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Signs and Symbols Represented in Germanic, Particularly Early Scandinavian, Iconography Between the Migration Period and the End of the Viking Age
Signs and symbols represented in Germanic, particularly early Scandinavian, iconography between the Migration Period and the end of the Viking Age Peter R. Hupfauf Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Sydney, 2003 Preface After the Middle Ages, artists in European cultures concentrated predominantly on real- istic interpretations of events and issues and on documentation of the world. From the Renaissance onwards, artists developed techniques of illusion (e.g. perspective) and high levels of sophistication to embed messages within decorative elaborations. This develop- ment reached its peak in nineteenth century Classicism and Realism. A Fine Art interest in ‘Nordic Antiquity’, which emerged during the Romantic movement, was usually expressed in a Renaissance manner, representing heroic attitudes by copying Classical Antiquity. A group of nineteenth-century artists, including Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Holman Hunt and Everett Millais founded the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. John Ruskin, who taught aesthetic theory at Oxford, became an associate and public defender of the group. The members of this group appreciated the symbolism and iconography of the Gothic period. Rossetti worked together with Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris. Morris was a great admirer of early Scandinavian cultures, and his ideas were extremely influential for the development of the English Craft Movement, which originated from Pre-Raphaelite ideology. Abstraction, which developed during the early twentieth century, attempted to communicate more directly with emotion rather then with the intellect. Many of the early abstract artists (Picasso is probably the best known) found inspiration in tribal artefacts. However, according to Rubin (1984), some nineteenth-century primitivist painters appreciated pre-Renaissance European styles for their simplicity and sincerity – they saw value in the absence of complex devices of illusio-nist lighting and perspective. -
Old Germanic Languages
OLD GERMANIC LANGUAGES HERBERT PENZL 1. EARLY GERMANIC 1.1 General Among Old Germanic languages we include: Gothic (§2), Old North Germanic ('Proto-Norse', §3) before its split into the Old Norse (ON) dialects, the 'West Ger- manic' languages such as Old English (OE, §4), Old Frisian (OFris., §5), Old Saxon (OS) and Old Low Franconian (OLF, §6), Old High German (OHG, §7). Compre- hensive research reports on Germanic languages without specific regional and time restrictions have appeared by Carl Karstien ("Altgermanische Dialekte"), Victor Michels ("Deutsch"), and Wilhelm Horn ("Englische Sprachwissenschaft") in Stand und Aufgaben (1924); in Götze et al. (1934); and in Streitberg et al. (1936). Many studies concern not only these individual attested languages but rather features shared by all or by some of them which we can thus attribute to an earlier reconstructed stage. Some early onomastic data, some Runic inscriptions cannot be easily assigned to any particular major Germanic dialect. In this first subchapter (§1) I shall deal with all these publications and those that involve reconstructed stages of, or within, Germanic. The character and status of reconstructed forms and sounds were infrequently an issue, rarely the whole concept of a reconstructed ancestral language like 'Proto- Germanic' ('Primitive Germanic', Urgermanisch), 'Common Germanic' (Gemein- germanisch) but frequently the assumption and grouping of specific intermediate proto- languages. Some scholars, however, like Pisani (1955), also van Coetsem (1969), avoided altogether references to 'Proto-Germanic'; other scholars, like Sparnaay (1961), criticized the concept of a monolithic proto-language without dialects. Maurer (1943) successfully attacked 'West Germanic' as an areal and tribal entity, within an analysis of the grouping and development of the Germanic languages but largely on the basis of Germanic tribal history and archeology; cf. -
Worcester Historical
Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies 11 Hawthorne Street Worcester, Massachusetts ARCHIVES 2019.01 Kline Collection Processd by Casey Bush January 2019 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Series Page Box Collection Information 3 Historical/Biographical Notes 4 Scope and Content 4 Series Description 5 1 Antisemitic Material 7-15 1-2, 13 2 Holocaust Material 16-22 2-3, 13 3 Book Jackets 23 4-9 4 Jewish History material 24-29 10-11, 13 5 Post-war Germany 30-32 12 6 The Second World War & Resistance 33-37 28 7 French Books 38-41 14 8 Miscellaneous-language materials 42-44 15 9 German language materials 45-71 16-27 10 Yiddish and Hebrew language materials 72-77 29-31 11 Immigration and Refugees 78-92 32-34 12 Oversized 93-98 35-47 13 Miscellaneous 99-103 48 14 Multi-media 104-107 49-50 Appendix 1 108 - 438 2 Collection Information Abstract : This collection contains books, pamphlets, magazines, guides, journals, newspapers, bulletins, memos, and screenplays related to anti-Semitism, German history, and the Holocaust. Items cover the years 1870-1990. Finding Aid : Finding Aid in print form is available in the Repository. Preferred Citation : Kline Collection – Courtesy of The Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies at Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts. Provenance : Purchased in 1997 from Eric Chaim Kline Bookseller (CA) through the generosity of the following donors: Michael J. Leffell ’81 and Lisa Klein Leffell ’82, the Sheftel Family in memory of Milton S. Sheftel ’31, ’32 and the proceeds of the Carole and Michael Friedman Book Fund in honor of Elisabeth “Lisa” Friedman of the Class of 1985.