Natural Science Lyceum

Projekt Nové kompetence žák ů v odborném vzd ělávání Č. projektu: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/02.0008

Coursebook for the study branch:

Made by: Mgr. Hana Pappová

English for Natural Science Lyceum

Teacher´s book Hana Pappová

CONTENT FIRST YEAR

MY STUDY BRANCH ...... 5 CHEMISTRY ...... 6 Wordlist 1 ...... 7 Quick Quiz ...... 7 Changes in matter ...... 8 PERIODIC TABLE AND ELEMENTS ...... 9 Elements in the Human body...... 9 Wordlist 2 ...... 10 Vocabulary in use ...... 11 BIOLOGY ...... 12 Wordlist 3 ...... 13 Vocabulary in use ...... 13 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ...... 15 Ecology ...... 16 Wordlist 4 ...... 17 Vocabulary in use ...... 17

SECOND YEAR

ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS ...... 18 Compound names ...... 19 Wordlist 5 ...... 21 Vocabulary in use ...... 21 PLANTS ...... 23 Wordlist 6 ...... 24 Vocabulary in use ...... 24 Plants A ...... 26 Plants B ...... 27 Wordlist 7 ...... 28 Vocabulary in use ...... 28 Wild flowers ...... 29 GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF THE EARTH ...... 30 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ...... 31 Save tropical rainforests ...... 32 Wordlist 8 ...... 33 Vocabulary in use ...... 33

THIRD YEAR

LABORATORY ...... 34 Wordlist 9 ...... 35 Vocabulary in use ...... 35 Laboratory work...... 36

ACIDS AND BASES ...... 37 Wordlist 10 ...... 39 Vocabulary in use ...... 39 ANIMALS ...... 40 INVERTEBRATES ...... 41 Wordlist 11 ...... 42 Vocabulary in use ...... 42 Vertebrates or invertebrates A ...... 43 Vertebrates or invertebrates B ...... 44 Wordlist 12 ...... 45 Vocabulary in use ...... 45 VERTEBRATES ...... 46 Birds ...... 47 Insects ...... 48 Mammals...... 49 Reptiles ...... 50 Water animals ...... 51 Animal quiz ...... 52 ENDANGERED ANIMALS ...... 53 Food chains ...... 54 Wordlist 13 ...... 55 Vocabulary in use ...... 55

FOURTH YEAR

COMMON CHEMICALS ...... 56 Wordlist 14 ...... 57 Vocabulary in use ...... 57 HUMAN BODY ...... 58 Body parts ...... 60 HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS ...... 61 Muscular system ...... 62 Wordlist 15 ...... 63 Vocabulary in use ...... 64 Human body quiz ...... 66 IT IS UP TO YOU ...... 67 Recycling...... 67 Composting ...... 68 Recycling in questions ...... 69 Wordlist 16 ...... 70 Vocabulary in use ...... 70 WHO IS WHO IN SCIENCE ...... 72 NATURAL SCIENCE LYCEUM ...... 74 ANSWER KEY ...... 75 WORDLIST ...... 82 REFERENCES ...... 89

MY STUDY BRANCH

1 Who are you? Introduce yourself to the other people. Hello. My name is ______. I am a s______. I go to the Secondary School of Business and Services in Jihlava. My study branch is called Natural Science Lyceum. Now I am in the First Year. After I finish the school I may study at university.

What´s your name? How long will you study in this school? How old are you?

What´s your study branch? Where do you

study?

What are you going to do after you leave school? Where can we find your school?

What subjects do you study? Which is your favourite subject?

2 Which sentence is true for you? Tick it. In primary school I liked mainly Biology and Chemistry. I wanted to go to a secondary school where I can study subjects which I enjoyed. I like laboratory work. After I leave this secondary school I would like to study at university or college. I may get a part job. I would like to study hard because I really want to study at university. Once I will definitely work in a laboratory. I really don´t know what I will do after Maturita, so I may study I may get a job.

CHEMISTRY So you´re asking, what is Chemistry ?

You probably know but can you explain it in English? Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes that take place with the matter . Everything on Earth, everything in our solar system, everything in our galaxy, and everything in the universe is made up of matter . Matter is the name that scientists have given to everything that you can touch, or see, or feel, or smell.

Matter is everything around you. Matter is made of atoms and molecules . Matter is everything that has a mass . It can be found all over the universe but you usually find it just in a few forms. Matter exists in these three fundamental states : solid liquid gas

These states depend on the temperature and pressure . Later the fourth state was found - plasma . So you should know about solids , liquids , gases , and plasmas but you may have heard also about a new one called Bose-Einstein condensates. The first four have been around a long time. The scientists who worked with the Bose-Einstein condensate received a Nobel Prize for their work in 1995. So since 1995 scientists have identified five states of matter. They may discover on more by the time you get old. Chemistry also studies elements and compounds . Let´s speak about oxygen , for example. It is an element which can move from one physical state to another. Oxygen (O 2) as a gas still has the same properties as liquid oxygen .

The liquid state is colder but the molecules are still the same. Water is another example. The compound of water is made up of two hydrogen (H) atoms and one oxygen atom (O). It has the same molecular structure whether it is a gas, liquid, or solid. Although its physical state may change, its chemical state is the same. Changing states of matter is about changes temperatures , densities , and other physical properties . The basic chemical structure does not change.

(http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_intro.html, adapted)

Wordlist 1 atom atom identify rozpoznat molecule molekula liquid tekutina element prvek mass masa compound sloučenina matter hmota dense hustý oxygen kyslík density hustota pressure tlak fundamental základní properties vlastnosti gas plyn scientist vědec hydrogen vodík solid pevná látka chemical structure chemická vazba state stav, skupenství

Quick Quiz

How many questions can you answer without the text above? a) What does Chemistry study? b) How can you call the smallest part of everything? c) How can you say basic in a different way? d) How can you call the people who study Chemistry? e) What is bigger than atom? f) What are the three fundamental states of matter? g) Which word has a very similar meaning as "matter"? h) Name at least five examples of "solids". i) Name at least five examples of "liquids". j) Name at least one example of "gas". k) How many states of matter can we identify? Name all of them. l) Can you name two chemical elements? m) When physical state changes, does chemical state change as well? n) What physical properties change when physical state changes?

Changes in matter Use a dictionary if necessary. Look at the picture of the candle burning. The wax of a candle burns into ash and smoke. The original materials are changing into something different. Changes that create a new material are called chemical changes .

steam Look at the picture of water boiling and changing into steam. Steam is another form of water. Heating water didn´t create a new material. Water (liquid) changes into steam (gas). Only the state changed. Changes in the shape, size, or state of a material are called physical changes .

Study the changes in each picture below. Tell what is changing. Then decide if the change is a chemical change or a physical change.

What is changing? What kind of change?

1 1

PERIODIC TABLE AND ELEMENTS Let´s have a look how the universe works. What is all matter made of? Elements are the building blocks of matter.

There are only about a hundred basic elements. Or better to say only over a hundred elements have been discovered.

The basic elements are the same in the universe. For example, atoms of iron (Fe) found on Earth are the same as the atoms found on meteorites. The iron atoms on Mars that make it red are the same too.

Here are a few elements in English. Is it difficult to understand the words? Why?

CARBON IRON CHLORINE

CALCIUM HYDROGEN BROMINE

ZINC CHROMIUM SULPHUR

SODIUM COPPER ALUMINIUM

OXYGEN PHOSPHORUS SILICON HELIUM Elements in the Human body

Chemistry of You

99% of the mass of the human body is made up of only six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus . Every organic molecule contains carbon . Each body cell consists of water. In fact, there are 65-90% water in each cell. So, it isn´t surprising that oxygen and hydrogen are major components of the body.

Here are the major elements in the body. You can read what these elements do.

Oxygen is present in water and other compounds. It makes 65% of body weight. Carbon is found in every organic molecule in the body. It makes 18.6% if body weight. Hydrogen is a component of the water molecules in the body, as well as most other compounds. It makes 9.7% of body weight. Nitrogen is a component of proteins, and other organic compounds. It makes 3.2% of body weight. Calcium is a major component of the skeletal system. It is found in bones and teeth. It makes 1.8% of body weight. Phosphorus is found in the nucleus of every cell. It makes 1.0% of the body weight. You can also find some other elements in the body, such as sodium, chlorine or sulfur . http://chemistry.about.com/od/periodictableelements/ig/Elements-in-the-Human-Body/

Wordlist 2

aluminium hliník iron železo bromine bróm melt tát burn hořet silicon křemík calcium vápník sodium sodík carbon uhlík steam pára helium hélium sulphur, sulfur síra chlorine chlór wax vosk copper měď zinc zinek chromium chróm symbol, formula značka (chemická)

Vocabulary in use

1 Which elements are these?

______

2 Which elements are described here? a) You'll find it on the upper right of the table as element number two. It is the other very simple element that you will find with one atomic orbital. The chemists Lockyear and Frankland named the element. They named it after the Sun. b) Iron, ____, gold, and silver are metals. It is used for coins, and it is a key element in the creation of bronze. c) It is the first element in the periodic table and the most basic and common of all elements in the universe. Over ninety percent of all the atoms in the universe are its atoms and they are the lightest of all elements. d) You're breathing right now and your body is taking in its molecules. You need it to survive, as do all other living organisms.

3 What elements are these?

Al O H

Fe Ag Na S Si Cl Au

4 Which of these elements can you find in your body?

BIOLOGY So you´re asking what is Biology?

You probably know but would you understand it in English?

Biology is the study of life and changes that take place with and around all living things.

In the same way everything on Earth is made of atoms, everything that is alive on Earth is made up of cells . A living thing can be one cell or it can be billions…Most cells on Earth have similar pieces and parts. Let´s look at cell structure.

A main purpose of a cell is to organize. Cells have a variety of pieces and each cell has a different set of functions. It is easier for an organism to grow and survive when cells are present. If you were made of one cell, you would only be able to grow to a certain size. Also, if you were an only cell you couldn´t have a nervous system or muscles for movement, etc. The trillions of cells in your body make your life possible.

There are many types of cells. In biology we can speak about plant-like cells and animal-like cells . Plant cells are easier to identify because they have a protective structure called a cell wall made of cellulose. Plants have the wall but animals don´t. Plants also have organelles like chloroplast which makes them green or large water-filled vacuoles. http://www.biology4kids.com/

Wordlist 3 alive naživu microorganism mikroorganismus animal cell živočišná buňka muscle sval billion miliarda organelle organela brain mozek plant cell rostlinná buňka cell buňka protective ochranný cellulose celulóza protein bílkovina divide rozdělit survive přežít grow růst tissue tkáň chloroplast chloroplast vacuole vakuola include zahrnovat water-filled naplněný vodou

Vocabulary in use

1 Anagrams

Put the letters into the correct order to get some biology terms.

1 NABRI 2 LAPNT 3 CLOHROPLSAT 4 LCEL 5 PIROTEN 6 TISESU 7 SCLEMU 8 BRIAN 9 CUVAOLE 10 WORG

2 Answer a) Look at the cells on page 9. What do they have in common? b) Guess the Czech word for the term. Why is it easy to understand it? c) What does a plant cell have but animal cell doesn´t? d) What is the function of chloroplast? e) What is Biology? What is it about? f) Who is your Biology teacher? g) How many Biology classes do you have? h) When do you have Biology classes? i) What do you like about the subject? j) What did you talk about last class?

3 Divide the words in the box into three parts.

cell muscle chloroplast cell wall tissue grow nervous system human water filled vacuoles organelles plant cell animal cell

PLANT BOTH ANIMAL

4 Does it include plant cells or animal cells? human, tree, giraffe, sunflower, fly, heart, stomach, tulip, mushroom, ant, pine, crocodile, rose

5 Write down 10 other examples of organisms with plant cells and 10 with animal cells.

with plant cells with animal cells

6 True or false? a) There are only two types of cells. b) All cells have cell walls. c) Cells can arise spontaneously. d) The cell is the basic unit of structure in living things. e) All cells have a nucleus.

7 Is in the picture a plant cell or an animal cell? Why do you think so?

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Find out how green YOU are! How often do you do what the question describes? 1 Always? 2 Sometimes? 3 Not often? 4 Never?

1 2 3 4 take your paper, metals etc. for recycling? leave lights on after you have left a room in your house? watch parents use dangerous chemicals on the soil without saying anything to them? burn rubbish in your garden on a sunny day? your parents drive you less than a kilometre to school / a friend? clean lakes or rivers in your local area? build habitats for wild animals in your garden or local park? think about joining Greenpeace, or another eco-organization? plant trees or flowers? organize an environmental meeting at your school? demonstrate about an environmental issue? used your bicycle or your legs instead of a car? separate the waste into organic / inorganic, paper / plastic etc?

Well, are you green like this or this or this or this ?

Ecology

Ecology is the study of the "homes" of people, animals and plants. Ecologists are interested in where people, animals, and plants live and how they interact with each other.

Biosphere The biosphere is the living world. It is high in the atmosphere, at the bottom of the ocean, and deep down in caves. Since the biosphere is so complicated, many ecologists like to divide it up into smaller parts which can be understood more easily; these smaller parts are called ecosystems.

Ecosystem An ecosystem is a more or less independent part of the biosphere, for example, a forest, lake, river, grassland, ocean. Although some animals might move between ecosystems, most of them live in their own preferred environment. Ecosystems are divided into two parts which are the place (habitat) and the living things (community). It is difficult to think of one without the other: for example an oak forest is an ecosystem, but if you take away the community of animals and plants, there would be no oak trees, so the habitat would not be the same.

Habitat A habitat is a place in which you find animals and plants. The kinds of animals and plants which can live in a habitat depend upon what the habitat is like. Is it very hot or cold? Is it very wet or dry? Is the soil very acid or alkaline? It also depends upon what other animals and plants live there. Large things like oak trees may provide shelter for animals against extremes of climate, but they could also prevent some plants from getting enough light for photosynthesis.

Community The community consists of all the animals and plants living in one habitat. Different animals and plants affect each other.

Wordlist 4 acid kyselý habitat domov, biotop alkaline zásaditý hunting lov biosphere biosféra chemicals chemická látka bulb žárovka instead of místo cave jeskyn ě interact vzájemn ě p ůsobit community spole čenstvo local místní cruelty krutost low-energy nízkoenergetický depend záviset oak tree dub ecologist ekolog plant rostlina, p ěstovat ecology ekologie recycle recyklovat ecosystem ekosystém rubbish odpadky effect ovliv ňovat shelter skrýš environment životní prost ředí soil půda environmental týkající se živ. prost ř. waste odpad grassland louky a pastviny wild divoký

Vocabulary in use

1 Look around. What green objects can you see? The word "green" has got one more meanings. Which ones? Name as many green words as you can.

2 What does it mean if somebody is "green"? ‹ Explain it using your own words. ‹ Use a correct word to label such a person. ‹ Describe what such a person does using the quiz above.

3 Explain the following words to your partner. Let him or her guess.

SOIL PLANT WASTE ACID WILD

CAVE GRASSLAND RUBBISH RECYCLE HABITAT

ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS Can you recognize what is an element and what is a compound?

ELEMENTS ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS COMPOUNDS

oxygen sodium hydrate iron sulfide iron sodium copper

sodium chlorite hydrogen lithium barium peroxide water sodium hydroxide

Do you remember some more examples of elements? So, what is a compound?

Compounds are groups of two or more elements that are bonded together. There are two main types of bonds that hold those atoms together, covalent and ionic bonds.

There are millions of different compounds around you. When elements join and become compounds, they lose their individual characters. Sodium alone is very reactive. But when sodium and chlorine combine, they form a non-reactive substance called sodium chloride (Salt, NaCl). The compound has none of the characters or the original elements. The new compound is not as reactive as the original elements. It has a new life of its own.

Most compounds are made up of combinations of bonds. If you look at sodium chloride (NaCl), it is held together by one ionic bond. What about magnesium chloride (MgCl2 )? One magnesium (Mg) and two chlorine (Cl) atoms. Those examples are very simple compounds, but most compounds are combinations of ionic and covalent bonds.

Let's look at sodium hydroxide (Na-OH).

You can see that on the left is the sodium (Na) part and the right has the oxygen/hydrogen (-OH) part. This is a very good example of how there can be different types of bonds within one compound. Compound names

Let's start with some basic rules. When you have two different elements , there are usually only two words in the compound name. The first word is the name of the first element. The second word tells you the second element and how many atoms there are in the compound. The second word also ends in IDE. That's the suffix. When you are working with non-metals like oxygen (O) and chlorine (Cl), the prefix of the second element changes based on how many atoms there are in the compound. It's like this.

You can see that the prefixes are very similar to the prefixes of geometric shapes. You know what a triangle is. Right? Well the prefix tri- means three. So when you have three chlorine (Cl) atoms, you would name it trichloride.

Look at the other names, too. You may know about a pentagon, a hexagon, or an octagon. The naming system in chemistry works the same way!

Let's put these ideas together! Remember, we're only talking about simple compounds with no metal elements. Most simple compounds only have two words in their names. Let's start with Carbon monoxide (CO). You have one carbon (C) atom and one oxygen (O) atom (you can also use the prefix MONO to say one atom). Remember that the second word ends in -ide. So...

(1) Carbon + (1) Oxygen = Carbon monoxide

Now we'll build on that example. What if you have one carbon (C) and two oxygen (O) atoms?

(1) Carbon + (2) Oxygen = Carbon dioxide

One last example and we'll call it quits. Now you have one carbon (C) and four chlorine (Cl) atoms.

(1) Carbon + (4) Chlorine = Carbon tetrachloride

You should be getting the idea now. The compound name can tell you how many atoms are inside. Take a look at some of the examples and see if you understand what is happening in the name.

Summary: What are the chemical symbols of these compounds?

Carbon monoxide ______Carbon dioxide ______Carbon tetrachloride ______Sodium chloride ______Sodium hydroxide ______

Where could you hear or see these prefexes: DI-, TRI-, TETRA-, PENTA-, HEXA-, HEPTA-, OCTA-, NONA-, DECA-

What language are these prefixes from? Memorize them.

Wordlist 5

bond vazba, vázat se non-reactive nereaktivní carbon dioxide kysli čník uhli čitý phosphorus fosfor carbon monoxide kysli čník uhelnatý prefix předpona combine spojit (se) reactive reaktivní compound slou čenina sodium hydroxide hydroxid sodný covalent kovalentní sodium chloride chlorid sodný hydrogen peroxide peroxid vodíku substance látka ionic iontová suffix přípona

Vocabulary in use

1 Complete the text about the symbols of chemical elements.

Some symbols are easy to remember, such as C for ______, O for ______and S for ______. This is because the English name is very similar to the Latin name of these elements. Some others might be more difficult, such as Na for ______, Fe for ______, Au for ______and Ag for ______. Some of the elements have a single letter for a symbol. These are generally the very common ones such as ox______, or ca______. Most of the elements have double letter symbols, for example Cl for ______

2 Put the prefixes into the correct order:

NONA-, OCTA-, DI-, TETRA-, TRI-, HEXA-, HEPTA-, PENTA-, DECA- ______

3 Read the compound names below. Match the names to the molecules on the right. Then write down the symbols (formulas) of the compounds.

CARBON DIOXIDE

HYDROGEN CHLORIDE

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

SILICON DIOXIDE

PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE

WATER

4 Can you name these compounds in Czech?

Sodium hydride NaH

Lithium carbonate Li 2CO 3 Iron sulfide FeS

Sodium chlorite NaClO 2 Hydrogen fluoride HF Zink oxide ZnO

5 Write down the symbols for the following compounds:

a) sodium chloride ______b) calcium oxide ______c) carbon monoxide ______d) aluminium oxide ______e) iron oxide ______f) hydrogen peroxide ______g) carbon dioxide ______

PLANTS Plant Basics

There are loads of species of plants on Earth. Just as there is a system of classification for animals, there is also a system of classification for plants. Because plants adapt so well to any climate, scientists need a way to organize the hundreds of thousands of species.

What Makes a Plant?

What do they all have in common? The big thing that connects plants is photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process that allows plants to take energy from the Sun and create sugars. Not all plants go through the process of photosynthesis. As with all of biology, there are exceptions and you may learn about plant species that are parasites. Plants also have cell walls. Only plants have an additional cell wall made from cellulose .

Photosynthesis

Not all of the light from the Sun makes it to the surface of the Earth. Even the light that does make it here is reflected and spread out. The little light that does make it here is enough for the plants of the world to survive and go through the process of photosynthesis . Light is actually energy, electromagnetic energy to be exact. When that energy gets to a green plant, all sorts of reactions can take place to store energy in the form of sugar molecules.

If you imagine a plant it is usually a plant with leaves, stem and roots in the ground. However, there are many plants without leaves, stems or roots - these are called algae and fungi . Some plants reproduce by means of spores - these are ferns and mosses .

Flowering plants and conifers reproduce by seeds . So, can you name any ... ‹ plants with leaves ‹ plants without leaves ‹ flowering plants ‹ conifers, ...?

Wordlist 6

adapt přizp ůsobit se fern kapradina additional navíc flowering kvetoucí algae řasy fungi houby bloom kv ět in common spole čný branch větev leaf, leaves list, -y broad-leaved listnatý moss mech bush ke ř parasite parazit by means prost řednictvím photosynthesis fotosyntéza climate klima root ko řen conifer jehli čnan seed semeno coniferous jehli čnatý species druh crown koruna spore výtrus exception výjimka stem stonek, kmen

Vocabulary in use

1 Which plants ... 2 Label the picture of a plant. • don´t have any leaves, stems or roots? • have leaves, stems and roots? • reproduce by means of spores? • reproduce by seeds?

3 What does the picture show?

4 Name ... • the process thanks to which we have oxygen to breathe. • what all plants have in common. • a few plant species. • two kinds of trees. • two ways how plants reproduce • some parts of some plants. • some parts of a tree. • some parts of a bush. • some parts of a flower.

5 Complete the scheme with the correct terms

Plants A

Here are a few examples of plants.

SPRUCE SUNFLOWER WHEAT BIRCH

MOSS ROWAN PINE DAISY

OAK TULIP FERN CHESTNUT

CORN FIR COTTON POPPY

MAPLE BARLEY DAFFODIL LARCH

Plants B

How many plants do you remember? Label the pictures.

Wordlist 7

barley je čmen maple javor birch bříza oak dub corn kuku řice pine borovice cotton bavlna poppy vl čí mák daffodil narcis rowan je řabina daisy kopretina spruce smrk fir jedle sunflower slune čnice chestnut kaštan tulip tulipán larch mod řín wheat pšenice

Vocabulary in use

1 How many plants can you find?

2 Ask your partner. What tree is typical for our region? What Christmas tree did you have last? What plants do we grow for food? What plants do we grow for textile? What conifer loses its needles in winter? What is your favourite flower? What plant has got the seeds to eat? What tree is the symbol of Canada? Which tree do you think is the most beautiful? Can you name any red flowers? What is the difference between a tree and a bush? Can you name any yellow flowers?

3 Complete the table.

CONIFEROUS BROAD-LEAVED FLOWERS OTHER PLANTS TREES TREES

Wild flowers Do you know these wild flowers? Maybe the explanations will help you. Try to guess. Then check.

a) a small white flower which you can see in the spring ______b) a small bluish purple flower ______c) a wild plant with blue bell-shaped flowers ______d) a plant whose leaves and flowers float on the surface of lakes, ponds etc. ______e) a small yellow (or white or purple) flower that appears in early spring ______f) a yellow flower that grows in spring ______g) a small flower with a yellow centre and white petals ______h) a yellow flower with a hollow stem in which there is a white milky substance ______i) a wild plant with many small light blue flowers ______j) a spring plant with small white bell-shaped flowers ______k) a small plant with many small bell-shaped white flowers ______l) a wild plant with blue flowers ______

GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF THE EARTH THE BIGGEST GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF THE WORLD

DISCUSSION

Global : covering or affecting the whole world

http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/global group work

1 Choose the 3 worst problems the world faces today from the list below and number them 1, 2, 3.

International Terrorism Overpopulation Nuclear Weapons Environmental Pollution Destruction of Natural Resources Drug Abuse Crime AIDS

2 What your own ideas would you add to the list of the biggest global problems?

3 Give your 3 choices and state why you put them in that order. Discuss it in your group. Agree the 3 worst problems in your group. Then discuss it in your class.

4 Which of these are global environmental problems?

Environment: the natural world in which people, animals and plants live

http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/environment

5 How do you understand these expressions taken from the dictionary from above? Try to guess.

• the Department of the Environment • pollution of the environment • damage to the environment

6 If environment is a noun what is an adjective formed from the noun?

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

Match.

Acid rain Contamination of the air, water, or soil with substances that can cause harm to human health or the environment.

It is mixed with sulphuric, nitric and other acids formed by gases released into the atmosphere when fuels are burned (factory smoke, Global warming cars, etc.). It is responsible for damaging forests and crops, and is harmful to fish and other aquatic life in rivers and lakes. Originally it meant a mixture of smoke and fog. Today, it is used for any Greenhouse gases kind of air pollution found in cities, including dust, smoke, exhaust gases or chemical fumes.

Pollution Anything that is unwanted or unused and is thrown away.

A gradual warming of the earth's surface temperature caused by the Smog emission of gases that trap the sun's heat in the earth's atmosphere.

Waste A long period of abnormal dryness, with little or no rainfall.

These are gases that trap the heat of the sun in the earth's atmosphere, producing the greenhouse effect. The result is an Endangered species increase in the temperature of the earth’s surface. Greenhouse gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Destruction of forests to make land for agriculture. Cutting down trees, which provide oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide, is seen as a cause Drought of increased greenhouse effect. It is also the destruction of animal habitats.

Deforestation The world sources will soon be exhausted.

Energy sources Animals and plants in danger of becoming extinct.

Save tropical rainforests

WATCH THE VIDEO http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=2444 How many people were talking? Which one do you remember? What did they talk about?

1 Look at the map and find the locations of tropical rainforests.

2 Read the text and circle the best words to fill the gaps. Rainforests are situated around/about/up the equator of the earth like a green belt. After millions of years of evaluation, they are the least/very/most biologically rich ecosystems on our planet. Tropical rainforests contain a wide range of species of plants and animals. They are also home to many different animals/people/plants , who have unique cultures.

Rainforests are also resources for all of us. Rainforests absorb almost a fifth of the world´s man- made CO2 gas/chemicals/emissions every year. So if the rainforests are destroyed, it´s a bad news for all of us.

Cutting down and burning/planting/cleaning tropical forests to clear the land in this way gives rainforests nations globally traded goods, such as palm oil, beef and soy.

The world´s population will increase from 6 billion to 9 billion over the next 40 years. This population will also need more food, animal feed and fuel. And this will lead to more destruction of rainforests - with devastating end/causes/effects for everyone.

The Prince´s Rainforests Project believes that emergency funding is needed to help protect rainforests and to help/stop/make rainforest nations to continue to develop without the need for deforestation.

If we don´t take action, we could lose another 100 million hectares of tropical forests over the next 10 years - that´s an area the size of Egypt. Saving the rainforests will give the world a better chance to stabilize the climate change, while we also preserve important ecosystem benefits, not mention the fact that one billion of the poorest people on Earth depends on/from/for the rainforests.

Wordlist 8

benefit užitek,výhoda fuel palivo cause zap říčinit gradual postupný contain obsahovat greenhouse skleník contamination kontaminace harm škoda, škodit crops úroda harmful škodlivý deforestation odles ňování overpopulation přelidn ění drought sucho rainfall srážky dust prach released uvoln ěný emission emise responsible zodpov ědný endangered v ohrožení source, resource zdroj equator rovník surface povrch exhaust vy čerpat, výfukový trap past extinct vyhynout vapour pára

Vocabulary in use

1 How many global environmental problems can you name?

2 Pairwork: Look at page 30. Read the explanation on the right and let your partner guess what you are speaking about.

3 Pairwork or groupwork Try to use your own words to explain these words:

EXTINCT ENVIRONMENT GLOBAL PROBLEM

EQUATOR GREENHOUSE RAINFALL FUEL ENDANGERED ANIMAL RAINFOREST DROUGHT TROPICAL INSECT CROPS VAPOUR

4 What is your own opinion on the global environmental problems?

LABORATORY

REAGENT TUBES BEAKER BOILING FLASK BURNER

What do we use it for?

We use it for measuring temperature We use it for weighing materials We use it for heating We use them for chemical reactions We use it for preparing solutions We use it for measuring water We use it for boiling solutions We use it for holding flasks on a titration stand We use it for measuring small volumes of GRADUATED THERMOMETERS liquid CYLINDER We use it for holding instruments in titration We use it for studying samples

TITRATION STAND

WEIGHING CLAMP HOLDER PETRI DISH PIPETTE BOATS

Wordlist 9

beaker kádinka Petri dish Petriho miska boil va řit pipette pipeta boiling flask varná ba ňka reagent tube zkumavka burner kahan sample vzorek clamp holder držák solution roztok chemical reaction chemická reakce thermometer teplom ěr graduate cylinder odm ěrný válec titration titrace heat zah řívat titration stand stojan hold držet volume obsah measure měř it weighing boat navažovací lodi čka

Vocabulary in use

1 Chemical laboratory conversation ‹ Where is your chemical laboratory? How would you get there from here? ‹ What´s the name of your Chemistry teacher? When did you see him/her last? ‹ How often do you work there? Where were you there last? ‹ Do you enjoy your laboratory work? Why yes, why not? ‹ What laboratory equipment do you work with? What do you use more and less often? ‹ What do you do in your laboratory? What did you do last?

2 Chemical drawing Draw a picture of a piece of chemical equipment and let your partner guess what it is and what it is good for?

3 Laboratory quiz 1) What do you use to measure temperature? 2) What do you use to heat any solution? 3) What do you use to weigh materials? 4) What do you use to study samples? 5) What do you use to prepare solutions? 6) What do you use to boil solutions? 7) What does hold boiling flask to a titration stand? 8) What do you use to measure small volumes of liquid? 9) What do you use to do chemical reactions? 10) What do you use to measure water?

Laboratory work

What laboratory equipment can you see in the picture? What does the picture mean? What is the lab technician doing? How do you know that some chemicals What is she wearing? Why? are dangerous or poisonous?

In the laboratories we do different experiments and analyses . It is important to know what we are doing because laboratory work may be very dangerous . We may poison ourselves or blow up the lab! That´s why we have to know the basic safety rules which say how to behave in the lab.

Here are the basic safety rules. Complete them using the expressions from the box:

hands gloves tied glasses toxic

coats ventilation smoke

‹ Never eat, drink, or ______while working in the laboratory. ‹ Read labels carefully. ‹ Wear safety ______when working with dangerous materials or equipment. ‹ Wear gloves when using any dangerous or ______material. ‹ Wear ______, laboratory ______, and glasses. Shorts and sandals should not be worn in the lab at any time. ‹ If you have long hair, make sure it is ______back. ‹ Keep the work area clear of all materials except those needed for your work. ‹ The room needs air flow or ______to prevent overheating. ‹ Clean up your work area before leaving. ‹ Wash your ______before leaving the lab and before eating.

ACIDS AND BASES Before reading

1 Match the words on the left with their descriptions on the right.

VINEGAR WHITE POWDER THAT YOU PUT INTO CAKES WHEN BAKIN G.

BAKING SODA YOU DRINK IT, WASH WITH IT AND SWIM IN IT.

WATER YOU PUT IT INTO SALADS, FOR EXAMPLE.

2 Answer: Which one is acidic? Which one is basic? Which one is neutral?

Read the text.

Every liquid you see will probably have either acidic or basic characters. One exception might be distilled water. Distilled water is just water. Most water you drink has ions in it. Those ions in solution make something acidic or basic. In your body there are small compounds called amino acids. Those are acids . In fruits there is something called citric acid. That's an acid, too. But what about baking soda? When you put that in water, it creates a basic solution. Vinegar? Acid .

Scientists use something called the pH scale to measure how acidic or basic a liquid is. The scale goes from values very close to 0 through 14. Distilled water is 7 (right in the middle). Acids are found between a number very close to 0 and 7. Bases are from 7 to 14. Most of the liquids you find every day have a pH near 7. They are either a little below or a little above that mark. When you start looking at the pH of chemicals, the numbers go to the extremes. If you ever go into a chemistry lab, you could find solutions with a pH of 1 and others with a pH of 14. There are also very strong acids with pH values below one such as battery acid. Bases with pH values near 14 include drain cleaner and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Those chemicals are very dangerous.

After reading

1 Answer: ‹ What is the difference between acids and bases? ‹ Is water always neutral? ‹ Name two examples of dangerous chemicals. Why are they so dangerous?

2 Label the definitions with these terms:

Neutral, Acid, Aqueous, Base, Weak Acid, Weak Base, Strong Acid, Strong Base Here are a couple of definitions you should know:

______: A solution that has an excess of H+ ions. It comes from the Latin word acidic that means "sharp" or "sour". ______: A solution that has an excess of OH- ions. Another word for base is alkali. ______: A solution that is mainly water. Think about the word aquarium. AQUA means water. ______: An acid that has a very low pH (0-4). ______: A base that has a very high pH (10-14). ______: An acid that only partially ionizes in an aqueous solution. That means not every molecule breaks apart. They usually have a pH close to 7 (3-6). ______: A base that only partially ionizes in an aqueous solution. That means not every molecule breaks apart. They usually have a pH close to 7 (8-10). ______: A solution that has a pH of 7. It is neither acidic nor basic.

3 Look at the pH scale below. Compare. What is more basic - baking soda or soap? What is less acidic - lemon or apple? Make more comparisons.

Wordlist 10 acid kyselina battery acid elektrolyt acidic kyselý break apart rozd ělit se alkali zásaditý citric acid citronová kyselina amino acid aminokyselina pH scale hodnota pH baking soda jedlá soda sodium hydroxide hydroxid sodný base zásada value hodnota basic zásaditý vinegar ocet

Vocabulary in use

1 Do you know these words? These are some words from the box above. One letter is missing in each of them. Write them down. WATER ______BATTER ______ACD ______ALUE ______ASE ______CALE ______CITIC ______AMIN ACID______CIDIC ______

2 Are these statements true or false? a) Water is always neutral. b) Most chemicals are either alkali or acidic. c) If a chemical is very alkali or very acidic, we should be careful because it is dangerous. d) If a chemical is alkali, it cannot be basic.

3 Memory game

Students A have 2 minutes to look at the scheme of pH scale on page 35. Students B ask some questions like these: What is more basic - baking soda or soap? What is less acidic - lemon or apple?

Then swap.

ANIMALS What is an animal? Let´s look into a dictionary: 1) a creature that is not a bird, a fish, a reptile, an insect or a human ‹ the animals and birds of South America ‹ domestic animals such as dogs and cats 2) any living thing that is not a plant or a human ‹ the animal kingdom ‹ This product has not been tested on animals. 3) any living creature, including humans ‹ Humans are the only animals to have developed speech. http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/animal

INVERTEBRATES

The animals are divided into two groups based on the presence and absence of a backbone. The backbone is the feature that defines whether the animal is a vertebrate or invertebrate. Vertebra is another word of Latin origin used for a backbone. So, there are two basic groups of higher animals. They are vertebrates and invertebrates.

Invertebrates do not have backbones. What makes invertebrates different? 1) They are multicellular . It's more than being a colony of individual cells. The cells are working together for the survival of the organism. 2) They have no backbone . 3) They have no cell walls. When we talked about plants, we always mentioned cell walls. Invertebrates don't have them. 4) Most of them have tissues that are specific organizations of cells. Most of them reproduce sexually (not asexually). That means there are males and females.

Most invertebrates can move. Invertebrates can't make their own food. Scientists use the word heterotrophic . They feed off other things to get their energy. Plants are autotrophic. They make their own food. Being heterotrophic is one of the main characteristics of being an animal. We eat things, whether it is plants or other animals. That's just the way the world works. http://www.biology4kids.com/files/invert_main.html http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/thezone/animals/animalid/divide.htm

At the bottom of invertebrate world there are sponges. What are these animals like? Do you know? Sponges - The simplest multicellular (many-celled) animals. They usually fix themselves to rocks on the sea bed, and feed by filtering small pieces of food from the water around them. Although they may look like seaweed and other plants, sponges are definitely animals - they do not make their own food as plants do! Can you find them in the picture on the left? Try to guess how you can call them in your native language.

Wordlist 11 amphibian obojživelník reproduce rozmnožovat se autotrophic autotrofní reptile plaz backbone páte ř sexually pohlavn ě blood krev shellfish korýši gull racek snail plž heterotrophic heterotrofní sparrow vrabec invertebrates bezobratlí sponge mo řská houba lizard ješt ěrka toad ropucha mammal savec vertebra obratel, páte ř ray rejnok vertebrate obratlovec

Vocabulary in use

1 Are the statements true or false? a) All vertebrates have got backbones while invertebrates don´t. b) All invertebrates are cold-blooded. c) All vertebrates are warm-blooded. d) People are autotrophic. e) Penguins are mammals. f) Sparrow is quite a common bird in our country. g) There are loads of rays in Czech rivers and ponds. h) Most animals are either males of females.

2 Are these animals vertebrates or invertebrates? Write V fro vertebrates and I for invertebrates.

REPTILE SPARROW SNAKE SPONGE HUMAN CRAB LIZARD TOAD WORM SPIDER BUTTERFLY GULL SNAIL SHELLFISH AMPHIBIAN INSECT CORAL STARFISH COLD-BLOODED ANIMAL WARM-BLOODED ANIMAL

Vertebrates or invertebrates A

LADYBIRD EARTHWORM CARP SQUID

OWL CANCER FLY SQUIRREL

WASP VIPER STARFISH TICK

PIGEON CRAB SWAN BEE

MOSQUITO TARANTULA EEL JELLYFISH

Vertebrates or invertebrates B

Wordlist 12 ant mravenec mosquito komár bee včela owl sova cancer rak peacock páv carp kapr pigeon holub crab krab squid chobotnice, olihe ň earthworm žížala squirrel veverka eagle orel starfish hv ězdice eel úho ř swan labu ť fly moucha tarantula tarantule goat koza tick klíšt ě jellyfish medúza viper zmije ladybird sluné čko sedmite čné wasp vosa

Vocabulary in use

1 Here are a few animals hidden in anagrams. How many animals can you decode?

HROSE GOTA SEPIDR KANOGARO FORG SALOMN PACOCEK TEIGR CEROCODIL SROPARW TELEPHAN FWOL EGALE TAN APELICN UHMAN LAGORIL TADO

2 Name as many animals as you know. Divide them into two groups - invertebrates and vertebrates. Divide them into two other groups - cold-blooded and warm-blooded. Divide the vertebrates into 5 groups and name these groups correctly. Compare.

3 Speak about a particular animal in detail. example: LION It belongs to vertebrates and warm-blooded animals. It is a mammal, so as all mammals it breathes with lungs, has babies and feeds them with milk. It has a fur on its body. You can also give some other details, such as: Its fur is light brown and the part on its head is called a mane, which is typical for the lion, not the lioness. ...

4 Game Speak about a particular animal in detail and let your classmates guess what animal you are describing.

VERTEBRATES Fish, reptiles, birds, amphibians and mammals - they all have internal skeletons and backbones.

Common name : Bony fish Examples : Salmon, tuna, goldfish, seahorses Where they are found : In the sea and in freshwater Description : These fish have bony skeletons and thin paired fins. Their bodies are covered in scales and, like sharks, they use gills to get oxygen from water. Most bony fish lay lots of eggs, and take very little care of their young. Need to know : There are more types of bony fish than any other type of vertebrate. They make up most of the fish that swim in the seas, rivers and lakes.

Common name : Amphibians Examples : Frogs, toads, newts, salamanders Where they are found : On land and in freshwater Description : Amphibians have moist, naked skin (without scales). Adults generally live on land and breathe air, while young amphibians (tadpoles) live in water and have gills. Need to know : Most amphibians lay lots of eggs and do not look after their young. There are some exceptions - some frogs brood their eggs on their back, on their legs, and even in their stomach!

Common name: Birds Examples : Parrots, pigeons, penguins Where they are found : Flying in the skies, swimming in the sea and wading in lakes and rivers Description : Birds bodies are covered in feathers, they have beaks or bills, and most have adapted their bodies to flight. They lay small clutches of eggs and generally look after their young. Need to know : Not all dinosaurs died out with Tyrannosaurus rex. Birds are dinosaurs! They evolved from small feathered dinosaurs millions of years ago, and are still flying today.

Common name : Reptiles Examples : Crocodiles, snakes and lizards, turtles Where they are found : On land, in the oceans, and in freshwater Description : Reptiles have lots of different body forms, but most have dry scaly skin. They usually lay small clutches of eggs and can look after their young. Need to know : Reptiles, amphibians and fish are usually described as being 'cold blooded', because they do not maintain a constant body temperature, as mammals and birds do. Their blood is not really cold though, because they can warm themselves in the sun.

Common name : Mammals Examples : Mice, lions, monkeys, whales, humans Where they are found : On land, in the oceans, and in freshwater Description : Mammals' bodies are covered in fur. Most mammals give birth to small numbers of live young, they look after them, and feed them with the milk they produce. Need to know : The platypus is a very strange mammal - unlike most other mammals it lays eggs. It is also the only mammal that is poisonous - the male platypus has poisonous spurs on its legs. http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/thezone/animals/animalid/divide.htm

Birds

a) a small colourful bird (similar to a parrot) often kept as a pet in a cage ______b) a large bird with a beautiful green and blue tail ______c) a small farm bird that cannot fly, it is a young hen or a rooster, people eat its meat ______d) a bird that lives on or near water, it has short legs and a wide beak ______e) a large bird with long legs and a long beak, it is usually black and white ______f) a very large bird, it has got a long neck and legs and can run very fast and cannot fly ______g) a very large bird that can fly and eats small animals, often called "King of Birds" ______h) a large pink bird with long legs ______i) a large white bird which is often kept on farm, it is bigger than a duck ______j) a farm bird that is kept for eggs and meat ______k) a small bird that migrates in winter and eats insects ______l) a large farm bird common in many parts of the world ______m) a large bird which is usually eaten on special days, such as Thanksgiving ______n) a bird that flies and hunts small animals at night ______o) a very small bird that can fly backwards ______p) a large white bird with a long neck, it lives on lakes and rivers ______q) a sea bird with black and white body, it cannot fly and lives in the Antarctic ______r) a grey bird that we can usually see in towns ______

Insects

a) a small black creature with 8 legs. It catches and eats insects ______b) a very small black or brown insect which lives in large groups and works very hard ______c) a small red beetle with black spots ______d) a small black and yellow insect. It is attracted to sweet things and stings painfully ______e) a small black and yellow insect which lives in large groups and makes honey ______f) a small insect that feeds on the blood. It can jump very well ______g) an insect with big colourful wings and a long thin body ______h) a worm with short legs that exists as an early stage in the life of other insects ______i) a long small insect with many little legs ______j) a large brown insect that you can find in very dirty places ______k) a small brown insect that makes very specific sounds, especially at night ______l) a small insect that can fly ______m) a small flying insect that produces light at night ______n) a small insect that flies usually at night and bites people to drink their blood ______o) a small creature that holds onto your skin and sucks your blood ______

Mammals

a) a wild animal that looks like a dog, it is usually red and has got a thick tail ______b) a small animal that climbs trees and jumps from branch to branch, it is usually red or brown and eats nuts, it has got a long thick tail ______c) and animal with horns and long legs which lives in Africa, it can run very fast ______d) a small animal that looks like a mouse, it can fly and it hunts at night ______e) a grey animal living in and near the sea and eating fish, it hasn´t got legs, only two short flat arms and a tail ______f) a big brown animal that lives in forests and mountains, it eats other animals and likes honey ______g) a small brown animal that lives in and near water, it can cut trees with its teeth and build walls across rivers ______h) a very large sea animal that looks like a very large fish ______i) a farm animal, usually white or grey, which gives milk, it has got two horns and lives in mountain areas ______j) a large wild animal that looks like a cow, it lived on American prairies and was hunted by Indians for food k) an African and Asian animal that has two humps on its back, people use it to ride on and to carry things ______l) a large brown forest animal that eats grass, the male has large antlers ______m) a large black-and-white Chinese bear ______n) a wild rabbit, bigger, with longer ears and legs ______o) an Australian animal that jumps on its legs and carries its young in a pocket ______p) a very intelligent sea animal that swims in groups and can do many tricks ______q) a large animal for Africa or Asia, it looks like a big cat and eats other animals, people say it is the King of animals ______

Reptiles

a) a large reptile similar to a crocodile, originally from America and China, it has a shorter and

broader head than a crocodile ______b) a small green animal that lives in water or near water, it can jump because it has long and

strong back legs ______c) a small reptile with a long tail ______d) an animal that usually lives in water, has a large hard shell on its back and short legs

______e) a reptile with a long body and no legs ______f) a kind of snake that makes a noise with its tail ______g) a large kind of frog ______h) an animal with a hard shell on its back. It has got short legs and a head that can hide in the

shell. It usually lives on land ______i) a small reptile that changes the colour on its skin, it has got a long tongue ______j) a large reptilian creature that lived on the planet millions of years ago ______

Water animals

a) the largest mammal on Earth, it lives in the ocean ______b) a large sea fish with big sharp teeth, it is usually dangerous ______c) a fish that lives in ponds etc, in the Czech Republic it is eaten at Christmas ______d) a small fish that swims upright, it looks like a horse ______e) a sea animal that has a hard shell on its back, eight legs and two pincers, it walks sideways ______f) a long fish which looks like a snake ______g) a creature that lives in water, it has a soft body without any colour and it can sting ______h) a sea animal that has a shell, eight legs and two strong pincers ______i) a shellfish that people eat and that sometimes produces pearls ______j) a big flat fish with a long thin tail ______k) a sea creature that looks like a star ______l) a large fish with pink flesh, it lives in northern seas but travels up rivers to breed ______

Animal quiz 1. Frogs and toads get about by jumping from place to place. Their skeletons are adapted to jumping, they have a: a) long, thin spine and small feet b) short, strong spine and big feet c) short, strong spine and small feet 2. Birds walk around on their back legs, but they also fly. To do this, their skeletons have adapted so that their 'arms' have turned into: a) feathers b) wings c) their tail 3. Kangaroos and koalas carry their babies around in their pouches. When they are born kangaroo babies are about the size of: a) an elephant baby b) a human baby c) a jelly baby 4. Tadpoles have to change a lot before they turn into frogs. These changes include: a) growing lungs, teeth and legs b) growing gills, teeth and legs c) growing lungs, teeth and tail 5. Cows are herbivores. They have well developed teeth for chewing grass. They also have four stomachs - this is because: a) they eat too much grass b) they need extra grass to turn into milk c) it takes time for them to digest the grass 6. People think that respiration means breathing - this is not true. Respiration is a chemical reaction that turns glucose and oxygen into: a) energy, water and carbon dioxide b) energy, water and carbon monoxide c) energy, water and sulphur dioxide 7. Birds do not want to store a lot of water in their bodies - it would make them too heavy to fly. They produce uric acid instead of urine. It is the: a) brown stuff you can see in their poo b) white staff you can see in their poo c) pink stuff you can see in their poo 8. The platypus has poor eyesight. To find its prey it uses special receptors in its bill. These receptors pick up: a) radio waves b) ultra-violet light c) electric impulses 9. Snakes also have interesting ways of sensing their environment. Some snakes: a) smell with their skin and “see” heat b) smell with their tongues and “see” heat c) smell with their tongue and “see” ultra-violet light http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/thezone/animals/life/quiz/index.htm

ENDANGERED ANIMALS

PROJECT VIDEO LESSON LESSON

Which endangered animal is which? Write down P for the panda, B for the polar bear and T for the tiger.

HABITAT

___ It lives in the Arctic. ___ It lives in the forests of China. ___ It lives in the forests, woods, grasslands and swamps of Asia.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

___ It has an orange-brown coat with white fur with black stripes. ___ It has a white coat with black fur around its eyes, ears and legs. ___ It has thick cream fur and brown eyes.

DIET

___ It eats bamboo. ___ It eats wild pig, antelope, deer, and buffalo. ___ It eats seals, walruses, seaweed, and birds´ eggs.

INTERESTING FACTS

___ It hunts at night. ___ It can swim and run up to 55 kilometres an hour. ___ It eats 12 hours a day!

POPULATION

___ There are only 1,600 in the wild. ___ There are only 5,000 - 7,000 in the wild. ___ There are only 20,000 - 25,000 in the wild.

Now find out some other endangered animals such as the elephant, rhino, dolphin, gorilla, snow leopard, turtle, and orang-utan and see what you can do to protect them: http://gowild.wwf.org.uk/gowild/amazing_animals/

Food chains

Food Chains/ Food Webs are what biologists describe as a relation between animals in their habitat and the foods they eat. A simple food chain would be the sun grows the grass, the deer eat the grass, and the wolves eat the deer. A food chain shows how each living thing gets its food. Some animals eat plants and some animals eat other animals. For example, a simple food chain links the trees - the giraffes (that eat trees), and the lions (that eat the giraffes). Each link in this chain is food for the next link. A food chain always starts with plant life and ends with an animal.

1. Plants are called producers because they are able to use light energy from the Sun to produce food (sugar) from carbon dioxide and water.

2. Animals cannot make their own food so they must eat plants and/or other animals. They are called consumers . There are three groups of consumers. Animals that eat ONLY PLANTS are called herbivores (or primary consumer). Animals that eat OTHER ANIMALS are called carnivores .

° carnivores that eat herbivores are called secondary consumers ° carnivores that eat other carnivores are called tertiary consumers e.g., killer whales in an ocean food web ... phytoplankton → small fishes → seals → killer whales

3. Animals and people who eat BOTH animals and plants are called omnivores .

Herbivores Omnivores Carnivores

If something goes wrong with one animal then it will reflect on all the other animals. If we have a drought then no grass will grow, so the deer will starve and slowly start dying out. Then there is no food for the wolves and they start running down to dangerously low numbers. Then they are classified as endangered animals. Once an animal is endangered people start protecting them and laws are passed to protect the animals. Pollution is a major cause of the endangerment of certain animals and a break in the food chain or food web. One example is people using their cars too much and polluting the air.

Wordlist 13 bamboo bambus link spojení buffalo bizon omnivore všežravec carnivore masožravec seal tule ň deer jelen seaweed mo řská řasa fur kožešina starve hladov ět herbivore býložravec swamp mo čál, bažina hunt lovit walrus mrož chain řet ěz wild divo čina, p říroda

Vocabulary in use

1 True or false? If we are very quiet, we can meet a deer in a forest. Most mammals have fur on their body. Buffalos are carnivores. Herbivores eat bamboo. There were many buffalos in the wild but nowadays there are not very many of them. Walruses are much bigger and heavier than seals. If you are starving for some time, you are very hungry then. Hunting is a common hobby of young people. There are a lot of swamps in the Czech Republic. Seaweeds might be quite a nutritious food in the future. All humans are omnivores.

2 Name as many examples as possible of:

endangered animals wild animals animals with fur herbivores omnivores carnivores

3 Give a few interesting details of one animal and let your classmates guess. First give more general and then more specific details. Speak about its habitat, physical description, interesting facts, diet and so on. Mention if the animal is herbivore, omnivore or carnivore.

COMMON CHEMICALS Join the bubbles to triangles: name of the chemical - its description - its formula.

See the example. NaOH The weaker solution of it It is sold as is sold as a table salt. LEAD household NH CARBON cleaner. 3

It is sold as lighter liquid. CH 3COCH 3 It is a BUTANE strong base that may sometimes It is in be found in CALCIUM eggshells and SODIUM solid drain CARBONATE seashells. BICARBONATE cleaner.

H2SO 4

C C4H10 SODIUM HYDROXIDE

CaCO 3

Car battery acid is

about 40% of it. It is sold as vitamin C tablets in pharmacy. It is baking soda, which It is found in C6H8O6 is sold in grocery stores. lead fishing

ACETONE weights. AMMONIA

NaHCO3 ASCORBIC ACID It is found in some nail polish removers and SODIUM some paint removers.

CHLORIDE NaCl SULPHURIC ACID It is used in Pb pencils. Diamonds are pure carbon.

Wordlist 14 acetone aceton household domácnost ammonia amoniak, čpavek lead olovo butane butan lighter zapalova č cleaner čisti č pure čistý common běžný remover odlakova č, odbarvova č drain odpad seashell mušle, ulita eggshell vaje čná sko řápka weight závaží

Vocabulary in use

1 Label the chemicals correctly. Something happened and the letters somehow mixed.

SACORBIC PANTI CEATONE MAMONIA CIDA ERMOVER

2 Play a game.

Find someone who V has already used some drain cleaner V has never eaten vitamin C in tablets V used some nail polish remover this or last week V knows how the mineral of pure carbon is called in English V has some butane his or her lighter V knows what chemical eggshells and seashells contain V can find some paint remover in his or her household V knows the English expression for "olovo" V can say the chemical expression for "salt" V thinks that he knows how acetone smells V can name at least five common chemicals in English

HUMAN BODY

PARTS OF BODY

How many words do you know?

Let´s study a few more ones!

PARTS OF BODY

How many words do you remember?

Label, then check!

http://www.easypacelearning.com/pictures-to-help-you-with-learning-english

Body parts

a) grown on top of the head ______b) on each side of the head and used for hearing ______c) connects the head to the body ______d) connects the arm and to the base of the neck ______e) the little hole in in the centre of a person's belly ______f) part of the body just above hips ______g) between the forearm and the upper arm ______h) from the waist to the top of the leg ______i) part of the leg between the hip and the knee ______j) connects the lower and upper leg ______k) muscle at the back of the lower leg ______l) the back part of the foot below the ankle ______m) connects the foot to the leg ______n) the lower part of the leg below the ankle ______o) each foot has 2 big toes ______

HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS

Look at the human body. It is made of different parts. It´s like a very complicated machine always working to keep you alive.

A system is a group of organs that work together and provide an organism with an advantage for survival. It is the most complex organization in your body and the final level of the progression from cells to tissues to organs and then systems .

NERVOUS SYSTEM SKELETON SYSTEM MUSCULAR SYSTEM CIRCULATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Nervous system

Your nervous system is divided into two parts. Your central nervous system includes your brain and your spinal cord . Your brain is linked to the rest of your body by nerves. The body sends messages and the brain tells the body what to do. Messages travel down the spinal cord to the nerves. Your brain works when you sleep so you can breathe and digest and your heart can beat. Did you know? The left part of the brain is good at languages and math! The right part is good at art and music! There are special centres for the senses ( sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste ) and also for speech, thought, balance, and breathing!

Skeleton system

The skeleton works very closely with the muscular system to help you move. The bones of your skeleton create a framework to which your muscles and organs can connect. The skeleton also plays a role in protection. The skull protects the brain. The backbone protects the spinal cord. The ribcage protects your heart and lungs.

Did you know? Your skeleton has about 206 bones! You have about 27 bones in each hand! The biggest bone is your femur ! The smallest bone is in your ear!

Muscular system

The big purpose of the muscles found in your body is movement . You have no control over most of the muscular system. You control the voluntary muscle in your arms, legs, or neck. You have little or no control over the heart, for example. Those other muscles are under the control of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Muscles are connected to the bones by tendons . When you want to move, your brain sends a message to your muscles. Muscles work in pairs: one muscle gets shorter (contracts), and the other muscle gets longer (relaxes). Did you know? There are about 620 muscles in your body? When you smile you move about 30 small muscles in your face. When you walk you use about 200 muscles for every single step.

Circulatory system

Blood and heart make up the circulatory system. Blood moves oxygen and nutrients around the body and collects waste (carbon dioxide).

The heart is a muscle. It pumps the blood around the body.

Arteries take the blood away from the heart to the body. The blood in arteries is bright red and full of oxygen.

Veins take blood back to the heart. The blood is dark red and there is no oxygen in it. Did you know? A seven-year-old has 3 litres of blood. An adult has about 5 litres of blood. A child´s heart beats about 100 times a minute. An adult´s heart beats about 70 times a minute.

Respiratory system

Your respiratory system is all about exchanging gases with the environment. Your respiratory system is made of your nose and mouth, a tube called the pharynx, another tube called the trachea , and your lungs. Lungs take in oxygen from the air into the blood and remove carbon dioxide. This happens every time you breathe in and out. When you exercise you breathe faster because your muscles need more oxygen. Did you know? Adult lungs can hold about 5 litres of air. Adults usually breathe 18 times a minute and more than 25,000 times a day.

Digestive system

Where does food go? Your teeth break the food into small pieces. The food is mixed with saliva in your mouth. The food goes down a tube called esophagus into your stomach . Your stomach muscles mix the food with special juices to make it very soft. The food goes into your intestines . Nutrients in the food pass into the blood. The blood carries the nutrients to every part of your body. Food that can´t be digested comes out of your body when you go to the toilet. Did you know? The whole process of digestion lasts about 18 hours. Food usually stays in the stomach for about 3 hours. The small intestine is 5 metres long.

Wordlist 15 artery tepna nasal cavity nosní dutina beat bít nutrient živina circulatory ob ěhový oesophagus jícen collar bone klí ční kost respiratory dýchací connect spojit ribcage hrudní koš digestive trávicí saliva slina,-y digestive trávit sense smysl femur stehenní kost sight zrak framework soustava skeleton kostra, kosterní gall bladder žlu čník skull lebka joint kloub small intestine tenké st řevo large intestine tlusté st řevo speech řeč larynx hrtan spinal cord mícha lungs plíce tendon šlacha muscular svalový vein žíla

Vocabulary in use

1 Circle the correct words. a) My elbow is a part of my leg / arm. b) My knee is a part of my leg / arm. c) My shoulder joins my leg / body to my leg / arm. d) My wrist joins my arm / hand to my leg / arm. e) My hip joins my arm / body to my leg / arm. f) My ankle joins my leg / body to my arm / foot.

2 Body parts and movements What body part / parts do you use to ‹ do homework ‹ ride a bike ‹ kick a ball ‹ throw a ball ‹ eat and drink? What body part / parts do you use to do your favourite leisure activities?

For what activity do you use your ‹ knees ‹ shoulder ‹ wrists ‹ ankles ‹ elbows ‹ hips?

3 Complete the text with the words in the box.

muscles legs 200 body

triceps 650 jumping

There are more than ______(1) bones in the human body. The bones form the skeleton. The skeleton supports the body. We have got bones in our head, trunk and limbs. Our limbs and legs are limbs. The bone in the head is called the skull. The bones in the trunk are the backbone and the ribs. The humerus is a bone in the arms. The bones in the ______(2) are the femur, the tibia and the fibula.

There are about ______(3) muscles in the human ______(4).Muscles are for walking, running and ______(5). Some important muscles are the biceps, the ______(6) the pectorals, and the quadriceps. Muscles can be voluntary or involuntary. ______(7) are muscles that we can´t control. The heart is an involuntary muscle.

4 Use the terms from exercise 3 to label the schemes. Bones and muscles

Joints Organs

5 A joint is a place where two bones are joined together in the body. Joints make the skeleton flexible. The most important joins are 1) the ______2) the ______3) the ______4) the ______5) the ______6) the ______

6 Label the most important organs. a) ______b) ______c) ______d) ______e) ______f) ______g) ______

Human body quiz

1) Which part of the brain is good at maths? 2) Why is the skeleton important? 3) How many muscles are there in your body? 4) How many times does your heart beat in one minute? 5) How are muscles attached to the bones? 6) What does the nervous system consist of? 7) Which muscles work automatically? 8) What does the circulatory system consist of? 9) Does the brain work when you sleep? 10) What´s the biggest bone? 11) What is ANS? 12) What does the digestive system consist of? 13) Which part of the brain is good at art? 14) What are the five human senses? 15) What system is the nasal cavity part of? 16) What does the skull protect? 17) What does the ribcage protect? 18) What do you usually do with your teeth? 19) What´s the name of the bone that protects the spinal cord? 20) How many muscles do you use for a single step? 21) How is the brain linked to the rest of the body? 22) How many bones are there in your skeleton? 23) What colour is the blood in the arteries? 24) What colour is the blood in the veins? 25) What does the body send to the brain? 26) How many bones are there in each hand? 27) where is the smallest bone? 28) Why do you breathe faster when you exercise? 29) How do muscles work? 30) Where can you find saliva? 31) What does the respiratory system consist of? 32) How many lungs have you got? 33) What kinds of intestines can you name? 34) How long does the whole process of digestion last? 35) How can you call the two tubes that are important for breathing? 36) What systems of the human body can you name? 37) How long is the small intestine? 38) Where is the liver? 39) How can you call the digestive tube that leads into the stomach? 40) Which bone has the same name as a part of clothing? 41) How long does food stay in the stomach? 42) How can you call the liquid in your mouth? 43) How many breaths do you have in one minute? 44) What is the function of the heart? 45) Where is the gall bladder? 46) What is the main function of the brain? 47) How much blood have you got? 48) How much blood has a child got? 49) What is the biggest join in the body? 50) Smile! How many muscles are you using?

IT IS UP TO YOU

1 What should we do to help our world? What shouldn´t we do?

1) I ______litter. 2) I ______paper, glass, plastic and cans. 3) I ______the water. 4) I ______plastic bags. 5) I ______electricity. 6) I ______animals in danger. 7) I ______the lights when I leave the room. 8) I ______the water running when I brush my teeth. 9) I ______walk or ______my bike to school. 10) I ______the pollution.

2 There are more things that we should and shouldn´t do to help the world. Write down two lists of such advice with should and shouldn´t.

Recycling

Put in the correct order. The first one has been started to help you. V From recycling centre they go to factories to be made into new, recycled things. V At home you put things like cans, plastic bottles and paper in your recycling bin. V You can buy the recycled things in the shops. V The materials are taken to a recycling centre. V Recycled cans, plastic bottles and paper can be recycled over and over again. V The box or bin is emptied. V The new cans, bottles and paper go to shops.

At home ...

Composting

Some things will rot down to make food for plants called compost. Plants, egg shells, fruit and vegetable peel can all make compost. Some people have a compost heap in their garden. If you have a brown bin at home, you can put garden waste like weeds, dead flowers and grass cuttings in it. They are all taken away to be composted in giant compost heaps.

What three things should not be in the compost heap? compost heap 1) ______2) ______3) ______

What should you do with these things? ______

Name three things that are good for making compost. 1) ______2) ______3) ______

In the bin there are sometime things that should be somewhere else. Instead of being in the bin, what else could you do with them? What could be recycled? 1) ______2) ______3) ______

What could be composted? 1) ______2) ______3) ______

What belongs to the bin?

1) ______2) ______3) ______

Recycling in questions

GROUP WORK MAKE FOUR GROUPS. EACH GROUP WILL GET SOME INFORMATION ABOUT RECYCLING. EACH STUDENT WILL TRY TO ANSWER FOLLOWING QUESTIONS AND CONSULT THE ANSWERS (TEACHER´S BOOK) WITH THE "EXPERTS" FROM OTHER GROUPS.

PAPER RECYCLING a) What is paper made of? b) To supply the U.K. with paper we cut down a forest the size of ______every year. c) What things made of paper are most commonly recycled? d) What are they recycled into? e) What paper cannot be recycled? f) Why should we recycle paper?

PLASTIC BOTTLE RECYCLING a) What are plastic bottles made of? b) How could you reuse a plastic bottle? c) What are they recycled into? d) Why should we recycle them? e) Recycling one plastic bottle saves enough energy to run a 60W light bulb for ______!

GLASS RECYCLING a) What raw material is used to make glass? b) How could you reuse a glass bottle or jar? c) What are they recycled into? d) Why should we recycle glass?

METAL RECYCLING a) What are the most commonly used metals? b) What metal is usually used to make food cans? c) What metal is usually used to make drinks cans? d) How are the two metals separated in the recycling centres? e) What are food cans recycled into? f) What are drinks cans recycled into? g) Why is recycling cans and tins a good thing to do? h) It takes ____ times more energy to make a new aluminium can from raw materials that it does to make a recycled one!

Wordlist 16 belong pat řit path cesta bin odpadkový koš peel slupka can plechovka pillow polštá ř clip st říhat raw surový commonly běžn ě refill znovu naplnit composting kompostování reuse znovu použít drop upustit, odhodit rot down shnít egg shells sko řápky sand písek empty vyprázdnit shiny lesklý fleece tkanina steel ocel heap hromada storage uskladn ění hedge živý plot stuffing vycpávka jar sklenice, zava řova čka supply zásobovat laminated laminovaný tin plechovka landfill skládka, skladovat tissue kapesní ček litter odpadky, nepo řádek weed plevel oil nafta wrapper obal

Vocabulary in use

1 Paper, glass, plastic, metal or product of nature?

JAR HEDGE OIL TISSUE TIN WEED WRAPPER CAN STEEL STUFFING FLEECE BIN PEEL EGG SHELLS SAND LITTER SHINY PAPER HEAP OF LEAVES

2 Picture dictation Read the words. Your partner will draw the pictures. Then check.

TIN OF BEANS EMPTY BIN SWEETS WRAPPER BANANA PEEL HONEY JAR PILLOW

3 Name as many things as you know which V you can compost V are made of glass V are plastic V are made of metal V are raw materials V you storage in the fridge V we can recycle

4 Complete Instead of all our rubbish going to a landfill site, we can do other things with some of it. We can use some things again and again. So, we say that we can reuse them. Which things could be reused, for example? ______Some things when we are finished with them can go to a factory to be remade into something new. We say that we ______them. Which things can be ______? ______We make new food for plants by putting food waste and garden waste onto a heap and letting it rot. We say that we ______. Which things can be ______? ______

5 Speaking activity Make a short speech in front of your class to tell them about a topic you are interested in. Try to speak fluently for at least 2 minutes. Show your personal interest and experience. You can choose from the following topics:

V Composting V Paper recycling V Plastic bottles recycling V Glass recycling V Metal recycling V Home recycling V School recycling V Difficulties with recycling V Why to recycle

WHO IS WHO IN SCIENCE

Sir William Harvey was born in 1578 and died in 1657. He was a doctor who discovered the circulation of blood. He showed that it was caused by the muscular action of the heart. Sir William Harvey came from England.

Sir Isaac Newton was born in 1643 and died in 1727. He was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer and also philosopher. He discovered the law of gravity which helped to explain the tides and the motion of objects on the earth.

James Watt was born in 1736 and died in 1819. This Scottish engineer didn’t develop the first steam machine but he developed a new type of steam engine which was much more efficient than the previous types. Today we name a unit of power, the watt, after him.

George Stephenson was born in 1781 and died in 1848. This English engineer in 1814 constructed the first successful steam locomotive. A few years later, in 1821 he built the world’s first public passenger railway.

Michael Faraday was an English chemist and physicist who is known especially for the discovery of the transformation of energy from mechanical to electrical. He also made the first dynamo. He was born in 1791 and died in 1867.

Charles Darwin was also an English scientist. He developed the modern theory of evolution. Darwin developed this theory after his research in South America and the Galápagos Islands. He explained that the many species weren’t created but developed due to their special surroundings and their fight to survive. His theory was also interpreted as saying that we were descended from monkey which was not accepted mainly by the church. The theory about natural selection is the key to understand biology. This scientist lived in the 19 th century (1809-1889).

Thomas Alva Edison lived in the USA. This inventor came with over 1000 patents. He produced many important inventions, including the electric bulb in 1879. He lived from 1847 to 1931.

Alexander Graham Bell came from Scotland. He is famous for his invention of the telephone which he patented in 1876. He was born in 1847 and died in 1922.

Albert Einstein (1879-1955) was born in Germany but emigrated to the USA where he became professor of mathematics. Do you know that he also taught physics in Prague? Einstein as a physicist is best known for the theory of relativity. He received the Nobel Prize in 1921.

Jan Jánský (1823-1921) was a Czech doctor who discovered the theory of four types of blood ( A, B, AB, 0).

Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) was a Scottish biologist and pharmacist who invented the first antibiotic drug knows as penicillin. Together with his colleagues he won the Nobel Prize.

Jaroslav Heyrovský (1890-1967) was a Czech chemist who is the only scientist awarded by the Nobel Prize for science. He got it 1959. His main field of work was polarography. http://www.skola.amoskadan.cz/s_aj/ajhtm/at/at22.htm#WHO_IS_WHO_IN_SCIENCE_

1 Associate each invention or idea with a name: natural selection bulb four blood types blood circulation polarography telephone steam locomotive penicillin unit of power theory of relativity dynamo law of gravity

2 Pairwork - reading activity Read a paragraph from a previous page without the name and let your partner guess it.

3 Pairwork - speaking activity

Who am I? Ask some questions to learn who your partner is. The partner is one of the scientists from above. He (she) can answer just Yes / No. example questions: Are you a gentleman? Are you Czech? Did you live in the 19th century? Did you invent ...?

Be careful. Do not ask immediately Did you invent ... because if you are wrong you will fail. Then you can swap to change roles.

4 Groupwork - making a quiz Make a quiz for the other groups of students. Ask questions using the text on the previous page and also using the knowledge you got in Science.

You can do the quiz in more attractive way playing it as a tic-tac-toe game . The game can be played for two teams, X (crosses) and O (noughts), who take turns marking the spaces in a 3x3 grid (on the board). The group who succeeds in placing three marks in a horizontal, vertical , or diagonal row wins the game. To get a mark the group has to answer a question prepared by you in the quiz. The following example game is won by group X.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe

NATURAL SCIENCE LYCEUM

Complete the text using these words:

vocational practical medical exercises foreign boats university weighing laboratory

My study branch is called Natural Science Lyceum. It is a 4-year educational programme studied in my school called the Secondary School of Business and Services in Jihlava .

The school is quite large and it is located in a few buildings. We go to two of these buildings – to the main school building which is in Karolíny Sv ětlé Street and to another school building which is in Tele čská Street. We have theoretical and ______classes .

The most theoretical classes are taught in the main building while practical and vocational classes are taught in Tele čská School. So we spend a few days a week in one building and the other days in the other building. Or we can say that one day we go to Karolíny Sv ětlé School and the next day we go to Telečská.

In the main building we study Czech, two ______languages – English and either German or Russian, Maths, ICT, and Civics, for example. In English we study also ______English , so we should know some basic terminology of our study branch.

Our school is vocational, so it helps us to get ready for our future career. We will be prepared to work in a chemistry or biological laboratory or to study Chemistry or Biology at university. Natural Science lyceum is an exciting study branch, because we have lots of Chemistry and Biology lessons taught by specialized teachers. We get ready for Maturita with them.

I like this study branch because we very often go into labs and we do analytical ______, which is a really interesting work. Our laboratories are in Tele čská school building. There are in fact 3 laboratories – Chemistry, Biology and Physical and Analytical Chemistry . There’s also a special ______room with analytical weights where we weigh chemicals and samples .

There are desks with some chemical equipment , such as burners, tubes, weighing ______, camp holders, beakers, pipettes, burettes and other ______glassware . We will do theoretical Maturita exam from Czech, Biology or Chemistry and Math or a foreign language.

After Maturita we can either study at ______or college or get a job and work in a laboratory . There are such good universities and colleges for us, for example in Prague, Brno, or Pardubice. After study we will probably work in a company specialized in Chemistry, Pharmacy or Biology, at the department of quality or in its chemical, microbiological or biotechnological laboratories or in other, for example ______laboratories.

ANSWER KEY

Page 6 Quick Quiz a) Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes that take place with that matter. b) Atoms and molecules. c) Fundamental. d) Chemists e) Molecule. f) Solid, liquid, gas. g) Mass. h) For example: the things around you such as desks, chairs, board, door, window, etc. i) For example: water, cola, tea, oil, juice, etc. j) For example: air, oxygen, ozone, etc. k) Five. Solid, liquid, gas, plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. l) For example: oxygen, hydrogen. m) No. n) Density, pressure, temperature, ...

Page 7 Changes in matter A car wreck - changes in shape, physical change Melting ice-cream - changes in temperature, density, state (solid - liquid), physical change Burning wood - changes in mass, weight, colour, temperature, density, physical and chemical change

Page 10 Vocabulary in use

1 Which elements are these? IRON - HYDROGEN - ZINC

2 Which elements are described here? HELIUM - COPPER - CARBON - OXYGEN 3 What elements are these? Na – sodium, H – hydrogen, Si – silicon, Fe – iron, Al – aluminium, Cl –chlorine, Ag – silver, O – oxygen, Au – gold, S – sulphur / sulfur

4 Which of these elements can you find in your body? oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus + sodium, chlorine or sulfur

Page 12 Vocabulary in use

1 Anagrams BRAIN - PLANT - CHLOROPLAST - CELL - PROTEIN – TISSUE

Page 13 3 Divide the words in the box into three parts.

PLANT BOTH ANIMAL chloroplast cell muscle cell wall tissue nervous system water filled vacuoles grow human plant cell organelles animal cell

4 Does it include plant cells or animal cells? human-A, tree-P, giraffe-A, sunflower-P, fly-A, heart-A, stomach-A, tulip-P, mushroom-P, ant-A, pine-P, crocodile-A, rose-P

5 Write down 10 other examples of organisms with plant cells and 10 with animal cells. P - APPLE TREE, PINE, SPRUCE, SUNFLOWER, TULIP, ROSE, MUSHROOM, GRASS, OAK, STRAWBERRY, etc. A - HUMAN, GIRAFFE, FLY, HEART, STOMACH, ANT, CROCODILE, FROG, PENGUIN, DOG, etc.

6 True or false? a – F, b – F, c – F, d – T, e – T

7 Is in the picture a plant cell or an animal cell? Why do you think so? animal – like: it doesn’t have a cell wall, chloroplast Page 16 Vocabulary in use GREEN - 1 - colour, 2 - ecological

Page 20 Vocabulary in use

1 Complete the text about the symbols of chemical elements. carbon, oxygen, sulphur, sodium, iron, gold, silver, oxygen, carbon, chlorine

2 Put the prefixes into the correct order: DI-, TRI-, TETRA-, PENTA-, HEXA-, HEPTA-, OCTA-, NONA-, DECA- Page 21 3 Read the compound names below. 1) HYDROGEN CHLORIDE - HCL 2) PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE - P2O5 3) HYDROGEN PEROXIDE - H2O2 4) CARBON DIOXIDE - CO 2 5) WATER - H2O 6) SILICON DIOXIDE - SiO2 4 Can you name these compounds in Czech?

NaH – Hydrid sodný, Li 2CO 3 – Uhli čitan lithný, FeS– Sulfid železnatý, NaClO 2– Chloritan sodný,

HF – Fluorovodík / kyselina fluorovodíková, ZnO – Oxid zine čnatý

5 Write down the symbols for the following compounds: a)sodium chloride - NaCl, b)calcium oxide - CaO, c) carbon monoxide - CO, d)aluminium oxide - Al 2O3, e)iron oxide - FeO, f)hydrogen peroxide - H2O2, g) carbon dioxide - CO 2

Page 23 Vocabulary in use

1 Which plants ... algae, fungi / ferns, mosses / flowering plants, conifers

2 Label the picture of a plant. from left bottom up to right bottom - stem, leaves, bloom, roots

3 What does the picture show? photosynthesis Page 24

4 Name ... photosynthesis / photosynthesis, cell walls. an additional cell wall made from cellulose / algae, fungi, mosses, .../ oak, spruce / by seeds, by means of spores / stem, crown, roots, branches, leaves, roots / branches, leaves, roots / stem, leaves, bloom, roots

5 Complete the scheme with the correct terms algae ferns flowering plants fungi mosses conifers

Page 27 Vocabulary in use

1 How many plants can you find? rowan, apple tree, palm tree, lemon tree, wheat, barley, corn, cotton

3 Complete the table.

CONIFEROUS BROAD-LEAVED FLOWERS OTHER PLANTS TREES TREES

pine oak tulip wheat

spruce birch daisy barley

fir maple poppy corn

larch rowan sunflower cotton

Page 28 Wild flowers a)snowdrop, b)violet, c)bluebell, d)water lily, e)crocus, f)daffodil, g)daisy, h)dandelion, i)forget-me- not, j)snowflake, k)lily of the valley, l)chicory

Page 31 SAVE THE RAINFORESTS around, most, people, emissions, effects, help, on

Page 32 Vocabulary in use

1 How many global environmental problems can you name? ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS - SMOG, POLLUTION, ENDANGERED SPECIES, DEFORESTATION, GLOBAL WARMING, ACID RAIN, WASTE, DROUGHT, GREENHOUSE GASES +STUDENTS´ OWN NOTES ABOUT THE PROBLEMS

Page 34 Vocabulary in use

3 Laboratory quiz 1) What do you use to measure temperature? THERMOMETER 2) What do you use to heat any solution? BURNER 3) What do you use to weigh materials? WEIGHING BOAT 4) What do you use to study samples? PETRI DISH 5) What do you use to prepare solutions? BEAKER 6) What do you use to boil solutions? BOILING FLASK 7) What does hold boiling flask to a titration stand? CLAMP HOLDER 8) What do you use to measure small volumes of liquid? PIPETTE 9) What do you use to do chemical reactions? REAGENT TUBE 10) What do you use to measure water? GRADUATED CYLINDER

Page 35 Here are the basic safety rules. smoke, glasses, toxic, coats, gloves, tied, ventilation, hands

Page 36 ACIDS AND BASES

VINEGAR YOU PUT IT INTO SALADS, FOR EXAMPLE.

BAKING SODA WHITE POWDER THAT YOU PUT INTO CAKES WHEN BAKING.

YOU DRINK IT, WASH WITH IT AND SWIM IN IT. WATER vinegar - acidic, baking soda - basic, water – neutral

Page 37 2 Label the definitions with these terms: Acid / Base / Aqueous / Strong Acid / Strong Base / Weak Acid / Weak Base / Neutral

Page 38 Vocabulary in use 1 Do you know these words? One letter is missing in each of them. WATER BATTERY ACID VALUE BASE SCALE CITRIC AMINO ACID ACIDIC

2 Are these statements true or false? e) Water is always neutral. F f) Most chemicals are either alkali or acidic. T g) If a chemical is very alkali or very acidic, we should be careful because it is dangerous. T h) If a chemical is alkali, it cannot be basic. T

Page 41 Vocabulary in use

1 Are the statements true or false? a)T b)T c)F d)F e)F f)T g)F h)T

2 Are these animals vertebrates or invertebrates? REPTILE V SPARROW V SNAKE V SPONGE I HUMAN V CRAB I LIZARD V TOAD V WORM I SPIDER I BUTTERFLY I GULL V SNAIL I SHELLFISH I AMPHIBIAN V INSECT I CORAL I STARFISH I COLD-BLOODED ANIMAL I WARM-BLOODED ANIMAL V

Page 44 Vocabulary in use HORSE GOAT SPIDER KANGAROO FROG SALMON PEACOCK TIGER CROCODILE SPARROW ELEPHANT WOLF EAGLE ANT PELICAN HUMAN GORILLA TOAD FISH / AMPHIBIANS / REPTILES / BIRDS / MAMMALS

Page 46 Birds a)budgie, b)peacock, c)chicken, d)duck, e)stork, f)ostrich, g)eagle, h)flamingo, i)goose, j)hen, k)swallow, l) pigeon, m) turkey, n)owl, o)hummingbird, p)swan, q)penguin, r)sparrow

Page 47 Insects a)spider, b)ant, c)ladybird, d)wasp, e)bee, f)flea, g)butterfly, h)caterpillar, i)centipede, j)cockroach, k)cricket, l)fly, m)firefly, n)mosquito, o)tick

Page 48 Mammals a)fox, b)squirrel, c)antelope, d)bat, e)seal, f)bear, g)beaver, h)whale, i)goat, j)buffalo, k)camel, l)deer, m)panda, n)hare, o)kangaroo, p)dolphin, q)lion

Page 49 Reptiles a)alligator, b)frog, c)lizard, d)turtle, e)snake, f)rattlesnake, g)toad, h)tortoise, i)chameleon, j)dinosaur

Page 50 Water animals a)whale, b)shark, c)carp, d)seahorse, e)crab, f)eel, g)jellyfish, h)lobster, i)oyster, j)ray, k)starfish, l)salmon

Page 51 Animal quiz 1b 2b 3c 4a 5c 6a 7b 8c 9b

Page 52 ENDANGERED ANIMALS HABITAT - PBT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS - TPB DIET - PTB INTERESTING FACTS - TBP POPULATION - PTB

Page 54 Vocabulary in use 1 True or false? T T F F T T T F F T F

Page 55 COMMON CHEMICALS

Page 56 Vocabulary in use

1 Label the chemicals correctly. Something happened and the letters somehow mixed. ACETONE AMMONIA ASCORBIC ACID PAINT REMOVER

Page 59 Body parts a)hair, b)ears, c)neck, d)shoulder, e)navel, f)waist, g)elbow, h)hips, i)thigh, j)knee, k)calf, l)heel, m)ankle, n)foot, o)toes

Page 63 Vocabulary in use 1 Circle the correct words. a)arm, b)leg, c)body, arm, d)hand, arm, e)body, leg, f)leg, foot 3 Complete the text with the words in the box. 1-200; 2-legs; 3-650; 4-body; 5-jumping; 6-triceps; 7-muscles

Page 64 4 Use the terms from exercise 3 to label the schemes.

5 Joints wrist¸ elbow, shoulder, hip, knee, ankle 6 Organs a)brain, b)lungs, c)heart, d)liver, e)kidneys, f)stomach, g)intestines

Page 66 IT IS UP TO YOU 1 shouldn´t drop, 2 should recycle, 3 should save, 4 shouldn´t buy, 5 shouldn´t waste, 6 should help, 7 should turn off, 8 shouldn´t leave, 9 should, should ride, 10 should stop Recycling At home you put things like cans, plastic bottles and paper in your recycling bin. The box or bin is emptied. The materials are taken to a recycling centre. From recycling centre they go to factories to be made into new, recycled things. You can buy the recycled things in the shops. Recycled cans, plastic bottles and paper can be recycled over and over again. The new cans, bottles and paper go to shops.

Page 72 1 Associate each invention or idea with a name: natural selection Charles Darwin, bulb Thomas Alva Edison, four blood types Jan Jánský, blood circulation Sir William Harvey, polarography Jaroslav Heyrovský, telephone Alexander Graham Bell, steam locomotive George Stephenson, penicillin Sir Alexander Fleming, unit of power James Watt, theory of relativity Albert Einstein, dynamo Michael Faraday, law of gravity Sir Isaac Newton

Page 73 NATURAL SCIENCE LYCEUM practical foreign vocational exercises weighing boats laboratory university medical

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