DOCSLIB.ORG

Boundary Layer Evolution and Regional&Hyphen;Scale Diurnal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Boundary Layer Evolution and Regional&Hyphen;Scale Diurnal JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 105, NO. D8, PAGES 10,081-10,102, APRIL 27, 2000 Boundary layer evolution and regional-scalediurnal circulations over the Mexico Basin and Mexican plateau C. D. Whiteman, S. Zhong, X. Bian, J. D. Fast, and J. C. Doran PacificNorthwest National Laboratory,Richland, Washington Abstract. Data collectedin a measurementcampaign in Februaryand March 1997 showed that the Mexico Basin (alsocalled the Valley of Mexico), locatedatop the Mexican plateau, failsto developthe strongnocturnal inversions usually associated with basinsand doesnot exhibitdiurnally reversing valley wind systems.Data analyses,two- andthree-dimensional numericalsimulations with the RegionalAtmospheric Modeling System(RAMS), and a Lagrangianparticle dispersion model are usedto interpretthese observations and to examine the effectsof topographyand regional diurnal circulations on boundarylayer evolutionover the Mexico Basin and its surroundingsduring fair weatherperiods in the winter dry season. We showthat the boundarylayer evolutionin and abovethe basinis drivenprimarily by regionaldiurnal circulations that developbetween the air abovethe MexicanPlateau and the generallycooler surrounding coastal areas. A convectiveboundary layer (CBL) grows explosivelyover the plateauin the late morningto reachelevations of 2250 m agl (4500 rn rnsl)by noon,and a strongbaroclinic zone formson the edgesof the plateauseparating the warm CBL air from its coolersurroundings. In early afternoonthe ratesof heatingand CBL growthare slowedas cool air leaksonto the plateauand into the basinthrough passes and over low-lying plateauedges. The flow ontothe plateauis retarded,however, by the strongly risingbranch of a plain-plateaucirculation at the plateauedges, especially where mountains or steepslopes are present. An unusuallyrapid and deepcooling of the air abovethe plateau beginsin late afternoonand early eveningwhen the surfaceenergy budget reverses, the CBL decays,and air acceleratesonto the plateauthrough the barocliniczone. Flow convergence nearthe basinfloor and the associatedrising motions over the basinand plateau produce coolingin 3 hoursthat is equivalentto half the daytimeheating. While the air that converges ontothe plateaucomes from elevationsat and abovethe plateau,it is air that was modified earlierin the day by a cool, moistcoastal inflow carriedup the plateauslopes by the plain- plateaucirculation. 1. Introduction have attemptedto describethe meteorologyof this elevated basin,and those that are available in the literaturerely heavily The geographicalsetting of basin topography,high alti- on surfaceobservations. In a seriesof studiesusing data from tude, and tropical latitude, combinedwith high population surfacemeteorological stations in urbanand rural areasof the density and multiple emissionsources, makes Mexico City basin, Jauregui [1973, 1988, 1993, 1997] documentedthe andits immediatesurroundings one of the mostpolluted areas urbanclimatology of Mexico City, especiallythe heat island of the world. The basin settinginhibits pollution dispersion, developmentand its associatedlocal circulations. Oke et al. and intenseyear-around sunshine at this latitudeand elevation [ 1992, 1999] reportedinvestigations of surfaceenergy budget promotesatmospheric photochemical reactions that form sec- componentsin heavily built-up areas of Mexico City and ondarypollutants such as ozone. As a result,ozone values up comparedthem to componentsat similar sites in temperate to 400 ppb have been measuredin the basin, and the Mexico cities. This was one of the first such studiesin a tropical air quality standardsare frequentlyexceeded at many loca- urban area. tionsin andaround the urbancomplex [Garfias and Gonzalez, In recentyears, two major researchprograms have carried 1992; Collinsand Scott, 1993]. out field campaignsin Mexico City and its surroundingsto While many air quality studieshave been carried out in the provide badly neededupper air meteorologicalobservations. Mexico City area using surfacemeasurements from an auto- The first of thesewas the Mexico City Air Quality Research matedmonitoring network [Raga and Le Moyne, 1996;Miller Initiative (MARl) conductedin the winters of 1990-1993 as a et al., 1994; Garfias and Gonzc•lez,1992; Bravo et al., 1996; cooperativestudy between Los Alamos National Laboratory Bian et al., 1998], upperair observationsfrom aircraftflights and the Mexico Petroleum Institute [Guzmdn and Streit, [Nickerson et al., 1992; Diaz-Franc•s et al., 1994], and 1993]. Williamset al. [ 1995] usedthe MARl datato perform photochemicalmodels [Varela, 1994;Fast, 1999], few studies mesoscalemodel simulationsof local circulationsand disper- sion in the Mexico City area for severalselected cases and to evaluatesources of uncertaintyby usingmodel-measurement Copyright2000 by the AmericanGeophysical Union. comparisons. Bossert [1997] used a mesoscalemodel to Papernumber 2000JD900039. simulate the observedwind and temperaturestructures on 0148-0227/00/2000JD900039509.00 three days during the MARl field experimentin February 10,081 10,082 WHITEMAN ET AL.: BOUNDARY LAYER EVOLUTION OVER MEXICAN PLATEAU 1991 to examinehow they affect observedpollutant concen- peratureand wind structureevolution in the elevatedbasin trations. He concludedthat both regional- and synoptic-scale usingdata from a specialnetwork of radarprofilers and radio- flows have a strongeffect on the meteorologyand air pollu- sonde stationsoperated during the IMADA-AVER experi- tion concentrations within the Mexico Basin. The second mental period and from the Mexican rawinsondenetwork researchprogram, the Investigationsobre Materia Particulada stationswithin and surroundingthe elevatedbasin. Data from y Deterioro Atmosferico-Aerosoland Visibility Research thesesources were composited to elucidatethe regular diurnal (IMADA-AVER), was conducted during the period patterns of boundary layer evolution. Numerical model February23 throughMarch 22, 1997, and was fundedjointly simulationswere used to interpret the observationsand to by Petr61eosMexicanos through the Instituto Mexicano determinethe effectof topographyand regional-scale diurnal del Petr61eoand the U.S. Departmentof Energy[Doran et al., circulationson boundarylayer structureevolution within the 1998]. The IMADA programobtained improved data on the Mexico Basin. spatialpatterns of aerosolsin Mexico City [Edgertonet al. Section2 describesthe topographicsetting of the basin. 1999] and improved spatial informationon the evolutionof Section3 providesinformation on the experimentalsites and verticalwind and temperaturestructure in the Mexico Basin. data, as well as the synopticweather conditions. Section4 Fast and Zhong[1998] useddata from this experimentto link presentsanalyses of the observedboundary layer structure boundarylayer circulationpatterns to the observedspatial and evolution. Model simulationsare presentedin section5. ozonedistribution patterns in the basinby studyingseven pol- This is followedby discussionsin section6 and conclusions lution episodesduring the IMADA-AVER experimentusing a in section 7. high-resolution mesoscale meteorological model and a Lagrangian particle dispersionmodel. Their simulations 2. Mexico Basin showedthat the day-to-daydistribution of pollutantswithin the Mexico Basin was rather sensitive to small changesin The topography(Figure 1) surroundingMexico City has upperlevel wind speedand directionthat affectedthe diurnal beendescribed variously as that of a basin,a valley,and a cycle of winds in the basin. plateau.The Mexico City metropolitan area (latitude 19øN) is Althoughthe abovementioned studies have provided valu- foundin the southwesternportion of thebroad Mexico Basin. able new information on meteorologicalprocesses in the Thenearly fiat floorof thebasin (elevation 2250 m meansea Mexico City area,they have focusedprimarily on the linkage level(msl)) is confinedon three sides by mountainridges but betweenmeteorology and air quality within the basinand are with a broadopening to the northand a narrowergap or pass thereforelimited in spatialextent and to selectedcase studies to the south-southeast.The surroundingridges vary in eleva- of high-pollutionepisodes. The presentpaper complements tion, but the basincan be consideredroughly 800-1000 m thesestudies by focusingon the characteristicsof meantern- deep. Two high snow-coveredvolcanoes (Popocat6petl, Figure 1. Topographyof Mexico. (a) Map of the Mexico Basin,showing the locationsof the Investigation sobreMateria Particuladay DeterioroAtmosferico-Aerosol and Visibility Research(IMADA-AVER) radar profiler/radiosondesites (squares),the Mexico City airport rawinsondesite (dot), and the Mexico City metropolitanarea (shaded). The topographiccontour interval is 200 m. (b) Three coastalMexican rawinsondesites (dots), a GPS rawinsondesite (square),the threenested Regional Atmospheric Modeling System(RAMS) simulationgrids, and the cross-sectionA-A' throughthe isthmusused in two-dimensional model simulations. The topographiccontour interval is 500 m. Site abbreviationsare as follows: ACA, Acapulco;CHA, Chalco; CUA, Cuautitlan;MAN, Manzanillo; MEX, Mexico City InternationalAirport; PAC, Pachuca;TEO, Teotihuacan;TRM, Tres Mafias; UNA, UNAM; VER, Veracruz. WHITEMAN ET AL.: BOUNDARY LAYER EVOLUTION OVER MEXICAN PLATEAU 10,083 5452 m, and Iztaccihuatl,5286 m) are found on the mountain Table2. February-March50 kPaGeopotential Heights, ridge southeastof the basin. The gapto the south-southeastof Temperatures,Dew Points, and Wind Speeds, as the basin,when
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Grade 5 Curriculum Overview SS
    Social Studies: 5th Grade Curriculum Overview North American Geography OVERVIEW: The standards in fifth grade focus student learning on the geography of North America. The introductory unit is designed to familiarize students with the many different tools and themes that geographers use to study the world. Students are introduced to some of the unique physical characteristics of the continents as they create their mental maps of the world. The skills and concepts introduced will continue to be practiced and refined as students study North America. Using these skills and the five 5th themes of geography, students will study five United States regions, Canada, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean Islands. Students will be able to compare and contrast the physical, cultural, and economic geography of regions and countries in North America. Sites that represent the cultural characteristics of each region provide students with a sense of what life in the region is like today. Regional Studies Essential Skills StudentsNAG will practice 5.3-5.9 and apply the following skills throughout the course: • Interpret a map legend (key) and a map scale to help understand information contained on a map. •The studentAnalyze will and explore interpret maps. •regionsAnalyze of the andUnited interpret graphs, charts, tables, and images of geographic information. •StatesInterpret and countries a model of of the earth showing the locations of the continents, oceans, equator, and prime meridian. •North AmericaDescribe theby: location of a continent by determining the hemisphere(s) where it is located. • Explain the use of GPS. •a. locatingCompare the regionand contrast on places using the five themes of geography.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tectonic Evolution of the Madrean Archipelago and Its Impact on the Geoecology of the Sky Islands
    The Tectonic Evolution of the Madrean Archipelago and Its Impact on the Geoecology of the Sky Islands David Coblentz Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM Abstract—While the unique geographic location of the Sky Islands is well recognized as a primary factor for the elevated biodiversity of the region, its unique tectonic history is often overlooked. The mixing of tectonic environments is an important supplement to the mixing of flora and faunal regimes in contributing to the biodiversity of the Madrean Archipelago. The Sky Islands region is located near the actively deforming plate margin of the Western United States that has seen active and diverse tectonics spanning more than 300 million years, many aspects of which are preserved in the present-day geology. This tectonic history has played a fundamental role in the development and nature of the topography, bedrock geology, and soil distribution through the region that in turn are important factors for understanding the biodiversity. Consideration of the geologic and tectonic history of the Sky Islands also provides important insights into the “deep time” factors contributing to present-day biodiversity that fall outside the normal realm of human perception. in the North American Cordillera between the Sierra Madre Introduction Occidental and the Colorado Plateau – Southern Rocky The “Sky Island” region of the Madrean Archipelago (lo- Mountains (figure 1). This part of the Cordillera has been cre- cated between the northern Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico ated by the interactions between the Pacific, North American, and the Colorado Plateau/Rocky Mountains in the Southwest- Farallon (now entirely subducted under North America) and ern United States) is an area of exceptional biodiversity and has Juan de Fuca plates and is rich in geology features, including become an important study area for geoecology, biology, and major plateaus (The Colorado Plateau), large elevated areas conservation management.
    [Show full text]
  • Fundamental Biogeographic Patterns Across the Mexican Transition Zone: an Evolutionary Approach
    Ecography 33: 355Á361, 2010 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06266.x # 2010 The Author. Journal compilation # 2010 Ecography Subject Editor: Douglas A. Kelt. Accepted 4 February 2010 S YMPOSIUM ON Fundamental biogeographic patterns across the Mexican Transition Zone: an evolutionary approach Juan J. Morrone J. J. Morrone ([email protected]), Museo de Zoologı´a ‘‘Alfonso L. Herrera’’, Depto de Biologı´a Evolutiva, Fac. de Ciencias, Univ. Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xico (UNAM), Apartado postal 70-399, 04510 Mexico, D.F., Mexico. B IOGEOGRAPHIC Transition zones, located at the boundaries between biogeographic regions, represent events of biotic hybridization, promoted by historical and ecological changes. They deserve special attention, because they represent areas of intense biotic interaction. In its more general sense, the Mexican Transition Zone is a complex and varied area where Neotropical and Nearctic biotas overlap, from southwestern USA to Mexico and part of Central America, extending south to the Nicaraguan lowlands. In recent years, panbiogeographic analyses have led to restriction of the Mexican Transition Zone to the montane areas of Mexico and to recognize five smaller biotic components within it. A cladistic biogeographic analysis challenged the hypothesis that this transition zone is biogeographically divided along a north-south axis at the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, as the two major clades found divided Mexico in an east-west axis. This implies that early Tertiary geological events leading to the convergence of Neotropical and Nearctic elements may be younger (Miocene) B than those that led to the east-west pattern (Paleocene). The Mexican Transition Zone consists of five biogeographic OUNDARIES provinces: Sierra Madre Occidental, Sierra Madre Oriental, Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Sierra Madre del Sur, and Chiapas.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 7: Mexico
    Chapter 7: Mexico Unit 3 Section 1: Physical Geography Landforms • Mexico and Central America form a land bridge between the 2 continents of South America and North America • The western side of Mexico is a part of the Ring of Fire – Seismic activity – Volcanoes Landforms • The Sierra Madre Oriental/Occidental – Southern portion of the Rocky Mountains (Canada and the US) – 8,000-9,000 ft tall • In the middle of the country is the Mexican Plateau – Moderate, consistent temperatures – Great place to live! Landforms • Mexican Plateau: – Mesa del Norte • Larger than the Central region • Some large cities – Mesa Central • More populated • Breadbasket of Mexico Water Systems • Northern Mexico has a dry climate – What landform is the exception??? • Central region has more rivers and natural lakes Water Systems • Lerma River – One of the most important rivers in the country – Begins in the Toluca Basin west of Mexico City – Feeds into Lake Chapala • Largest natural lake • Gulf of Mexico forms the east coast – Special wild life – Shrimp – Fishing – Oil • Gulf of California – Special wild life Section 2: Human Geography History and Government • Indigenous people lead to much diversity in cultures, languages, and civilizations • Northern Mexico: – Nomadic people – Agriculture – Tarahumara people • Southern Mexico: – Mayan Civilization • Massive cities • Agriculture • Central Mexico: – Aztec Empire • Massive empire • Warriors and conquerors History and Government • Spanish came and colonized Mexico – After the resources: • Gold • Silver • Cash crops: chocolate and corn • Beginning in the 1700s, people began to protest Spanish rule. • 1821: Mexico finally won its independence – But the country was ruled by a small group of wealthy landowners, army officers.
    [Show full text]
  • Merging Science and Management in a Rapidly Changing World
    Biodiversity in the Madrean Archipelago of Sonora, Mexico Thomas R. Van Devender, Sergio Avila-Villegas, and Melanie Emerson Sky Island Alliance, Tucson, Arizona Dale Turner The Nature Conservancy, Tucson, Arizona Aaron D. Flesch University of Montana, Missoula, Montana Nicholas S. Deyo Sky Island Alliance, Tucson, Arizona Introduction open to incursions of frigid Arctic air from the north, and the Sierra Madres Oriental and Occidental create a double rain shadow and Flowery rhetoric often gives birth to new terms that convey images the Chihuahuan Desert. Madrean is a general term used to describe and concepts, lead to inspiration and initiative. On the 1892-1894 things related to the Sierra Madres. In a biogeographical analysis of expedition to resurvey the United States-Mexico boundary, Lieutenant the herpetofauna of Saguaro National Monument, University of Arizona David Dubose Gaillard described the Arizona-Sonora borderlands as herpetologist and ecologist Charles H. Lowe was probably the first to “bare, jagged mountains rising out of the plains like islands from the use the term ‘Madrean Archipelago’ to describe the Sky Island ranges sea” (Mearns 1907; Hunt and Anderson 2002). Later Galliard was between the Sierra Madre Occidental in Sonora and Chihuahua and the the lead engineer on the Panama Canal construction project. Mogollon Rim of central Arizona (Lowe, 1992). Warshall (1995) and In 1951, Weldon Heald, a resident of the Chiricahua Mountains, McLaughlin (1995) expanded and defined the area and concept. coined the term ‘Sky Islands’ for the ranges in southeastern Arizona (Heald 1951). Frederick H. Gehlbach’s 1981 book, Mountain Islands and Desert Seas: A Natural History of the US-Mexican Borderlands, Biodiversity provided an overview of the natural history of the Sky Islands in In 2007, Conservation International named the Madrean Pine-oak the southwestern United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Threats to the Lake Texcoco Globally Important Bird Area1
    Current Threats to the Lake Texcoco Globally Important Bird Area1 José L. Alcántara2 and Patricia Escalante Pliego3 ________________________________________ Abstract Lake Texcoco was reported as almost dry in the late Key words: airport, IBA, Lake Texcoco, multi-species 1960s, and as a consequence the aquatic life has been conservation, restoration, waterfowl. considered gone since then. However, the government undertook a reclamation/restoration project in the area beginning in 1971 to help alleviate some of the envi- ronmental problems of Mexico City. Although Lake Texcoco was not completely dry in that period, the Introduction basin containing the lake had already lost the local forms of the Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris), Ameri- Lake Texcoco is located in central Mexico, approxi- can Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus) and Black-polled mately 23 km east of Mexico City, between 19° 25’ Yellowthroat (Geothlypis speciosa). With the restora- and 19° 35’ North latitude and 98° 55’ and 99° 03’ tion project an artificial lake was created (called Nabor West longitude, with an average altitude of 2,200 m. Carrillo) with an area of 1,000 ha. The wetlands in total This body of water is a remnant of an ancient lake that occupy approximately 8,000 ha in the wet season, and covered most of the Valley of Mexico, a large, elevated half that in the dry season. Both government agencies valley (a closed hydrologic basin) surrounded by high and students have studied the avifauna of this area for mountains in the Central Mexican Plateau. Because the decades but the results are not available. We compiled basin lies on the 19º parallel, it intersects with the data from theses and government agencies to establish Transversal Volcanic Axis, also called the Neo- the importance of the current avifauna of Lake Texco- Volcanic Axis (a line of volcanoes that extends across co and provide an accurate picture of the effect of res- Mexico in an east-west direction.) The basin has the toration to the bird populations.
    [Show full text]
  • A Cenozoic Uplift History of Mexico and Its Surroundings From
    PUBLICATIONS Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems RESEARCH ARTICLE A Cenozoic uplift history of Mexico and its surroundings 10.1002/2014GC005425 from longitudinal river profiles Key Points: Simon N. Stephenson1, Gareth G. Roberts1, Mark J. Hoggard2, and Alexander C. Whittaker1 Admittance calculations indicate Te of plate beneath Mexico is 11 km 1Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, London, UK, Admittance indicates that Mexican 2Department of Earth Sciences, Bullard Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK topography is dynamically supported by 1–2 km Inversion of river profiles shows dynamic support grew in the last 30 Abstract Geodynamic models of mantle convection predict that Mexico and western North America Ma share a history of dynamic support. We calculate admittance between gravity and topography, which indi- cates that the elastic thickness of the plate in Mexico is 11 km and in western North America it is 12 km. Correspondence to: Admittance at wavelengths > 500 km in these regions suggests that topography is partly supported by sub- G. G. Roberts, crustal processes. These results corroborate estimates of residual topography from isostatic calculations and [email protected] suggest that the amount of North American topography supported by the mantle may exceed 1 km. The Cenozoic history of magmatism, sedimentary flux, thermochronometric denudation estimates, and uplifted Citation: Stephenson, S. N., G. G. Roberts, marine terraces imply that North American lithosphere was uplifted and eroded during the last 30 Ma. We M. J. Hoggard, and A. C. Whittaker jointly invert 533 Mexican and North American longitudinal river profiles to reconstruct a continent-scale (2014), A Cenozoic uplift history of rock uplift rate history.
    [Show full text]
  • Student Support Program Outputs, Outcomes and Impacts Report
    Student Support Program Outputs, Outcomes and Impacts Report October 2019 The Robert B. Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute (DWFI) inititated its Postdoctoral and Student Support Programs in 2014. The following details their achievements. 1 Round One The institute first provided undergraduate, graduate student and postdoctoral support to faculty who were selected following a call for proposals in 2014. Support was awarded for two postdocs, five graduate students, and two projects with undergraduate students. By FY19 a small amount of support continues for Francisco Munoz-Arriola’s program. Outputs include presentations, grants and publications. The other faculty who have received support are: Vijendra Boken, UNK Geography & Earth Science; Carrick Detweiler, UNL Computer Science & Engineering; Trenton Franz, UNL School of Natural Resources; Patricio Grassini, UNL Agronomy & Horticulture; Alan Kolok, UNMC College of Public Health and UNO Biology; Robert Oglesby, UNL Earth & Atmospheric Sciences; Julie Shaffer, UNK Biology; and Harkamal Walia, UNL Agronomy & Horticulture. Outcomes include a significant leveraging of RBDF resources to implement the Platte Basin Timelapse project and achieve changes in knowledge, action and ultimately water and food security. Daugherty Fellows – Postdoctoral Positions DWFI Faculty Fellows were invited to submit applications for Daugherty Fellows support. Daugherty Fellows postdoctoral positions were awarded to: − Francisco Munoz-Arriola, Associate Professor in Hydroinformatics and Integrated Hydrology, UNL Biological Systems Engineering and School of Natural Resources, for the project: Software Development for Water- and Agriculture-resources Data and Information Access: the case of the Water for Food Interoperability System (WaFIS). Dr. Munoz-Arriola has worked with a number of postdoctoral fellows throughout the course of this project funding period: Carlos Ancona Villareal, Lorena Castro-Garcia, Martin Otto, Gengxin (Michael) Ou, Antonio Rosales Marinez, and Emannuelle Ruelas-Gomez.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydroclimatology of the North American Monsoon Region in Northwest Mexico
    J6.7 HYDROCLIMATOLOGY OF THE NORTH AMERICAN MONSOON REGION IN NORTHWEST MEXICO David J. Gochis National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA Luis Brito-Castillo Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico W. James Shuttleworth Department of Hydrology and Water Resourece, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 1.1 INTRODUCTION 2. DATA AND METHODS The region of northwest Mexico is generally 2.1. Data semi-arid, with an annual precipitation regime dominated by warm-season convection that Selected basins draining the SMO are strongly interacts with the regional topography shown in Figure 1. Monthly streamflow data and surrounding bodies of water. The were obtained from the BANDAS (Banco summertime monsoonal circulation, its onset, Nacional de Datos de Aguas Superficiales) data precipitation character, and the hydrological archive, BANDAS (1998). Streamflow periods response to it, exhibit considerable spatial and of record vary for individual basins, but all basins temporal variability. This variability complicates possess a minimum of 10 years of data. The diagnostic and predictive efforts and limits size of these catchments studied in the present adaptive management of regional water analysis range from 1,000 – 10,000 km2 and are resources. This work explores the complex unregulated. Thus, the results presented herein relationship between precipitation and are constrained to focus on the “natural” streamflow in the North American Monsoon hydrological response of typical SMO headwater (NAM) region by constructing a regional catchments to monsoon rains. Three of the 15 hydroclimatology from selected headwater basins studied (1. Rio San Pedro del Conchos, catchments from northwest Mexico. 7. Rio Sextin, and 11.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Department of the Interior U.S. Fish and Wildlife
    United States Department of the Interior U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2321 West Royal Palm Road, Suite 103 Phoenix, Arizona 85021 Telephone: (602) 242-0210 FAX: (602) 242-2513 AESO/SE 2-21-98-F-399-R1 October 24, 2002 Mr. John McGee, Forest Supervisor Coronado National Forest 300 West Congress, 6th Floor Tucson, Arizona 85701 RE: Reinitiation of Biological Opinion 2-21-98-F-399; Continuation of Livestock Grazing on the Coronado National Forest Dear Mr. McGee: This document transmits the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's (Service) final biological opinion and conference opinion on the proposed continuation of livestock grazing on the Coronado National Forest (Forest) in New Mexico (Hidalgo County) and Arizona (Cochise, Santa Cruz, Pima, Pinal, and Graham counties) pursuant to section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (Act) of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). We appreciate the cooperation and assistance of your staff and permittees during the consultation period. We look forward to assisting you with the implementation of this biological opinion. If you have any questions on the biological opinion please contact Thetis Gamberg at 520/670-4619, Mima Falk at (520) 670-4550, or Sherry Barrett at (520) 670-4617 of my Tucson staff. Sincerely, /s/ Steven L. Spangle Field Supervisor 2 Enclosures: biological opinion zip disk cc: Assistant Regional Director, Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, NM (ARD-ES) (Attn: Sarah Rinkevich) Field Supervisor, Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, NM Refuge Manager, Fish and Wildlife Service, San Bernadino National Wildlife Refuge, Douglas, AZ Director, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ Regional Supervisor, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Tucson, AZ Director, New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Albuquerque, NM CNF ReinG raze20 02Fina lBO.w pd:tatg Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Mountain Views
    Mountain Views Th e Newsletter of the Consortium for Integrated Climate Research in Western Mountains CIRMOUNT Informing the Mountain Research Community Vol. 1, No. 2 August 2007 - This page left blank intentionally - Mountain Views The Newsletter of the Consortium for Integrated Climate Research in Western Mountains CIRMOUNT http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/cirmount/ Contact: [email protected] Table of Contents The Mountain Views Newsletter Henry Diaz and Connie Millar on Behalf of CIRMOUNT 1 Western Ground Water and Climate Change—Pivotal to Michael Dettinger and Sam Earman 2 Supply Sustainability or Vulnerable in its Own Right? The SNOTEL Temperature Dataset Randall P. Julander, Jan Curtis, and Austin Beard 4 Taking Stock of Patterns and Processes of Plant Invasions Catherine G. Parks and Hansjörg Dietz 8 into Mountain Systems—Around the World Increasing Tree Death Rates in California’s Sierra Nevada Phillip J. van Mantgem and Nathan L. Stephenson 9 Parallel Temperature-Driven Increases In Drought Vulnerability and Adaptation—New Directions for WMI David L. Peterson and Christina Lyons-Tinsley 11 Climate Change in Hawai‘i’s Mountains Thomas W. Giambelluca and Mark Sung Alapaki Luke 13 The North America Monsoon Experiment (NAME): David J. Gotchis 19 Warm Season Climate Research in the Mountainous Re- gions of Southwestern North America Recent CIRMOUNT Activities Lisa J. Graumlich and Henry F. Diaz 26 The Mountain Research Initiative Introduces the Glowa Claudia Drexler and Katja Tielbörger 27 Jordan River Project: Integrated Research for Sustainable Water Management Announcements 29 Cover Photos: Top-San Juan Mountains near Silverton, CO, Bottom-Silverton, CO (Photographer: Connie Millar).
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diversity and Structure of the Military Macaw
    Research Article Tropical Conservation Science Volume 10: 1–12 Genetic Diversity and Structure of the ! The Author(s) 2017 Reprints and permissions: Military Macaw (Ara militaris) in Mexico: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1940082916684346 Implications for Conservation journals.sagepub.com/home/trc Francisco A. Rivera-Ortı´z1,2, Sofı´a Solo´rzano1, Marı´a del C. Arizmendi1, Patricia Da´vila-Aranda1, and Ken Oyama2,3 Abstract The Military Macaw (Ara militaris) is a globally threatened species with a fragmented distribution, and assessing the genetics of populations could help identify conservation units. Nine microsatellites were used to analyze 86 samples in seven localities along the Sierra Madre Occidental, the Sierra Madre del Sur, and the Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico. Results showed that the Military Macaw has moderate levels of genetic diversity, similar to that found in other macaw species in Latin America. This species shows a high genetic structure; we find a genetic break between localities separated by the Central Plateau and the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, which serve as geographic barriers. However, the locations within each genetic group are not genetically differentiated. It was observed that three locations of the Military Macaw have excess homozygotes, which could indicate a small effective size of the population and in combination with genetic isolation could increase the risk of extinction of the species. We propose two genetic groups for the species, the first comprising localities in the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Sierra Madre del Sur, and the second comprising localities of the Sierra Madre Oriental. According to the genetic differentiation, which was significant between the physiographic regions, and the unique allelic richness shown in this study, these two groups should be considered as independent conservation units.
    [Show full text]