do in bizarre fashion elsewhere in the as fill matter in construction projects in Mesa Monticello was one of three southern Utah United States. In Salt Lake City, where an County. towns examined in 1967 for unexplainable in­ abandoned rr_.m still spreads radiation across "We asked the powers-to-be, and he said creases in leuk·emia, Caldwell said. The other there were no qualms-the AEC wouldn't let towns were Parowan and Paragonah in the the landscape, a firehouse built on fill mat­ southwestern part of the state in Iron ter of uranium wastes is so 'hot" it would them [give out fill] if it wasn't safe," says Soren Sorensen of Grand Junction, remem­ County, which along with Washington be declared hazardous and closed if it were County, was subjected repeatedly to nuclear a uranium mine. bering the days in 1966 when he obtained 10, 10-ton truckloads of uranium wastes from fallout from atomic testing in Nevada in In Grand Junction, Colo., more than 600 tho 1950s. buildings built on such fill have construc­ the old Climax Mill for the home he was building. "I called the AEC and they said Parowan and Paragonah, with a combined tion crews airhammering basements and population of 1,800, experienced four cases of house slabs to remove radioactivity. In there was no problem." Seven years later, the fill under his house leukemia from 1956 to 1967, two to three Canons.burg, Pa., 120 industrial workers have times the expected rate, Caldwell said. As been exposed to one form of radioactivity was removed in a federal and state-funded program that evolved from fear of the pos­ in the case of Monticello, findings in those from the wastes under their buildings. two towns were inconclusive. So the off-orange and dead grass on the sible long-range health effects of the radio­ active sand that Sorensen and others had So today the doubts and fears expressed by old uranium mill site here in Monticello is re la ti ves of the Monticello victims remain only a marker similar to those elsewhere in used to level their lots. "I kind of got scared over the deal," George over what impact the processing of uranium the country. In all, the U.S. government has for nuclear arms has had on this town. "For identified 22 locations which, like Monti­ Biggs said of the tailings that were under the front part· of his house. The Biggs family a place this small," said Dale Maughan, cello, saw the grinding, crushing and ex­ "there had to be something.'' e tracting of uranium for national defense and wonders whether the radiation was related to remain today as toxic repositories of radio­ the breast cancer of Mrs. Darlene Biggs. "You don't know," said George Biggs. "But active leftovers of the atomic age. SWAPPING LIFE INSURANCE Their presence, and those of some 30 the quick·er the tailings were gone, the better other former nuclear facilities, has put un­ I felt. [The radiation) was pretty high, es­ POLICIES counted thousands of unwitting people na­ pecially right in that corner"-he points to tionwide on an atomic fault line, not know­ where a visitor is seated-"where the wife HON. JOHN J. LaFALCE ing when or whether tragedy may rock their always set. That's why we thought maybe it lives. Some 5,000 people in South Salt Lake caused the cancer.'' OF NEW YORK City alone live within what is generally con­ All told, 6,000 structures in Grand Junction IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES have uranium tailings deposits not count­ sidered the danger zone of a uranium proc­ Tuesday, July 18, 1978 essing site-a half-mile. ing the streets and sidewalks. G. A. (Bud) There, 100 acres containing millions of Franz, a senior health physicist with the state • Mr. LAFALCE. Mr. Speaker, academ­ tons of uranium tailings stand as a monu­ health department there, says some 650 ics who have been studying life insur­ ment to the now-defunct Vitro Chemical buildings have been recommended for re­ moval of the radioactive wastes. ance have found case after case where it Co.'s uranium processing facility. The Won­ may be advantageous to cash in an old Door Co. next to the site recently has even In some houses, he said, residents were re­ abandoned its three-structure manufactur­ ceiving as much radiation beyond normal as insurance policy and replace it with a ing facility to escape the health threat from they would if they were to get two or three new one, with a resulting savings of the mounds of uranium waste piled up next unnecessary whole-body X-rays a year. many thousands of dollars. to the buildings. Some $12 million is expected to be spent As a recent article in the July 1978 for the removal of the radioactive tailings in Heightened concern over these uranium the Grand Junction area, three-fourths of Money notes, a careful -comparison be­ mill sites comes at a time of new awareness the money provided by the federal govern­ tween the existing policy and other poli­ of the delayed but potentially fatal effects ment and the rest by the state. cies must be undertaken. Such an anal­ of exposure to small amounts of radiation Rep. Dan Marriott (R-Utah), citing past ysis would include comparing costs, considered acceptable years ago. federal "neglect" in management of ura­ which should take into account both For example, . the U.S. Department of nium mills and waste disposal, says a "serious premiums and dividends, as well as the Health, Education and Welfare was recently health hazard" now exists in Salt Like City annual buildup of cash values. A ·thor­ directed to oversee a broad study of civilian near the Vitro wastes and elsewhere in the ough analysis may disclose that in some and military personnel involved in the na­ country. tion's atomic bomb tests after a startlingly The health threat can be either overall cases a "savings" doesn't begin for a high number of soldiers at a 1957 test de­ radiation to the entire body or from radon number of years; however, the ultimate veloped leukemia. gas that deposits radioactive particles in the savings may be dramatic. HEW is also expected to undertake soon a lungs and can cause cancer there. If comparative costs do warrant major reopening of a lOU<,5-completed study Here in Monticello, the old uranium opera­ switching, passing the medical examina­ of thyroid abnormalities among southwest­ tion was owned by the AEC, which processed tion for the new policy is imperative be­ ern Utah schoolchildren exposed to radio­ ore from 1949 to 1960. The ore was trucked in fore dropping the old policy. Further, active fallout in the 1950s bomb tests. The from mines around the area and stacked in bear in mind that most policies provide original study concluded there was no in­ mounds in an open field. After processing, crease in the abnormalities, which can lead the radioactive leftovers were returned to that during . the first 2 years the policy to cancer, but officials now fear that enough the field, and the winds. predominantly from is voidable if the policyholder has made time had perhaps not passed for all abnor­ the south, carried to the north-where all untrue statements, and no benefits are malities to become apparent. of the leukemia victims resided. payable in the event of suicide. The Washington Post recently reported Jon Lee's mother, April grew up in the In all events, the article does under­ that residents in southwestern Utah and south-sector of town, right on the ed.ge of score the need to evaluate existing in- 21546 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 18, 1978 surance policies in order to assure that retains less for expenses or profits, than the or under, you are probably better off con­ the consumer is receiving the most for other. Policies that do not pay dividends solidating your coverage. his premium dollar. The article follows: have lower premiums than those that do, Companies that have trouble holding onto but they're usually more costly in the long policyholders are likely to have more expen­ [From Money, July 1978) run. sive policies, because high lapse rates cost How TO SAVE $7,000 ON YOUR LIFE Scheel and other industry critics are fired . insurers money. Best's Insurance Reports, an INSURANCE up by two things. First, inflation has brought annual publication available in public li­ INFLATION HAS TuRNED MANY POLICIES INTO such significant cost changes in life insur­ braries, ranks insurance companies on the BAD BARGAINS. WITH A LITTLE PATIENCE ance that the chances to replace old pol­ basis of lapse rates, among other things. You CAN FIGURE OUT IF YOURS Is AMONG icies advantageously have multiplied in re­ If you detect any such signs that your life THEM-AND WHAT To Do ABOUT IT cent years. Second, there's a new tool-a sys­ coverage is a loser, it may well be worthwhile tem of indexes-that can help you make cost to take the trouble to compare your present (By Joseph S. Coyle) comparisons between old and new policies policy with a possible replacement. This in­ Swapping life insurance policies is one of for the first time. volves collecting data from both insurance the few things insurers a.nd consumer advo­ Because term insurance, the other most companies and working up a cost index cates have long a.greed a.bout. Their advice: common form of life insurance, is. pure pro­ based on the interest-adjusted method. don't do it. It exposes you, they point out, tection, it builds up little or no cash value While some ambitious policyholders may to the predatory practice called "twisting"­ and dividends, if any, are fairly small. So in­ want to do all this by themselves, an agent when a.n agent interested only in his com­ flation isn't a factor that's likely to make looking for new business ls your likeliest mission persuades a policyholder to make a a new term policy more attractive than an collaborator. costly switch. With ca.sh-value life insur­ older one. Term and whole life have different You start by writing directly to the home ance, commonly called whole life, you prob­ advantages and drawbacks, and if you're office of your present insurance company for ably have so much invested in the front-end considering switching from one to the other, the first half o! the comparison information load-the agent's commission plus insurance you can use the cost-analysis techniques to you will need. (The address is usually on the company overhead-that dropping out and take a hard look at your existing coverage. first page or your policy.) For a whole life starting over would be prohibitive. And since policy, the request letter might read like you're older than you were when you took INFLATED RETURNS this: out your existing policy, the premiums on a Scheel and his allies point to one of infla­ I wish to decide whether to continue my new one would probably be higher and the tion's most prominent byproducts-high in­ insurance under policy [give the policy num­ medical exam might be tougher to pass. terest rates-as the underlying reason why ber] or to replace 1t. Please provide me with Now, however, academics who study life many older whole life policies are no longer a statement showing year-by-year informa­ insurance are turning up case after case competitive. Says E. J. Moorhead, a veteran tion for the next 20 years on: where cashing in a policy and replacing it actuary who is now a consultant to the 1. Regular policyholder dividends and Federal Trade Commission: "Ten years ago terminal dividends. [Omit this line if the with a new one--even if it's exactly the same many companies were earning 4 percent or type--can save many thousands of dollars. policy pays no dividends.) It's often not easy to dig up the data you so on their investments, but today it's more 2. Cash surrender values. like 7Y2 percent." This higher return ls the 3. Premiums, excluding the charge !or need to make valid comparisons, and even result of inflation's impact on the interest on close examination many old policies wm guaranteed-issue rider and accidental-death rates of the bonds that insurance companies benefits, if any. turn out to be just as good a buy today as invest in so heavily. That tends to translate when you took them out. But in more and 4. Death benefits, excluding accidental­ into lower premiums and higher dividends death benefits, if any. more cases, the payoff is well worth the trou­ on newer policies. ble. Reason: inflation has driven up the re­ Also please give me a statement of: Nor are replacement aficionados cowed by 5. Current cash surrender value or paid­ turn that insurance companies get on their the high initial costs of frontend-loaded investments, thereby allowing them to up additions or cash value or dividend accu­ policies. They argue that a cost-conscious mulation. charge lower premiums and hand out higher consumer should be concerned only with dividends than they could have otherwise. 6. Current balance of policy loans. [Omit future outlays since that ls where savings this if there are no outstanding loans.) A 100 PERCENT IMPROVEMENT will come from anyway. At times, too, the It's vital to make clear that you're con­ For example, William Scheel, an associate cash surrender value of an existing policy sidering replacement. According to Scheel, professor of finance at the University of can help make a swap especially attractive. one large in su~·er regularly disregards re­ Connecticut, found that a policyholder could Before you delve into the shifting masses quests for such information until it has re­ get amazing results by dropping a 15-year­ of figures involved in policy-to-policy cost ceived three letters from a policyholder; old $50,000 Travelers whole life policy, re­ comparisons, you can check your policies for then, unless it ls convinced that its policy is placing it with a Northwestern Mutual Life several symptoms that suggest a switch may in jeopardy, it replies that the work involved policy a.nd putting the ca.sh surrender value be in order: in complying would be too costly. of the old policy in a savings account at 5 If the policies a company is currently sell­ The next step: finding an insurance com­ percent interest. After 20 years, he would ing are relatively high in cost, chances are pany whose policies are attractively priced. have accumulated $72,421 in death benefits its older ones are too. One increasingly popu­ The three volumes mentioned above-"Best's plus savings, instead of only $55,239 if he lar device for comparing new policies is an Flitcraft Compend," "Interest-Adjusted In­ held onto the old policy. In 40 years, the "interest-adjusted index," which translates dex" and New York State's "Consumers difference would be nearly two to one­ dividends, premiums, cash values and what Shopping Guide for Life Insurance"-are $109,488 vs. $55,451. your money could be earning elsewhere into good sources. Scheel and others believe that such situa­ one number reflecting cost per $1,000 of coverage The lower the number, the better Once you have picked an insurer, call its tions abound, particularly-as in this case­ local agent and tell him you are consider­ when the existing policy pays no dividends the buy. Any insurance company can supply such index figures for its policies. You can ing replacement. Tell him how much cover­ (a "nonparticipating" policy) and the re­ age you need, and that you will require an placement does. The huge difference in total also consult Interest-Adjusted Index, pub­ lished yearly by the National Underwriter interest-adjusted cost comparison between benefits in Scheel's example comes primarily Co., or the annual Best's Flitcraft Compend. your policy and the one he will propose. from the dividends paid out under the new (Using interest-adjusted cost instead of policy, which grow steadily over the years. Many agents and large public libraries keep one or the other. The New York State Insur­ some other basis, such as the traditional "net The compound interest that accumuhtes ance Department offers free its highly re­ cost" or "ledger cost," is critical in order to on the proceeds of cashing in the old policy garded Consumers Shopping Guide for Life take into account the interest your premium makes the switch even more beneficial. (One Insurance, which also compares many pol­ dollars would be earning if you invested caveat: these particular results apply only icies by the interest-adjusted method. (Write them elsewhere at 5 percent.) to the two policies studied, and not to any to Publications Unit, New York State In­ The agent you call may never have done other policies of the two insurance companies what you are asking for-a comparison of Involved.} surance Department, Agency Building, 1 Em­ pire State Plaza, Albany, N.Y. 12223.) the cost of a policy already in force with What makes life insurance so eminently Nonparticipating policies bear close scru­ that of a proposed replacement. Or he may swappable are the enormous disparities in tiny. Since they pay no dividends and there­ protest that the competitive information Its pricing. Costs of similar coverage can fore provide no easy way for insurers to needed would be too hard to get. He may well vary as much as 400 percent. Tempting as the sweeten benefits, they tend to suffer most come around, however, when you tell him possible savings may be, however, the would­ from infta tion. you have the information for your present be switcher confronts a fog of diversity-in If you carry more than $50,000 of whole policy-including projected ("illustrated," dividends, premiums, cash values and other life, "you're a prime candidate for replace­ in industry jargon) dividends, which are policy provisions, not to men ti on the variety ment," Scheel asserts. "This doesn't mean probably the toughest thing to pry loose from Of policy types. Premiums taken alone are that you should automatically switch to an insurance company. If the agent is un­ misleading: two seemingly identical policies term policies, though. You can replace some familiar with the interest-adjusted method ma.y have vastly different net costs-figures existing whole life policies and still save a or denigrates it, find another agent. When that take into account premiums, dividends lot." you give the new agent the data sent to you and cash values-because one insurer gets If you have accumulated a number of by your original insurer, insist that he in a higher rate of return on investments, or small policies with face amounts of $10,000 turn go to his home office for the data he July 18, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 21547 will need to complete the comparison; that basic insurance needs and aims, deciding across the NATO-Warsaw Pact bound­ is the only reliable source of projected should be no real problem. ary. dividends. If you do come down on the side of Now you or your agent will be able to do switching, bear in mind some procedural In book I of the series, appearing in a cost-comparison analysis. To show how matters that can be critical. Make sure that the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD from March this works. Money asked Scheel to construct you have passed the medical exam for the 1976, to December 1977, our relative po­ an example. He chose an existing nonpartici­ new policy before you drop the old one. sition in Europe was shown to be in de­ pating special whole life policy issued in Otherwise you may wind up uncovered or cline. This trend is detailed impressively 1973 to a 35-year-old man by Citizens Life & paying premiums that will make your trashed in the fallowing selection from the casualty. The candidate to replace it was a policy seem like a bargain in retrospect. Armed Forces Journal International, dividend-paying whole life policy to be paid Also, remember two important provisions June 1978, entitled "NATO's Lost Dec­ up at age 90 offered by Northwestern Mutual that apply during the first two years of most Life. Both are $25,000 policies. policies: the insurer can void the contract ade." It is attributed to Justin Galen, Scheel calculated the policyholder's inter­ if the policyholder made statements that pen name of a former senior Depart­ est-adjusted outlay on each policy to date turn out to be untrue, and no benefits are ment of Defense civilian official. The and then extended this number annually paid in case of suicide. first part of the article follows: for 20 years. For each year, he added the pre­ Before long it may get easier to obtain How THE UNITED STATES GAVE THE WARSAW vious year's cash outlay to that year's pre­ the information you need to compare poli­ PACT A SURPRISE ATTACK CAPABILITY miuum and multiplied by 1.05 (the 5 per­ cies. Critics are drawing a larger and larger The U.S. is seriously debating NATO's vul­ cent interest adjustment); then he sub­ audience for their complaints that consu­ nerability to a Warsaw Pact attack for the tracted that year's dividend. In the first mers are wasting millions on expensive life first time in nearly a decade. Members o! year's calculation for the old policy, he added insurance policies because they have no easy the Senate as diverse as Sam Nunn and Gary the cash surrender value to the premium. way to compare costs. The Federal Trade Hart have written thoughtful discussions of The proposed Northwestern Mutual policy Commission has a study on cost disclosure NATO's vulnerability to a Warsaw Pact sur­ has a premium of $609 and regular an­ under way. Some state insurance commis­ prise attack. Military experts like Lt. Gen­ nual dividends of $59.75. So the premium sioners are considering a requirement that eral James A. Hollingsworth have completed multiplied by 1.05 minus the dividend both the replacing and the existing insurer extensive studies of NATO strengths and equals $579.70-the interest-adjusted outlay supply consumers with certain cost infor­ weaknesses. General Alexander Haig has for the first year. And so on, out to 20 years mation. And insurance companies pushing gone far beyond the usual cliches in seeking for each policy. Then he made the crucial bargain-priced term policies are drumming improvements to NATO forces. calculations to arrive at what he calls the hard on cost comparisons. The FY 79 Posture Statements of the Sec­ surrender cost index. For each year, he sub­ The underlying target-more and more retary of Defense and Chairman of the Joint tracted the cash surrender value from the vulnerable as inflation puffs on-is the sav­ Chiefs provide drama tic new frankness re­ interest-adjusted outlay. ings element in cash-value life insurance. garding NATO's problems. Secretary of De­ The lower the surrender cost index, the "Do consumers realize that the average yield fense Harold Brown's annual report is partic­ better. In the case of the two sample policies, on their savings is zero, or even negative, if ularly striking. It completes the shift in the replacement would start saving you the policy is surrendered within the first 10 U.S. thinking begun in Secretary Rumsfeld's money after five years and have a net cost years?" FTC chairman Michael Pertschuk FY 1978 Posture Statement, and for the first after 20 years that is $7,178 lower than the asked at a recent symposium on consumers time in a decade, states that the Warsaw old one ($4,326 vs. $11,504). This is one rea­ and life insurance in Washington. "Are they Pact has a major capability for surprise at­ son for doing the arithmetic for more than aware that even after 20 years, the average tack. a year or two; for the first four years, the yield is only about 2 'l4 percent to 3 Y:z per­ switch would not yet make economic sense. "The most dangerous contingency would cent?" be an attack on NATO by the Warsaw Like wines, some policies improve with age IN TURBID WATERS and others turn sour. Pact . . . and it could be undertaken by Scheel believes that using a second index At the same meeting, Gordon Gaddy, presi­ ready forces already deployed in Europe as along with the surrender cost index yields an dent of Fireman's Fund, an insurance com­ well as these forces after having been heavily pany, suggested that some big insurers with reinforced, in a matter of weeks, from the even better idea of what you stand to gain U.S.S.R." or lose by swapping. While the surrender billions of dollars of whole life policies on cost index probes savings, the other one­ their books may have to bite the bullet and Other analysts and commentators have called the death benefit index-shows how provide a massive upgrading of benefits for begun to address the risks inherent in the much of the money that your beneficiaries these older policies in order to make them Warsaw Pact build-up. Virtually all, however, get is the insurance company's and how more competitive and less vulnerable to re­ have focused on the changes which have much is what you paid in. To arrive at the placement. "Whole life was fine before in­ taken place on the Warsaw Pact side of the death benefit index, you simply subtract flation," moaned Roy Anderson, an Allstate balance. Few commentators have discussed your net outlay to date from your policy's vice president and a beleaguered whole life the trends in NATO which also contributed face value. spokesman at the same meeting. to the current increase in Warsaw Pact ca­ In the Scheel example of the two $25,000 The new comparison techniques make clear pabilities. As a result, many analysts have policies, the replacement policy offers a better that there's plenty of room to save money overstressed the extent to which the changes protection deal from the start. After 20 years, by swapping one whole life policy for an­ in the Warsaw Pact threat should be viewed with the old policy, you would have put up other. Yet at present it is plainly asking as provocative or as a demonstration of hos­ nearly $23,000 for $25,000 of coverage, with too much to expect most consumers to nego­ tile intentions. the replacement, only $13,500 is your own tiate such turbid waters. Making it easier An examination of NATO's historical as­ money-a difference of nearly $10,000. When for them to compare costs could mean a new sessment of the threat, and how this assess­ you have to put up a lot more money to get lease on life for whole life.e ment has influenced NATO strategy, makes the same protection, you could either be Soviet and Warsaw Pact actions seem less getting more protection for your money or provocative, and indicates that the build-up cutting your costs. (For a more detailed of Warsaw Pact "surprise attack" capabili­ guide that will help you and your agent make BALANCE(S) OF POWER SERIES, ties tells little about Soviet intentions. At cost comparisons, send a self-addressed BOOK IIIf units, rather than try to setting high NATO force goals. It used such armored infantry mobility; Soviet artillery fund the impossible force levels "required" exaggerations of the threat to maintain and was unarmored, and towed by underpowered by SHAPE. increase NATO forces, and as a rationale for and obsolete wheeled tractors. Soviet muni­ REDUCING THE THREAT TO AN AFFORDABLE SIZE maintaining NATO's unity of command. In tion stocks seemed low. Warsaw Pact army the process, SHAPE set impossibly high force level and unit training was unrealistic, So­ It reduced the overall Warsaw Pact threat goals for each member country to meet an viet tanks had limited cruise and endurance to a level where it seemed practical for the impossibly high estimate of the threat. No ranges, and the refueling capability of Pact U.S. and its Allies to fund an effective con­ member nation had the political support to support forces was limited. Soviet ground ventional defense. NATO's superior unit budget the forces SHAPE "required," and the forces had no effective mobile air defense quality meant it had no need to match War­ vast gap between NATO force goals and na­ saw Pact divisions or aircraft on the one-for­ capability. The forces of Russia's European one basis suggested by SHAPE. tional reality made the improvements which allies were even less ready, and more poorly nations could fund seem militarily unimpor­ PROVIDING PREDICTABLE WARNING tant. Thus, SHAPE's assessment of the threat equipped. Warsaw Pact air forces had no effective NATO's ability to rely on weeks of warning, had the effect of paralyzing any serious ef­ attack aircraft, and all Warsaw Pact air fort to create an effective defense which the because of its ability to detect a Soviet build­ forces member nations could fund. forces had limited forward operating capa­ up from the USSR, also meant that NATO's bility and endurance over NATO territory relatively low cost reserve forces could be­ DEMANDING COMBAT READINESS OR NOTHING when flying from their fixed air bases. War­ come effective by the time the Warsaw Pact Yet, the SHAPE assessment of the threat saw Pact standardization was worse than attacked. It seemed practical to assume was highly biased. For all practical purposes, in NATO. Warsaw Pact systems for com­ NATO could defend indefinitely in its forward SHAPE assumed that Warsaw Pact forces mand, control, and communications (C ~ ) defense positions. were fully combat ready. were inflexible and defensive. Targeting MAKING CONVENTION AL OPTIONS AFFORDABLE cauabilities were poor, and Warsaw Pact SHAPE focused its attention on keeping It allowed NATO to end its dependence on the level of NATO combat ready or "M­ theater nuclear systems were limited in theater nuclear weapons. The changes in Day" forces as high as possible. SHAPE number and had poor performance capabil­ readiness requirements meant that NATO treated member country reserve or reinforce­ ity. should be able to pay for the strength and ment units as "failures" to meet NATO force Most importantly, these perceptions of modernization required to defend conven­ goals. It virtually ignored unit quality in Warsaw Pact capabilities and intentions ti'onally. It allowed "flexible response", rather emphasizing unit numbers, and assigned the were supported by all available intelligence than reliance on a conventional "tripwire" same high priority to all force improvements. on Soviet plans and exercises. The over­ which was really no more than a prelude to This SHAPE emphasis on M- Day forces and whelming weight of intelligence evidence all-out theater and strategic war. indicated that the Soviet Union planned to on unit numbers crippled any practical effort PERMITTING U.S. AND BRITISH WITHDRAW AL at force planning. go to war only after it previously mobilized its Category II and III divisions in the West­ It removed much of the pressure to keep THREATENING SUICIDE TO PREVENT MURDER ern USSR; after the entire Warsaw Pact deployed in West Germany. It allowed both SHAPE then tried to meet the growing gap doubled its active manning by calling up countries to cut their forces in Germany by between its force goals and the actual size of reserves for combat units and sunport promising to return them in time to defend the forces member nations would provide forces; after all members of the PAct me­ before the Warsaw Pact could attack. This with the threat of theater and strategic nu­ thodically moved and re-deployed their made the U.S. "Reforger" concept far less clear retaliation. It did so long after the forces into several new fronts along the politically sensitive. growing strength of Soviet nuclear capability NATO border, and after the USSR moved ACHIEVING "FLEXIBLE RES PONSE" began to make such threats both dangerous much of its Tactical Aviation forces into and unrealistic. Thi3 "new realism" seemed hopeful and newly established or activated air bases in exciting when it was developed in the early With the best intentions. SHAPE and many the forward area. 1960's. It offered NATO hope and purpose, member military staffs gradually froze their 3. NATO'S SUPERIORITY IN RESOURCES where none existed under the conditions set thinking around an inflexible effort to forth by SHAPE. threaten member nations into doing the im­ An examination of defense resources re­ possible. The result was a sense of decay and vealed NATO was spending much more on During the early and mid 1960's, Secre­ futility, and a growing division between the defense than the Warsaw Pact, and had vir­ tary McNamara was gradually able to get NATO military and its civilian masters. tual equality in military manpower. the polit ical support to force this new view Much of NATO's apparent weakness in of the threat, and new approach to NATO THE M'NAMARA REACTION combat strength came from poor leadership, planning, on the Services, the Joint Chief Secretary McNamara reacted to this situa­ a weak planning and budgeting system, a of Staff, and U.S. military intelligence com­ tion almost immediately after taking office. lack of the proper force improvement prior­ munity. He simultaneously created a strong The SHAPE position conflicted sharply with ities, and the lack of a standardized or civilian force planning office on the U.S. this new "system analysis" approach to integrated effort. delegation to NATO and NATO International NATO planning, and it froze the new initia­ Although later study has shown that the Staff, and began to put pressure on NATO tives he wished to take in NATO. McNamara CIA estimates of Soviet and Eastern Euro­ to change its strategy and assessment of directed his analysts to make an independent pean defense expenditures at the time were the threat. assessment of the threat. probably too low, it is almost certain that THE SUDDEN DEATH OF "NEW REALISM" The result was that McNamara's analysis this aspect of the McNamara re-appraisal Unfortunately for NATO, the push that of the threat differed completely from was valid when it was first made, and is still led to "flexible response" was the last major SHAPE's assessment. It concluded that War­ valid today. . initiative that Secretary McNamara took saw Pact forces had critical weaknesses and While the U.S. reduced its defense ecort before he became hopelessly enmeshed in could only attack after substantial mobiliza­ steadily between 1969 and 1976, Allied na­ Vietnam. By 1967, McNamara and most of tion and full reinforcement from the West­ tions cumulatively spent far more on de­ h is senior staff focused almost exclusively ern U.S.S.R . This conclusion was based on fense than the Eastern European n ations, on t he U.S. build-up in Vietnam. They h ad three major weaknesses in Soviet and Warsaw and kept their total military manning levels little time for Europe, and without active Pact capabilities: far more constant than did the U.S. U.S. leadership, other political pressures July 18, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 21549 came to dominate NATO planning. These not enough to cope with the improvements deploy to cover them. Further, the gaps be­ pressures destroyed any hope for ma jor that began taking place in the Warsaw Pact. tween Corps Zone boundaries are particu­ progress, and locked the U.S. and its Allies Dedication at the staff level could not deal larly vulnerable. "Forward defense" tends into positions that made effective NATO with the broad and critical weaknesses in to make all of NATO no stronger than its planning impossible. In fact, the "new re:i.1- NATO's overall force structure thait "flexible weakest link. ism" behind "flexible response" died almost response" and the "new realism" had been At the tactical level, "forward defense" at the strategy's birth. This death had sev­ intended to overcome. means that NATO must disperse its tanks eral other causes and effects: In summary, the splintering of NATO's and advanced anti-tank weapons, its artil­ THE RUN-DOWN OF U .S. AND BRITISH FORCES total force strength in the Center Region lery, and other major firepower systems to The U.S. and U.K. started a process of into National Corps Zones exacerbated support the entire front. This increases the reductions and attrition which the U.S. NATO's decline in strength and readiness effect of NATO's numerical inferiority in continued throughout its involvement in during 1968-1974, as NATO mal-deployed its major weaponry and artillery range, and Vietnam and which Britain still continues. land force strength to the wrong areas, and greatly dilutes the firepower it can concen­ deprived itself of tactical and strategic mo­ trate in one area. Almost inevitably, it also The British cuts were initially the most bility. troublesome in terms of their impact on the complicates NATO's problems of providing NATO's strongest element, the West Ger­ support, air cover and air defense, and close other NATO Allies. It was the U.S. cuts, man Army, had no way to rely on its Belgium, air support. however, which proved critical. At one point, so many key U.S. specialists were sent to Dutch or even British All1es, and faced prob­ In general, "forward defense" bears a Vietnam that the U.S. did not have a single lems in contingency planning of an almost striking and unfortunate resemblance to the brigade in Europe that was combat ready. impossible magnitude. Anglo-French Plan D, which dispersed U.S. cuts discredited U.S. pleas for im­ The second strongest element in NATO, French forces before the German Blitzkreig proved Allied forces, and cast serious doubt the U.S. Army, was deployed where its in World War II. It also, almost by defini­ on the integrity of the U.S. appraisal of the strength was least needed and other NATO tion, is probably the worst possible strategy threat and balance. After 1968, no European forces would have been more suitable, and NATO could adopt for the German people. nation was willing to fully trust U.S. lead­ an almost "Maginot line" defense adopted It does nothing to increase deterrence. It encourages Warsaw Pact tactical "adven­ ership. because of its lack of armored mobility. The U.S. became locked into the less critical de­ tures" in a crisis, and maximizes the prob­ FORCE CUTS BY THE OTHER ALLIES fensive position in the South, and had been ablli ty that German civilians will suffer 1f Almost inevitably, Belgium, Denmark, and cut off from NATO's integrated command war occurs. the Netherlands reacted by cutting their from its logical LOCs by French withdrawal. NATO'S DEFENSIVE MOVEMENT PROBLEM forces or withdrawing them from Germany, This made NATO critically vulnerable to The defense of National Corps Zones, and without making compensating improve­ an attaclc against its weakest Corps Zones, the strategy of "forward defense," must be ments. West Germany increased its man­ particularly if the Warsaw Pact should at­ carried out by NAT0 divisions which are power and expenditures, but slowed its pace tack before these zones could be defended of re-armament and increased its reliance locked into caserne locations. Most of these by NATO forces that would have to be de­ casernes are poorly located for a "forward on reserves so much that Germany's readi­ ployed from far to the rear. ness became highly questionable. defense" strategy, and they force NATO THE PARALYSIS OF " FORWARD DEFENSE" combat units to make extremely complex FRENCH WITHDRAWAL The second major problem NATO failed defensive movements when they go from French withdrew from NATO's integrated to deal with was the heritage of its strategy their peace-time locations to defensive posi­ military command structure even before the of "forward defense." In the years before tions in their National Corps Zone at the new NATO strategy was "fully agreed upon." 1966, NATO gradually committed itself polit­ border. This deprived NATO not only of its ability ically and militarily to defending as close as While the details of these moves are clas­ to rely on one of Europe's largest armies, pcssible to the F.R.G. border. This strategy sified, they are so complex that maps of such navies and air forces; but cost NATO virtu­ suited German political sensitivities, but it movements look something like a cross be­ ally all of the common lines of communica­ preventecl NATO from sacrificing even a lim­ tween a. mare's nest and a diagram of the tions which the U.S. and NATO had funded ited amount of West German territory so it Gordion Knot. These movements also make between 1945 and 1966. could concentrate its armored forces against NATO exceptionally vulnerable to surprise France's withdrawal also began a steady the main Warsaw Pact thrust. attack since the Warsaw Pact can often move run-down in the quality and size of French "Forward defense" forced each NATO to a NATO defensive position from its ca­ forces that still continues, and NATO was country in the Center Region to deploy vir­ sernes more quickly than the NATO border. never able to fund the replacement of most tually all its combat forces to provide a con­ NATO'S INDECISION IN AIR POWER of its lost lines of re-supply. , tinuous static defense of NATO's long border The fourth major problem NATO failed THE IMPACT OF MBFR with East Germany and Czechoslovakia. No NATO Army had the strength to both de­ to address was its collective indecision as to Negotiations with the USSR on Mutual the future structure of its air power. While Balanced Force Reductions proved the fend the entire border area, and maintain suitable mobile reserves in its Corps sector, individual NATO air forces improved their crowning blow to both "new realism" and equipment during 1968-1974, and some ma­ any hope of implementing a true "flexible It also locked NATO's best armored units in forward positions where it would be difficult jor improvements occurred in NATO's com­ response." The U.S. initiated the MBFR mand structure. NATO lacked the cohesion talks in NATO less than two years after it to re-concentrate them and move them to meet the main line of Warsaw Pact advance. and leadership to properly modernize its persuaded NATO to adopt its new strategy, forces in the Center Region. and the U.S. motives behind the effort were The "forward defense" strategy had several other negative effects: NATO's airpower is ultimately dependent transparent and had nothing to do with arxns on national airpower. control. The West German border is not always a Led y Lt. Generals David Jones and John The NATO Allies were fully aware that Sec­ logical defensive line. There are many areas, particularly in the North ane far South, Vogt, NATO did manage to integrate many retary Kissinger was using MBFR, and the aspects of 2 ATAF and 4 ATAF during 1968- promise of further force cuts, to soothe where NATO should logically use terrain and water barriers, and towns or built-up areas, 1974, and laid at least the foundation for an Senator Mansfield and allow the U.S. to sup­ integrated air defense and ground environ­ port its build-up in Vietnam. In fact, many much further to the rear for its initial de­ fensive positions. ment. Unfortunately, many other problems Allies came to distrust the U.S. so much that were left unsolved : they feared a U.S. and Soviet deal over SALT It takes time to move to a forward defense and MBFR at the expense of Europe. position, and could take NATO units far NATO never fully came to grips with de­ more time to move defensive positions to the veloping an integrated approach to passive 1968-1974: THE ERA OF FACADE border than it would take a surprise attack and active air base defense and dispersal. WITHOUT PURPOSE by Warsaw Pact units to overrun them. Each Nation pursued somewhat different ap­ It is a tribute to U.S. and Allied politi­ A "forward defense" has roughly the same proaches, and many NATO air bases remain cians, military officers, and civil servants effect as blowing up a balloon. It stretches vulnerable to air attack. that NATO not only survived this period, NATO forces to a near breaking point to Air forces can only operate flexibly with but kept the downward trend in NATO's cover all the border area with static defenses. each other if they use almost identical air total forces under relative control, kept its A Soviet armored thrust then has the effect intercept, interdiction, and close air sup­ defense expenditures high, made many in­ of sticking a pin into this balloon. If it pene­ port tactics. Almost all NATO air forces and dividual force improvements, and preserved trates, NATO has no clear way to repair the armies use somewhat different interdiction a facade of unity and purpose. structure before it collapses. With its forces and close air support tactics. Although Allied manning in the Center spread piece-meal, NATO cannot concentrate, A similar integration must occur in avi­ Region dropped during 1968-1974, the cuts counter-thrust, or maintain a mobile defense onics and air munitions capabilities, yet be­ in total manpower, and in most measures in depth. tween 1968 and 1974, NATO sharply increased of force strength, were far less than many A "forward defense" exacerbates NATO's the diversity and incompatibilities between U.S. experts had privately predicted. readiness and National Corps Zones prob­ its I.F.F., intercept avionics and missiles, Unfortunately, these real achievemenits, lexns in a destructive synergy. If any Corps and weapons delivery and air-to-ground mis­ and the preservation of a strong facade, were Zones are weak, NATO cannot easily re- siles. The lead which USAF obtained in avi- 21550 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 18, 1978 onics and missiles had the ironic effect of OPENING JOBS TO OUTSIDERS now rated "eligible" for senior level jobs. making it particularly difficult for the U.S. The ratings meant they had met minimum to operate with Allied forces. standards and could be called on and con­ One of the most critical requirements of HON. DONALD M. FRASER sidered when jobs at those GS 13 through the new strategy of "flexible response" was OF MINNESOTA 15 levels came up. Under the new system, which will begin the need to replace NATO's reliance on a IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES nuclear strike post ure, and quick reaction in mid-August, outsiders seeking midlevel alert (QRA) nuclear strike aircraft, which Tuesday, July 18, 1978 federal jobs will have to be more persistent were reserved for a single nuclear mission, in pursuing them, keeping up with openings with effective conventional air attack ca­ • Mr. FRASER. Mr. Speaker, for out­ and applying to the agency or CSC (usually pabilities and the ability to fly large num­ siders who do not know their way around CSC) when they find a job that matches bers of conventional attack sorties against Washington or do not have the right their talents and skills. Warsaw Pact armor. By and large, NATO's contacts, getting a job with the Federal Instead of getting an "eligibility" rating air forces failed to accomplish this during Government has become an almost hope­ and then waiting to be called, the new sys­ 1968- 1974. They . collectively did not buy less task. tem will mean that the more aggressive job­ sufficient munitions, they did not train With the creation of the Civil Service seekers will be the only people considered properly, and above all, they did not develop 95 years ago, the politically dominated for most midlevel positions. The would-be an effective and coordinated approach to job hunter will first have to find the job, stopping Soviet armor. "spoils" system was exchanged for what then establish his or her eligibility. Officials NATO made little real progress in all - is an insidious hiring system, dominated believe it could increase the in-take of out­ weather or night warfare attack capability by those already inside the Government. siders into the well paying management jobs, during 1968-1974, although Warsaw Pact The "old-boy network"-not merit­ and will certainly reduce the number of peo­ land forces greatly improved their attack determines who gets Federal jobs. ple now eligible for blanket consideration capabilities and/ or both conditions. I am concerned that Federal Govern­ but who, in fact, stand little chance of ever NATO's Nike-Hercules high altitude SAM ment jobs are virtually closed to out­ being called for a job interview. defenses became obsolete during the late siders. And I am concerned that women Contrary to the report here yesterday CSC 1960's. They can now be easily suppressed by and other highly talented outsiders are officials say that few agencies will be given saturation, ECM, or maneuver avoidance the authority to rate candidates for mid­ techniques by modern Soviet fighters. While being alienated from their own Govern­ level jobs and accept applications directly. improvements took place in SAM-Aircraft C3 ment by this system. In most cases the commission will continue coordination, NATO's SAM defenses were The closed Federal hiring system is to do that, al though some agencies will be never properly modernized. one more provocation that adds to the authorized to handle their own rating and hiring in time.e NATO's low altitude air defenses evolved public's growing resentment of the Fed­ in total choas. While new Soviet fighters ac­ eral Government. This and other dis­ quired long-range, low altitude capability, satisfactions with all levels of govern­ each NATO country pursued a different SCHARANSKY DISPLAYS COURAGE ment eventually culminate in happen­ IN FACE OF SOVIET OPPRESSION course. Many NATO combat units still lack ings such as proposition 13. effective short-range, low-altitude, all­ Outsiders, if given a chance, could weather air defenses, and most are vulner­ able in respects no longer applicable to So­ stimulate improved performance and HON. ·NEWTON I. STEERS, JR. viet land forces. greater productivity in Government. As OF MARYLAND These problems were also heightened by the Congress considers legislation to re­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES form the civil service system for the first competition between NATO arms manufac­ Tuesday, July 18, 1978 turers. Each nation attempted a patchwork time in nearly a century, I think it is fix for its air force using its own equipment important to look closely at the inad­ • Mr. STEERS. Mr. Speaker, as my dis­ or co-produced systems. The frequent result: equacies of the existing selection process. tinguished colleagues know, on Friday, "improvements" which made things worse We need to open up the Government to July 14, Anatoly Scharansky was found because they increased incompatibilities be­ outsiders at all levels. guilty by a Soviet court of spying for the tween national air forces. I would like to call attention to the fol­ United States and of Soviet agitation, The inab111ty of NATO air forces to con­ lowing news comment by Mike Causey centrate on killing Soviet armor, their focus when in reality, his major "crime" was on long, slow wars and initial air suprem­ that points up the problem: to try to monitor Soviet compliance with acy, and the vulnerab111ty of their bases and (From the Washington Post, July 6, 1978] the Helsinki accords. The court sen­ support fac111tles, has left NATO as a whole OPENING JOBS TO OUTSIDERS tenced Mr. Scharansky to 13 years im­ more vulnerable to unreinforced and sur­ (By Mike Causey) prisonment: 3 years in prison and 10 prise attacks. At the same time, it has en­ Only about 500 "outsiders" each year man­ years at hard labor. This brutal sentence sured that NATO's air forces are weakest symbolizes the Soviet's attempts of polit­ where NATO's land forces were weakest. age to clear all the bureaucratic hurdles and grab one of the 180,000 mid-management ical and ethnic oppression, and a basic NATO'S LACK OF STANDARDIZATION OF TACTICS jobs in government that pay from $26,000 to disregard for human rights. It is tragic AND STRATEGY $36,000 to start. that in the 20th century a person can be With the previous exceptions in the case Carter administration officials are con­ convicted for asserting his basic human of air warfare, the partial paralysis of NATO cerned about the relatively small number of force planning during 1968-1974 meant that individuals who come into government each rights and liberties. each nation had to develop its own individ­ year into important administrative, techni­ Unfortunately, Mr. Scharansky is ual force structure, tactics, and strategy cal and managerial jobs. only one of many who is victimized by with little leadership from the NATO Mili­ Al though thousands of vacancies come up this political oppression and abridge­ tary Committee, SHAPE, or the United annually at the Grade 13, 14 and 15 levels, ment of human rights. Many other ac­ States. the majority of them are filled in-house by tivists have received severe sentences for This created countless additional incom­ government workers who have seniority and patibilities in NATO tactics and strategy at expertise and who know when vacancies oc­ alleged crimes against the Soviet Union. every level of war fighting, and these became cur and how to get them. A statement, made by Mr. Scharan­ institutionalized as nations invested in dif­ White House officials say that entering the sky before the verdict was declared, best ferent weapons and tactical technologies. government at the middle and upper levels characterizes the injustice and inequity Each incompatibility made NATO growingly can be a difficult and perplexing chore for that now exists in the Soviet Union as vulnerable to a Warsaw Pact attack that re­ someone who doesn't know the ropes. well as the great courage and determina­ quired cQoperation by different NATO arm­ For example, more than 18,000 people were tion of this man, Anatoly Scharansky. ies and air forces. rated "qualified" for GS 13, 14 and 15 level Each also increased the "learning curve" jobs last year. That means they met rela­ I would like to insert Mr. Scharan­ NATO forces would have to go through tively high standards of work, education and sky's statement at this point: cooperating across National Corps Zones, related experience, and were qualified, in the HAPPY TO HAVE LIVED WITH MY and made NATO more vulnerable to a War­ government's eyes, for those senior level jobs. CONSCIENCE saw Pact attack launched before NATO arm­ Of that number, only about 500 actually were (The following is a partial text o! the ies and air forces could improvise some pat­ hired in nonscientific occupations. statement by Soviet dissident Anatoly Schar­ tern o! cooperation between forces that had To make it easier for aggressive, qualified ansky yesterday to a Moscow court before suddenly been re-deployed and brought to outsiders, the Civil Service Commission­ the verdict and sentencing. It ls based on their war-time strength with partially as reported here yesterday-will cancel notes taken by Scharansky's brother, Leo­ trained manpower.e blanket "hunting li~ences" for everybody nid, who attended the trial.) July 18, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 21551 In March and April (this year) during It appeared, to we beef cattlemen, that we promote minority businesses and employ­ questioning, those who were conducting the should again increase our herds to a level ment, died Saturday at Presbyterian-Univer­ investigation warned that with the position whereby a financial gain could be attained sity Hospital. I had taken during the investigation, and should the market trends hold or even in­ Mr. Jackson of 1875 Linton St. founded which I am following here in court, I face a crease. Wylie Centre Industries, the only black­ firing squad, or at least, 15 years in prison. Then all of a sudden we received another owned nail manufacturing plant in the If I agreed to cooperation with the inves­ administrative jolt and set back when the world, and was responsible for securing the tigation with the aim to liquidate the Jewish President increased the beef imports result­ first federal economic development grant !or emigration movement, I was promised quick ing in an immediate drop in the beef cattle minorities in Pittsburgh. release and reunion with my wife [who lives prices received by farmers. All this did was Raised in Soho and on Wylie Avenue in in Israel]. Now, as never before, I am far increase the beef in New Zealand by 30% the Hill District, Mr. Jackson was president from this dream. and reduced the price received by farmers of the Greater Pittsburgh Business Devel­ It seems I should be sorry about that, but in the United States by 0.12 per pound o? opment Corp. at the time of his death. it is not so at all. I'm happy. I'm happy that about 20 % . If this was put into effect to Survivors are his wife, Mary, a son, Clyde I lived honestly and in peace with my con­ reduce inflation it hasn't worked. There Jr.; two stepsons, Fred and Alvin Glass; four science, and never lied even when I was has been no reduction in the price of bee! sisters, Mrs. Elmira :L.ovejoy, Mrs. Katie Lee threatened with death. I am happy to have and beef products on the retail level. Stoves, Mrs. Clara Benton and Mrs. Isrella. helped people. I'm proud that I made ac­ It is high time for all politicians to re­ Lee Stephens; five brothers, James, William, quaintance and worked together with hon­ member a bit of history. A nation is only as Norman, Raymond and John; and one grand­ est and brave people such as [Andrei] Sak­ strong as its agriculture. We go on record, son, all of Pittsburgh. harov [Yuri] Orlov, [Alexander] Ginzburg, demanding that American farmers and Friends will be received from 7 to 9 tonight followers of traditions of the Russian intelli­ ranchers be recognized and supported in at West Funeral Home, 2215 Wylie Ave., Hill gentsia. their endeavors that make and keep Amer­ District. ica a strong nation. Don't let foreign influ­ I'm happy to be a witness to the process Services will be at 11 a.m. tomorrow at of liberation of Jews of the U.S.S.R. I hope ence weaken our nation through our agri­ cultural endeavors. Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church that those absurd charges against me, and at Morgan and Webster avenues. Any thing you can and will do to increase in addition, against the whole of the Jewish Burial will follow at Greenwood Cemetery, emigration movement, will not prevent my agriculture ::;tability in these good old U.S.A. O'Hara Township.e people from liberation. My friends and rela­ will be deeply appreciated. tions in the emigration movement for life Sincerely, with my own wife, Avita!, in Israel. BILL BRUNK, President, Adair County Cattlemen's Association.e (For] more than 2,000 years, my people WILLIAM BURNS OBSERVES 25TH [have lived] in Russia. But wherever the ANNIVERSARY WITH KDKA-TV Jews went, every year, they repeated, "Next NEWS year in Jerusalem." Now as never before, CLYDE M. JACKSON I'm far from my people, from Avita!, and I'm facing long and hard years of detention. HON. WILLIAM S. MOORHEAD HON. AUSTIN J. MURPHY I say, addressing my people and my OF PENNSYLVANIA Avital-"next year in Jerusalem!" OF PENNSYLVANIA To the court which is going to pronounce IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the verdict already prepared, I have nothing Tuesday, July 18, 1978 Tuesday, July 18, 1978 to say."e C> Mr. MOORHEAD of Pennsylvania. e Mr. MURPHY of Pennsylvania. Mr. Mr. Speaker, I lost a friend this past Speaker, today marks the 25th anniver­ CATTLEMEN CLAIM LOSS weekend when Clyde Jackson died. sary of William M. Burns with KDKA My relationship with Clyde goes back television news. Bill Burns, as he has more than 10 years when he founded the been known to literally millions of peo­ Hon. Theodore M. (Ted) Risenhoover United States Black Front in Pittsburgh. ple throughout the years, has distin­ OF OKLAHOMA I worked with Clyde on a variety of guished himself as a pioneer in television IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES economic development proposals for the news in many aspects. KDKA itself is Tuesday, July 18, 1978 city and just 2 weeks ago he and I testi­ the heart of the history of the broadcast fied together before the House Judiciary industry and Bill Burns has made him­ e Mr. RISENHOOVER. Mr. Speaker, on Committee on a bill of mine to lift the self part of that heart. Throughout his June 7, the eve of President Carter's surety bond requirements from small and distinguished career, Bill Burns has re­ announcement to increase beef imports minority contractors doing business with ported on the events that have touched by 200 million pounds, I warned about the Federal Government. the lives of Pennsylvanians ranging from the devastation of such a move both to Clyde was struck down in the prime the human dramas that evolved daily on cowboys and consumers. of his life. As president of the Greater the streets of his city of Pittsburgh, Pa., I have received a letter from Bill Pittsburgh Business Development Corp., to the interviews with Presidents and Brunk, president of the Adair County, he was just beginning to realize some of other international figures. Throughout Okla., Cattlemen's Association, who re­ his development goals for our commu­ it all he has never failed to pay attention ports that my predictions have unfortu­ nity. to the details of the craft that has made nately come true. In the past 10 years, I spent many a him the consummate professional that Cattlemen have suffered a 20-percent fevered occasion with Clyde working on he is. Even as he is now a major public loss, Brunk reports, and there has been this proposal or that. He 'was a man figure he still seeks the street assign­ no reduction in retail beef prices. I ask possessed, possessed with the idea that ments, the long hours in the editing unanimous consent to place Mr. Brunk's he could get a piece of that American room, and the careful search at the type­ letter in the RECORD for my colleagues to economic pie for the black community. writer for the right phrase to capsulize study. And because of Jackson. many black the events of the day for the thousands ADAIR COUNTY who depend on him for their news. CATTLEMEN'S ASSOCIATION, businessmen and workers, who other­ July 13, 1978. wise might have been denied, will get a But his service goes beyond his own Hon. THEODORE M. RISENHOOVER, piece of that pie. chosen profession as commendable as it House of Representatives, I note with great sorrow the passing has been. He served his country in World Longworth House Office Building, of a fine man, a man who never stopped War II with the 30th Infantry serving as Washington, D.C. trying to improve for the community the a staff sergeant and was severely DEAR MR. RISENHOOVER: The members of conditions he found around him. wounded in action participating in the the Adair County Cattlemen's Association historic invasion at Normandy, that of the state of Oklahoma are most con­ I extend my sympathy to Clyde's wife turned the tide of the war. cerned about the increased imports of for­ and family. eign bee! and its effect on the market price He has been a father and family man I would like to include in the RECORD who can take pride in the contributions received by American Cattlemen. at this time an obituary from the Pitts­ After experiencing 3 to 4 lean years and that his grown children are now making producing beef at a financial loss, we were burgh Press. to southwestern Pennsylvania. He is for­ most enthusiastic when the market situa­ CLYDE M. JACKSON tunate as a father to see his son Michael tion indicated a strong signal of increa.sed Clyde M. Jackson, 52, founder of United as an attorney with a distinguished price. Black Front, an organization designed to Pittsburgh law firm and his daughter, 21552 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 18, 1978 Patti who joined KDKA's news depart­ for Comprehensive Employment Training their kids in there and fight for quality ment in 1974, continuing in her father's Act programs, his aides confessed that there education." profession with excellence. were no accurate figures on whether CETA Busing is the main program in existence employees had gone on to find permanent today aimed at assimilating the underclass With this sterling record already be­ jobs in the private sector. There was simply of poorer minorities into the mainstream. hind him he continues to serve his pub­ no national followup on what happened to However, there is widespread agreement that lic and it is my wish that he continue CET A employees after they left the program. it is not doing that for the central city if to do so for many years to come with my School desegregation has represented per­ for no other reason than that there are not thanks and gratitude for a job well haps the greatest fed~ral impact on the enough whites left to bus. done.• cities through the federal courts but also Los Angeles is an exception be ca use some through the Department of Health, Educa­ of its suburbs are "captured" within its ex­ tion, and Welfare. Yet the continuing effect tensive city lines, but even here whites may of court-ordered desegregation never entered be in short supply in the near future. DO WE HAVE AN URBAN POLICY? into the months of discussion, study and Both Carter and Brown urban renewal meetings that produced Carter's urban policy. programs are designed apparently in the hope It was treated as a passe issue even though that busing will just go away. Yet if middle­ HON. ROBERT GARCIA for many cities and presumably at HEW and class white famllles are attracted back to the Justice Department, it remains a very the central city in apprecl'able numbers, as OF NEW YORK live one. Not one of the scores of high Admin­ is the hope of the Carter plan, then they IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES istration officials interviewed for this series will fall once again under court-ordered de­ Tuesday, July 18, 1978 was aware of the fact that busing was very segregation, which ls why few of those now much an issue for Los Angeles and Columbus, coming back have school-aged children. • Mr. GARCIA. Mr. Speaker. In yester­ Ohio, to name two of dozens of cities. It ls difficult to conceive of an urban pro­ day's CONGRESSIONAL RECORD I shared When pressed on this, Jack Watson, the gram that does not take busing into account, with you the first in a series of articles White House assistant in charge of coordinat­ but that is the fact with the current pro­ by Robert Scheer that recently appeared ing the President's urban program, re­ posals. This is not the fault of the Carter sponded: "I don't think busing is much of an Adminisration alone. in the Los Angeles Times. The second issue now. You know, I have not thought As the busing issue illustrates, the incom­ article in the series presents an assess­ about busing in a lung time. I've not dis­ ing Administration was confronted by two ment of our current plans for turning cussed busing in the con text of this urban serious problems In developing an urban our cities around again. It is, tellingly, policy at all. strategy. First, Carter's urban strategy in­ I feel, headlined "Urban Plans: Much "I know that busing remains an issue in evitably carries the baggage of past pro­ Talk, Little Action". Mr. Scheer paints the cities across the country and I know that grams designed to solve problems of poverty a pessimistic and bleak picture of what educational problems that are caused by and racial discrimination centered in the busing have not been adequately addressed, cities. the Federal and local administrations so that I don't think it's an irrelevant tssue. second, whatever the inherent weaknesses have done and are planning to do. I in­ "But I think it's an issue that this policy of the Kennedy/ Johnson domestic program, sert this article with the hope that as (the President's urban program) didn't ad­ it never had much of an opportunity to prove we proceed, during the next months, to dress as a free-standing one . . . Did we look itself because eight years of Republican ad­ act on President Carter's urban policy at Los Angeles and Cleveland and Wilming­ ministrations were aimed more at disman­ proposals, that this picture is before ton and other cities and get assessments of tling than implementing it. us as a goad to change what must be the degree of volatility of their education sit­ For example, busing as a means toward changed and support what should be sup­ uation? The answer 1S no." integration in the North In the late 1960's Ralph Schlosstein, top assistant on the and '70's was ordered by the courts but ad­ ported so that we create a policy with urban policy to White House aide Stuart ministered on the Federal level by Republi­ teeth and guts that will give th\} lie to Eizenstat, said he had never discussed busing can Presidents who made clear their d1Sbelie1 a negative view of our cities' futures. and its impact on the cities with anyone in in the tactic. [From the Los Angeles Times, June 23, 1978) government while assembling the Admini­ The combination of exaggerated claims and failure to implement-as seen in the busing URBAN PLANS: MUCH TALK, LITTLE ACTION stration's urban policy. "I think it's one of those things that is controversy-runs through most of the social (By Robert Scheer) under the rug, quite frankly," he said. programs which in retrospect almost seem (This is one of a series of articles by Rob­ "It's an issue that, politically, every designed to fail. ert Scheer examining the U.S. urban crisis. politican would love to see settled in the As Ernest Green stated: "I think that bus­ This segment concludes an assessment that courts .... Whenever you get a hot one like ing, as were many of the Great Society pro­ has identified the urban crisis with an ex­ this, it is very easy to fall onto the judicial grams in the '60's, was oversold as to what panding underclass of poor people-mostly system rather than to rely on the legislative was going to be the outcome. And that re­ minorities.) process." fusal to see this as a long-term proposition Can Jimmy Carter save the South Bronx But if the Administration is not willing to both in terms of white folks as well as blacks before Jerry Brown rebuilds West ? discuss busing, then it is quite possible that is to just overbill, overpromise and then when Urban strategies having now become the it is not serious about dealing with the we're unable to deliver the goods everybody rage, there is hot competition among can­ urban problem. says: 'Well, --, that proves it. It was didates, officeholders, think tanks, private It is understandable that politicians are a failure.'" enterprise and a myriad of special-interest hesitant to deal with busing, even on the Whether because of, or despite, those social pleaders to produce the freshest, fattest, presidential level, but it is difficult to programs, the central cities' populations are most comprehensive ... brochure. imagine intelligent planners spending a good now blacker and poorer than when the effort To date, the emphasis has been rather deal of time on the plight of the cities with­ to desegregate American life began. more on the packaging of strategies than on out considering this facet of the problem. And the problem of the city increasingly implementing actual programs. These planners tend to make public pro­ centers around an underclass of the minority This is understandable since programs are nouncements that in no way jibe with their poor who are insufficiently educated and passe-they cost a great deal of money, prob­ private perceptions. Schlosstein said with re­ trained to find work in a modern economy. ably don't work and get middle America up­ freshing candor during one interview: Although the Administration will now spend set, or so it is widely believed. "I have dozens of friends who are what I some additional funds on vocational job It is also widely believed, at least among consider to be really committed, confirmed training programs through unions and in­ those who are paid to grasp such matters, dustry, the schools remain the serious vehicle city-livers-which I am-and, you know, for advancement. that middle America has had it with the when their children come of school age it's a problems of the blacks, Hispanics and the very, very tough thing to stay in the city. A And there seems little doubt that the cen­ tral city schools are a disaster, providing poor-having done so much for them. lot of them don't.... I mean it's a schizoid In fa.ct, however, we have no way of know­ neither integration nor quality education. existence." There is even a serious posslb111ty that ing what has been done for the poor or the One of those who does send his children cities. some major city school systems will not be to the public schools of the District of Co­ able to open In the fall for lacking of funding. When Carter's advisers first began devel­ lumbia is Ernest Green, a black assistant The central city schools, having become oping his urban program, they discovered secretary of labor. But he observed that most predominantly nonwhite and Hispanic, are that information on the effect of what had of his associates who have school-age chil­ denied access to the wealth and skills of the gone on before was scattered and most often dren-black and whlte--don't, and he added: middle class, which has departed for the worthless. "When some young black kid in the ghetto suburbs. They knew that the Bronx was in trouble tells you that liberals are full of---, that's Whatever the causes of white flight, it has but no one knew how much federal money what he means-that you say one thing and produced a situation in which black and had gone into the Bronx and what it had you do another. I think that both middle­ Hispanic children in many central cities can­ accomplished. class blacks and whites that want to have not get an integrated education unless pupil .Although Carter was to double funding some impact on schools have got to keep transfer is extended to the suburbs. July 18, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 21553 According to a U.S. Civil Rights Commis­ cial motivation that mergers (between city As Carter aide Schlossteln put it: "In a sion survey last year in the 26 largest cities, and suburb) are virtually impossible in the lot of cities you have a situation where the three out of four black children are assigned near future." strongest tax base ls outside the central to what the report termed "intensely segre­ That is why proponents of the metropoli­ cities. Even the most depressed cities-take gated schools"-that is, more than 90 percent tan approach look to the courts for a push Cleveland, for instance. The surrounding minority. in that direction. In his muclh-quoted Har­ area ls a healthy one. You know, you have It stated that: "The problem is growing vard law school address on the 20th anniver­ some of the wealthiest people in the country worse, not better . . . Increasingly the sary of the decision in Brown vs. Board of living in Shaker Heights in the suburbs of boundaries between cities and suburbs have Education, Judge Wright declared that if Cleveland. become not merely political dividing lines the Supreme Court were to continue to act "Well, the courts have made a decision but barriers that separate people by race and as 1f the crossing of school district lines in not to bus across or tax across these lines ... economic class." desegregation cases were not permissible, The city supports the symphony, the muse­ The future of school desegregation in these "the national trend toward residential, polit­ ums, the zoo, the airport, the parks, the cen­ large urban areas, the commission wrote, dies ical and educational apartheid wlll not only tral business district where all these people beyond the city line. be greatly accelerated; it wlll also be ren­ work, and the city gets zero dollars from "If we are correct in these conclusions, a dered legitimate, and virtually irreversible, those people other than what they spend in metropo Ii tan school desegregation remedy is by force of law." the city.... required under the Constitution and applica­ The court has continued to act that way "Twenty per cent of the people In the ble Supreme Court decisions," the commis­ and the trend toward "apartheid" has ac­ country live in the central cities. As a re­ sion wrote. celerated. sult, it is expected that a higher percentage To date the Supreme Court has not ac­ Three cases where the metropolitan plan of new federal building and defense contracts cepted this conclusion, but proponents o:! has been ordered by the lower courts are wlll be let to industries in the cities. There the metropolitan solution think that the Indianapolis, Louisvllle and Wilmington. In ls also a program of tax credits to attract new court has left the door open in its instruc­ the latter case, which is just being imple­ industry and an investment bank to guaran­ tions in the Detro! t case and in its handling mented and which is on appeal, 82 % of the tee loans." of the Wilmington, Del., case, where a metro­ students were black while fewer than 6 per­ One congressional critic of the program, politan solution is in the works. cent of suburban students were. Rep. Ronald V. Dellums (D-Callfornla.), One of the first to suggest that a metro­ Louisvllle three years aeo became the first said: "So what else ls new? It's more cos­ politan plan might be necessary was U.S. city in the country to implement court­ metics. The amount of money spent ($12 Court of Appeals Judge J . Skelly Wright. In ordered metropolitan desegregation. There is bllllon) ls so small for so many hundreds of his 1967 decision ordering Washington, D.C., disagreement among observers over whether cities it's a joke." schools to spend the same amount of money it is working well. But a recent study by White House assistant Schlossteln re­ on black pupils as on white pupils, he noted: state and local education in Kentucky rec­ sponds, accur-a.tely enough, that this ls the "The plan ... should anticipate the pos­ ommends the metropolitan plan as offering first time that any administration has both­ sibility that integration may be accomplished the best hope for minimizing white flight. ered to formulate an urban policy. And it through cooperation with school districts in In any event, other cities are girding for ls possible that this package wm do more for the metropolitan suburbs . . . . Certainly 1f Eimilar encounters with their suburbs. the cities than any previous program. But the jurisdictions comprising the Washington The mood of the pessimist was summarized most insiders agree that it remains a mea­ metropolitan area can cooperate in the estab­ by David Segal, a city planner in Phlladel­ ger response to an immense problem. lishment of a metropolitan transit authority, phla, whose school system ls on the brink of To the Georgia state senator and black the possibility of such cooperation in the field bankruptcy and under pressure by the state clvll rights activist, the current "accommo­ of education should not be denied ...." to come up with an acceptable desegregation dation" ls proof that "racism is no longer This "metropolitan solution," which many plan. Segal said, "There ls too much hostility embarrassing. It's acceptable now. It's de­ civil rights groups now are pushing in court between the city and the suburbs for a met­ fensible. And maybe it's because we have cases across the country, including Los An­ ropolitan plan to work. If Phlladelphla tries such a scarcity of things and people feel so geles and Atlanta, sounds innocent enough. to export its problems to the suburbs you'd possessive a.bout the few things they do But to many suburbanites, it challenges the have a revolution on your hands." ha.ve-thelr homes, their jobs, their very roots of their civilization. Given the intensity of this situation, the schools-that these attitudes become per­ When the affluent school districts of Great Carter Administration simply has sought to fectly permissible. They're defending these Neck and Scarsdale voluntarily sought to avoid the entire matter. traditional American values." bring in some students from the New York The same c:m be said for California's Gov. City school system, according to New York's Brown. Bond's prediction is that the poor wlll be former Commissioner of Education Ewald When pushed, politicians in both Wash­ maintained in their current status. "I mean Nyquist, "In both cases there was so much ington and Sacramento deny that they have 25 years of just being sort of frozen in place. hostility among community members that authority to act. Brown says it is the federal What's happened ls ·that we've developed this plans for implementation were dropped. The government and the courts that have author­ permanent underclass. You know, the affair triggered the dismissal of the super­ ity over the schools. And the Carter staffers American myth and fact used to be that intendent of schools." say it ls the state governments that must people sort of moved in and out went up and He recounted a similar experience with a act to redistrict schools and, in general, in­ down. suburb outside of Buffalo, the town of Wil­ corporate the city into the economic life of "There's always been this little knot at the liamsvllle, which was going to accept 100 its surrounding area. bottom. But now this little knot of people minority Cihildren from Buffalo to add to its The busing controversy illustrates the at the bottom has become larger, No. l, a.nd school population of 11,000. larger problem of an urban underclass iso­ has become permanent, No. 2. The mother's "There was such a furor ... the plan was lated from mainstream America, which is a. welfare case, the chlld ls a welfare case, dropped," the commissioner said. He con­ now centered in the suburbs. the chlld 's child is a. welfare case and they cluded: Just as the predominantly white suburbs all live with the grandmother who's a. wel­ "As you can see from some of these ex­ are unwllling to accept minority students fare case." amples, I am all for metropolitan desegrega­ from the cities, they have rejected govern­ So maybe the cities will remain the con­ tion, and it is probably the only solution for ment programs which would assist the minor­ tainers for the poor and knots of unem­ certain suburban districts and large cities. ity poor, though they would bring additional ployed males on street corners, some maxi­ But I do not have the power as State Educa­ federal income into their communities. mizing tbelr energy to make dope deals in tion Commissioner to order it, and New York As Labor Department and HUD officials order to get a little high, the rest just wait­ State will not, for the foreseeable future. re­ make quite clear, the suburbs reject the sub­ ing ... move the legal barriers to accomplish it." f.idized housing or job-training programs out Perhaps the cities wlll be lefrt with the The resistance is so widespread that when of fear-t hat they will attract the minority dubious achievement of black political Congress came up with funding to reward poor from the inner cities. power to preside over burned-out buildings, school districts in the suburbs that would Many suburbanites have come to define gouging landlords, welfare cheats, poverty voluntarily devise such plans, it found no their security by their distance from the pimps and the majority of poor people who takers, and the funding program was termi­ outstanding social problems of American never commit crimes but who are its most nated in 1974. life. frequent victims, trying against hopeless One expert, Edgar G. Epps, professor of The real issue is whether the urban poor odds to raise chlldren properly so they won't urban education at the University of Ohi­ are to be permitted to live within main­ have to live this way. cago, discounts the prospects for any volun­ stream AmericJ. or whether the central cities And the Cities wlll have become the final tary plan for merger of the problems of shall continue their progression toward be­ homeland of a minority underclass of un­ suburban and urban communities because coming American Sowetos-zones for the un­ skllled, uneducated, unmotivated people "the !ear of racial and economic integration" wanted poor. who are no longer in need as a source of has reached a "level which approaches para­ Without access to the skllls, jobs, good cheap labor on Southern farms or in the noia. The current polarization of central city schools and the money in the suburbs, the textile and garment industries and who wm and suburban residents has suoh strong ra- cities will stagnate. not now go back from where they came. 21554 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE July 19, 1978 PRISONER MALTREATMENT IN British troops and Irish prisoners at Cas­ he suffered while he was detained and in NORTHERN IRELAND tlereagh Barracks in Northern Ireland. the complete control of authorities in Case No. 62 involves a male arrested in Northern Ireland. 1977 and taken to Castlereagh Holding Mr. Speaker, we all should be deeply HON. DOUGLAS WALGREN Centre. During his 3-day detention, it is troubled by cruel violations of human OF PENNSYLVANIA alleged that he suffered severe beatings rights throughout the world. Violence IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES about the head and stomach. His captors against individuals held in prison is no tortured him as they bent his wrists Tuesday, July 18, 1978 and arms behind his back. In addition, different whether it be in South Africa • Mr. WALGREN. Mr. Speaker, in co­ he was thrown against a wall and choked or Northern Ireland. I want to offer case ordination with the Congressional Irish until he was unconscious. No. 62 as a reminder of the tragic strife Caucus, I want to draw the attention of When No. 62 was released, he was ex­ and violence in Northern Ireland. It is my colleagues to one of the many cases amined by his own doctor. The :findings my sincere hope we can prevail upon the of prisoner abuse in Northern Ireland indicated a punctured ear drum, damage British Government to put a stop to documented by Amnesty International. to other parts of his left ear, and se­ these kinds of violations of human rights Similar to 77 other such cases of pris­ vere bruising over much of his body. The and move toward a just settlement of the oner maltreatment, this case involves cause of these injuries was the beating Northern Ireland situation.•

SENATE-Wednesday, July 19, 1978

Statements or insertions which are not spoken by the Member on the floor will be identified by the use of a "bullet" symbol, i.e., •