Corn Varieties (Zea Mays L.)

VALIDATION OF IMPROVED OPEN-POLLINATED CORN VARIETIES (ZEA MAYS L.)

IN 28 SITES OF THE CHOLUTECA AND SOUTHERN PARADISE, DEPARTMENTS OF HONDURAS - FEBRUARY 2016 2 Table of contents

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 2. SUMMARY 7 3. INTRODUCTION 9 4. GENERAL OBJECTIVE 11 VALIDATION OF IMPROVED VALIDATION OPEN-POLLINATED OPEN-POLLINATED CORN VARIETIES CORN

4.1 Specific Objectives 11 L.) (ZEA MAYS IN 28 SITES OF THE CHOLUTECA AND OF THE CHOLUTECA SITES IN 28 DEPARTMENTS PARADISE, SOUTHERN 2016 - FEBRUARY OF HONDURAS 5. MATERIALS AND METHODS 13 5.1 Training and dissemination activities 13 5.1.1 Training phase 13 5.1.2 Diffusion Phase 13 5.2 Cultivars evaluated 14 5.3. Participating organizations and location of plots 14 5.4 Statistics analysis and calculations done 16 5.4.1 Environmental Indices 16 5.4.2 Adaptability analysis (AA) 16 5.4.3 Descriptive Statistics 16 5.4.4 Risk analysis technology 17 5.4.5 Economic analysis 17 5.4.6 Data Reporting 17 6. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 19 6.1 Training and promotion events 19 6.2 Environmental indices 20 6.3 Grain yield 22 6.4 Yield components 24 6.5 Environmental adaptation 25 6.6 Economic analysis 28 6.7 Risk Analysis 28 7. CONCLUSIONS 31 8. RECOMMENDATIONS 33 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY 35 10. ANNEXES 36

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1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This validation document of improved varieties of We express a deep gratitude to male and female corn was made possible bythe financial support farmers of the Local Agricultural Research of GlobalAffairs Canada. CARE-PROSADE wants to Committees whowere meaningfully involved express its gratitude to all the technicians of the in the processes of establishing and managing organizations involved as co-implementingpartners, the validation plots as well as the participatory in this case SUR en ACCION, the Triunfeña processes of analysis for decision-making in Development Association(ADETRIUNF) and the the identification of theOlanchano QPM-03 PerspirenseDevelopment Association (ADEPES) who improved corn variety. supported the organization of Local Agricultural Research Committees (CIAL´s) as well as the Special attention marks are expressed to establishment and monitoring of validation test plots the manager of the PROSADE project, Serge as part of theirtechnical assistance to this project’s Lantagne for his successful and innovative component. vision by including agricultural research as an axis of work in the agricultural production Thanks also to the Directorate of Agricultural Science component of the project. His positive and Technology (DICTA) of the Ministry of Agriculture leadership, strategic guidance and human 1 and Livestock (SAG) for providing improved seeds for quality always motivated the successful the establishment of the validation test plots as well development of the work. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS as the farm plot within the La Lujosa experimental station used as the test and production site for We express our deep gratitude to the guaranteed corn seeds. technical team of Agricultural Production component of CARE-PROSADE project: Special thanks to the Master in ScienceRoger OlmanGaleas, Nancy Raudales, JairoArtola and UrbinaAlgabas who served as technical adviser JhalmarMaradiaga for their dedication and on behalf of the International Center for Tropical commitment to the process of participatory Agriculture (CIAT) for CARE-PROSADE. His knowledge, agricultural research, which was implemented technical qualifications and professional ethics according to the technical and methodological contributed significantly to the results obtained in establishedguidelines. the agricultural research axis implemented by the PROSADE project.

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IN 28 SITES OF THE CHOLUTECA AND SOUTHERN PARADISE, DEPARTMENTS OF HONDURAS - FEBRUARY 2016 2 SUMMARY

VALIDATION OF IMPROVED OPEN-POLLINATED CORN VARIETIES (ZEA MAYS L.) IN 28 SITES OF THE CHOLUTECA AND SOUTHERN PARADISE, DEPARTMENTS OF HONDURAS – FEBRUARY 2016. Jhalmar E. Maradiaga O.1 Roger Urbina Algabas2 OlmanGaleas3 Nancy Raudales4

Starting with the second season planting cycle of 2012, the Promoting Food Security and Economic Development in the basins of the Choluteca and Negro rivers (PROSADE) project, financed with funds from Global Affairs Canada and implemented by CARE International in Honduras, through the Agricultural Production component, started participatory agricultural research with improved corn varieties, in comparisonwithlocal varieties used by project male and female beneficiary farmers. The participatory process was implemented using the Local Agricultural Research Committees (CIAL´s) methodology.

At the field level, three stages were implemented: two of which 1 Watershed and Sustainable were research oriented aimed to identify the improved variety Agriculture Coordinator, of the PROSADE Project of CARE which is best adapted to local agro-ecological conditions (tests International in Honduras; in strips and validation plots) and a thirdstage aiming to raising 2 Plant Gene Engineer and 2 Consultant of the International awareness about thebest identifiedseed varietyamongst tested Centre for Tropical Agriculture for ones. The validation stage of the evaluated cultivars described CARE-PROSADE; 3 Technical Watersheds and in this paper was implemented during the second season sowing SUMMARY Sustainable Agriculture Technician cycle of 2013. of the PROSADE Project, CARE International in Honduras. 4 Technical Watersheds and The work objective was to identify improved varieties of corn Sustainable Agriculture Facilitator, PROSADE Project, CARE adapted to the environmental conditions of the Departments of International in Honduras. Choluteca and of the South of El Paraiso.

6 7 Validation plots were established for the For each cultivar and farmers’varieties, variables purpose of generating information on the and descriptive statistics were calculated as well production, agronomic and vegetative health as variable grain yield.Also, environmental indices performance (adaptability) of the improved were calculated and an adaptability analysis was maize varieties (Zea mays L) open-pollinated, applied(Simple linear regression). Economic analysis DICTA Sequía and Olanchano QPM - 03, was also done with the partial budget method of compared to local varieties used by farmers in CIMMYT and risk analysis of the technology. 28 sites in the municipalities of El Corpus (9) in the Department of Choluteca and in Liure The results showed that in both favourable (10) and Soledad (9) of the Department of and unfavourable environments and even with El Paraíso. Both Departments are located in different handling by male and female farmers, the Region 13 of the Gulf of Fonseca, in the dry average productivity of the Olanchano QPM - 03 corridor of Southern Honduras. Through the variety washigherthan the DICTA Sequía variety CIAL´s participatory process,producershave and the varieties used by farmers. The average participated in the identification and performanceacross all test sites were: Olanchano development of the best corn seed variety to QPM - 03 1,980 kg / ha, DICTA Sequía 1,880 kg / be disseminatedin their areas. ha and farmers’ varieties 1,824 kg / ha. In terms of percentage, Olanchano QPM-03 exceeded the DICTA Agricultural technicians and farmers were Sequía by 5% and by 8% the farmers’ varieties (1,824 trained in the methodology of the Local kg / ha); the outcome of the economic analysis shows Agricultural Research Committees (CIAL´s), a marginal return rate (TRM) of 206%, therefore we for planting, farm monitoring, data collection can infer that in most cases the farmers’ varieties can analysis and interpretation of results in the be replaced by the improved Olanchano QPM - 03 areas of technology validation (AVT). variety. The TRM indicates that for every dollar spent when using the Olanchano QPM - 03 seed variety, the In total 58 events were held, distributed farmer can expect to recover their dollar invested in between training sessions on participatory the purchase of seed plus an additional USD $ 2.06 agricultural research, validation of for each kg of grain produced. technological options, feedback meetings and field days. Attendance was of a total of Another interesting result observed was the 714 people, distributed among agricultural behaviour of local varieties used by farmers in technicians and farmers (374 men and 340 unfavourable environments; even if they did not women). It is very important to highlight the outperform Olanchano QPM - 03, they showed participatory process applied to this process, a tendency to improve productivity when soil since male and female farmers involved in conservation practices and appropriate agronomic the CIAL´s had the equal opportunity to and health management are used; in these cases the appreciate on their own plots the benefits performance matched and in some cases surpassed and shortcomings of tested varieties. the DICTA Sequía improved variety.

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IN 28 SITES OF THE CHOLUTECA AND SOUTHERN PARADISE, DEPARTMENTS OF HONDURAS - FEBRUARY 2016 3 INTRODUCTION

This work was done under the PROSADE project, Validation work was done as part of the activities financed with funds from GlobalAffairs Canada of the agricultural production component of and implemented by CARE International in PROSADE under the technical assistance of the Honduras. International Center for Tropical Agriculture The PROSADE project was designed to reduce (CIAT) and this was to validate the adaptability the vulnerability of 24,200 men, women, children, of improved varieties of open-pollinated corn youth and senior citizens, address food security (Zea mays L) in 28 sites in the Municipalities of El through building the capacity of beneficiaries, Corpus (9) in the Department of Choluteca and emphasizing on environment friendly agricultural Liure (10) and Soledad (9) in the Department of production, improving community health El Paraíso. Both Departments located in Region through the provision of water, sanitation and 13 of the Gulf of Fonseca, in the dry corridor of nutrition, promoting gender equality, supporting Southern Honduras. sustainable economic activities and protecting natural resources. Agricultural productivity in the country and particularly in the dry corridor located in the PROSADE intervenes in the Municipalities of Southern part of Honduras is low. For example, Apacilagua, Choluteca, El Corpus, Namasigüe, in the PROSADE projectbaseline study, average Orocuina, Morolica and San Marcos de Colón inthe yields for corn were of 632 kg / ha (9.8 qq / mz)

Department of Choluteca and in Municipalities of without extreme drought conditions; These yields 3 Liure, Soledad and VadoAncho in the Department are considered low since they are not enough to of El Paraíso. The project implementation cover one year household consumption in case

wascarried out through four components, the household has only cultivated maize for one INTRODUCTION namely: 1) knowledge management and capacity cycle which is the most families currently in this building, health, nutrition, 2) water supply and region due to degradation climatic conditions. sanitation, 3) sustainable agricultural production In the case of corn, annual demand for a family of and 4) innovative financial mechanisms. 5 individuals is of 818 kg (18 quintals), -PROSADE Project, 2013-.

8 9 In addition to the above, generally the currentcrop yields are not sufficient to allow male and female farmers to sell surplus crops andgenerate extra income for covering other basic household needs such as: health, education, clothing, and basic sanitation, among others.

Low yields in corn have several causes, including: farmers do not have agricultural supplies available (pesticides and fertilizers) that allow for efficient crop management (control of insects and diseases as well as fertilization), limited moisture conditions, little or limited access to improved varieties of seeds that are adapted to the environmental conditions prevailing in Southern Honduras, degraded soils, lack of technical assistance and limited access to financial services, among others.

Since one of the causes of the above- described problem is limited access to seed of improved varieties, adapted to the environmental conditions of the South, this work is vital to validate corn open-pollination improved varieties.

VALIDATION OF IMPROVED OPEN-POLLINATED CORN VARIETIES (ZEA MAYS L.)

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4 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

Identify improved corn varieties adapted to the environmental conditions in the Departments of Choluteca and the South of El Paraiso.

4.1 Specific Objectives n Involve producers in the process of identifying and developing the best variety to use in their own farms. 4 n Train technicians and farmers in the CIAL methodology, planting, managing validation plots, data analysis and interpretation of results in the areas of technology GENERAL OBJECTIVE GENERAL validation (AVT) and production technology of “guaranteed” non-conventional seed. n Carry out raising awareness activities with the selected variety, with the participation of male and female farmers and start the process of seed production with guaranteed quality.

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IN 28 SITES OF THE CHOLUTECA AND SOUTHERN PARADISE, DEPARTMENTS OF HONDURAS - FEBRUARY 2016 5 MATERIALS AND METHODS

5.1 Training and dissemination 5.1.2 Diffusion Phase activities The implementation of this phase was carried out The process was developed in two operation in three stages, namely: i) feedback meetings, ii) phases, namely: i) Training Phase and ii) establishment of diffusion plots and iii) field visits. Diffusion Phase. Following are general descriptions of each of the stages implemented. 5.1.1 Training phase n This occurred before and during the Feedback Meetings: Estas reuniones se desarrollaron con aquellos implementation of the investigative productores y productoras que no forman processes. The process included trainingof parte de los CIAL, procediendo a explicar en actors involved in this activity, female and primera instancia el proceso de investigación male technicians of PROSADE and those participativa desarrollado en coordinación of the co-implementing organizations con el Comité de Investigación Agrícola Local 5 contracted by the PROSADE as well as (CIAL) correspondiente así como los resultados participating male and female farmers. de los análisis hechos que conllevaron a la MATERIALS AND METHODS The training sessions were specifically identificación de la variedad mejorada de maíz linked to the work of agricultural research QPM Olanchano - 03. and the production of guaranteed non- conventional seeds. The subjects covered in n Establishment of diffusion plots: the theoretical / practical workshops were: After the feedback process, the establishment farmer participatory research methodology, of diffusion plots in each area intervened; an area of 500 m2 each, strategically located in the validation of technological options upper, middle and lower part of each region, (planting, running trials, data collection and with easy access, and in most cases, located in analysis and interpretation of results) and conspicuous places so that other farmers who production of guaranteed non-conventional have not been involved could see the research seed. process implemented with each CIAL.

12 13 n Field Visits: In each of the diffusion plots established, field 5.2 Cultivars evaluated visitswere organized with the participation The cultivars planted in test plots of male and female farmers, with whom the during the second cycle planting of results have been shared in feedback meetings. 2013, are detailed in Table 1, below: These workshops were done with the purpose of showing, in the field, the benefits of the identified improved corn variety.

Table1. Corn varieties with free pollenization planted in validation plotsduring the 2013 second cycle, in 28 locations in the Choluteca & South of El Paraíso Departments. No. Variety Experiment name Origin

1 DICTA Sequía La Posta Sequía CIMMYT-DICTA 2 Olanchano QPM - 03 S03TLWQ-AB-03 CIMMYT-DICTA 3 Farmer variety Criollos y Acriollados Own seed

Two improved varieties respective performances 5.3. Participating organizations and were compared, in this case DICTA Sequíaand location of plots Olanchano QPM - 03against farmers’ varieties. As well as the project team, technicians from In this case theCriollafarmer’s varietywhich they the local organizations contracted by PROSADE store after each sowing cycle season was usedfor as co-implementersparticipatedandprovided the trial processThe agricultural handling was technical assistance in agricultural production, similar the one used by farmers on their own land, in this case: Sur en Acción and the Asociación de so that the only different variable in the system DesarrolloTriunfeña (ADETRIUNF). was the variety component. Details of the GPS coordinates of each validation plot, as well as general information on each site is described in Table 2.

14 North (Y) 1503757 1503921 1497692 1497207 1497411 1503861 1504120 1503632 1503840 1494890 1494909 1494917 1495901 1471831 1471948 1473471 1472206 1471802 1473433 1471970 1472529 1472165 1496215 1496865 1492762 1496910 1496219 1496077 East (X) East 484305 483840 485821 485308 485514 484152 484320 484590 483880 495577 495576 496013 497121 494711 494142 494670 495796 497100 494888 496970 495689 495696 494361 494139 492646 492111 499918 493203 Mercator Technical Unit Coordinates Technical Mercator 597 667 402 330 356 624 618 554 554 380 235 436 652 460 300 320 420 410 320 460 412 440 655 650 269 405 270 635 Height Height (m.s.n.m.) Famer Name Famer Paula Sabina Reyna Paula Flores Faustino Florencio OyuelaDenis Giovani José María Morazán Santiago Álvarez Macario Álvarez Trinidad Moisés Espinal Trinidad Merlin Zuniga Rosalina Torres Santos Braulio Ramírez Braulio Santos Juan José Ramírez Ceferino García Ceferino Alvaro Agustín Sánchez Agustín Alvaro Walter Betancourth Walter Pedro Baquedano Pedro Dolores OyuelaDolores C. Carlos RobertoCarlos Oyuela Marllis Guillen Bernarda Vargas Bernarda Antonio Montoya Antonio María Auxiliadora Bonilla María Auxiliadora Carlos Casco Carlos Gómez Margarito Domingo Guzmán Torrez Lanuario Gómez Lanuario Omar Santos Medina Ramona Pérez Ramírez Ceferino ADETRIUNF Organization Co-executing Co-executing Sur en Acción Calero 1 Calero 2 Calero Calaire 1 Calaire Calaire 2 Calaire Calaire 3 Calaire Calaire 4 Calaire Calaire 5 Calaire Calaire 6 Calaire Calaire 7 Calaire Calaire 8 Calaire Calaire 9 Calaire El Tejar 5 Tejar El El Tejar 4 Tejar El El Tejar 3 Tejar El El Tejar 2 Tejar El El Tejar 1 Tejar El El Hato 1 Hato El 2 Hato El Location Ocotillo 2 Ocotillo 1 Sabanita 1 Jocomico 1 Jocomico Guayabal 1 Guayabal Matapalo 1 Matapalo 2 Matapalo 3 Matapalo Las Presas 1 Presas Las Chichimeco 1 Chichimeco in 28 locations in the Choluteca & South of El Paraíso Departments. Paraíso & South of El in the Choluteca in 28 locations Liure Liure Liure Liure Liure Liure Liure Liure Liure Liure Soledad Soledad Soledad Soledad Soledad Soledad Soledad Soledad Soledad El Corpus El El Corpus El El Corpus El El Corpus El El Corpus El El Corpus El El Corpus El El Corpus El El Corpus El Municipality Participating organizations and geographic location of the corn validation technology plots established in the 2013 second cycle, plots established in the 2013 second technology validation of the corn location and geographic organizations 2. Participating Table El Paraíso El Choluteca Department 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 25 26 27 28 24 23 22 21 19 20 18 17 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 No.

14 15 5.4 Statistics analysis and calculations done

5.4.1 Environmental Indices The grain yield in each site was used as a (environment) repetition, to calculate the environmental indices (Ij) foreach site. Where: Ij = (∑i Yij / v) – (∑i ∑j Yij / vn) = 0; ∑j Ij = 0

Yij : Is the variety mean of the i-ism variety in the j-ism environment (i = 1, 2, ... v ; j = 1, 2 ... n) v: number of varieties (3) n: number of environments (28 sites)

5.4.2 Adaptability analysis (AA) Adaptability analysis (linear regression) was performed, using the methodology proposed by Hildebrand and Russell 1996, for comparative presentation graphics of the grain yield results.

Ŷ = a + be Where: Ŷ: Yield of the i-ism variety a: intercept, b: slope, e: environmental index

5.4.3 Descriptive Statistics The following descriptive statistics were calculated: average, standard deviation, maximum and minimum values. These calculations were performed with variable grain yield and environmental performance of varieties set up in the validation test plots.

To the yield of each variety in each plot, was applied a correction factor to adjust yields to the actual conditions

VALIDATION OF IMPROVED of the commercial area of the farmer. The correction factor OPEN-POLLINATED fluctuated in a range between 15 and 30%, depending on CORN VARIETIES the unevenness and / or uniformity in the commercial area (ZEA MAYS L.) of the farmer IN 28 SITES OF THE CHOLUTECA AND SOUTHERN PARADISE, DEPARTMENTS OF HONDURAS - FEBRUARY 2016 16 5.4.4 Risk analysis technology 5.4.6 Data Reporting Risk analysis was conducted using the Field data were transformed into percentages methodology proposed by Hildebrand and of rotten ears (% McaPo), percentages of cobs Russell 1996. discovered (% McasDesc), percentages of ears affected by drought (% McasAfec / Seq) plants

Risk= ȳ - [(t )* (Sd ) / √n ] per square meter (Pl / m2), Ears per square meter (gl = n - 1, p) (Mcas / m2), Weight of ears grams (PeMca), grain Where: yield to 14% moisture in kilograms per hectare ȳ = Average treatment of the observations and quintals per hectare (kg / ha and qq / mz). within a domain of tentative recommendation. S d = Standard deviation of the sample for observations within a tentative ‘recommendation domain’. n = Number of observations entered into the calculation of the average (i.e., in the ‘tentative recommendation domain’). n - 1 = Degrees of freedom (gl). p α = Probability level (from a t table of a remnant because interest is only on values below the average).

5.4.5 Economic analysis The partial budget method proposed by CIMMYT (CIMMYT, 1988) was used, which is suitable when it comes to making a final recommendation from several technological options that are being validated. The methodology takes into account, in the analysis, only the varied costs5 (in this instance it is the cost of seed) per hectare or per manzana6 of new treatments, as opposed to the traditional 5 Costs that vary: These are the costs (per hectare or manzana) related to purchasing supplies, varieties that the farmers use to come up with net labour and machinery used, which vary from one benefits7. treatment to another (CIMMYT 1988).

6 One manzana equals 1,73 acres The purpose of this analysis is to compare the 7 Net benefit: It is profit remaining for the farmer additional costs of new treatments (marginal after covering all expenses.

costs) with additional net profit (marginal benefit) 8 Marginal rate of return: Rate of return per unit. and gain a marginal rate of return8 acceptable to It indicates whether the investment is being recovered, for each additional unit invested plus the farmer. the additional profit for each unit invested.

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IN 28 SITES OF THE CHOLUTECA AND SOUTHERN PARADISE, DEPARTMENTS OF HONDURAS - FEBRUARY 2016 6 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

6.1 Training and promotion events Altogether 58 events were held with the participation of 714 people among In order to empower the stakeholders involved in this agricultural technicians and farmers ( 374 process, two blocks of events took place; the first block men and 340 women). It is very important were training workshops for female and male technicians to highlight the participatory process of PROSADE and its co-implementingorganizations implemented, since male and female responsible for applyingthe developed investigative farmers involved in the CIAL´s had the processes. The second block was linked to the promotion opportunity to appreciate in their own and dissemination events, where male and female farmers plots the benefits and shortcomings of who have not participated in local research processes the varieties evaluated. In the harvesting were involved. activities, for example, they themselves could see the final production of grains In the workshops of the first block directed at agricultural and compare the weight of the best variety technicians, the themes of participatory agricultural identified with the variety used locally.

research and validation of technological options were 6 addressed and these were developed through two It is important to note that local or workshops where an average participation between the criollovarieties are more precocious

two events was of 29 technicians (23 men and 6 women). compared with QPM Olanchano - 03 and FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION The workshops were replicated in a practical way in the is a feature that male and female farmers areas where CIAL male and female farmers were involved appreciate, because of the limited prevailing in the implementation of the validation plots. moisture conditions in the Southern part of Honduras. Notwithstanding the foregoing, In the second block of events on the promotion and these same male and female farmers in dissemination, male and female farmers key activities addition to production yields, also assessed such asfeedback meetings, field visitswere heldto raise the nutritional qualities of Olanchano QPM awareness, andaddress the processes that led to the - 03 as an additional benefit to their families. identification of the corn variety Olanchano QPM - 03 and then,duringthe field visits of the validation plots, the Below in Table 3, the details of events that benefits of the above mentioned variety were shown. took place and the number of participants Participants of the 56 events (34 meetings and feedback per event: Picnics 22) were 685 farmers (351 men and 334 women).

18 19 Table 3. Participants in training events, field trips and workshops to raise awareness on the results of the research done in the CIAL´s. No. of No. of Participants No Activities events Men Women Total 1 Workshop on participative agricultural research methodology 1 23 6 29 2 Workshop on validating technological options 1 22 6 28 Sub Total 2 23 6 29 3 Feed-back meetings with beneficiary farmers of both genders of 34 396 413 809 CARE- PROSADE 4 Field days in spreading plots 22 306 255 561 Sub Total 56 351 334 685 Total 58 374 340 714

Note: Events 1 & 2 were directed towards agricultural technicians of the participating co-executors. Events 3 & 4 weredone with farmers of both genders. The subtotals of both event blocks are average participants.

6.2 Environmental indices Productivity environments (Ij) were determined by It is also important to mention that the the productive expression of all cultivars evaluated in implementation of conservation practices (not a given environment and expressed as the average of burning and stubble management) promoted by all varieties in the j-ism environment minus the overall PROSADE have contributed or supplemented the average. favourable characterization of these locations.

The productive performance of cultivars typified the In the 15 unfavourable environments average environments; considering the above two production yields was1,344 kg / ha in the El Hato 2 site, the environments (favourable and unfavourable lowest yield was 552 kg / ha in this site as well environments) was determined. Classification was as in Matapalo 1, El Tejar 5 and Jocomico 1, very done of 13 favourable environments (46% of total low moisture conditions, with clay and stony localities harvested) with productivity rangingfrom1.894 soils, and in some cases there was a lack of crop to4.223 kg / ha and environmental indices between management in the established cultivars. -0.16 and 2,328 kg/ ha. Identification was made of 15 unfavourable environments (54%), with yields ranging It is interesting to note that in environments from 552 to 1.343 kg / ha and negative environmental classified as unfavourablefor their negative indices between-1.343 and -21 kg / ha (Table 5). environmental index, the average yield of the 15 sites was 1,344 kg / ha, which was comparatively The 13 favourable environments reflected average yield twice the average yields collected in the baseline of 2,529 kg / ha, with a maximum yield in the Calaire 5 study of the project, in this case 642.8 Kg / ha. site in the municipality of El Corpus, of4,223 kg / ha. In This is possibly due to the fact that these sites these sites the right agricultural management conditions implemented good conservation practices and were applied(fertilization, intelligent management of agronomic management. Among the constraints diseases and insects) also the 8 sites had similar yields to identified are: the fertility conditions and stony Calairesite; usually there has been sufficient moisture for grounds and the lack of moisture during the the proper crop development. development and production of cultivars.

20 This indicates that there is a good range of combined with the implementation of a plan of environments characterized by cultivars grown under agricultural management that enables efficient crop the conditions of the Southern part of Honduras, management.

Below is a table showing performance data where various environmental indices are listed for each location:

Table 4. Yeild and environment classification of 28 locations, where corn varieties free pollenization will be evaluated, planted in validation plots during the 2013 second cycle in 28 locations in the Choluteca & South of El Paraíso Departments. No. Locations Environment Yield (kg/ha) Environment Index % of total plots 1 Calaire 5 4,223 2,328 2 Calaire 9 3,890 1,996 3 Calaire 7 2,780 885 4 El Tejar 1 2,676 781 5 Calaire 2 2,542 647 6 Calaire 1 2,443 548 7 Matapalo 3 2,291 397 8 Calaire 4 2,249 354 9 Calero 1 2,114 219 10 Ocotillo 1 1,936 41 11 Las Presas 1 1,923 28 12 Calaire 8 1,923 28 13 El Tejar 2 1,894 -0.16 Average/Favourable Environments 2,529 46 14 Ocotillo 2 1,874 -21 15 Guallabal 1 1,861 -34 16 Chichimeco 1 1,860 -34 17 Calero 2 1,735 -160 18 El Tejar 3 1,685 -209 19 Calaire 3 1,584 -310 20 El Tejar 4 1,501 -393 21 Sabanita 1 1,500 -394 22 Calaire 6 1,455 -440 23 Matapalo 2 1,279 -616 24 El Hato 1 1,045 -850 25 Matapalo 1 844 -1,051 26 El Tejar 5 793 -1,101 27 Jocomico 1 599 -1,296 28 El Hato 2 552 -1,343 Average/Unfavourable Environments 1,344 54 General Average 1,895

20 21 6.3 Grain yield Grain yield of cultivars were calculated in both Possibly these ‘Criollos’ have become ‘native’ favourable and unfavourable environments through intro-egressions of genes of improved (Tables 6 and 7). The average yield of the Olanchano varieties introduced by the farmers in the sites; QPM - 03 variety that stands out, in favourable this could be the result of cross-improved varieties environments was of 2,616 kg / ha and of 1,429 introduced in certain areas, naturally crossed with kg / ha in unfavourable environments,compared the ‘Criollos’; if the ‘Criollos’ are a pure variety, to DICTA Sequia controls and local Criollos. When yields may be lower due to the restricted genetic making comparisons both in favourable and ceiling of the ‘Criollos’ short growing season. unfavourable environments, the DICTA Sequia variety is the closest to Olanchano QPM - 03, with It is important to highlight that even in average yields of 2,497 kg / ha and 1,346 kg / ha unfavourable environments, the three varieties respectively. have higher average yields than those found in the baseline study of the project (642.8 kg / In the case of the Olanchano QPM-03 variety, ha), and always the Olanchano QPM - 03 variety its best performance was in favourable has the highest average performance, in these environments specifically in the Calaire 9 4,484 environments (1,429 kg / ha). In addition to the kg / ha and El Tejar 1 with 3,587 kg / ha sites. In fact that it is an improved variety, productive unfavourableenvironments the differences are behaviour is also due to the implementation of not so great and in some sites, by small amounts conservation practices (not burning, planting both controls have been better. densities and managing crop stubble) and the implementation of an agricultural management In the case of ‘Criollos’ controls, there is a suspicion plan which includes fertilization and intelligent that their good yields in certain environments, management of insects and weeds. is due to the implementation of conservation practices and agronomic management (planting The following tables show in detail the productive densities, fertilization, etc.), which were used in performance of each variety in both favourable plot validation and also due adaptation to local and unfavourable environments. environmental conditions.

22 Table 5. Grain yield in environments with production limitations (kg/ha de grano),corn varieties of free pollenization , evaluated in validation plots in validation plots during the 2013 second cycle in 13 sites in the Choluteca & South of El Paraíso Departments. Grain yield at 14% humidity (kg/ha) Locations Environment Yield DICTA Sequia Olanchano QPM 03 Farmer variety Calaire 5 4,223 3,992 4,365 4,311 Calaire 9 3,890 3,999 4,484 3,189 Calaire 7 2,780 3,672 2,703 1,965 El Tejar 1 2,676 2,296 3,587 2,146 Calaire 2 2,542 2,112 2,650 2,863 Calaire 1 2,443 2,592 1,392 3,345 Matapalo 3 2,291 2,474 2,454 1,945 Calaire 4 2,249 2,587 2,198 1,961 Calero 1 2,114 2,106 2,168 2,068 Ocotillo 1 1,936 1,684 2,333 1,789 Las Presas 1 1,923 1,875 1,889 2,004 Calaire 8 1,923 1,504 1,892 2,371 El Tejar 2 1,894 1,564 1,891 2,228 Average 2,529 2,497 2,616 2,476 Standard deviation 742 872 960 743 Maximum value 4,223 3,999 4,484 4,311 Minimum value 1,894 1,504 1,392 1,789

22 23 Table 6. Grain yield in environments with production limitations (kg/ha de grano),corn varieties of free pollenization , evaluated in validation plots in validation plots during the 2013 second cycle in 15 sites in the Choluteca & South of El Paraíso Departments. Grain yield at 14% humidity (kg/ha) Locations Environment Yield DICTA Sequia Olanchano QPM 03 Farmer variety Ocotillo 2 1,874 2,169 1,844 1,609 Guallabal 1 1,861 1,884 1,972 1,727 Chichimeco 1 1,860 2,010 1,841 1,729 Calero 2 1,735 1,745 1,473 1,986 El Tejar 3 1,685 1,971 1,249 1,836 Calaire 3 1,584 1,453 1,923 1,377 El Tejar 4 1,501 1,261 2,533 710 Sabanita 1 1,500 1,625 1,174 1,702 Calaire 6 1,455 1,611 1,311 1,442 Matapalo 2 1,279 1,052 1,601 1,184 El Hato 1 1,045 1,059 1,080 995 Matapalo 1 844 1,033 678 820 El Tejar 5 793 782 1,074 524 Jocomico 1 599 212 1,061 524 El Hato 2 552 326 616 713 Average 1,344 1,346 1,429 1,259 Standard deviation 465 600 524 508 Maximum value 1,874 2,169 2,533 1,986 Minimum value 552 212 616 524

6.4 Yield components In Table 8, we can see that the Olanchano QPM - 03 Analyzing yield components (Table 8), the variety had an average yield of grain through the superiority of the Olanchano QPM - 03 variety can 28 sites of 1,980 kg / ha, while farmers’ varieties be seen over the farmers varieties is because the yield was an average of 1,824 kg / ha . Then a weight of the ears in grams [PeMca (gr)] is greater, difference can be seen of 156 kg, which means in this case 74.06 compared to 66.76 gr of the 10% superiority of Olanchano QPM - 03 over the average farmers’ varieties. farmers’ varieties.

24 A difference was also observed in the percentage of Poor husk cover featuring that the Olanchano QPM cobs affected by drought (% McasAf / Seq); at harvest - 03 variety is a character that should be improved time it was found that Olanchano QPM - 03 had less in this variety, since poor cob cover, is a factor that cobs affected by drought (61.81%) compared to the can cause as more cobs to have mold problems average of the varieties farmers with 66.89%. It is or rotten ears, when normal or abundant rainfall important to mention that both varieties were very occurs. affected by erratic or low rainfall (drought). Yield components in plants per square meter Note must be made that the Olanchano QPM - 03 (Pl / m2), ears per square meter (Mcas / m2) and variety at harvest time had a higher percentage of cobs per plant (Mcas / Pl) no differences between rotten ears (% Mca Pod) with 12.23% and higher cultivars evaluated were observed. percentage of bare cobs (% McaDesc) with 4.98%, compared to 7.10% of Mca Pod and 4.98% of Below in Table 8, the yield components of each McaDesc respectively that the farmers´ varieties had. nursery can be seen.

Table. 7. Yields, number of plants and cobbs harvested of corn varieties with free pollenization. Averages in 28 locations. Technological validation areas established in the Choluteca and South of El Paraiso Departments during the 2013 second cycle.

Name of variety Pl/m2 Variety Mcas/Pl Mcas/m2 %McaPod %McaPod PeMca (gr) PeMca %McaDesc Yield (kg/ha) Yield % McasAf/Seq % McasAf/Seq % Above Farmers Farmers % Above

QPM Olanchano 03 1,980 109 12.23 6.93 61.81 4.13 3.50 0.85 74.06 DICTA Sequía 1,880 103 11.77 5.76 66.12 4.11 3.77 0.93 66.53 Farmer Variety 1,824 100 7.10 4.98 66.89 3.99 3.56 0.89 66.76 Diference QPM Olanchano - D.Sequía 100 Diference QPM Olanchano - Var. Agricultor 156 Diference D. Sequía - Var. Agricultor 56

6.5 Environmental adaptation The results indicate that in all environments, even In Figure 1 and Table 9, the productive with different male and female farmer’s field performance of the three varieties can be seen in management itineraries, productivity Olanchano both favourable and unfavourable environments. variety QPM - 03 was superior to the DICTA Taking as reference the favourable environments Sequia variety and varieties used by the farmers. that is considered average of above (1,048 kg / ha) Performance averages were: Olanchano QPM- and unfavourable the average below. 03 1,980 kg / ha, DICTA Sequía 1,880 kg / ha and farmers’ varieties 1,824 kg / ha.

24 25 Adaptability analysis performed by simple linear regression (Figure 1) shows that the Olanchano QPM - 03 variety was the one that had better productive behaviour, both in favourable and unfavourable environments compared to DICTA Sequía and the varieties used by farmers. This behaviour allows the statement that the Olanchano QPM - 03 is a cultivar that is widely adapted in the tested environments.

It is important to note that according to what is observed in the simple linear regression graph, the varieties used by farmers even when they do not exceed Olanchano QPM-03, they do show a slight tendency to improve productivity in unfavourable environments, including coming to match and slightly exceed the improved DICTA Sequía variety, this behaviour of the farmers varieties, is due to adaptation they have in (poor agronomic and phytosanitary management, lack of humidity etc.) unfavourable environments.

Figure 1: Regression lines of three corn varieties evaluated in 28 localidades in validation plots, during the 2013 second cycle Liure & Soledad Municipalities, El Paraíso, El Corpus - Choluteca, Honduras.

5,000 QPM Media: 1895 kg/ha 4,500 y= 1.0027x + 80.184 R2= 0.8532 4,000 DICTA Sequía 3,500 y= 1.0674x - 123.6 R2= 0.9343 3,000 Farmer Variety 2,500 y= 0.9299x + 43.42 R2= 0.8755 2,000 1,500 Grain Yeild (kg/ha) Yeild Grain DICTA Sequía 1,000 QPM Olancho 03 500 Variedad del agricultor 0 0 5,000 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Environment Yield (kg/ha) 6

26 Table 8. Grain yield in kg/ha of corn varieties of free pollenization, evaluatedin 28 locations in the Choluteca and South of El Paraiso Departments during the 2013 second cycle.

Environment Yield Varieties (kg/ha) Locations (kg/ha) DICTA Sequía QPM Olanchano 03 Farmer Variety Environment Index

Calaire 5 4,223 3,992 4,365 4,311 2,328 Calaire 9 3,890 3,999 4,484 3,189 1,996 Calaire 7 2,780 3,672 2,703 1,965 885 El Tejar 1 2,676 2,296 3,587 2,146 781 Calaire 2 2,542 2,112 2,650 2,863 647 Calaire 1 2,443 2,592 1,392 3,345 548 Matapalo 3 2,291 2,474 2,454 1,945 397 Calaire 4 2,249 2,587 2,198 1,961 354 Calero 1 2,114 2,106 2,168 2,068 219 Ocotillo 1 1,936 1,684 2,333 1,789 41 Las Presas 1 1,923 1,875 1,889 2,004 28 Calaire 8 1,923 1,504 1,892 2,371 28 El Tejar 2 1,894 1,564 1,891 2,228 0 Ocotillo 2 1,874 2,169 1,844 1,609 -21 Guallabal 1 1,861 1,884 1,972 1,727 -34 Chichimeco 1 1,860 2,010 1,841 1,729 -34 Calero 2 1,735 1,745 1,473 1,986 -160 El Tejar 3 1,685 1,971 1,249 1,836 -209 Calaire 3 1,584 1,453 1,923 1,377 -310 El Tejar 4 1,501 1,261 2,533 710 -393 Sabanita 1 1,500 1,625 1,174 1,702 -394 Calaire 6 1,455 1,611 1,311 1,442 -440 Matapalo 2 1,279 1,052 1,601 1,184 -616 El Hato 1 1,045 1,059 1,080 995 -850 Matapalo 1 844 1,033 678 820 -1,051 El Tejar 5 793 782 1,074 524 -1,101 Jocomico 1 599 212 1,061 524 -1,296 El Hato 2 552 326 616 713 -1,343 General average 1,895 1,880 1,980 1,824 0 Standard deviation 848 931 957 873 Maximum value 4,223 3,999 4,484 4,311 Minimum value 552 212 616 524

26 27 6.6 Economic analysis Table 10 presents the results of economic analysis That is, for every dollar invested, the farmer can using the method of “partial budget” proposed expect to recover the dollar invested plus an by CIMMYT (CIMMYT, 1988), these results show a additional USD $ 13.58. marginal return rate (TRM) of 206%, which occurs due when replacing the farmer variety with the The following Table presents information on the improved QPM Olanchano - 03 variety. calculations made for the marginal rate of return:

Table 9. Marginal return rate (TRM)of the proposed technologies Treataments Total seed cost$/kg Marginal Cost Net Profit $/ha Marginal Benefit TRM Farmer Variety 14.54 620.80 Olanchano QPM - 03 32.32 17.77 657.40 36.60 206%

6.7 Risk Analysis The risk analysis performed in the recommendation In the recommendation domain defined by the domain defined by the ‘favourableenvironments’ ‘unfavourable environments’, it appears that the Shows that Olanchano QPM - 03 variety has less Olanchano QPM - 03 variety has less production production risk, because with a 90% probability risk, because with a 90% probability this variety this variety can produce at least 2,255 kg / ha; can produce at least 1,247 kg / ha; instead DICTA instead DICTA Sequía and farmers’ varieties will Sequía and farmers’ varieties will produce the produce the same level of risk, will yield less than same level of risk with 1,138 and 1,082 kg / ha 2,255 kg / ha respectively (Figure 2); that both respectively (Figure 3), that is to say both varieties varieties can produce slightly less yield than may produce less yield than Olanchano 03 QPM. Olanchano 03 QPM. This indicates that Olanchano QPM Olanchano 03 with a (10%) risk shows a QPM - 03 may be recommended, because it is productivity of 1,247kg / ha, higher than that more likely to yield higher returns with lower risk produced DICTA Sequía and farmers’ varieties than the other two varieties. (1,138 and 1,082 kg / ha respectively).

The following Figure 2 and 3 show graphically the estimated risk of the three varieties:

28 Figure 2: Risk estimation in the recommendation domain defined by the ´favourable environments´, of three varieties of corn evaluated in validation plots in the Municipalities of Liure & Soledad, Department of Paraíso & El Corpus, Department of Choluteca, Honduras, 2013.

3,000

2,500

2255 kg/ha 2,000

1,500 Yield kg/ha Yield 1,000 DICTA Sequía Olanchano QPM 03 500 Variedad del agricultor

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Level of Risk

Figura 3: Risk estimation in the recommendation domain defined by the ´unfavourable environments´, of three varieties of corn evaluated in validation plots in the Municipalities of Liure & Soledad, Department of Paraíso & El Corpus, Department of Choluteca, Honduras, 2013. 6

1,600 RESULTADOSDISCUSIÓN Y

1,400 1247 kg/ha 1,200

1,000

800

Yield kg/ha Yield 600

400 DICTA Sequía (kg/ha) Olanchano QPM 03 200 Variedad del agricultor

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Level of Risk

28 29 VALIDATION OF IMPROVED OPEN-POLLINATED CORN VARIETIES (ZEA MAYS L.)

IN 28 SITES OF THE CHOLUTECA AND SOUTHERN PARADISE, DEPARTMENTS OF HONDURAS - FEBRUARY 2016

30 VALIDATION OF IMPROVED OPEN-POLLINATED CORN VARIETIES (ZEA MAYS L.)

IN 28 SITES OF THE CHOLUTECA AND SOUTHERN PARADISE, DEPARTMENTS OF HONDURAS - FEBRUARY 2016 7 CONCLUSIONS

n The productivity of the Olanchano QPM - 03 variety, both in favourable and unfavourable environments, even with different male and female farmer practices, it was superior to the DICTA Sequia variety and the varieties used by farmers. The average yields of Olanchano QPM - 03 exceeded 5% (1,980 kg / ha) the DICTA Sequia variety (1,880 kg / ha) and farmers’ varieties in 8% (1,824 kg / ha).

n Considering the results of the analysis of adaptability in the 28 sites where the validation work was done, it can be concluded that the Olanchano QPM - 03 is a good adaptation cultivar, and therefore may be recommended in similar locations in Southern Honduras.

n The Olanchano QPM - 03 variety showed a higher percentage of rotten ears with 12.23% and a higher percentage of uncovered cobs with 9.93%, compared to 7.10% of rotten ears and 4.98% uncovered cobs in farmers’ varieties;

therefore the uncovered cob character of 7 the Olanchano QPM - 03 must be genetically improved, in order to be accepted by farmers. CONCLUSIONS n The varieties used by farmers even though they did not exceed Olanchano QPM - 03 show a tendency of productivity improvement in unfavourable environments, when the technology and good agronomic management is applied, in some cases they match and exceed the improved DICTA Sequía variety.

30 31 VALIDATION OF IMPROVED OPEN-POLLINATED CORN VARIETIES (ZEA MAYS L.)

IN 28 SITES OF THE CHOLUTECA AND SOUTHERN PARADISE, DEPARTMENTS OF HONDURAS - FEBRUARY 2016 n The marginal return rate (TRM) of Olanchano QPM - 03 206%, is a good economic indicator, and supports replacement of the farmer varieties with the improved variety. Therefore, for every dollar invested using the Olanchano QPM - 03 variety, the farmer can expect to recover their dollar invested in the purchase of the improved seed variety, plus an additional USD $ 2.06.

n In the risk analysis performed, it was found that Olanchano QPM - 03 is the variety that had the lowest production risk, because with a 90% probability, that variety produced at least 1,742 kg / ha; instead DICTA Sequía and farmers’ varieties produced at the same level of risk less yield (1,649 and 1,607 kg / ha respectively); this factor therefore is another positive aspect that supports the recommendation that Olanchano QPM - 03 be recommended to farmers in Southern Honduras. Thus, we could infer that this report finding has shown that, disregards to whatever type of seeds varieties (improved or local) are used; they could only perform to their best potential if best agricultural practices are applied, especially in regards to specifics climatic conditions prevailing in this dry corridor of Honduras.

n The implementation of conservation practices (no burning, managing crop stubble), with an appropriate agronomic management plan (population densities, fertilization, intelligent management of insects and diseases), contributed to having 15 sites classified as unfavourable producing average yields of (1,344 kg / ha) which is above average yield (642.8 kg / ha), as collected in the baseline study of the PROSADE project.

n The technical capacities of male and female farmers and technicians in the participatory local agricultural research methodology were strengthened as well as establishing, managing, collecting data, results analysis and interpretation in the areas of technology validation. CONCLUSIONS

32 VALIDATION OF IMPROVED OPEN-POLLINATED CORN VARIETIES (ZEA MAYS L.)

IN 28 SITES OF THE CHOLUTECA AND SOUTHERN PARADISE, DEPARTMENTS OF HONDURAS - FEBRUARY 2016 8 RECOMMENDATIONS

n Raise awareness that the improved Olanchano QPM - 03 variety in the South of Honduras, is an alternative that can help in increasing yields per surface unit area.

n Perform variety corrective selection, in order to improve the unwanted character of uncovered or bare ear points, which was observed in the Olanchano QPM - 03 variety.

n Share the results with local male and female farmer organizations, Savings and Loan Banks, Economic Development Federations, regional organizations in activities related to agriculture and nutrition sectors (SAN – Food and Nutrition Security Table)

and State organizations such as The Agriculture and Livestock 8 Secretariat (SAG) y the Agriculture Science Technology Directorate (DICTA), so that these organizations contribute in raising the

awareness of theOlanchano QPM - 03 variety with other male and RECOMMENDATIONS female farmers of the dry corridor of Honduras.

n Promote the production of non-conventional local seed with guaranteed quality, in order that male and female farmers produce their ownOlanchano QPM - 03 variety seed maintaining its genetic identity and high protein quality.

n Continue the validation work, using new enhanced varieties that SAG-DICTA releases.

n Continue with the validation work, considering the concept of participatory research involving male and female farmers through the Local Agricultural Research Committees (CIAL´s) methodology.

32 33 VALIDATION OF IMPROVED OPEN-POLLINATED CORN VARIETIES (ZEA MAYS L.)

IN 28 SITES OF THE CHOLUTECA AND SOUTHERN PARADISE, DEPARTMENTS OF HONDURAS - FEBRUARY 2016

34 VALIDATION OF IMPROVED OPEN-POLLINATED CORN VARIETIES (ZEA MAYS L.)

IN 28 SITES OF THE CHOLUTECA AND SOUTHERN PARADISE, DEPARTMENTS OF HONDURAS - FEBRUARY 2016 9 BIBLIOGRAPHY

n CIMMYT, Economic Programme 1988. Making recommendations from agronomic data sources: A Economic Evaluation Training Manual. Completely revised edition. México D. F., México. 79 p.

n Hildebrand, P. E., E. P. Bastidas& V. E. Cabrera. 2000. Analysis and design of research and extension at the farm level: Adaptability Analysis. University of Florida, USA. 52 p.

n Pedroza P., H. 2007. An integrated approach to agricultural research and extension systems. IESA Approach. IICA/INTA. Managua, Nicaragua. 136 p.

n PASOLAC. 2004. Methodological Guide for the validation of technological choices.

Technical Series: No. 222. Managua, Nicaragua. 9 44 p.

n Urbina A., R. & N. Bonilla B. 2001. Promotion BIBLIOGRAPHY and dissemination of corn cultivars. Results of demonstration plots in first and second cycle 2001 season. Seed Development Programme (PROMESA). Managua, Nicaragua.

34 35 10 ANNEXES

Yield components of corn varieties of free pollenization, evaluated in validation plots in 28 locations, during the 2013 second cycle in the Choluteca & South of El Paraíso Departments.

Table 1A. Farmer Name: Denis Geovany Oyuela Department: El Paraíso Municipality: Soledad Grain Yield Grain Yield 14% Hum. Locality Varieties 14% Hum. (Adjusted) Pl/m2 Mcas/Pl Mcas/m2 %McaPod. PeMca (gr) PeMca %McaDesc. kg/ha qq/mz kg/ha qq/mz % McasAf/Seq.

Farmer variety 3.30 2.75 98.35 2.3678 2.1875 0.92 53.48 1,171 18 820 13 QPM Olanchano 03 8.19 7.76 82.76 3.6659 2.7885 0.76 34.68 968 15 678 11 Matapalo 1 DICTA Sequía 2.05 4.44 24.91 3.5577 3.5216 0.99 41.86 1,476 23 1,033 16 Mean 4.51 4.98 68.67 3.1971 2.8325 0.89 43.34 1,205 19 844 13 %McasPod.= % Rotten Cobbs; %McasDes. = % Uncovered Cobbs; %McasAfSeq. = % Cobbs affected by drought; Pl/m2 = Plants per m2 Mcas/m2 = Cobbs por m2; Mcas/Pl = Cobbs per plant; PeMca = Cobbs Weight (gr) = kg/ha = kilogrammes per hectare, qq/mz = quintals per manzana

Table 2A. Farmer Name: José María Morazán Department: El Paraíso Municipality: Soledad Grain Yield Grain Yield 14% Hum. Locality Varieties 14% Hum. (Adjusted) Pl/m2 Mcas/Pl Mcas/m2 %McaPod. PeMca (gr) PeMca %McaDesc. kg/ha qq/mz kg/ha qq/mz % McasAf/Seq. Farmer variety 10.47 10.47 32.85 3.9423 4.1346 1.05 40.85 1,691 26 1,184 18 QPM Olanchano 03 3.18 5.84 10.88 5.2764 4.5313 0.86 50.40 2,287 35 1,601 25 Matapalo2 DICTA Sequía 0.00 2.94 96.79 4.7476 4.4952 0.95 33.39 1,503 23 1,052 16 Mean 4.55 6.41 46.84 4.6554 4.3870 0.95 41.55 1,827 28 1,279 20

36 37 33 56 36 24 29 35 41 29 38 38 30 qq/mz 36 qq/mz qq/mz (Adjusted) (Adjusted) (Adjusted) 1,564 1,891 2,228 2,146 3,587 2,296 kg/ha kg/ha 1,894 2,676 Grain Yield 14% Hum. Yield Grain Grain Yield 14% Hum. Yield Grain 2,474 2,454 1,945 kg/ha Grain Yield 14% Hum. Yield Grain 2,291 35 42 49 42 48 79 51 59 qq/mz 55 54 43 qq/mz 51 qq/mz 14% Hum. Grain Yield Grain Grain Yield Yield Grain 14% Hum. 14% Hum. Grain Yield Grain Yield

2,234 2,701 3,183 3,065 5,125 3,279 kg/ha kg/ha 3,535 3,506 2,779

2,706 3,823 kg/ha 3,273

PeMca (gr) PeMca PeMca (gr) PeMca Municipality: Soledad (gr) PeMca Municipality: Soledad Municipality: Soledad

63.84 64.89 85.39 59.71 72.41 88.83 74.73

112.07 104.42 80.26 92.88 68.95

Mcas/Pl Mcas/Pl Mcas/Pl

1.07 0.96 1.01

1.25 1.03 1.16 0.95 1.08 1.19 1.01 1.12 1.10

Mcas/m2 Mcas/m2 Mcas/m2

4.7957 4.5673 5.0481 4.1346 3.3534 3.7380 3.7260 3.1250 4.2548

4.8037 3.5377 3.9063

Pl/m2 Pl/m2 Pl/m2

4.4712 4.7596 5.0000 3.3053 3.2452 3.2332 3.9183 2.8966 3.5697

4.7436 3.1490 3.5737

Seq. Seq. Seq.

% McasAf/ % % McasAf/ % % McasAf/ % 23.0 15.8 90.0 80.70 34.21 72.86 70.42 70.97 57.34 62.59

42.91 66.24

Department: Paraíso El Department: Paraíso El Department: Paraíso El

%McaDesc. %McaDesc. %McaDesc. 7.7 8.27 9.76

11.9 10.4 3.54 3.23 8.19 19.21

4.98 12.41 10.00

%McaPod. %McaPod. %McaPod. 3.8 5.0 2.3 0.25 0.79 0.24 0.64 2.26 0.56 0.43 3.70 1.16 Varieties Varieties Varieties Mean DICTA Sequía DICTA Mean QPM Olanchano 03 DICTA Sequía DICTA QPM Olanchano 03 Farmer variety Farmer variety Farmer variety Farmer QPM Olanchano 03 Sequía DICTA Mean Locality Locality Locality Table 4A. Table 5A. Table Table 3A. Table El Tejar 2 Tejar El El Tejar 1 Tejar El Matapalo3 Farmer Name: Rosalina Torrez Torrez Name: Rosalina Farmer Zuniga Name: Merlin Abel Farmer Farmer Name: Santiago Alvarez Name: Santiago Alvarez Farmer

36 37 Table 6A. Farmer Name: Moises Espinal Department: El Paraíso Municipality: Soledad Grain Yield Grain Yield 14% Hum. 14% Hum. (Adjusted) Locality Varieties Seq. Pl/m2 Mcas/Pl Mcas/m2 %McaPod. % McasAf/ PeMca (gr) PeMca %McaDesc. kg/ha qq/mz kg/ha qq/mz Farmer variety 6.05 3.56 57.65 3.1370 3.3774 1.08 77.56 2,623 41 1,836 28 QPM Olanchano 03 8.14 1.94 85.27 4.1466 3.1010 0.75 57.49 1,785 28 1,249 19 El Tejar 3 DICTA Sequía 3.24 3.24 67.64 3.6178 3.7139 1.03 75.72 2,816 44 1,971 31 Mean 5.81 2.91 70.19 3.6338 3.3974 0.95 70.26 2,408 37 1,685 26

Table 7A. Farmer Name: Macario Alvarez Department: El Paraíso Municipality: Soledad Grain Yield Grain Yield 14% Hum. 14% Hum. (Adjusted) Locality Varieties Seq. Pl/m2 Mcas/Pl Mcas/m2 %McaPod. % McasAf/ PeMca (gr) PeMca %McaDesc. kg/ha qq/mz kg/ha qq/mz Farmer variety 11.80 5.57 97.05 4.5673 3.6659 0.80 27.64 1,014 16 710 11 QPM Olanchano 03 2.51 2.15 62.72 3.7019 3.3534 0.91 107.79 3,619 56 2,533 39 El Tejar 4 DICTA Sequía 4.20 2.45 81.12 3.5096 3.4375 0.98 52.33 1,801 28 1,261 20 Mean 6.17 3.39 80.30 3.9263 3.4856 0.90 62.59 2,145 33 1,501 23

Table 8A. Farmer Name: Florencio Faustino Flores Department: El Paraíso Municipality: Soledad Grain Yield Grain Yield 14% Hum. 14% Hum. (Adjusted) Locality Varieties Seq. Pl/m2 Mcas/Pl Mcas/m2 %McaPod. % McasAf/ PeMca (gr) PeMca %McaDesc. kg/ha qq/mz kg/ha qq/mz Farmer variety 1.56 13.62 72.76 2.7524 3.0889 1.12 79.77 2,467 38 1,727 27 QPM Olanchano 03 0.00 8.27 63.78 3.2933 3.0529 0.93 92.15 2,816 44 1,972 31 Guallabal 1 DICTA Sequía 0.32 14.87 74.68 3.4736 3.7981 1.09 70.77 2,691 42 1,884 29 Mean 0.62 12.25 70.41 3.1731 3.3133 1.05 80.89 2,658 41 1,861 29

38 39 8 26 36 28 12 17 30 12 25 29 34 29 qq/mz qq/mz qq/mz (Adjusted) (Adjusted) (Adjusted) 782 524 1,684 2,333 1,789 kg/ha 793 1,074 1,936 1,609 1,844 2,169 kg/ha kg/ha Grain Yield 14% Hum. Yield Grain Grain Yield 14% Hum. Yield Grain Grain Yield 14% Hum. Yield Grain 1,874 37 52 40 17 24 12 43 36 41 48 18 41 qq/mz qq/mz qq/mz 14% Hum. Grain Yield Grain Grain Yield Yield Grain 14% Hum. 14% Hum. Grain Yield Yield Grain 749

1,117 1,534 2,406 3,333 2,556 2,298 2,634 3,099

kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha 1,133 2,765 2,677

PeMca (gr) PeMca (gr) PeMca PeMca (gr) PeMca Municipality: Liure Municipality: Liure Municipality: Soledad

61.07 83.87 45.44 80.63 93.25 87.77 50.26 62.17 56.48

63.46 87.22 56.31

Mcas/Pl Mcas/Pl Mcas/Pl

0.78 0.78 0.73

0.91 0.89 0.82 0.93 0.88 1.05 0.76 0.87 0.95

Mcas/m2 Mcas/m2 Mcas/m2

1.8269 1.8269 1.6466 2.9808 3.5697 2.9087 4.5673 4.2308 5.4808

1.7668 3.1530 4.7596

Pl/m2 Pl/m2 Pl/m2

2.3558 2.3558 2.2596 3.2933 4.0264 3.5457 4.9159 4.8317 5.2163

2.3237 3.6218 4.9880

Seq. Seq. Seq.

% McasAf/ % McasAf/ % McasAf/ % 14.9 13.5 19.4 99.34 88.82 89.05 80.79 89.77 73.46

92.40 15.94 81.34

Department: Paraíso El Department: Paraíso El Department: Paraíso El

%McaDesc. %McaDesc. %McaDesc.

6.0 2.7 5.0 9.87 8.55 6.57

0.00 5.97 0.00 8.33 4.57 1.99

%McaPod. %McaPod. %McaPod. 6.58 5.11 23.8 22.6 14.0 7.11 9.66 4.39 34.21 7.05 15.30 20.13 Varieties Varieties Varieties Mean Mean DICTA Sequía DICTA DICTA Sequía DICTA QPM Olanchano 03 QPM Olanchano 03 Farmer variety Farmer variety Farmer variety Farmer QPM Olanchano 03 Sequía DICTA Mean Locality Locality Locality Table 9A. Table El Tejar 5 Tejar El Ocotillo 1 Ocotillo 2 Table 10A. Table 11A. Table Farmer Name: Ceferino Garcia Garcia Name: Ceferino Farmer Ramirez Braulio Name: Santos Farmer Farmer Name: Paula Sabina Reyna Name: Paula Farmer

38 39 Table 12A. Farmer Name: Juan José Ramírez Department: El Paraíso Municipality: Liure Grain Yield Grain Yield 14% Hum. 14% Hum. (Adjusted) Locality Varieties Seq. Pl/m2 Mcas/Pl Mcas/m2 %McaPod. % McasAf/ PeMca (gr) PeMca %McaDesc. kg/ha qq/mz kg/ha qq/mz Farmer variety 6.22 7.25 41.71 4.4231 4.6394 1.05 52.34 2,431 38 1,702 26 QPM Olanchano 03 13.03 8.10 65.85 4.1947 3.4135 0.81 49.09 1,678 26 1,174 18 Sabanitas 1 DICTA Sequía 9.19 13.78 45.41 4.4351 4.4471 1.00 52.15 2,322 36 1,625 25 Mean 9.48 9.71 50.99 4.3510 4.1667 0.96 51.19 2,144 33 1,500 23

Table 13A. Farmer Name: Alvaro Agustín Sánchez Department: El Paraíso Municipality: Liure Grain Yield Grain Yield 14% Hum. 14% Hum. (Adjusted) Locality Varieties Seq. Pl/m2 Mcas/Pl Mcas/m2 %McaPod. % McasAf/ PeMca (gr) PeMca %McaDesc. kg/ha qq/mz kg/ha qq/mz Farmer variety 4.61 8.51 6.03 3.8462 3.3894 0.88 84.35 2,863 44 2,004 31 QPM Olanchano 03 14.71 10.08 10.92 3.0529 2.8606 0.94 94.24 2,699 42 1,889 29 Las Presas 1 DICTA Sequía 14.71 8.82 8.40 3.0529 2.8606 0.94 93.53 2,679 42 1,875 29 Mean 11.34 9.14 8.45 3.3173 3.0369 0.92 90.71 2,747 43 1,923 30

Table 14A. Farmer Name: Domingo Guzmán Torrez Department: El Paraíso Municipality: Liure Grain Yield Grain Yield 14% Hum. 14% Hum. (Adjusted) Locality Varieties Seq. Pl/m2 Mcas/Pl Mcas/m2 %McaPod. % McasAf/ PeMca (gr) PeMca %McaDesc. kg/ha qq/mz kg/ha qq/mz Farmer variety 0.79 0.79 44.09 3.4375 3.0529 0.89 80.81 2,470 38 1,729 27 QPM Olanchano 03 1.74 10.00 81.74 2.9207 2.7644 0.95 95.04 2,631 41 1,841 29 Chichimeco 1 DICTA Sequía 0.87 10.87 60.00 2.1635 2.7644 1.28 103.76 2,872 45 2,010 31 Mean 1.13 7.22 61.94 2.8405 2.8606 1.04 93.20 2,657 41 1,860 29

40 41 33 27 16 34 23 17 32 31 15 33 27 16 qq/mz qq/mz qq/mz (Adjusted) (Adjusted) (Adjusted) 995 2,106 1,745 1,059 2,168 1,473 1,080 2,068 1,986 kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha 2,114 1,735 1,045 Grain Yield 14% Hum. Yield Grain 14% Hum. Yield Grain 14% Hum. Yield Grain 47 39 23 48 33 24 46 44 22 47 38 23 qq/mz qq/mz qq/mz 14% Hum. 14% Hum. 14% Hum. Grain Yield Grain Yield Grain Yield Grain

3,009 2,493 1,513 3,097 2,104 1,542 2,955 2,838 1,422

kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha 3,020 2,478 1,492

PeMca (gr) PeMca (gr) PeMca Municipality: Liure (gr) PeMca Municipality: Liure Municipality: Liure

71.85 64.53 78.57 71.68 59.67 41.61 79.46 76.07 39.39

74.33 66.75 53.19

Mcas/Pl Mcas/Pl Mcas/Pl

0.76 0.83 0.45 0.76 0.76 0.91 0.70 0.84 0.88 0.74 0.81 0.75

Mcas/m2 Mcas/m2 Mcas/m2

4.1827 3.8582 1.9231 4.3149 3.5216 3.7019 3.7139 3.7260 3.6058

4.0705 3.7019 3.0769

Pl/m2 Pl/m2 Pl/m2

5.4688 4.6514 4.3029 5.6731 4.6635 4.0505 5.3365 4.4111 4.0986

5.4928 4.5753 4.1506

Seq. Seq. Seq.

% McasAf/ % McasAf/ % McasAf/ % 64.66 69.47 68.13 74.65 73.04 37.34 64.40 66.45 28.33

67.90 69.65 44.60

Department: Paraíso El Department: Paraíso El Department: Paraíso El

%McaDesc. %McaDesc. %McaDesc.

6.61 0.00 8.13 7.24 5.80 6.17 2.59 0.65 5.00 5.48 2.15 6.43

%McaPod. %McaPod. %McaPod. 5.83 6.77 16.95 14.02 25.00 10.58 23.89 25.97 10.67 11.12 14.89 20.55 Varieties Varieties Varieties Mean Mean Mean DICTA Sequía DICTA Sequía DICTA Sequía DICTA QPM Olanchano 03 QPM Olanchano 03 QPM Olanchano 03 Farmer variety Farmer variety Farmer variety Farmer Locality Locality Locality Calero 1 Calero 2 Calero El Hato 1 Hato El Table 15A. Table 16A. Table 17A. Table Farmer Name: Lanuario Gómez Name: Lanuario Farmer Gómez Name: Margarito Farmer Omar Medina Name: Santos Farmer

40 41 Table 18A. Farmer Name: Ramona Pérez Department: El Paraíso Municipality: Liure Grain Yield Grain Yield 14% Hum. 14% Hum. (Adjusted) Locality Varieties Seq. Pl/m2 Mcas/Pl Mcas/m2 %McaPod. % McasAf/ PeMca (gr) PeMca %McaDesc. kg/ha qq/mz kg/ha qq/mz Farmer variety 0.49 3.88 85.92 3.2572 2.4760 0.76 41.07 1,018 16 713 11 QPM Olanchano 03 1.07 5.88 85.56 3.0168 2.2476 0.75 39.12 880 14 616 10 El Hato 2 DICTA Sequía 0.61 1.82 94.55 3.8462 1.9832 0.52 23.42 465 7 326 5 Mean 0.72 3.86 88.68 3.3734 2.2356 0.67 34.54 788 12 552 9

Table 19A. Farmer Name: Ceferino Ramirez Department: El Paraíso Municipality: Liure Grain Yield Grain Yield 14% Hum. 14% Hum. (Adjusted) Locality Varieties Seq. Pl/m2 Mcas/Pl Mcas/m2 %McaPod. % McasAf/ PeMca (gr) PeMca %McaDesc. kg/ha qq/mz kg/ha qq/mz Farmer variety 2.38 0.00 74.60 2.0793 1.5144 0.73 49.38 749 12 524 8 QPM Olanchano 03 4.90 1.63 82.04 3.5096 2.9447 0.84 51.39 1,515 23 1,061 16 Jocomico 1 DICTA Sequía 79.79 0.00 100.00 3.1370 1.1298 0.36 26.79 303 5 212 3 Mean 29.02 0.54 85.55 2.9087 1.8630 0.64 42.52 856 13 599 9

Table 20A. Farmer Name: Walter Betancourth Department: Choluteca Municipality: El Corpus Grain Yield Grain Yield 14% Hum. 14% Hum. (Adjusted) Locality Varieties Seq. Pl/m2 Mcas/Pl Mcas/m2 %McaPod. % McasAf/ PeMca (gr) PeMca %McaDesc. kg/ha qq/mz kg/ha qq/mz Farmer variety 7.93 2.27 84.99 4.7236 4.2428 0.90 92.65 3,936 61 3,345 52 QPM Olanchano 03 13.07 8.54 95.48 3.8702 2.3918 0.62 68.37 1,637 25 1,392 22 Calaire 1 DICTA Sequía 13.60 2.40 79.20 5.0240 4.5072 0.90 67.58 3,050 47 2,592 40 Mean 11.53 4.40 86.55 4.5393 3.7139 0.80 76.20 2,874 45 2,443 38

42 43 33 23 40 41 30 34 44 21 30 39 25 35 qq/mz qq/mz qq/mz (Adjusted) (Adjusted) (Adjusted) 2,112 1,453 2,587 2,650 1,923 2,198 2,863 1,377 1,961 kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha 2,542 1,584 2,249 Grain Yield 14% Hum. Yield Grain Grain Yield 14% Hum. Yield Grain 14% Hum. Yield Grain 39 26 47 48 35 40 52 25 36 46 29 41 qq/mz qq/mz qq/mz 14% Hum. 14% Hum. Grain Yield Grain Yield Grain Yield Grain 14% Hum.

2,485 1,709 3,044 3,117 2,262 2,586 3,368 1,620 2,306

kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha 2,990 1,864 2,645

PeMca (gr) PeMca (gr) PeMca Municipality: El Corpus Municipality: El (gr) PeMca Corpus Municipality: El Corpus Municipality: El

52.01 32.57 79.54 71.96 43.12 88.43 72.51 31.31 65.42

65.49 35.67 77.80

Mcas/Pl Mcas/Pl Mcas/Pl

0.88 0.92 0.94 0.90 0.86 0.80 0.85 0.71 0.94 0.88 0.83 0.90

Mcas/m2 Mcas/m2 Mcas/m2

4.7716 5.2404 3.8221 4.3269 5.2404 2.9207 4.6394 5.1683 3.5216

4.5793 5.2163 3.4215

Pl/m2 Pl/m2 Pl/m2

5.4207 5.6731 4.0505 4.7837 6.0938 3.6298 5.4567 7.2476 3.7500

5.2204 6.3381 3.8101

Seq. Seq. Seq.

% McasAf/ % McasAf/ % McasAf/ % 91.69 87.16 60.06 78.33 80.96 67.08 75.65 75.81 81.57

81.89 81.31 69.57

Department: Choluteca Department: Choluteca Department: Choluteca

%McaDesc. %McaDesc. %McaDesc.

1.01 7.57 4.72 9.17 2.85 2.79 5.12 10.06 10.70 2.86 6.51 8.63

%McaPod. %McaPod. %McaPod. 7.55 7.77 6.14 11.84 18.12 10.00 24.77 11.93 10.70 9.87 8.54 17.86 Varieties Varieties Varieties Mean Mean Mean DICTA Sequía DICTA Sequía DICTA DICTA Sequía DICTA QPM Olanchano 03 QPM Olanchano 03 QPM Olanchano 03 Farmer variety Farmer variety Farmer variety Farmer Locality Locality Locality Calaire 2 Calaire 3 Calaire 4 Calaire Table 21A. Table 22A. Table 23A. Table Farmer Name: Pedro Baquedano Name: Pedro Farmer Oyuela Name: Dolores Casco Farmer Roberto Name: Carlos Oyuela Farmer

42 43 Table 24A. Farmer Name: Marlis Guillén Department: Choluteca Municipality: El Corpus Grain Yield Grain Yield 14% Hum. 14% Hum. (Adjusted) Locality Varieties Seq. Pl/m2 Mcas/Pl Mcas/m2 %McaPod. % McasAf/ PeMca (gr) PeMca %McaDesc. kg/ha qq/mz kg/ha qq/mz Farmer variety 14.02 3.17 77.25 4.8558 4.5433 0.94 111.49 5,072 79 4,311 67 QPM Olanchano 03 21.47 5.43 86.41 5.2764 4.4231 0.84 115.97 5,136 80 4,365 68 Calaire 5 DICTA Sequía 19.32 5.62 73.59 5.4928 4.9159 0.89 95.43 4,697 73 3,992 62 Mean 18.27 4.74 79.09 5.2083 4.6274 0.89 107.63 4,968 77 4,223 65

Table 25A. Farmer Name: Bernarda Vargas Department: Choluteca Municipio: El Corpus Grain Yield Grain Yield 14% Hum. 14% Hum. (Adjusted) Locality Varieties Seq. Pl/m2 Mcas/Pl Mcas/m2 %McaPod. % McasAf/ PeMca (gr) PeMca %McaDesc. kg/ha qq/mz kg/ha qq/mz Farmer variety 8.14 5.43 92.64 3.8822 3.1010 0.80 54.66 1,697 26 1,442 22 QPM Olanchano 03 7.93 9.69 73.13 3.4135 2.7284 0.80 56.45 1,542 24 1,311 20 Calaire 6 DICTA Sequía 9.62 2.75 103.09 3.6899 3.4976 0.95 54.13 1,896 29 1,611 25 Mean 8.56 5.96 89.62 3.6619 3.1090 0.85 55.08 1,711 27 1,455 23

Table 26A. Farmer Name: Antonio Montoya Department: Choluteca Municipio: El Corpus Grain Yield Grain Yield 14% Hum. 14% Hum. (Adjusted) Locality Varieties Seq. Pl/m2 Mcas/Pl Mcas/m2 %McaPod. % McasAf/ PeMca (gr) PeMca %McaDesc. kg/ha qq/mz kg/ha qq/mz Farmer variety 23.88 6.57 97.92 4.0144 3.4736 0.87 66.47 2,312 36 1,965 30 QPM Olanchano 03 28.78 5.52 23.55 4.4231 4.1346 0.93 76.83 3,180 49 2,703 42 Calaire 7 DICTA Sequía 15.44 3.46 38.25 5.2524 5.2163 0.99 82.71 4,320 67 3,672 57 Mean 22.70 5.18 53.24 4.5633 4.2748 0.93 75.34 3,271 51 2,780 43

44 45 23 62 29 70 37 49 30 60 qq/mz qq/mz (Adjusted) (Adjusted) 1,504 3,999 1,892 4,484 2,371 3,189 kg/ha kg/ha 1,923 3,890 Grain Yield 14% Hum. Yield Grain 14% Hum. Yield Grain 27 73 35 82 43 58 35 71 qq/mz qq/mz 14% Hum. 14% Hum. Grain Yield Grain Yield Grain

1,770 4,704 2,226 5,275 2,790 3,751

kg/ha kg/ha 2,262 4,577

PeMca (gr) PeMca (gr) PeMca Municipality: El Corpus Municipality: El

Municipality: El Corpus Municipality: El 53.28 92.64 72.54 93.11 88.56

107.44 72.98 96.22

Mcas/Pl Mcas/Pl

1.10 0.99 0.71 0.91 0.75 0.90 0.85 0.93

Mcas/m2 Mcas/m2

3.3173 5.0721 3.0649 4.9038 2.9928 4.2308

3.1250 4.7356

Pl/m2 Pl/m2

3.0168 5.1322 4.3389 5.4087 3.9784 4.6755

3.7780 5.0721

Seq. Seq.

% McasAf/ % McasAf/ % 71.74 36.97 81.96 14.22 73.49 26.14 75.73 25.77

Department: Choluteca Department: Choluteca

%McaDesc. %McaDesc.

5.43 3.79 5.49 3.92 6.43 4.55 5.78 4.09

%McaPod. %McaPod. 7.63 13.04 10.66 15.29 16.91 12.22 11.99 13.26 Varieties Varieties Mean Mean DICTA Sequía DICTA Sequía DICTA QPM Olanchano 03 QPM Olanchano 03 Farmer variety Farmer variety Farmer Locality Locality Calaire 8 Calaire 9 Calaire Table 28A. Table Table 27A. Table Farmer Name: Carlos Casco Name: Carlos Farmer Farmer Name: Maria Auxiliadora Bonilla Name: Maria Auxiliadora Farmer

44 45 VALIDATION OF IMPROVED OPEN-POLLINATED CORN VARIETIES (ZEA MAYS L.)

IN 28 SITES OF THE CHOLUTECA AND SOUTHERN PARADISE, DEPARTMENTS OF HONDURAS - FEBRUARY 2016