The Paradox of Choice

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The Paradox of Choice & The Paradox of Choice Humanistisk-Teknologisk Bachelor Roskilde Universit et Forår 20 17 Vejleder: Thomas Søbirk Petersen Gruppe 12: Jonas Frandsen (55060), Mathias Sterlet Schack Grundahl (5508 9), Oskar Bjørn Vossen (55100), Simone Hagn Rieder (55142), Sophie van Moorselaar (55644) ? Abstract In this project, we seek to examine the phenomenon The Paradox of Choice and how a wide variety of choice can have negative consequences on individuals using the dating application Tinder. We seek to understand how users experience the application and if the large pool of potential partners to choose from affect them in a negative way. We have a hypothesis that the features on Tinder, is giving its users almost endless choices and that endless choices can lead to a point where we can’t decide what to choose. We also try to examine, the fact that many choices can make it more difficult to choose but also the idea that more choices can give you a greater dissatisfaction with whatever choice you make. From our understanding, there is another aspect involved in why we get this feeling of dissatisfaction and that is the Fear of Missing Out. With so many potential partners on Tinder to choose from the next one could have been more satisfying. We will try to figure out if this paradox is applicable on Tinder and if so what the consequences are. Based on our findings we will create a podcast presenting the results with the hope of informing the users of Tinder of a potential issue they might have and how to solve it. Indholdsfortegnelse Indledning og problemfelt 1 Problemformulering 2 Afgrænsning 3 Videnskabsteoretisk grundlag 3 Semesterbinding 6 Design og konstruktion 6 Teknologiske systemer og artefakter 6 Subjektivitet, Teknologi og Samfund 6 Metode 7 Fokusgruppe – kvalitativ metode 7 Hvordan vi greb fokusgruppeinterviewet an 9 Spørgeskema - kvantitativ metode 10 Hvordan vi greb spørgeskemaet an 11 Teori 13 The paradox of choice 13 Fear of missing out 19 Sekundær Empiri: Moderne Romance 21 Tinder - hvordan fungerer det? 23 Podcasting 23 Analyse 27 Brugen og målene med Tinder 28 At vælge hvornår man vælger 30 Noget bedre ved næste swipe 33 Når andre maximizer 35 For høje krav? 36 Delkonklusion 37 Diskussion 39 Overvejelser i forbindelse med podcasten 42 Konklusion 44 Perspektivering 45 Litteraturliste 46 Tinder & The Paradox of Choice Humanistisk Teknologisk Bachelor Indledning og problemfelt Gennem en enkelt dag bliver vi som mennesker eksponeret for en lang række valg, der skal træffes. Dette kan være alt fra daglige gøremål såsom at vælge hvilke varer, der skal i indkøbskurven, hvilken film man ønsker at se på Netflix eller hvilken slags kaffe, man skal have i 7-Eleven. Men også større og mere betydningsfulde valg, der har direkte konsekvenser for ens fremtid. Det være sig uddannelse, karriere, religion, venskaber eller forhold for blot at nævne nogle. Et hverdagseksempel, som de fleste kan relatere til, kunne være hvilket slags rugbrød, man skal vælge. Skal det være det med eller uden kerner, gulerødder, chiafrø, groft, hvede, glutenfrit, højt proteinindhold eller måske økologisk? Hvad nu hvis det med gulerødder havde været blødere, det med chiafrø sundere eller det økologiske mere friskt end det på hylden ved siden af? Alle disse valg, som man forventes at tage stilling til, kan nemt udvikle sig til en uoverskuelig proces og selv efter megen omtanke føre til irritation og frustration, også efter valget er taget. For hvad nu hvis et andet valg havde været bedre? Hvilket slags rugbrød, du ønsker at spise, kan måske virke som en banal problemstilling, men i det store og hele kan dette valg sidestilles med langt vigtigere ting, såsom det at skulle vælge partner. Ønsker man en intelligent partner, en høj partner, en sjov partner eller en rummelig partner? Med det hav af potentielle partnere, som er tilgængelige, vil man ofte have tendens til at spørge sig selv - er det her virkelig det bedst mulige match for mig? Selv hvis man finder en, som indeholder mange af de kvaliteter, man som udgangspunkt søger. For hvad nu hvis man møder en omkring det næste hjørne, som matcher på endnu flere punkter? Da ville det i så fald være utilfredsstillende at have indgået en monogam relation med et andet og dårligere match. Denne problematik, omkring at flere valg kan gøre valgprocessen mere uoverskuelig og det endelige valg utilfredsstillende, bliver af den amerikanske psykolog Barry Schwartz kaldet The Paradox of Choice, hvilket også er titlen på hans bog, som omhandler hvorfor “mere er mindre”. Schwartz henviser blandt andet til en undersøgelse, foretaget af professor Sheena Iyengar og professor Mark Lepper, hvor det undersøges, hvordan mennesker agerer, når de skal vælge mellem få eller mange valgmuligheder (Iyengar & Lepper, 2000). Her bliver handlende i et supermarked vist en stand med enten 6 eller 23 forskellige slags varianter af syltetøj. Eksperimentet undersøger de handlendes tiltrækning af standene samt deres efterfølgende købsadfærd og viste, at der ved standen med færrest varianter blev købt markant mere syltetøj (Iyengar & Lepper, 2000, s.997). Vi vil undersøge, hvorvidt dette paradoks gør sig gældende også for andre aspekter af vores liv, nærmere bestemt dating. Denne projektrapport vil derfor tage udgangspunkt i dating-appen Tinder, der giver rigtigt mange valgmuligheder af potentielle partnere, og undersøge hvilke negative konsekvenserne, der måtte forkomme i denne forbindelse. Tinder er interessant, da appen med sin opsætning og evindelige partnermuligheder rammer lige ned i kernen af problemstillingen. Et eksempel på denne 1 af 49 Tinder & The Paradox of Choice Humanistisk Teknologisk Bachelor problemstilling ses i et uddrag af Alt for Damerne, hvor Louise Taarnhøj, der testede Tinder appen for bladet, beskriver at “det” (gnisten) ganske enkelt ikke var at finde ved de mænd, hun mødte - så hun kunne ligeså godt gå tilbage til appen og finde en ny date (Taarnhøj, 2015). Eksemplet giver en idé om, at det store antal af mulige partnere gør det svært at finde en gnist og bevare nysgerrighed omkring nogle af dem. Om der ganske enkelt er tale om dårlige matches eller om gnisten ikke kommer til udtryk, fordi den bliver undertrykt af forhåbningen/ideen om, at der er noget bedre rundt om hjørnet/ved næste swipe, er ikke til at vide. Uanset grunden er problematikken stadig relevant for mange brugere af Tinder og værd at undersøge. Vi er bevidste om, at der er mange steder i verden, hvor muligheden for selv at vælge slet ikke eksisterer. Eksempelvis i forbindelse med fattigdom og tvangsægteskaber. The Paradox of Choice er altså det, som man kan kalde et “first world problem” - men ikke desto mindre et problem, der forholder sig til den vestlige verdens liberale tankegang om, at jo mere frihed jo bedre. Schwartz er også opmærksom på dette, og skriver blandt andet: “(...) the majority of people in the world would happily replace their current problems with the problem of choice” (Schwartz, 2016, xiv). Det skal derudover også slås fast, at hverken Schwartz eller vi i gruppen har et udgangspunkt, der hedder, at frihed og valgmuligheder er en dårlig ting. Vi ønsker derimod blot at udfordre idéen om, at det udelukkende er en god ting. Vi vil undersøge, hvilke potentielle, negative konsekvenser mængden af valgmuligheder kan have for Tinder-brugere, og hvordan de i så fald påvirkes af disse. Problemformulering Hvilke mulige negative konsekvenser har mængden af valgmuligheder for Tinder-brugere, med udgangspunkt i The Paradox of Choice, bliver brugerne påvirket af disse mulige konsekvenser og hvordan oplyser vi om denne problematik? Arbejdsspørgsmål: ● Hvordan kortlægger vi de mulige negative konsekvenser ved brugen af Tinder? ● I hvilken grad bliver brugerne påvirket af konsekvenserne? ● Hvilke fordele kan der være ved at oplyse om problematikken via. en podcast? 2 af 49 Tinder & The Paradox of Choice Humanistisk Teknologisk Bachelor Afgrænsning Vi har valgt at afgrænse os til at undersøge tinder-brugere mellem 18 til 34 år, da det er inden for den aldersgruppe, at flest tinder-brugere er at finde (Statista, 2015). Det gør vi for at sætte nogle rammer for den empiri, vi skal producere samt for at få et indblik i den målgruppe, som vi forventer, vores podcast vil være relevant for. Vi ved, at The Paradox of Choice, ifølge Barry Schwartz, er et stort problem i USA, hvor den store mængde af valgmuligheder bliver afspejlet i eksempelvis deres enorme indkøbscentre. Vi antager, at problemet ikke er lige så stort i Danmark, da undersøgelserne i The Paradox of Choice for det meste er baseret på forbruger-verdenen i USA, og ikke nødvendigvis afspejler den danske forbrugermentalitet. Videnskabsteoretisk grundlag Vores moderne samfund ville ikke være, hvad det er idag, var det ikke for videnskaben. Vores tøj, vores huse, vores køretøjer, vores forståelse af hinanden og vores interaktion med hinanden er alle berørt af videnskab på den ene eller den anden måde. Videnskabsteori drejer sig om at sætte nogle regler for, hvornår noget kan kaldes valid videnskab. Ligeledes handler videnskabsteori om, at være villig til at tilsidesætte sin egen forforståelse, hvis man præsenteres for veludført empiri og teori. Videnskabsteori er derudover også kildekritik og et ønske om at udsagn om, at et givet emne skal være velopbygget og velbegrundet. Vores videnskabsteoretiske ståsted er hermeneutisk - men inden vi kommer nærmere ind på dette, så vil der meget kort blive redegjort for positivismen, da dette var “(...)den første egentlige videnskabsfilosofi.” (Lægaard, 2003, s. 19). Positivismen er således relevant, da alle videnskabsteorier er nødt til at forholde sig til den og redegøre for, hvordan de afviger fra denne (Lægaard, 2003, s. 32). Positivismen tror på, at videnskaben altid vil være positiv, skabe fremskridt og forbedre menneskeliv. Positivister er desuden empirister: “(...) betegnelsen for den opfattelse at viden stammer fra brugen af vores sanser, og at man kun kan opnå viden om verden ved at bruge dem.” (Lægaard, 2003, s.
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