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Yellowstone Science a Quarterly Publication Devoted to the Natural and Cultural Resources

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Yellowstone Science a Quarterly Publication Devoted to the Natural and Cultural Resources Yellowstone Science A quarterly publication devoted to the natural and cultural resources GYE Development Trends and Grizzlies Archaeology Along the Yellowstone The Value of Saving Cutthroats Volume 9 Number 2 The Yellowstone River near Cottonwood Creek in the Black Canyon of the Yellowstone. People have always been attracted to waterways. NPS photo. A current vision of sprawl in the Bridger Mountains near Bozeman, Montana. Photo by Tim Crawford, courtesy Greater Yellowstone Coalition. Blurring the Lines Archaeologist Mack Shortt tells us in two features focus on two of the park’s just how to “get it right.” They do remind this issue that research in the Black Can- current natural resource management pri- me that the ecosystem cannot be simply yon has “demonstrated intensive orities. Vanessa Johnson documents ru- divided, on maps or in our minds, into Precontact use of most of the Yellow- ral residential growth in greater Yellow- “wild,” “rural,” and “urban.” That re- stone River valley” during the past 9,000 stone and associated concerns for wild- sources in and outside parks cannot be years. Many of us find it fascinating to life—especially grizzly bears. Todd easily termed “natural” or “cultural,” read about or, better yet, happen upon Cherry and Jason Shogren tell us people when the relationships are so often inter- evidence of humans far beyond our time are willing to pay to control lake trout woven. That future humans will, like us, while out exploring in the “wilderness.” who eat native cutthroat who feed bears struggle to balance human use against Using clues dug from what’s left on the and other species that presumably co- wild species’ habitat needs and debate land and from the often-meager, more existed with much earlier residents of the how to ensure the long-term health of the recent, written record, researchers like Yellowstone River valley. planet and our little corner of it. That we Shortt “shed light on Yellowstone’s cul- Glimpses of how our human predeces- who are nature’s great threat are also its tural past.” And perhaps more…Our other sors lived and used the land cannot tell us great friends. Good luck to all of us. SCM Yellowstone Science A quarterly publication devoted to the natural and cultural resources Volume 9 Number 2 Spring 2001 Table of Contents Trends in Rural Residential Development in the 2 Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Since the Listing of the Grizzly Bear, 1975–1998 Development trends in the GYE cause concern for grizzly bear habitat and the long-term survival of the great bears. by Vanessa K. Johnson Invasive Species Management for the Yellowstone 10 Lake Ecosystem: What do Visitors Think? A survey of visitors’ perceptions and their willingness to pay to reduce lake trout risks to the ecosystem. by Todd L. Cherry and Jason F. Shogren Editor Museum of the Rockies Archaeological Research 16 Sue Consolo-Murphy Associate Editor in the Canyons of the Yellowstone Jim Caslick The first comprehensive site inventory of the Yellowstone River valley from Fishing Bridge to Gardiner is nearly complete. by Mack W. Shortt Assistant Editor and Design Tami Blackford News and Notes 21 Assistant Editors Mary Ann Franke Commercial Film Company Cited for Resource Violations • Yellowstone Superintendent Announces Retirement • Wyoming Bans Salt Baiting • Sixth Kevin Schneider Biennial Scientific Conference on the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem • Alice Wondrak Yellowstone Becomes Catch-and-Release Only for Native Fish • Note Printing Artcraft, Inc. Bozeman, Montana Yellowstone Science is published quarterly, and submissions are welcome from all investigators conducting formal research in the Yellowstone area. Correspondence should be sent to the On the cover: Kevin Thorson (Museum Editor, Yellowstone Science, Yellowstone Center for Resources, of the Rockies) and a Yellowstone P.O. Box 168, Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190. The opinions expressed in Yellowstone Science are the authors' and may not reflect Institute class enrollee testing at the either National Park Service policy or the views of the Yellowstone Center for Ryder archaeological site on the Resources. Copyright © 2001, the Yellowstone Association for Natural Science, Yellowstone River. NPS photo. History & Education. Support for Yellowstone Science is provided by the Yellow- Above: A hafted knife (actual size) from stone Association, a non-profit educational organization dedicated to serving the park and its visitors. For more information about the association, including membership, the Pelican Lake camp at the LBD or to donate to the production of Yellowstone Science, write to archaeological site. Drawing by Tah Yellowstone Association, P.O. Box 117, Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190. Madsen. Yellowstone Science is printed on recycled paper with a linseed oil-based ink. Trends in Rural Residential Development in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Since the Listing of the Grizzly Bear, 1975–1998 by Vanessa K. Johnson I shift my car into fourth gear (its highest) and gratefully breathe the cool evening air rushing through my windows. The steep hillsides framing the road are golden as the last rays of the sun play upon tall grasses flattened into cowlicks by wind and time. I glance up at a ridgetop and can almost see a grizzly and her cub searching for roots, acorns, berries, and other candies of the earth. Dennis Glick, GYC. The mother ambles along patiently while her cub frolics nearby. The fading sun gently touches the mother’s fur, and her brown coat becomes a luminescent blonde that melts her into the surroundings. And there she disappears for a moment, and then for eternity. Because I’m not in Wyoming, Montana, or Idaho, the last three states in the lower 48 where grizzlies have a stronghold. I’m in California, where the last grizzly bear was shot in 1922, just outside Sequoia National Park. The only grizzlies seen here now are flying on the state flag. In the Northern Rockies, with a combined human population nearly one-tenth that of California, there is still time to save the great bear. But how much? Introduction projections regarding grizzly bear ecology and habitat suggest that the Escalating development levels on grizzly bears’ future in the lower 48 the lands surrounding Yellowstone and the GYE is still far from certain. National Park have only recently Historically, between 85 and 94 begun to attract attention, as con- percent of all recorded grizzly bear cerns rise regarding the impacts of mortalities in the GYE since listing growth on the region’s landscape have been human-caused. Substan- and wildlife. The area surrounding tial evidence indicates that increas- Yellowstone National Park, which ing numbers of people moving into has come to be known as the Greater or nearer to grizzly bear habitat will Yellowstone Ecosystem (Figure 1), NPS photo. mean a greater likelihood of human- represents one of the largest, most caused grizzly bear mortality. Hu- intact ecosystems in the lower 48 states. man–bear interactions are likely to be- Yet many of the counties encompassed in for protection under the Endangered Spe- come even more numerous if projected the three states of the Greater Yellow- cies Act in 1975. In fewer than 200 declines occur in key grizzly bear foods, stone Ecosystem (GYE) have some of the years, the great bear’s population has such as cutthroat trout, whitebark pine fastest growing populations in the U.S. been decimated to a mere 1 percent of its seeds, and army cutworm moths. Under This study was instigated by growing historic numbers and 2 percent of its conditions of food scarcity, bears tend to concerns about the potential impacts of former range in the lower 48 states, roam more widely in search of alternative such population growth and concomitant where the GYE harbors one of five re- food sources, often bringing them into development on grizzly bear populations maining grizzly bear populations. De- areas of human activity and substantially and their habitat in the GYE. Grizzly spite 25 years of federal protection, increasing the risk of human-caused death. bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) were listed current regional trends, conditions, and Grizzly bears are an umbrella species, 2 Yellowstone Science which means that their habitat area requirements encompass those of many other species. Ecosystems that retain their Sweet umbrella species are often the most eco- Grass Stillwater Park logically robust, with a predominance of Gallatin native species and ecological processes that operate as they have historically. The Carbon habitats utilized by grizzlies span the Madison spectrum of natural communities present in this region, rendering grizzlies the eco- MONTANA Beaverhead logical canary in the coal mine; thus suc- WYOMINGM cessful grizzly bear recovery will likely MONTANA also assure the long-term health of the Park GYE. IDAHO The intention of this study was to help Clark inform grizzly bear conservation efforts Fremm by (1) developing some operational indi- ces of private lands development in the Madison TetonT Hot GYE counties, (2) presenting trends, con- Springs Jefferson ditions, and projections on these indices, and (3) presenting some alternatives for Bonneville Teton Fremont how to better conserve habitat and mini- Bingham mize human–bear conflicts on private lands. This article will focus primarily on Lincoln the trends found, some causal conditions, Sublette and ideas on how these trends and poten- Caribou tial adverse consequences might be ad- IDAHO WYOMING dressed. National Parks Bear National Forests Methods Lake Counties The study area consisted of the coun- ties encompassed in the Greater Yellow- stone Ecosystem. The primary indicators FIGURE 1. COUNTIES FOUND WITHIN THE GREATER YELLOWSTONE ECOSYSTEM. initially chosen to assess county develop- Based on a map courtesy of the Greater Yellowstone Coalition. ment levels were domestic water well records in Montana, domestic water well permits in Wyoming, and individual sep- tic system permits in Idaho.
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