Rehabilitation of Alpine Vegetation in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State

Home , Adirondack High Peaks, Adirondack Mountains, Algonquin Peak

United States Department of Agriculture Rehabilitation of Alpine Forest Service Vegetation in the Adirondack NortheasternForest Experiment Station Mountains of New York State Research Paper N E-553 E. H. 1985 Ketchledge

P~=% R. E. Leonard @ N. A. Richards P. F. Craul A. R. Eschner The Authors E. H. Ketchledge is professor of forest botany; N. A. Richards is professor of forest ecology; P. F. Craul is professor of forest soils; and A. R. Eschner is professor of forest hydrology, State University of New York, Coltege of Envi- ronmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York. R. E. Leonard is project leader, backcountry facilities, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Durham, New Hampshire.

Abstract Alpine communities of dwarf shrub and herbaceous vegetation in the Adirondack Mountains occur on only 20 isolated summits in the high peaks region. These limited communities, composed in part of rare northern species, are in danger of destruction from hiker trampling and subsequent erosion. On the two highest peaks, Mt. Marcy and Mt. Algonquin, much of the alpine communities immediately around the summits have already been lost. Unless corrective measures are taken, the remaining 40 acres of alpine vegetation may in time be lost. This paper describes field experiments in using sod- forming grasses from lower elevations as soil stabilizers, and discusses the effects of fertilizing and transplanting native vegetation as part of an integrated management plan for rehabilitating alpine plant communities in the Adirondacks. Results show that it is possible to stabilize severely degraded alpine communities by seeding exposed humus and detritus with bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) or red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) and fertilizing with a complete fertilizer and lime. When the treated areas are protected from further hiker impact, native vegetation returns; first a mat of mosses develops under the grasses, then seedlings or rhizomes of vascular plants slowly invade the site. Problem Alpine vegetation on Adirondack their organic remains. The surface is bedrock is slightly acid to near neu- summits is fragile because of shallow, stabilized by a plant community dom- tral. The peat, lacking woody tissue, nutrient-poor soils, a short growing inated by alpine bilberry (Vaccinium is highly susceptible to trampling season, and harsh microclimatic con- uliginosum L.), deer-grass (Scirpus under a range of moisture conditions. ditions (Kalinowski 1983; Ketchledge caespitosus L.), black spruce, balsam When near saturation, which is its 1982; LeBlanc 1981; Cate 1974). The fir, and lesser amounts of 93 other moisture condition most of the year, additional stress of trampling by species of vascular plants (Ketchledge the peat is easily deformed at the hikers destroys vegetation and leads 1984; Ketchledge and Leonard 1982; surface and crushing of the mat oc- to erosion of the underlying organic Phelps 1970). The soil can be de- curs along with mechanical damage soil mantle. The problem for land scribed as a Lithic Borofolist (Soil to the vegetation. As the peat dries managers is to develop techniques to Survey Staff 1975). (See Table 1.) toward the end of summer, or during stabilize the eroding surfaces long droughty periods, the peat becomes enough for native plants to return, The typical profile has an Oi layer resilient and somewhat more resistant once human trespass is reduced. of partially decomposed sphagnum- to crushing and compaction. How- woody peat, held together by woody ever, the surface is extremely dry and roots and buried stems. This overlies scuffs easily and may even be blown Background a greasy black humus Oa layer and away by the wind where it is bare of the thin layer of leached, II C mineral vegetation. The peat may also be dry The Adirondack high peaks are grains just above bedrock. The min- in winter without snowcover, and is formed from domes of anorthosite era1 layer presumably supplies small very susceptible to wind erosion. In rock, which is highly resistant to amounts of most essential nutrients cold weather, especially in late fall or weathering. Twenty peaks extend except .nitrogen. The pH of the humus early spring, only the surface may above timberline and support an layer ranges around 3.8 while the freeze to a depth of 2 to 3 cm. This alpine zone covering 83 acres; vascular plant communities occupy 41 acres, with 1 acre or more on each of 7 peaks and less than 1 acre on an- other 13 (DeNunzio 1972). These are local subclimax communities posi- Table 1.-Typical Lithic Borofolist profile description: Mt. Colden tioned on relatively smooth rock surfaces and exposed to severe climatic Horizon Depth (cm) Description stresses. They are found on wind- - swept/slopes with insufficient soil * Oi 0-1 1 Light brown fibric material, Sphagnum depth to support trees. In contrast, spp., roots of grasses and alpine shrubs, the more protected surfaces of rock 15 percent coarse fragments, pH 3.9 fissures and depressions support Oa 11-28 Black decomposed sapric material with a krummholz community composed 10 percent anorthosite grains, fine sand, of black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] pH 3.8 B.S.P.) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill., dwarfed primarily by desic- II C 28-29.5 Bleached anorthosite fine-to-medium sand cating winter winds. In several cases, grains, with some mixed sapric material, the krummholz occurs above timber- pH 4.0 line at elevations similar to or slightly II R 29.5 Anorthosite bedrock, coarsely jointed and higher than the alpine community on impermeable ' the same peaks, indicating the pro- tective value of the winter snow fields Range in characteristics: The observed soils may be as shallow as 9 cm, with on these summit islands (LeBlanc each horizon reduced in thickness proportionately, and with less obvious 1981). development of the II C, which may be no more than a thin layer several grains in thickness. As the profile thickens, such as in fissures or bedrock depres- The soil of the alpine plant com- sions, the Oa thickens at a greater proportion than the other horizons. One munity is essentially an unconsoli- profile had a thickness of 38 cm, and a clearly developed Oa horizon, absent in dated organic mat overlying a thin the shallower profiles. The Oa horizons appear to be near field capacity when layer of mineral grains formed by observed :in the spring and fall; whereas the Oi may become quite dry in late slow weathering of the parent ma- summer, during winter when bare, or during periods of low rainfall. During terial. The mat is composed of peat heavy rains, water may be observed seeping from the lithic contact surface moss of great age, where vascular where a profile has been transversed by a hiking trail, or eroded away. plants have rooted and now contribute Wlethods crust collapses under foot traffic, that larger segments are dislodged. Initial Work shearing the frozen peat and any It is easy to see the greatly acceler- Mt. Dix, elevation 4,857 feet, has vegetative roots contained in it. Sub- ated damage to these high peaks a narrow strip of alpine vegetation sequent drying allows the sheared communities: the large bleached which has been seriously affected by edge to collapse, increasing its sus- areas of recently exposed rock sur- the main trail over the summit. Efforts ceptibility to wind erosion. Hence, faces contrast markedly with the to rehabilitate this site began in 1967. peat is a poor traffic surface in almost darker, lichen-covered surfaces that First, clumps of native Agrostis bore- any condition. have been exposed for longer periods. alis were transplanted to eroded peat Destruction of the plant-soil mat areas and fertilized, but did very Unlike alpine meadows else- leaves a serviceable, indestructible poorly. Small test plots of a standard where in the northeastern United rock surface for general recreation lawn grass seed mixture with fertilizer States, these communities contain purposes, but also creates less pleas- were more successful. Further tests few sod-forming graminoids. The ant pockets of muck in depressions of grass seed and fertilizer were three most abundant native grasses, downslope. However, the primary carried out over the following 2 years boreal bentgrass (Agrosfis borealis resource problem is loss of the rare with promising results. The extreme Hartm.), sweetgrass (Hierocloe alpina and delicate plant species found acidity of the soil indicated that [Sw.] R&S), and alpine cottongrass nowhere else in the State of New liming might be beneficial. Quick- (Eriophorum alpinum L.), are occa- York. lime (hydrated lime) gave negative sionally found on deeper soils but are results, possibly because it was all clump species and do not spread Trails through the atpine zone caustic to the plants or disrupted laterally to bind the soil matrix. Only are affected mainly by water and the CalMg balance in plant nutrition. deer-grass (Scirpus caespitosus t.) traffic erosion. Gullies cut through All further tests used Mg-containing and, to a lesse: extent, Bigelow's the deeper soil to bedrock and make (dolomitic) agricultural ground lime- sedge (Carex bigelowii Torr.) appear trails wet and mucky throughout most stone. These initial results suggested highly resistant to trampling by recre- of the hiking season. Darnage to that grass species from lower eleva- ationists; indeed, these graminoids krummholz and meadow can be ame- tions, supplemented with fertilizer typically constitute the last surviving liorated by careful trail location and and lime, would help to stabilize cover of vascular plants where human diversion of water from trails when- eroding areas and protect the na- impact is the greatest. ever possible. Similar problems on tive alpine community from further lower slopes are discussed elsewhere deterioration. Once the plant cover is damaged by Ketchledge and Leonard (1970) by trampling, wind appears to be the and Ketchledge (1971; 1974). Presenr- Refinement of Techniques major destructive factor, killing stems ing alpine flora is more complex. To refine this technique, test and roots by desiccation and drying Stabilizing degraded soils is an in- plots of various grass species and and eroding the peat and humus sur- tegral part of the sdution, and estab- fertilizer combinations were estab- faces. Traits quickly wear through the lishing sod-forming grasses from lished in June 1971. Mt. Colden, ele- mat to bedrock. Thereafter, lateral lower elevations may be a useful vation 4,714 feet, with 0.6 acres of undercutting by wind and water ex- management tool. alpine meadow, was serected as the pands the areas of destruction so test area. Its summit vegetation had Table 2.-Effects of fertilizer treatments on grass been seriously degraded by summit- establishment: Mt. Colden, 1971 lounging and camping as well as by multiple trails. Treatment with grass Elemental rate Grass establishment seeding in June Ib per acre by September Fertilizer Tests -- A 1140-acre area was seeded to a Superphosphate Failure mixture of 2 lb red fescue, 1 Ib Ken- with lime Poor tucky bluegrass, and % Ib redtop Superphosphate Satisfactory (Agrostis alba L.) (approximately and Urea equaf numbers of seeds from each with lime Good Superphosphate species) and different combinations Satisfactory of fertilizer were applied. Results are Ammonium nitrate summarized in Table 2. with lime Good

These results indicate that N is Good more limiting than P, that the source of N is not critical, and that K is bene- with lime Best ficial but not critical. Limed areas aLimed at 1000 lblacre ground dolomitic limestone. were more successful than unlimed ones. The modest rate of liming prob- ably affected the pH of the soil surface only, but may have also improved supplies of Ca and Mg as critical to the nutrient status of the site, of establishment. Closer examination nutrient elements. with "Nugget" bluegrass particularly of the native shrubs showed a his- better adapted than the common tory of browsing also. Thus herbivore Grass Species Tests variety. Patches of colonial bentgrass food habits must be considered a Test plots of grasses were estab- did well on more favorable microsites, controlling factor in the natural growth lished on a 1120-acre area fertilized while the redtop was sparse despite of these alpine communities, and may with 12-24-12, with half of each plot its reputation for tolerance of acidic, be a selective factor in determining also limed. The species or varieties poorly-drained conditions. In Septem- species composition also. The vary- seeded were common Kentucky blue- ber 1972, 10 permanent 50-cm-square ing hares move from the spruce-fir grass, common red fescue, "Nugget" plots were established throughout forest and the krummholz transition Kentucky bluegrass, and "Arctared" the seeded areas on Mt. Colden to zone into the open summit areas to red fescue (both Alaskan varieties), monitor vegetation changes in greater feed during the summer season. "Highland" colonial bentgrass (Agros- detail. From periodic observations Grazing provides regular mowing of tis tenuis Sibth.) and common redtop. through 1980, it appears that the the introduced grass, keeping it in These species have been used suc- grasses are weakly holding where scale with the natural dwarf flora cessfully in arctic revegetation trials established; bluegrass in particular and, incidentally, providing a pleasant (Johnson and Van Kleve 1976). By the is showing some vegetative expan- recreational surface for the human first autumn, the bluegiass and fescue sion. However, the area must be visitors. However, in ecological terms, plots were equally successful, with refertilized every few years to main- the attraction of succulent, high- over 50 percent initial cover where tain the grass cover. nutrient grass could have other con- limed and 10 percent cover where sequences. Either grazing of grass unlimed. They were generally unsuc- The bluegrasses, and to a lesser could take pressure off native vegeta- cessful on exposed peat surfaces extent the fescues, were heavily tion as a food source or it could sup- which happened to occur mostly on grazed during the second growing port a larger herbivore population to the unlimed area. Both Agrostis spe- season (1979) and thereafter, pre- feed on native flora when the grass is cies showed poorer take and initial dominantly by varying hare (Lepus dormant or snow-covered. The impact growth. The plots were fertilized arnericanus Eryleben). However, cc- of herbivores needs further study. periodically between 1972 and 1980. lonial bentgrass, which has an agricultural reputation for low palatability, Vegetational Dynamics By the end of the second growing was not grazed and consequently Annual monitoring of all test season, both bluegrasses and fescues reached full development and flower- sites reveals three phases in the covered well where present, but areas ing. Concern that this selectivity recovery process of treated areas: of exposed peat remained unvege- might permit the relatively tall bent- tated. Both Alaskan varieties showed grass to spread too aggressively has First, it takes three seasons slightly slower growth but greener proven unfounded, as the species has to develop a continuous cover of color, suggesting better adaptation not advanced beyond its initial areas grasses, because of such environmental hazards as loss of seed from treated sites in low numbers, including on Algonquin Peak, where the main the site by wind removal or bird depre- both such floristic rarities as the fir trail has been rerouted onto the rocks, dation. If the annual fertilizer and lime clubmoss (Lycopodium selago L.) the treated damaged areas have re- treatment is discontinued after the and the vegetatively dominant alpine sponded vigorously and appear well third season, the introduced grasses bilberry. on the way to recovery as a stable go into a gradual decline lasting 3 to community. 6 years, depending upon the intensity Although establishment of a of initial treatment. moss cover is vigorous and relatively rapid over a 4- or 5-year period, the Treatment of Other Summits Second, as the vigor of the grasses return of vascular plants is very slow, From these test plot results, a declines in succeeding seasons, na- even on areas that have received ad- standard treatment was developed tive vascular plants from healthy ditional treatment with lime and fer- for use on other deteriorating alpine nearby stands do not invade the tilizer. Where undisturbed by hiker areas on Adirondack summits: treated sites; rather, the native bryo- traffic, the moss carpet appears to phytes, primarily mosses, become thicken at the rate of approximately -Kentucky bluegrass (preferably established. Most important, Pohlia half an inch a season; by contrast, "Nugget"): 1 lbl20 milacres (870 nutans [Hedw.] Lindb., a common vascular plants appear at a rate of sq ft) or bluegrass % Ib plus red cushion moss throughout the northern only one to two seedlings or sprouts fescue 1/2 lbl20 milacres forest region, invades the treated per square foot of surface per year. -Fertilizer at 20 lbl20 milacres sites, and within a few seasons forms The continuous carpet of moss, if 12-24-12 or equivalent rate a continuous cover wherever the site protected from human impact, ap- -Dolomitic (CalMg) agricultural was previously fertilized. Various pears resistent to both water and ground limestone 40 lb120 milacres other native mosses, liverworts, and wind erosion, but the reestablishment (1 tonlacre) lichens, about a dozen species in all, of thevascular plant community must -Refertilization on the following year soon invade and dominate the site be measured in decades rather than and every few years thereafter as the grasses wither away. years. This treatment has been applied Third, few vascular plants appear Where not protected from hikers, annually to eroding alpine areas on able to invade the treated sites suc- the new moss carpet may be de- five other Adirondack peaks over a cessfully until the surface is covered stroyed within a single season, as 12-year period by volunteers from the by a carpet of mosses. The first vas- seen in the main trail over the crest of Adirondack Mountain Club, the Adi- cular plant to pioneer the moss cover Mt. Dix where we began our tests in rondack Fortysixers, and students is the mountain sandwort Arenaria 1967. Recovered vegetation on either from the New York State Ranger groenlandica [Rets.] Spend., which side of the trail itself, however, ap- School. In general, alpine areas in invades by seedlings; it is followed peared to hold its own. When the early stages of damage have been a season or so later by vegetation moss carpet is broken by hiker im- stabilized in a few years of treat- spread onto the site by rhizomes of pact, it is lifted and destroyed by ments, but areas with more extensive several native plants, particularly winds, and site erosion resumes. The vegetation destruction and erosion Bigelow's sedge and the three-tooth mosses therefore appear to be more have required repeated treatments cinquefoil (Potentilla tridentata So- persistent and better adapted to the for several years to stabilize the soil lender ex Ait.) Within a few seasons, natural site conditions of the summits (Ketchledge and Leonard 1971, 1972; either seedlings or sprouts of num- than the planted grasses, but less Ketchledge 1973a, 19734 1975). erous alpine natives reappear on the resistant to hiker impacts. Similarly, Conclusion Rehabilitation of denuded sites the summer and early fall. The intro- vation Department summer rangers by the use of sod-forming grasses duced grass can be damaged easily have constructed three such path- may be a useful initial measure to in early spring when the soil is water- ways across sections of delicate halt degradation of alpine plant com- logged and grass cover is weakest. alpine meadow. Similarly, we have munities in the Adirondacks. How- The experience .of 12 seasons on overcome wind erosion on various ever, this method must be combined Algonquin Peak shows that grass exposed sites by packing loose rocks with user management and education may be maintained for several years on the bare humus banks and then to solve the problems of hiker impact only if fertilized annually. Without treating the edges with seed, lime, on these inherently fragile areas. treatment, the grass withers and is and fertilizer as on flat surfaces of soon replaced by a continuous carpet damaged meadow. The success of grass establish- of mosses that is only slowly replaced ment depends upon the substrate, as by native vascular plants. The grass Management of hiker traffic, is illustrated by a typical cross-section cannot withstand heavy recreational using such methods as rerouting of the disturbed community (Fig. 1). traffic, nor campfires occasionally trails over bare rock, marking trails built by some thoughtless visitors. clearly to avoid widespread wander- Low-elevation,sod-forming grasses Accordingly, the restoration of summit ing, and discouraging camping above are generally effective in covering and vegetation must be viewed as only timberline, is necessary to prevent stabilizing exposed or accumulated one step in an integrated summit degradation on any high summit. humus along trail edges and other management program aimed primarily Education of the hiking public must damaged areas. They have not proven at directing the flow of visitors off the be a key element in resource man- as effective in colonizing exposed meadows and out onto the resistant agement; in general, the public is peat, however; the seedlings appar- rock surfaces. Most important, the amenable to restrictions when it un- ently are unable to grow vigorously in trail path itself must be built up with derstands the reasons behind them. such a nutrient-poor medium and ex- native rocks to provide a stone path- Similarly, updated recreational prac- treme microclimate. When well es- way wherever it is impossible to re- tices should be stressed; camping tablished on humus, though, grass route the trail over the bedrock; this stoves, for example, should replace provides effective protection along procedure has been most successful open wood fires. trails and "lounging areas" during on Algonquin Peak where the Conser-

Figure 1.-Typical cross-section of disturbed community. A. Undercut trail edge: Continuing deterioration of trail edge and adjacent vegetation. B. Trail edge with exposed humus (Oa): Grass established easily in humus, stabilizes edge and is quite resistant to trampling. C. Exposed peat (Oi): Grass establishment very slow, requiring repeated treatment. Moss cover more readily established, effective for site protection but vulnerable to hiker damage. Little recovery of severely damaged shrubs. D. Humus accumulation in hollow: Grass establishment rapid and effective, except in very wet bottom of hollow. Occasional reestablishment of alpine herbs, especially mountain sandwort and three-toothed potentilla. E. Edge of less-damaged shrubs or krummholz: Grass establishment effectively protects edge from further deterioration. Shrubs may show some growth in response to fertilizer. In 1980, the Department of Envi- Ketchledge, Edwin H. Facility rehabil. Ketchledge, E. H. The sensitive sum- ronmental Conservation inaugurated itation. In: Recreation symposium mits. Adirondac. 46(6):20-21; 1982. a policy prohibiting overnight camping proceedings; 1971 October 12-14; above 4,000 feet elevation in the Syracuse, NY. Upper Darby, PA: Ketchledge, E. H. The alpine flora. Adirondacks, as recommended by U.S. Department of Agriculture, Adirondac. 48(5):17-20; 1984. recreational leaders (Ketchledge 1977, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest 1979). New generations of recreation- Experiment Station; 1971:166-172. Ketchledge, E. H.; Leonard, R. E. The ists seeking "pioneering" experiences impact of man on the Adironda~k and lacking ecological sensitivity, Ketchledge, E. H. Progress report, high country. The Conservationist. however, make continuing educational high peak erosion studies, 1973. 25(2):14-18; 1970. efforts necessary. Inviting volunteer Adjrondack Peakks, 1!3(1):8-9; 1973a. efforts by hikers to rehabilitate such Ketchiedge, E. H.; Leonard, R. E. Prog. areas may have positive results be- Ketchfedge, E. H. Erosion study, fall ress report, high peaks erosion yond the economic and labor savings, 1973. Adirondack Peaks. 10(2]:2-3; studies. Adirondack Peaks. 8(2): by devebping their awareness and 1973b. 8-10; 1971. acceptance of management techniques and the basic problems of Ketchledge, E. H. The Adirondack high Ketchledge, E. H.; Leonard, R. E. Prog. human impact on such rare and fragile country: Its ecology and conserva- ress report, high peaks erosion areas. tion. In: Proceedings, sportsmen's studies, 1972. Adirondack Peaks. conservation workshop; (dates un- 9(1):12-13; 1972. known); Ithaca, NY: Cornell Uni- Literature Cited versity, Department of Natural Ketchledge, E. H.; Leonard, R. E. Sum- Resources, New York State College mit stability. Adirondac. 46(10): Cate, David. A fragile world. Adiron- of Agriculture and Life Sciences; 22-23; 1982. dack Life. 9(4):28-33; 1974. 1974:68-74. LeBlanc, D. C. Ecological studies on DeNunzio, M. A vegetational survey of Ketchledge, E. H. Progress report, the alpine vegetation of the Adi- the alpine zone of the Adirondack high peak erosion studies, 1975. rondack Mountains of New York. Mountains, New York State. Syra- Adirondack Peaks. 12(1):26-28; Plattsburg, NY: State University of cuse, NY: State University of New 1975. New York; 1981. M.S. thesis. York College of Environmental Science and Forestry; 1972. M.S. Ketchledge, E. H. Summit deteriora- Phelps, Orra. Mountaintop flora. In: thesis. tion-the alpine zone. In: High The Adirondack high peaks and the peaks wilderness advisory com- forty-sixers. Adirondack, NY: The Johnson, t.; Van Kleve, K. Revegeta- mittee summary findings report. Adirondack Fortysixers; 1970 tion in arctic and subarctic North Albany, NY: New York State Depart- 275-290. America-a literature review. Han- ment of Environmental Conserva- over, NH: Cold Regions Research tion; 1977:16. Soil Survey Staff. Soil taxonomy. and Engineering Laboratory; 1976. Agric. Handb. 436. Washington, DC: Ketchledge, E. H. Flora endangerment U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Kalinowski, Thomas. New York's of the high peaks. In: 9th conference Conservation Service; 1975. 754 p. tundra. The Conservationist. 37(4): on the Adirondack Park; 1979 June 22-27; 1983. 7-9. Canton, NY: St. Lawrence Uni- versity; 1979:43-47. Ketchledge, E. H.; Leonard, R. E.; Richards, N. A.; Craul, P. F.; Eschner, A. R. Rehabilitation of alpine vegetation in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State. Research Paper NE-553. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station; 1985. 6 p. This paper describes field experiments in using sod-forming grasses from lower elevations as soil stabilizers, and discusses the effects of fertilizing and transplanting native vegetation as part of an integrated management plan for rehabilitating alpine plant communities in the Adirondacks. Results show that it is possible to stabilize severely degraded alpine communities by seeding exposed humus and detritus with bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) or red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) and fertilizing with a complete fertilizer and lime. When the treated areas are protected from further hiker impact, native vegetation returns; first a mat of' mosses develops under the grasses, then seedlings or rhizomes of vascular plants slowly invade the site. ODC 907.32 Keywords: alpine rehabilitation; fertilization.

a US. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1985-505-0281537 Headquarters of the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station are in Broomall. Pa. Field laboratories are maintained at:

Amherst, Massachusetts, in cooperation with the University of Massachusetts. 0 Berea, Kentucky, in cooperation with Berea College. Burlington, Vermont, in cooperation with the University of Vermont. 0 Delaware, Ohio. 0 Durham, New Hampshire, in cooperation with the University of New Hampshire. Hamden, Connecticut, in cooperation with Yale University. Morgantown, West Virginia, in cooperation with West Virginia University, Morgantown. Orono, Maine, in cooperation with the University of Maine, Orono. Parsons, West Virginia. Princeton, West Virginia. Syracuse, New York, in cooperation with the State University of New York College of Environmental Sciences and Forestry at Syracuse University, Syracuse. 0 University Park, Pennsylvania, in cooperation with the Pennsylvania State University. 0 Warren, Pennsylvania.