Expressive Notation Package - an Overview
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Objects, Time and Constraints in Openmusic
OBJECTS, TIME AND CONSTRAINTS IN OPENMUSIC Carlos Agon, Gérard Assayag, Olivier Delerue, Camilo Rueda. {agonc,assayag,delerue,crueda}@ircam.fr IRCAM - 1 Pl. Stravinsky. F-75004 Paris, France. 1. Abstract OpenMusic is a object oriented visual programming environment for music composers. It is based on Macintosh CommonLisp and Common Lisp Object System. It shows several original features, such as reflexivity, metaprogrammation capacities, handling of the duality between musical time and computational time, and provides with a framework of predefined musical objects for handling sound, midi and musical notation. Common Music Notation in OpenMusic is an extension of CMN, a public domain notation package by Bill Schottstaedt [SCO98]. 2. Objects 2.1. Underlying Object Model. Broadly speaking, basic calculus for object-oriented programming inherited the approach imposed by the precursory language Simula and its followers. The tentatives to formalize this family of object models used the concepts of parametric polymorphism or true polymorphism [CaWe85]. More recently, languages based on multiple-dispatching (methods that dispatch on a product of types rather than a single type) such as CLOS [Steel90] were also formalized [Cast98], using concepts of overloading or ad-hoc polymorphism. As OpenMusic, based on CLOS, may very well be formally described in this way, we will give here a brief summary of the λ&− calculus used by [Cast98]. We restrain to the extension of λ−calculus by the concept of generic functions which is at the base of λ&−calculus. A generic function is simply a collection of simple functions (λ−abstractions), which we will call methods. We must also distinguish the simple application indicated by «.» from the application of generic functions indicated by the operator . -
The New Dictionary of Music and Musicians
The New GROVE Dictionary of Music and Musicians EDITED BY Stanley Sadie 12 Meares - M utis London, 1980 376 Moda Harold Powers Mode (from Lat. modus: 'measure', 'standard'; 'manner', 'way'). A term in Western music theory with three main applications, all connected with the above meanings of modus: the relationship between the note values longa and brevis in late medieval notation; interval, in early medieval theory; most significantly, a concept involving scale type and melody type. The term 'mode' has always been used to designate classes of melodies, and in this century to designate certain kinds of norm or model for composition or improvisation as well. Certain pheno mena in folksong and in non-Western music are related to this last meaning, and are discussed below in §§IV and V. The word is also used in acoustical parlance to denote a particular pattern of vibrations in which a system can oscillate in a stable way; see SOUND, §5. I. The term. II. Medieval modal theory. III. Modal theo ries and polyphonic music. IV. Modal scales and folk song melodies. V. Mode as a musicological concept. I. The term I. Mensural notation. 2. Interval. 3. Scale or melody type. I. MENSURAL NOTATION. In this context the term 'mode' has two applications. First, it refers in general to the proportional durational relationship between brevis and /onga: the modus is perfectus (sometimes major) when the relationship is 3: l, imperfectus (sometimes minor) when it is 2 : I. (The attributives major and minor are more properly used with modus to distinguish the rela tion of /onga to maxima from the relation of brevis to longa, respectively.) In the earliest stages of mensural notation, the so called Franconian notation, 'modus' designated one of five to seven fixed arrangements of longs and breves in particular rhythms, called by scholars rhythmic modes. -
Processing Sound and Music Description Data Using Openmusic
PROCESSING SOUND AND MUSIC DESCRIPTION DATA USING OPENMUSIC Jean Bresson, Carlos Agon IRCAM – CNRS UMR STMS Paris, France fbresson,[email protected] ABSTRACT graphs corresponding to functional expressions. The lan- guage provides a set of graphical control structures, such as This paper deals with the processing and manipulation of iterations and conditional controls, as well as the possibility music and sound description data using functional programs to carry out other programming concepts like abstraction, in the OpenMusic visual programming environment. We go higher-order functions or recursion [4]. through several general features and present some toolkits OM includes specialized functions and data structures created in this environment for the manipulation of different designed for musical applications. The different musical or data formats (audio, MIDI, SDIF). extra-musical objects are represented by classes (as meant by object-oriented programming) and used in the visual 1. INTRODUCTION programs by means of factory boxes, i.e. boxes generating instances of these classes and allowing to access their dif- Musical information processing often requires manipulating ferent attributes (called slots). large musical or sound description data bases. Ordering, Compared to most existing visual programming envi- sorting, renaming files, automatic indexing, contents brows- ronments, OM has the particularity to run a demand-driven ing or transformations are basic operations in compositional, execution model. In this model, the user triggers execution analytical, or other experimental applications. by evaluating a box somewhere in the visual program graph, Visual music programming environments make it possi- which recursively evaluates the upstream connected boxes ble to define specialized and personalized programs and to and returns a value. -
The Musical Notation and Rhythm of the Italian Laude *
26 THE MUSICAL NOTATION AND RHYTHM OF THE ITALIAN LAUDE * Thc Typical Italian Charactcr oj tfzc Laudc. When we study the musical repertoire of the Medievallaude 1, we find a situation qui te different from that of Provençal, French, or Spanish lyric poetry and from that of the German minnesingers. In Italy, there existed a repertoire of rcligious songs in the verna cular language dedicated to Christ, Our Lady, and the various Saints, generally anonymous, and composed far the use of the faithful of the confraternita - something unknown in other countries. By vir tue of the literary subjects of their texts, by their melodies, and by thei r musical notation, these laude became, in the eyes of the world, a manifestation of a very pronounced Italian artistic indivi duality. In the repertoire of lyric monody of other European countries, we fmd certain melodies of a traditional, popular vein which remind us of others - international ones. In the laude, on the other hand, this similarity to international tunes is absent; they are exclusively national in character. It is, in fact, remarkable that the laude reflect no melodie analogies with either international folklore or with the profane or religious lyric poetry of other European countries. In examining the Italian lauda repertoire, the first things to claim our attention in the music are its simple style and its popular charac- • Publishcd in Essays i11 Musicology . A Birthday O.fferi11g far Willi Ape/. Hms Tischler, Ed. Indiana Univcrsity, Bloomington (Indiana 1968), 56-6o. From the samc author sce also Las Laudi italianas de los siglos XIII y XIV. -
Introduo Computao Musical (Minicurso Cbcomp 2004)
IV Congresso Brasileiro de Computação CBComp 2004 Brasil Introdução à Computação Musical E. M. Miletto, L. L. Costalonga, L. V. Flores, E. F. Fritsch, M. S. Pimenta e R. M. Vicari Instituto de Informática - Laboratório de Computação & Música Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Bloco IV - Campus do Vale - Bairro Agronomia - CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre - RS - Brasil {miletto, llcostalonga, lvf, fritsch, mpimenta, rosa}@inf.ufrgs.br RESUMO E. M. Miletto, L. L. Costalonga, L. V. Flores, E. F. Fritsch, M. S. Pimenta e R. M. Vicari. 2004. Introdução à Computação Musical. Congresso Brasileiro de Ciência da Computação, S Itajaí, 2004, 883 – 902. Itajaí, SC – Brasil, ISSN 1677-2822 A idéia deste minicurso é propiciar aos alunos conhecer alguns conceitos introdutórios de Computação Musical, uma área eminentemente interdisciplinar e que engloba problemas computacionais interessantes e relevantes (por exemplo, de representação de conhecimento musical, de controle a tempo-real de dispositivos, de interação com usuários possivelmente leigos em informática, para enumerar apenas alguns) subjacentes ao universo musical, que já é fascinante por si só. É uma área emergente no Brasil, mas já possui um reconhecimento da comunidade acadêmica de informática, uma vez que a SBC possui uma Comissão Especial de Computação Musical, que organiza um evento periódico (Simpósio Brasileiro de Computação Musical – SBCM). Ano passado, o IX SBCM aconteceu em Campinas em conjunto com o Congresso da SBC (ver http://www.nics.unicamp.br/nucom/portugues). As características interdisciplinares do tema têm sido, nos últimos anos, objeto de trabalho quotidiano do Grupo de Computação Musical da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), que conta com a participação e interação efetivas de professores, alunos e pesquisadores tanto do Instituto de Informática quanto do Instituto de Artes da UFRGS (ver http://www.musicaeletronica.ufrgs.br). -
Macaque – a Tool for Spectral Processing and Transcription
MACAQUE – A TOOL FOR SPECTRAL PROCESSING AND TRANSCRIPTION Georg Hajdu Center for Microtonal Music and Multimedia (ZM4) Hamburg University of Music and Theater (HfMT) Harvestehuder Weg 12 20148 Hamburg [email protected] ABSTRACT act of my opera Der Sprung – Beschreibung einer Oper [7] I used the MIDI velocity information of the transcribed note This paper describes Macaque, a tool for spectral process- events to alter the size of their note heads so that the sight- ing and transcription, in development since 1996. Macaque reading musicians had instantaneous visual feedback per- was programmed in Max and, in 2013, embedded into the taining to the dynamics of the music to be performed. In MaxScore ecosystem. Its GUI offers several choices for the other instances, I have used a technique called “velocoding” processing and transcription of SDIF partial-track files into to encode microtonal pitch deviation in eighth-tone resolu- standard music notation. At the core of partial-track tran- tion into the velocity part of a MIDI note-on message to scription is an algorithm capable of “attracting” partial modify the Enigma file in such ways that the resulting score tracks (and fragments thereof) into single staves, thereby displayed the corresponding pitch alterations. Another early performing an important aspect of “spectral orchestration.” example of using Macaque is my piece Herzstück for two player pianos from 1999 which premiered at the Cologne 1. INTRODUCTION Triennale in 2000. This piece was written for two of Jürgen Hocker’s instruments which he also used to tour Conlon Macaque is a component of the MaxScore notation soft- Nancarrow’s compositions for player piano [8]. -
Musical Notation Codes Index
Music Notation - www.music-notation.info - Copyright 1997-2019, Gerd Castan Musical notation codes Index xml ascii binary 1. MidiXML 1. PDF used as music notation 1. General information format 2. Apple GarageBand Format 2. MIDI (.band) 2. DARMS 3. QuickScore Elite file format 3. SMDL 3. GUIDO Music Notation (.qsd) Language 4. MPEG4-SMR 4. WAV audio file format (.wav) 4. abc 5. MNML - The Musical Notation 5. MP3 audio file format (.mp3) Markup Language 5. MusiXTeX, MusicTeX, MuTeX... 6. WMA audio file format (.wma) 6. MusicML 6. **kern (.krn) 7. MusicWrite file format (.mwk) 7. MHTML 7. **Hildegard 8. Overture file format (.ove) 8. MML: Music Markup Language 8. **koto 9. ScoreWriter file format (.scw) 9. Theta: Tonal Harmony 9. **bol Exploration and Tutorial Assistent 10. Copyist file format (.CP6 and 10. Musedata format (.md) .CP4) 10. ScoreML 11. LilyPond 11. Rich MIDI Tablature format - 11. JScoreML RMTF 12. Philip's Music Writer (PMW) 12. eXtensible Score Language 12. Creative Music File Format (XScore) 13. TexTab 13. Sibelius Plugin Interface 13. MusiXML: My own format 14. Mup music publication program 14. Finale Plugin Interface 14. MusicXML (.mxl, .xml) 15. NoteEdit 15. Internal format of Finale (.mus) 15. MusiqueXML 16. Liszt: The SharpEye OMR 16. XMF - eXtensible Music 16. GUIDO XML engine output file format Format 17. WEDELMUSIC 17. Drum Tab 17. NIFF 18. ChordML 18. Enigma Transportable Format 18. Internal format of Capella (ETF) (.cap) 19. ChordQL 19. CMN: Common Music 19. SASL: Simple Audio Score 20. NeumesXML Notation Language 21. MEI 20. OMNL: Open Music Notation 20. -
The Development of Musical Notation Carolyn S
Cedarville University DigitalCommons@Cedarville The Research and Scholarship Symposium The 2015 yS mposium Apr 1st, 2:20 PM - 2:40 PM Slashes, Dashes, Points, and Squares: The Development of Musical Notation Carolyn S. Gorog Cedarville University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/ research_scholarship_symposium Part of the Composition Commons, and the Music Theory Commons Gorog, Carolyn S., "Slashes, Dashes, Points, and Squares: The eD velopment of Musical Notation" (2015). The Research and Scholarship Symposium. 5. http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/research_scholarship_symposium/2015/podium_presentations/5 This Podium Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@Cedarville, a service of the Centennial Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Research and Scholarship Symposium by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Cedarville. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Slashes, Dashes, Points, and Squares: The development of Musical Notation Slashes, Dashes, Points, and Squares: The Development of Musical Notation Music has been around for a long time; in almost every culture around the world we find evidence of music. Music throughout history started as mostly vocal music, it was transmitted orally with no written notation. During the early ninth and tenth century the written tradition started to be seen and developed. This marked the beginnings of music notation. Music notation has gone through many stages of development from neumes, square notes, and four-line staff, to modern notation. Although modern notation works very well, it is not necessarily superior to methods used in the Renaissance and Medieval periods. In Western music neumes are the name given to the first type of notation used. -
From Neumes to Notation: a Thousand Years of Passing on the Music by Charric Van Der Vliet
From Neumes to Notation: A Thousand Years of Passing On the Music by Charric Van der Vliet Classical musicians, in the terminology of the 17th and 18th century musical historians, like to sneer at earlier music as "primitive", "rough", or "uncouth". The fact of the matter is that during the thousand years from 450 AD to about 1450 AD, Western Civilization went from no recording of music at all to a fully formed method of passing on the most intricate polyphony. That is no small achievement. It's attractive, I suppose, to assume the unthinking and barbaric nature of our ancestors, since it implies a certain smugness about "how far we've come." I've always thought that painting your ancestors as stupid was insulting both to them and to yourself. The barest outline of a thousand year journey only hints at the difficulties our medieval ancestors had to face to be musical. This is an attempt at sketching that outline. Each of the sub-headings of this lecture contains material for lifetimes of musical study. It is hoped that outlining this territory may help shape where your own interests will ultimately lie. Neumes: In the beginning, choristers needed reminders as to which way notes went. "That fifth note goes DOWN, George!" This situation was remedied by noting when the movement happened and what direction, above the text, with wavy lines. "Neume" was the adopted term for this. It's a Middle English corruption of the Greek word for breath, "pneuma." Then, to specify note's exact pitch was the next innovation. -
Music Braille Code, 2015
MUSIC BRAILLE CODE, 2015 Developed Under the Sponsorship of the BRAILLE AUTHORITY OF NORTH AMERICA Published by The Braille Authority of North America ©2016 by the Braille Authority of North America All rights reserved. This material may be duplicated but not altered or sold. ISBN: 978-0-9859473-6-1 (Print) ISBN: 978-0-9859473-7-8 (Braille) Printed by the American Printing House for the Blind. Copies may be purchased from: American Printing House for the Blind 1839 Frankfort Avenue Louisville, Kentucky 40206-3148 502-895-2405 • 800-223-1839 www.aph.org [email protected] Catalog Number: 7-09651-01 The mission and purpose of The Braille Authority of North America are to assure literacy for tactile readers through the standardization of braille and/or tactile graphics. BANA promotes and facilitates the use, teaching, and production of braille. It publishes rules, interprets, and renders opinions pertaining to braille in all existing codes. It deals with codes now in existence or to be developed in the future, in collaboration with other countries using English braille. In exercising its function and authority, BANA considers the effects of its decisions on other existing braille codes and formats, the ease of production by various methods, and acceptability to readers. For more information and resources, visit www.brailleauthority.org. ii BANA Music Technical Committee, 2015 Lawrence R. Smith, Chairman Karin Auckenthaler Gilbert Busch Karen Gearreald Dan Geminder Beverly McKenney Harvey Miller Tom Ridgeway Other Contributors Christina Davidson, BANA Music Technical Committee Consultant Richard Taesch, BANA Music Technical Committee Consultant Roger Firman, International Consultant Ruth Rozen, BANA Board Liaison iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................. -
Automatic Handwritten Mensural Notation Interpreter: from Manuscript to Midi Performance
AUTOMATIC HANDWRITTEN MENSURAL NOTATION INTERPRETER: FROM MANUSCRIPT TO MIDI PERFORMANCE ? ? Yu-Hui Huang⇧ , Xuanli Chen⇧ , Serafina Beck†, David Burn†, and Luc Van Gool⇧⌥ ⇧ESAT-PSI, iMinds, KU Leuven †Department of Musicology, KU Leuven ⌥D-ITET, ETH Zurich¨ yu-hui.huang, xuanli.chen, luc.vangool @esat.kuleuven.be, serafina.beck, david.burn @art.kuleuven.be { } { } ?equal contribution ABSTRACT This paper presents a novel automatic recognition frame- work for hand-written mensural music. It takes a scanned manuscript as input and yields as output modern music scores. Compared to the previous mensural Optical Music Recognition (OMR) systems, ours shows not only promis- ing performance in music recognition, but also works as a complete pipeline which integrates both recognition and transcription. There are three main parts in this pipeline: i) region-of- interest detection, ii) music symbol detection and classifi- cation, and iii) transcription to modern music. In addition to the output in modern notation, our system can gener- ate a MIDI file as well. It provides an easy platform for the musicologists to analyze old manuscripts. Moreover, it renders these valuable cultural heritage resources avail- able to non-specialists as well, as they can now access such ancient music in a better understandable form. 1. INTRODUCTION Figure 1: The overview of our framework. (a) Original image after ROI selection. (b) After preprocessing. (c) Cultural heritage has become an important issue nowadays. Symbol segmentation. (d) Transcription results. In the recent decades, old manuscripts and books have been digitalized around the world. As more and more libraries are carrying out digitalization projects, the number of manu- addition to the semantic characteristic, OMR has the addi- scripts increases exponentially every day. -
Composição Assistida Por Computador: – Escolha De Estrutura Musical , Partes Computador • P.Ex
Composição não é Edição de Partituras • Ex: Musescore Computação Musical http://www.musescore.org/en Composição Assistida por • Composição Assistida por Computador: – Escolha de estrutura musical , partes Computador • p.ex. Concerto (3 movm: 'allegro-adagio-allegro') – Escolha de ritmos Prof. Marcelo Soares Pimenta – Escolha de sons, timbres, notas e sua serialização (melodia) e verticalização (harmonia, acordes) [email protected] – Edição, (re)arranjo, (re)organização, experimentação (audição) 2 Porto Alegre , 2009-2 Foundations of CAC Foundations of CAC the concept of Compositional Modeling Otto Laske, Composition Theory in Koenig's Project One and Project Two . Computer Music Journal (1981): Study, simulation, explicitation of an object (concept, concrete object, phenomenon, situation, "We may view composer-program interaction along a trajectory leading from purely manual etc.) control to control exercised by some compositional algorithm (composing machine). The zone "Modeling aims at gathering in a common coherent discourse a number of experiences and of greatest interest for composition theory is the midd le zone of the trajectory, since it allow a observations related by a means which is to determine during the modeling process itself" D. Berthier. Le great flexibility of approach. The powers of intuition and machine computation may be savoir et l’ordinateur combined." (2002) . Jean-Claude Risset, Musique, un calcul secret ? (1977) Computer model => abstract representation focusing on particular ⇒ The musician must be able to communicate with the computer in order to control and aspects of an object and supporting effective expermients and organize the details and global aspects of his musical works, and eventually to build his own operations on this object musical universe in it.