COMMERCIAL HORTICULTURE AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROGRAM (CHAMP)
Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters
Activity Report June 26, 2014
More than 90 Afghan agricultural exporters participated in a field survey conducted by CHAMP in May- June 2014. The results of the survey offer a nuanced profile of the demographics, preferences and challenges faced by exporters in getting Afghan produce on the international market.
This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It was prepared by Roots of Peace. COMMERCIAL HORTICULTURE AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROGRAM (CHAMP)
Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters
Activity Report June 26, 2014
Cooperative Agreement Award: No. 306-A-00-10-00512-00 Cooperative Agreement Recipient: Roots of Peace Period of Cooperative Agreement: February 1, 2010 - December 31, 2014 Amount of Cooperative Agreement: $40,320,139 Agreement Officer Representative: Hameedullah H. Safi
CHAMP CONTACT INFORMATION
Rod Carvajal CHAMP Chief of Party [email protected]
Gary Kuhn President, Roots of Peace [email protected]
Heidi Kuhn Founder and Chief Executive Officer, Roots of Peace [email protected]
This report is intended to provide USAID and other stakeholders with an activity report on an activity undertaken by the Commercial Horticulture and Agricultural Marketing Program (CHAMP). The report lists achieved results and describes the context of operations, implementation processes, and recommendations for future action.
DISCLAIMER:
The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) or the United States Government.
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 1 Abbreviations
ABADE Assistance in Building Afghanistan by Developing Enterprises ACCI Afghan Chamber of Commerce and Industries AISA Afghanistan Investment Supporting Agency ANSA Afghanistan National Standards Authority APTTA Afghanistan-Pakistan Transport Trade Agreement AREU Afghan Research & Evaluation Unit ATAR USAID/Afghanistan Trade and Revenue CHAMP Commercial Horticulture and Agriculture Marketing Program DAIL Directorate of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock EPAA Export Promotion Agency of Afghanistan FAIDA Financial Access for Investing in the Development of Afghanistan MAIL Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock MT Metric Ton TIR International Road Transport Agreement UAE United Arab Emirates USAID United States Agency for International Development
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 2 Background
With an economy derived almost exclusively from agriculture, more than 80% of Afghan people rely on farming, livestock production or both as their primary source of income1. In previous decades, Afghanistan exported more than 60 percent of its agricultural products to lucrative markets in South Asia, the Middle East, Europe and the former Soviet Union. Three decades of war brought a halt to most of Afghanistan’s export economy. But with interventions by the international donor community, Afghan agriculture is on the rebound. Now more than ever, Afghanistan depends on high-value international exports to raise the living standards of its people and regain its place among the region’s top exporters of quality agricultural goods. Building a stronger export economy requires an understanding of the challenges and opportunities faced by those on the front lines – the Afghan agricultural exporters. On May 5, 2014, the Commercial Horticulture and Agricultural Marketing Program (CHAMP) organized a MAIL Minister Mohammad Asif roundtable discussion among key stakeholders (private sector, public Rahimi examines dried fruit and nuts sector and donor community) working in the agricultural export sector in of CHAMP-supported traders at the Afghanistan. As a result of the event, the following trade barriers were Kabul International AgFair. Such identified as key impediments in the growth of Afghan agricultural events provide a means of linking exports2: Afghan exporters with potential buyers from the international Transportation community. Certification Trade Financing Post-Harvest Handling Government Policies Cold Chain Capacity of Afghan Traders
As an action item that arose from the discussion, CHAMP agreed to undertake a data collection project among a large body of Afghan agricultural exporters to better understand their needs, attitudes and challenges. This report provides an analysis of that survey, administered to Afghan agricultural exporters in May-June 2014. The report describes the method of data collection, an analysis of the findings and recommendations for future activities.
1 Source: Blanchard, C. M. (2009). Afghanistan: Narcotics and U.S. Policy. DIANE Publishing. 2 See Annex 1, Roundtable Discussion Findings.
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 3 Executive Summary
In May-June 2014, CHAMP conducted a survey of Afghan agricultural exporters. The survey accomplished three main goals: create a demographic profile of Afghan exporters provide insights into understanding their attitudes and experiences with regard to obstacles to export trade create a database of Afghan agricultural exporters for future interventions A total of 151 contacts were assembled from government and donor databases. Many of these exporters had received varying degrees of support from these government and donor partners to extend their export horizons. A total of 93 exporters participated in the survey, which was conducted by phone, internet access and live field visits. Demographic Profile Those surveyed tended to be men (89%) ranging in age from 30 to 49 Lack of cold storage facilities was (73%). They tend to be educated, with either a high school diploma cited by exporters as the greatest (44%) or a Bachelor’s degree or higher (33%). Dari and Pashto were obstacle to building their business. almost universally spoken. Business Profile The exporters traded in more than 30 varieties of fruits, nuts and other products, with pomegranates, grapes and apples in the lead positions. Their businesses varied considerably in size, with nearly the same number of exporters shipping less than 100 MT as those shipping more than 1,000 MT annually. More exporters shipped to India, with Pakistan coming in second followed by the UAE. The exporters had experience shipping to 22 other countries in Europe, Asia and North America. Most shipped their goods overland, with passenger air cargo in second place. A total of 39% used refrigerated containers, a strong increase in adoption since 2008 when a survey of 60 traders showed that only a handful used refrigeration. Business Activities Exporters were considerably active (85%) in attending national and/or international trade fairs. Nearly half had attended exhibitions in Afghanistan, while more than a third had attended such fairs in India and the UAE. A surprisingly large number of exporters (85%) had participated in Around half of the exporters had received some form of technical trade fairs in more than two dozen assistance from an outside source, generally in post-harvest handling or countries. marketing. More than a third of the exporters had received funding from such an organization, mostly in the form of trade financing. The majority of exporters (84%) had never received a loan from a bank or other private institution. Exporters don’t often consult with outside agencies for support, but when
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 4 they do they tend to favor the Afghan Chamber of Commerce, with the Export Promotion Agency of Afghanistan close behind. When asked to rate the agencies that they used, exporters gave highest marks to the Chamber of Commerce and lowest marks to the Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock, though most ratings fell in the average range. Most exporters (88%) had never utilized the CHAMP trade offices in New Delhi or Dubai, but for those who did, the trade offices tended to improve their ability to make contacts with international buyers. More than half (52%) had at one time or another been approached by a customs agent for a bribe when attempting to transport goods across the Afghan border. More than a third (39%) reported that they had on at least one occasion been approached by an international buyer for certification documents that they could not provide. Trade Barriers CHAMP Trade Offices have been The survey respondents faced a number of barriers to building their shown to improve contacts with businesses. Lack of cold storage facilities was the most frequent problem international buyers, but few of the (more than two-thirds reported that it was “always” a problem), followed exporters surveyed (11%) used them, none of whom were women. by lack of available financing. Exporters noted that they had very little trouble accessing quality fruit/nuts. This suggests a turning point from previous surveys, in which “lack of quality fruit” was a major obstacle and cold storage was not really understood by the traders. This represents solid gains in the production area where CHAMP has focused on improving fruit quality and demonstrates greater knowledge by exporters of the importance of cold storage in the value chain. When asked to discuss the problem in their own words, more exporters cited government corruption as a hindrance than any other obstacle, followed by transportation. When asked to offer a solution, increased government support was cited by the greatest number of respondents. Gender Women made up only 11% of those surveyed and exported significantly less tonnage than their male counterparts. And yet they were better educated, on average holding a Bachelor’s degree. They tended to ship twice as often to the UAE as the men in the survey who tended to ship more often to Pakistan. None of them had ever used the CHAMP trade offices. Women received slightly more assistance from outside sources than men, and yet received very little funding from those sources. On average, women were twice as successful at getting bank loans and Women exporters tend to be better cited lack of available financing as their greatest trade obstacle. educated than men and twice as Conclusions successful at getting bank loans, and yet they cite financing as their Exporters face considerable challenges but also have considerable greatest barrier to trade. capacity. They are better educated than the Afghan population as a whole, have robust businesses and are well-versed in trade fairs in many countries. But they continue to seek more international contacts, better transportation, cold storage, financing and post-harvest handling. CHAMP Trade Offices are having a positive impact in helping exporters
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 5 make contacts with international buyers, but a comparatively low number of exporters use the trade offices (12%), suggesting that CHAMP can do more in connecting exporters with these offices in New Delhi and Dubai. Women exporters represent an important target group. They are better educated than their male counterparts but have no dealings with CHAMP trade offices and are turned down for bank loans twice as often as men. They would benefit from greater intervention by the donor community in
terms of technical and financial assistance.
Method
Participants Contact lists of Afghan agricultural exporters were obtained from CHAMP, the USAID/Financial Access for Investing in the Development of Afghanistan (FAIDA) project, the USAID/Afghanistan Trade and Revenue (ATAR) project, the Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (MAIL), the Export Promotion Agency of Afghanistan (EPAA) and the Afghanistan Chamber of Commerce and Industries (ACCI). When duplicates were removed, these lists provided an aggregate of 151 active contacts. Materials and Procedure An online survey was created and hosted on Qualtrics.com (see Annex 2 – Survey Questions). A paper survey was also created in Dari and Pashto. Owing to the limited internet access of most Afghan exporters, most surveys were conducted by telephone. A total of 93 surveys were completed: four exporters opted to take the survey online, 66 exporters were surveyed by telephone and another 23 were surveyed at their places of business. To encourage participation, respondents were included in a drawing for a Dell Inspiron 3521 laptop computer to be awarded to one participant chosen at random at the conclusion of the survey. The survey consisted of 31 questions that were either binary (“yes” or “no”), multiple choice, open-ended or measured on a 5-point scale (i.e. on a range from “never” to “always”). For a sample survey, see Annex 2, Data collection relied heavily on the page 30. The survey con sisted of four sections: successful collaboration between CHAMP and its Afghan partners to Business Profile – Types of exports, means of transportation, total identify survey respondents. annual export tonnage. Business Activities – Participation in international trade fairs, assistance received from donor sources, any funding received from donors and/or bank sources, use of government support agencies, use of CHAMP trade offices, certification experiences, etc. Trade Barriers – Obstacles encountered (such as transportation, lack of cold storage, etc.) and recommended solutions. Demographic Questions – Gender, age, education and language fluency.
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 6 Results
Demographic Profile Most of the exporters who participated in the survey were men (89%). The majority ranged in age from 30 to 49 (73%), with 44% holding a high school degree and 33% holding a Bachelor’s degree or higher.
High school diploma 44% Bachelor's degree 27% Some education, but didn't finish high school 18% Master's degree 5%
No education 4%
Ph.D. 1%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Table 1 – Educational Background
On a five-point scale, the respondents reported strong fluency in Dari (4.59), slightly less fluency in Pashto (4.15) and average to little fluency in Urdu (2.66) and English (2.13); eight respondents reported some language ability in Russian, Arabic, Uzbek, Turkish and German.
Table 2 – Rate your fluency in the following languages
Exporters hailed from half of all Afghan provinces, with more than one-third located in the Afghan capital and nearly one-fifth in Kandahar.
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 7 Province No. Province No. Kabul 33 Ghazni 2 Kandahar 18 Ghor 1 Herat 8 Kunduz 1 Parwan 7 Saripul 1 Nangarhar 6 Badakhshan 1 Maidan Wardak 6 Baghlan 1
Mazar-i Sharif 2 Farah 1 Laghman 2 Logar 1 Panjsher 2
Table 3 – Provinces of survey respondents Business Profile
The survey respondents hailed from a wide range of export concerns, shipping more than 30 varieties of fresh/dried fruits, vegetables, nuts and other products to international markets. Top exports included pomegranates (43%), apples (37%), grapes (37%), raisins (34%), apricots (34%) and almonds (31%). For a complete list of exports, see Annex 3, page 35.
Pomegranates Grapes 43% 37% Apples Other 37% 34% Raisins 34% Apricots Almonds 34% Melons 31% 23% Pistachios 16% Walnuts 10% Vegetables (describe) 8% Saffron 6% Pine Nuts 4% Fruit Juice (describe) 4% Dried Fruit 3% Figs 2% Spices 1% Mushrooms 1% Mulberries 0%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Table 4 – What products do you most frequently export? (choose all that apply)
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 8 In terms of tonnage, one-third of the respondents shipped between 100 and 500 metric tons (MT) of product per year, while roughly one-fourth shipped more than 1,000 MT and one-fourth shipped less than 100 MT annually.
More than 1,000 MT
500-1,000 MT
100-500 MT
Less than 100 MT 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Table 5 – What is your average annual volume of produce exports (in MT)?
More than three-fourths of the exporters typically sold their products to buyers in India, while 62% shipped to Pakistan, roughly one-third shipped to the UAE and more than half shipped to countries designated as “other.”
India
Pakistan
UAE
Other 0 20 40 60 80
Table 6 – What countries do you typically export to? (choose all that apply)
“Other” countries included nearly two dozen countries in Europe, Asia and North America.
On average, most exporters shipped their products using ground transport at least 80% of the time, used passenger or cargo air freight around 20% of the time and rarely used ocean freight or other means of conveyance. A total of 39% reported using refrigerated containers in their transport.
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 9
Table 7 – What means of transportation do you most frequently use?
More than half of the respondents reported that they did not use refrigerated containers, while 39% use refrigerated containers in transporting their products.
Yes 39%
No 61%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% Table 8 – Do you use refrigerated containers in your transport?
Business Activities
The exporters participated actively in national/international trade exhibitions. A total of 85% reported that they had participated in trade exhibitions in 20 different countries, while 15% had never attended a trade exhibition.
Yes 85%
No 15%
0% 50% 100%
Table 9 – Have you ever participated in a national or international trade exhibition?
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 10
Afghanistan India 45% UAE 39% 38% Tajikistan 14% Iran 13%
China 8% Pakistan 7% Kazakhstan 6% Russia 6% Turkey 5%
USA 4% Azerbaijan 2% France 2%
Holland 1% Italy 1% Japan 1% Saudi Arabia 1% UK 1%
Bulgaria 1% Germany 1% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Table 10 – Attendance at trade exhibitions, by country
Nearly half of the respondents (48%) reported that they had received some form of technical assistance from an outside source, such as a government agency, an international NGO or a consulting firm. Of those who had received assistance, around half (49%) were assisted with post-harvest handling practices, such as improved packaging, grading and/or sorting. A similar number of exporters (44%) received assistance in marketing, while 24% received marketing assistance and another 40% received other assistance, mainly in transportation.
Financing 24% Other 40% Marketing 44% Post-harvest handling 49% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Table 11 – Purpose of outside technical assistance
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 11 Exporters were asked whether they had ever received funding from an outside source, such as a government agency, an international NGO or a consulting firm. A total of 38% had received some form of funding, while 62% had never received funding. Of those who had received funding, most (83%) received funding in the range of $1,000 to $10,000, while the remainder received funding from $10,000 to $50,000.
$10,000 - $50,000 17%
$1,000 - $10,000 83% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Table 12 – Amount of funding received from an outside source
This funding was largely in the form of trade financing (80%), while 14% of exporters received funding in the form of working capital and 6% for other trade-related functions, generally in transportation.
Other 6%
Working capital 14% Trade financing
0% 80% 20% 40% 60% 80%
Table 13 – Purpose of outside funding
Exporters were asked if they had received a loan from a bank or other private institution. The majority (84%) had never received a loan, while 16% had received some form of institutional financing. Those who had received loans did so for the purpose of trade financing (67%), working capital (27%) or some other business-related need (13%).
Other 13%
Working capital 27% Trade financing 67% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
Table 14 – Purpose of institutional loans
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 12 Of those who had not received a loan from a financial institution, 28% said that they had tried and been turned down. These rejections were due to either lack of proper documentation (73%), insufficient guarantees (14%), an insufficient business plan (5%) or other (27%).
Lack of documentation 73%
Other 27% Insufficient guarantees 14% Insufficient business plan 5%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% Table 15 – Reason for institutional loan refusal
The survey respondents were queried on the degree to which they consult Afghan agencies for assistance and how they rated those institutions. On a scale of 1 to 5, the exporters tended to consult most with the Afghanistan Chamber of Commerce and Industries (ACCI), though only occasionally (2.51). EPAA was consulted only slightly less (2.26) followed by the Afghan Customs Dept. (2.02), MAIL (1.87) and the Directorate of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (DAIL) (1.60).
Table 16 – In the past two years, which of the following have you consulted for assistance?
Those exporters who consulted these agencies were asked to rate the agencies on a scale of 1 to 5. All agencies received similar scores between fair and average, with a mean score averaging from a high of 2.83 (ACCI) to 2.26 (MAIL).
Table 17 – For each agency that you used, how would you rate its service?
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 13 Survey respondents were asked if they had ever utilized the CHAMP trade offices in Dubai or New Delhi. Most (88%) said that they had not, while 12% had utilized the trade offices to assist with certification, transportation, packaging and other business goals.
Yes 12%
No 88% 0% 50% 100%
Table 18 – Have you ever utilized the CHAMP trade offices?
When asked if they had ever been approached by a border customs agent for a bribe when attempting to transport goods through the border, responses were nearly split, with slightly more than half (52%) reporting in the affirmative.
When asked if they had ever been approached by an international buyer who has asked for certification documents that they could not provide, 39% of exporters had encountered such a situation while 61% had not. For more descriptive information provided by the respondents, see Annex 3, page 45.
Yes 39% No 61% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% Table 19 – Have you ever been approached by an international buyer who asked for certification documents that you could not provide?
Trade Barriers The CHAMP Roundtable on Export Trade Barriers arrived at a number of impediments to Afghan export trade. To evaluate those findings, the survey asked agricultural exporters to share their own attitudes and perceptions of trade impediments.
Asked to rate eight trade barriers on a scale of 1 to 5, the respondents provided the following mean responses (listed from highest to lowest):
Lack of cold storage facilities: 3.85 Lack of available financing: 3.37 Lack of contacts with international buyers: 3.18 Lack of available packaging: 3.18 Transportation issues: 3.08 Inadequate certification: 2.91 Pakistan trade regulations: 2.70 Lack of available quality fruit/nuts: 1.52
Notably, as shown in the table below, more than two-thirds of the respondents reported that lack of quality fruit/nuts was “never” an obstacle, while roughly the same number of respondents reported that lack of cold storage facilities was “always” an obstacle.
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 14
Table 20 – Which of the following are obstacles that you encounter in growing your export business?
Survey respondents were asked to answer the open-ended question: “Please take a moment and describe solutions that you would propose to resolve any of the obstacles listed above.” In addition to offering solutions, most respondents took the opportunity to expand on the core problems facing their businesses. Government corruption ranked as the greatest problem (reported by 29% of respondents), followed by transportation issues (27%) and the need for better packaging and/or packaging facilities (23%). Traders face this corruption within Afghanistan and in transit countries like Pakistan and target countries like India.
Corruption
Transportation 29% Packaging 27% 23% Cold Storage
Financing 22% Certification 20% 9% Low government capacity 5% Pakistani regulations 5% Import tariffs 4% Commission agents 2% Security 2% Equipment 2% High taxes 1%
Cheap imports 1% Sorting 1%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
Table 21 – Core problems facing Afghan exporters
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 15 Survey respondents were comparatively short on solutions, but 13% felt that more support from the Afghan government is necessary for solving trade obstacles, followed by better marketing of Afghan products on the international market (5%) and more Islamic loans (5%).
More support from Afghan gov't 13% Better marketing of Afghan products 5%
More Islamic loans 5%
Create export facilities 4% More donor community support 3% Create linkages with int'l buyers 3%
Quicker business licensing 1%
Expand into new markets 1%
More opportunities for female exporters 1% More technical assistance 1%
More overseas trade offices 1%
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% Table 22 – Solutions offered by Afghan exporters Interpreting the Results
Prior to this survey, no known database existed for agricultural exporters working in Afghanistan. This project thus provided the tangential benefit of gathering together the exporter contacts of several government and donor stakeholders, which may prove useful to future data collection or outreach efforts. (For a complete list of exporters, see Annex 4, page 52). Moreover, the 62% participation rate was far higher than anticipated. This may have been a combination of the laptop incentive, the multiple platforms on which the survey was offered and the persistence of the survey team in extracting responses over the telephone and in face-to-face meetings. Gender While women comprised only 11% of the survey respondents, this number was higher than expected, owing to the comparatively low number of women working in Afghan businesses. No exact figures are available on the gender makeup of Afghan exporters, but a recent study by the Afghan Research & Evaluation Unit (AREU) estimates that women contribute only 5% of the country’s economic output, and only 1,000 women have received business licenses by the Afghanistan Investment Supporting Agency (AISA).3 Thus the 11% participation rate by women was better than anticipated. When mean export volumes were compared for male and female exporters, men scored significantly higher4:
3 See: http://www.tolonews.com/en/afghanistan/13068-women-contribute-5-percent-of-national-economy-areu 4 For the statistical methods used in this analysis, see Endnotes, page 61.
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 16
Women 1.40 Men 2.60 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00
1 = Less than 100 MT per year 2 = 100-500 MT per year 3 = 500-1,000 MT per year 4 = More than 1,000 MT per year
Table 23 – Comparison of mean export volumes (in MT) for male and female exporters
Despite this discrepancy in export output, the women who participated in the survey were significantly better educated than the men, with mean scores for women near the level of Bachelor’s degree and men at the level of high school diploma.
Women 3.90 Men 3.05 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 1 = No education 2 = Didn’t finish high school 3 = High school diploma 4 = Bachelor’s degree 5 = Master’s degree 6 = Ph.D.
Table 24 – Comparison of education levels for male and female exporters
Gender had other implications on the results. Among those surveyed, 100% of the women had participated in national or international trade exhibitions as compared to 83% of the men, although this difference was statistically non-significant5 (see Endnotes). In terms of export countries, twice as many women exported to the UAE, while twice as many men exported to Pakistan.
Question Are you: No. % What countries do you typically Male 65 78% export to? India Female 5 50% What countries do you typically Male 55 66% export to? Pakistan Female 3 30% What countries do you typically Male 28 34% export to? UAE Female 6 60%
Table 25 – Comparison of export countries for male and female exporters
5 Statistical non-significance refers to a calculation that falls outside of a 95% probability threshold. A result may be statistically non-significant owing to a comparatively low number of responses, for instance, and still have practical implications.
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 17 In terms of technical assistance from outside sources (such as a governmental agency, international NGO or consulting firm), 60% of women had received such assistance compared to 47% of men. And yet, women had received very little funding from these outside sources (10%) compared to men (41%).
Women 60% Women 10% Men 47% Men 41% 0% 0% 50% 20% 40% 100% 60%
Table 26 – Received outside technical assistance Table 27 – Received funding
In terms of bank loans, twice as many women had received a loan from a bank or other private institution (30% vs. 15%) though this was statistically non-significant. Of those who had not received a bank loan, 40% of the women had applied and been turned down compared to 22% of the men.
When asked how often they consulted government agencies (MAIL, DAIL, EPAA, ACCI and the Afghan Customs Dept.) men and women both consulted the agencies in the same order of priority, ACCI most frequently, followed by EPAA, Afghan Customs, MAIL and DAIL.
Mean Question Gender Score In the past two years, which of the following have you Male 1.90 consulted for assistance?- MAIL Female 1.56
In the past two years, which of the following have you Male 1.61 consulted for assistance?- DAIL Female 1.56 In the past two years, which of the following have you Male 2.24 consulted for assistance?- EPAA Female 2.44
In the past two years, which of the following have you Male 2.48 consulted for assistance?- Chamber of Commerce Female 2.80
In the past two years, which of the following have you Male 2.08 consulted for assistance?- Afghan Customs Dept Female 1.56
1 = Never 2 = Rarely 3 = Sometimes 4 = Often 5 = Very Often
Table 28 – Agencies consulted for assistance
However, men and women had differing opinions on how these agencies rated. Women gave DAIL highest marks, followed by MAIL, with EPAA and ACCI tied for third and Afghans Customs in fourth place. Men, on the other hand, favored ACCI, followed by EPAA, Afghan Customs, MAIL and DAIL. Notably, women gave all five agencies higher marks than men.
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 18
Mean Question Gender Score Male 2.18 How would you rate their service? MAIL Female 3.67 Male 2.17 How would you rate their service? DAIL Female 3.75 Male 2.58 How would you rate their service? EPAA Female 3.43
Male 2.76 How would you rate their service? Chamber of Commerce Female 3.43 Male 2.37 How would you rate their service? Afghan Customs Dept Female 2.83
1 = Poor 2 = Fair 3 = Average 4 = Good 5 = Excellent
Table 29 – Rating the government agencies
Men and women had different experiences with regard to trade barriers. Men found lack of cold storage to be the main obstacle, while women ranked it a full point lower, citing lack of available financing as their main obstacle. While these differences provide a benchmark for the overall concerns of male and female exporters, there was no statistical significance when comparing the mean scores.
Question Are you: Mean
Which of the following are obstacles that you encounter in growing your Male 3.33 export business? Lack of available financing Female 3.70 Which of the following are obstacles that you encounter in growing your Male 3.17 export business? Lack of contacts with international buyers Female 3.30 Which of the following are obstacles that you encounter in growing your Male 3.09 export business? Transportation issues Female 3.00 Which of the following are obstacles that you encounter in growing your Male 2.77 export business? Pakistan trade regulations Female 2.10 Which of the following are obstacles that you encounter in growing your Male 2.85 export business? Inadequate certification Female 3.40 Which of the following are obstacles that you encounter in growing your Male 3.95 export business? Lack of cold storage facilities Female 3.00 Which of the following are obstacles that you encounter in growing your Male 3.17 export business? Lack of available packaging Female 3.30 Which of the following are obstacles that you encounter in growing your Male 1.52 export business? Lack of available quality fruit/nuts Female 1.50
Table 30 – Rating obstacles to trade
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 19 When asked if they had ever utilized the CHAMP trade offices, 13% of the men reported that they had utilized the trade offices while none of the women had ever done so, although the results were statistically non-significant. There was also no statistically significant difference between men and women who had been unable to provide certification documents (39%) or between men and women who had been asked for a bribe by a customs agent when attempting to transport goods through the border (52%). Education No correlation was found between the amount of an exporter’s business (as measured in export tonnage) and level of education. In fact, for the respondent group as a whole, as the size of an exporters’ business increased, the level of education had a tendency to decrease, though the result was statistically non- significant. Nor did education play a part in whether an exporter had attended a trade fair, whether the exporter had received outside technical assistance or funding from such a source or from a bank. In short, the level of an exporter’s education had no bearing on their activities in these areas.
Level of education Question Yes No
Have you ever received technical assistance from an outside source, such as a government agency, an international NGO 3.13 3.15 or a consulting firm?
Have you ever received funding from an outside source, such as a government agency, an international NGO or a 3.00 3.19 consulting firm?
Have you ever received a loan from a bank or other private 3.40 3.09 institutions?
1 = No education 2 = Didn’t finish high school 3 = High school diploma 4 = Bachelor’s degree 5 = Master’s degree 6 = Ph.D.
Table 31 – Bearing of education on business activities
Business size Is the size of an exporter’s business related to its business activities? In terms of technical assistance, those firms that had received such assistance were similar in size (2.40) to those that had not (2.53). Similarly, businesses that had received funding from an outside organization or from a bank or other private institution were not significantly different in size from those that had not. This would suggest that outside technical assistance, outside funding and private funding are being equitably administered to Afghan exporters irrespective of business size.
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 20 Business size, as measured Question in export tonnage Yes No
Have you ever received technical assistance from an outside source, such as a government agency, an international NGO 2.40 2.53 or a consulting firm?
Have you ever received funding from an outside source, such as a government agency, an international NGO or a 2.57 2.41 consulting firm?
Have you ever received a loan from a bank or other private 2.40 2.48 institutions?
1 = Less than 100 MT per year 2 = 100-500 MT per year 3 = 500-1,000 MT per year 4 = More than 1,000 MT per year
Table 32 – Rating obstacles to trade
How are trade obstacles perceived by exporters of different sizes, as measured by annual export tonnage? The table below shows the mean scores for each trade obstacle according to export tonnage.
Annual Exports (MT) Q: Which of the following are obstacles that you encounter Mean in growing your export business? Less than 100-500 500-1,000 More than score 100 MT MT MT 1,000 MT
Lack of available financing 3.68 3.52 2.67 3.44 3.37
Lack of contacts with international buyers 3.32 3.03 3.13 3.24 3.18
Transportation issues 3.55 2.86 2.86 3.12 3.08
Pakistan trade regulations 2.27 2.66 2.93 3.04 2.70
Inadequate certification 2.67 3.34 2.79 2.60 2.91
Lack of cold storage facilities 3.23 3.86 4.33 4.20 3.85
Lack of available packaging 3.14 3.48 3.00 3.08 3.18
Lack of available quality fruit/nuts 1.76 1.48 1.40 1.44 1.52
Table 33 – Obstacles to trade, by amount of exports
As shown in the illustration below, while smaller businesses had more difficulty with transportation issues (A) and a slightly more difficult time obtaining quality fruits and nuts (B), lack of cold storage was a significantly lower obstacle (C) for these smaller concerns. Businesses in the 100-500 MT range encountered more certification difficulties (D) than businesses in other export ranges, while larger
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 21 businesses (500-1,000 MT) had more trouble finding cold storage facilities (E) than businesses in other ranges and a much easier time obtaining financing (F). Pakistan trade regulations (G) tended to be a greater obstacle among the largest exporters (more than 1,000 MT).
5 E 4.5
4 A D 3.5 C G 3 E F 2.5 2 B 1.5 1 0.5 0
Less than 100 MT 100-500 MT 500-1,000 MT More than 1,000 MT
Table 34 – Obstacles to trade, by amount of exports (graph) Other findings Exporters were asked to rank eight obstacles to growing their export business. One obstacle was lack of contacts with international buyers. How is this barrier perceived by exporters who had attended national or international trade fairs? While some 85% of the exporters had attended such exhibitions, it did not appear to be a factor in how they ranked lack of international contacts as an obstacle. This would imply that exporters continue to seek new ways of establishing contacts with international buyers, regardless of their attendance at trade fairs.
Q: Have you ever participated in a national or international Obstacle trade exhibition?
Yes No
Obstacle: Lack of contacts with international buyers 3.17 3.29
Table 35 – Relationship between trade fair participation and lack of contacts
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 22 However, exporters who utilized the CHAMP trade offices perceived lack of contacts to be a lower obstacle than those who had never utilized the trade offices. This would imply that the trade offices are helping to reduce this obstacle for Afghan traders.
Q: Have you ever utilized the CHAMP trade offices in Dubai Obstacle or New Delhi? Yes No
Obstacle: Lack of contacts with international buyers 2.82 3.23
Table 36 – Relationship between use of CHAMP trade offices and lack of contacts
When other obstacles were examined (such as transportation issues, certification or available packaging), attendance at trade exhibitions or use of trade offices had no statistically significant bearing on these obstacles. Who is using the CHAMP trade offices? The scores suggest that the offices are being utilized by primarily male exporters with a slightly higher level of education who operate slightly smaller businesses than those who do not use the trade offices.
Q: Have you ever utilized the CHAMP trade offices in Dubai Variable or New Delhi? Yes No
Annual export tonnage 2.82 3.23
Education 3.27 3.12
Age 4.82 4.51
Males 13% 87%
Females 0% 100%
Table 37 – Profile of CHAMP trade office users
Open-Ended Questions Certification. A total of 39% of the exporters had encountered international buyers who asked for certification documents that they could not provide. When asked to describe these experiences6, the survey respondents wrote of buyers from a wide variety of locations, notably Europe and the U.S., who denied sales to the exporters owing to a lack of such documents. Sample comments included: I have been asked by Indian and Dubai buyers to provide the certification of product standard validity We received request to provide certification in USA, Holland, Germany and Chile but we couldn't provide it.
6 For a full list of comments, see page 44.
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 23 Canada, England, Holland, Sri Lanka's traders asked us for different certificates but unfortunately we had nothing to provide them. We [were] asked to provide organic fruit certification documents by France, Canada, and USA.
Barriers to trade. As mentioned in the previous section, government corruption was cited more often (29%) than any impediment,7 with comments such as: The solution is to eliminate the corruption Governmental offices are creating problems rather than helping people, their performance are not acceptable There is a huge amount of corruption in custom departments Governmental offices are full of corruptions, we are facing problem in custom departments
Transportation, packaging, cold storage and financing were often cited as well. The transport impediment has to be eliminated Establishment of Islamic banking loans To find alternative solutions on packaging and obtaining certificate You can help us by encouraging investors to invest on building cold storage facilities. One of the investors could be us. You can help us in sorting our products. Processing centers needs to be established in order to promote the saffron sector in country
Some felt that the donor community should be doing more to assist them. There [are] no Industrial parks, USAID is not working properly. Another trade office should be established in Mumbai city due to potential market demands. We received several supporting promises by CHAMP office but we have not received any support.
Others felt that greater support from the Afghan government would help build their businesses. We do not have the standard system according to the other countries, and government has to help us to resolve the obstacles. Government supports and its administration management should be improved. Establishment of linkage between Afghan exporters with international buyers to sustain our business relation and find markets for our products.
7 For a full list of comments, see page 47.
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 24 Conclusions and Recommendations
To a large extent, the survey results echo the findings of the CHAMP Roundtable Discussion on Export Trade Barriers. Exporters experience considerable transportation obstacles in getting their goods to international markets. They face international buyers who want certification documents that they cannot provide. They are frustrated with their inability to receive loans from banks or other outside sources; though many apply, few are accepted. Packaging, grading, sorting and other post-harvest handling remains a challenge. Corruption and failures in government capacity impair their ability to reach international buyers. Few use refrigerated containers while others cite the lack of refrigerated storage as a significant obstacle. But the exporters have the capacity to do more. They are better educated than the Afghan population as a whole. Nearly as many exporters operate large-scale businesses (more than 1,000 MT annually) as those with smaller concerns (under 100 MT). They know the value of national and international trade fairs, and have participated in exhibitions in some two dozen countries. But they continue to reach out for more contacts with international buyers. In terms of trade obstacles, more than two-thirds of the respondents reported that lack of quality fruit/nuts was “never” an obstacle, while roughly the same number of respondents reported that lack of cold storage facilities was “always” an obstacle. This suggests a turning point from recent surveys, in which “lack of quality fruit” was a major obstacle and cold storage was not really understood by the traders. This represents solid gains in the production area where CHAMP has focused on improving fruit quality and demonstrates greater knowledge by exporters of the importance of cold storage in the value chain. The survey shows that the CHAMP Trade Offices have a positive impact in helping exporters make contacts with international buyers. But a comparatively low number of exporters use the trade offices (12%), suggesting that CHAMP can provide more outreach to exporters in connecting them with the services available at their offices in New Delhi and Dubai. Moreover, new trade offices in emerging markets, such as Russia, Europe or the former Soviet republics, would be of benefit for exporters, given the growth in these markets. Women represent an important target population. They are better educated than their male counterparts but have no dealings with CHAMP trade offices and are turned down for bank loans twice as often as men. They are more likely to export to the UAE, and would thus benefit from greater interaction with the Dubai trade office. They would also benefit from greater intervention by the donor community in terms of technical and financial assistance, as access to available financing is their main obstacle to trade.
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 25 Challenges
In any survey undertaking of this kind, enlisting the participation of respondents is often the greatest challenge in obtaining statistically reliable results. This is an even greater challenge in Afghanistan, where technology, security issues and illiteracy require creative approaches to data collection. While this was designed as an online survey, only four exporters had the ability or inclination to take the survey via the Internet, requiring a considerable outlay in time and personnel in gathering data over the telephone or during site visits. This points to the need for improving online access for Afghan exporters. Mistrust among potential participants was a hindrance in data collection. Some exporters felt that the data would be sold or otherwise misappropriated. Others complained that they had frequently been approached to participate in surveys to no observable benefit. The reliability of data grows in tandem with the number of respondents. While the percentage of responses for this survey was high, future data collection might incorporate exporters from other fields (such as textiles, gems, etc.) to draw broader conclusions on the needs and challenges of Afghan exporters.
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 26 Annex 1 – Roundtable Discussion Findings
According to the presentations and panel discussions given by donor community, private- and public- sector stakeholders given at the CHAMP Roundtable on Afghan Fruit and Nut Exports, barriers to trade in Afghanistan fall under the following main categories: TRANSPORTATION Challenges Ground Transport -- Transport of agricultural products is restricted by a lack of refrigerated containers and lack of direct access to Pakistani ports. In most cases, Afghan trucks are not allowed to cross the border into Pakistan, thereby impeding access to India, the Port of Karachi and locations within Pakistan. The Afghanistan-Pakistan Transport Trade Agreement (APTTA) provides for shipping through Pakistan to markets in India and China, but the provisions of the agreement are often ignored by Pakistan. Goods must be offloaded onto Pakistani trucks, and in many instances Afghan produce is forcibly treated with insecticides. Uzbekistan remains out of reach to Afghan traders due to the lack of a cross-border trade agreement. The deteriorated condition of Afghan roads and bridges is a further impediment to efficient overland shipping, as well as the security challenges that plague these roads in remote areas. Air Transport – Shipping by air is hindered by the expense and lack of available cargo space on commercial carriers. When space is available, the lengthy customs clearance required for fresh fruit often causes exporters to miss flights; more than four approvals are required from government agents before the product can be released. With the lack of cold storage at Kabul International Airport, this can cause fruit to perish in the hangar. Opportunities The International Road Transport (TIR) agreement was restarted in Afghanistan in September 2013. The agreement allows customs-sealed vehicles and freight containers to transit through countries without border checks, reducing transport times, product damage and cost. Pakistan will join TIR in June 2014, which may change the paradigm for Afghan exports. Ongoing improvements to Afghan roads will positively impact road transit in the future. Highways connecting neighboring countries continue to be renovated. CERTIFICATION Challenges Food shipped to markets in Asia, Europe and North America must be certified by an internationally accredited agent before it can be accepted in some of these lucrative markets. The absence of accessible certification is a significant barrier to Afghan exporters. Food safety laboratories are few and generally lack accreditation. Hazard Analysis & Critical Control Points (HACCP) for Afghan businesses is rare. Supermarkets are the primary buyer requiring certification of the food quality. The major markets for Afghanistan, India, UAE and Pakistan are being reviewed to determine specific certification needs before action to resolve this challenge. Opportunities The private sector is becoming more involved in improving certification for Afghan companies. Control Union is making a significant investment for long-range growth, a model for what other foreign firms can do. They are training local nationals as food inspectors, rather than relying on expats, creating long-term sustainability. A recent Memorandum of Understanding between the Afghan National Standards Authority (ANSA) and a Turkish agency will establish international accreditation services for Afghan firms, though the related certification will only be valid up to the Afghan border. ANSA has some 60 standards in 350
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 27 sectors, with a food lab for domestic testing (though this is not accredited internationally). USAID-funded food labs were created in 2005 and may be leveraged, although certification labs managed by governmental agencies have little credibility with top level buyers in major markets TRADE FINANCING Challenges Afghan exporters operate on limited capital, making them vulnerable to competition from exporters working in countries with available trade financing. Credit gives farmers and traders the financial means to pursue long-term strategies rather than cashing in on short-term profits, but access to credit is limited owing to the reluctance and low capitalization of Afghan banks. Opportunities Agribusinesses do not generally take advantage of the options provided by the donor community. Donor projects like ACE/ADF provide short-term financing and technical support for traders. ABADE provides grants and sub-grants to small to medium enterprises (SMEs) to encourage private investment and expand markets, and they work with MAIL and the Ministry of Commerce and Industries (MoCI). FAIDA provides access to financing for farmers and exporters across the value chain. Moreover, some banks may be approached for short-term financing. Some specialty importers in Dubai assist in short-term financing once they’ve established relationships with exporters. POST-HARVEST HANDLING Challenges For Afghan goods to enter international markets, they must adhere to rigid standards of sorting, grading and packaging. Many Afghan exporters lack the knowledge and/or the ability to meet these standards. Afghan produce is often packed in wooden crates or plastic bags. Quality packaging is generally imported from Pakistan, owing to Afghan tariffs that make domestic packaging more expensive. Effective packing requires skilled labor, and such labor is often lacking in Afghanistan. Packing houses in Afghanistan are often either non-existent or non-functioning. Early adopter Afghan traders have expressed interest in building their own pack houses. Opportunities CHAMP provides training in post-harvest handling for traders in Afghanistan and through its foreign trade offices. Private-sector channel partners in Dubai and New Delhi will assist in improving the packaging and quality of Afghan products when it serves their interest. Regional hubs, financed by the private sector, could provide a one-stop location for sorting, grading and packing. Afghan agricultural output has increased significantly in recent years, with grape outputs doubling, thereby increasing the potential for high-quality exports. GOVERNMENT POLICIES Challenges Government policies often restrict trade. Afghanistan levies a 2% tax on exports, while other countries offer incentives that favor export trade. As mentioned, the APTTA is not enforced by Pakistan, while Afghanistan allows Pakistani trucks free movement within its borders. Taxes on raw materials make it difficult for Afghan packaging makers to compete with cheap imported packaging from Pakistan. Though Afghan raisins, nuts and fruits are warmly appreciated in the region, the Afghan government provides little funding for export promotion, and its export arm (EPAA) has limited capacity to assist Afghan exporters. Border customs agents are often perceived as an “economic mafia,” demanding bribes and extortion. Opportunities
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 28 Government reforms are slowly changing the way Afghanistan does business. A new president will provide the potential for continued reforms in this area. COLD CHAIN Challenges Cold storage, both on the farm and at transit points, enables harvested produce to be sold at a future date when market prices are higher. Afghanistan is critically lacking in refrigerated storage facilities. In Iran, the government financed the creation of cold storage facilities, resulting in produce that is sold year-round throughout the region. The Afghan government is limited in its ability to create such facilities, and the private sector has been slow to invest. Refrigerated trucks are also in short supply. Opportunities MAIL currently has a $13 million contract to build cold storage facilities around the country. These facilities should be linked with donor-community and private-sector projects for better design and implementation. CAPACITY OF AFGHAN TRADERS Challenges Afghan traders often lack the market knowledge, language skills, business skills and understanding of post-harvest management to effectively build the Afghan export economy. Their lack of working capital limits their ability to participate in trade fairs or meet with potential buyers in foreign markets. They often lack an understanding of complex Afghan customs and trade regulations. In many cases they lack access to market information systems (i.e. Internet access, e-mail and computer skills). Opportunities Training by CHAMP and other donor community projects assists in improving the know-how of traders. Afghan traders are assisted in attending trade expositions, exposing them to the wider world of international produce trade. Traders can make progress with basic computer and e-mail skills.
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 29 Annex 2 – Survey Questions
The following survey was designed for Afghan agricultural exporters with experience working in international trade. The survey is intended to gather data on product packaging and handling, transportation, financing, certification and interactions with government ministries.
The survey consists of 31 questions and should take no more than 10 minutes to complete. Your participation is very much appreciated. Please note that all responses are completely anonymous.
1. What products do you most frequently export? (check all that apply) a. Almonds b. Apples c. Apricots d. Dried Fruit e. Figs f. Fruit Juice Describe: ______g. Grapes h. Mulberries i. Mushrooms j. Pine Nuts k. Pistachios l. Pomegranates m. Raisins n. Saffron o. Spices p. Vegetables Describe: ______q. Walnuts r. Melons s. Other ______
2. What means of transportation do you most frequently use?
1. Never 2. Occasionally 3. Half the time 4. Often 5. Always
a. Ground transport 1 2 3 4 5 b. Ocean freight 1 2 3 4 5 c. Passenger air freight 1 2 3 4 5 d. Cargo air freight 1 2 3 4 5 e. Other ______
3. Do you use refrigerated containers in your transport? a. Yes b. No
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 30
4. What is your average annual volume of produce exports (in metric tons)? a. Less than 100 MT per year b. 100-500 MT per year c. 500-1,000 MT per year d. More than 1,000 MT per year
5. What countries do you typically export to? a. India b. Pakistan c. UAE d. Other: ______
6. Have you ever participated in a national or international trade exhibition? a. Yes Describe: ______b. No
7. Have you ever received technical assistance from an outside source, such as a government agency, an international NGO or a consulting firm? a. Yes b. No
8. If so, please indicate which of the following applies: a. Post-harvest handling (packaging, grading, sorting) b. Marketing c. Financing d. Other ______
9. Have you ever received funding from an outside source, such as a government agency, an international NGO or a consulting firm? a. Yes b. No
10. If so, in what amount? a. $1,000 - $10,000 b. $10,000 - $50,000 c. $50,000 - $100,000 d. More than $100,000
11. What kind of funding? a. Working capital b. Trade financing c. Other ______
12. Have you ever received a loan from a bank or other private institutions? a. Yes b. No
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 31 13. If so, in what amount? a. $1,000 - $10,000 b. $10,000 - $50,000 c. $50,000 - $100,000 d. More than $100,000
14. What kind of funding? a. Working capital b. Trade financing c. Other ______
15. If not, have you ever approached a bank about a loan and been turned down? a. Yes b. No
16. Why were you turned down? a. Insufficient guarantees b. Lack of documentation c. Insufficient business plan d. Other ______
17. In the past two years, which of the following have you consulted for assistance?
1. never 2. rarely 3. sometimes 4. often 5. very often
a. MAIL 1 2 3 4 5 b. DAIL 1 2 3 4 5 c. EPAA 1 2 3 4 5 d. Chamber of Commerce 1 2 3 4 5 e. Afghan Customs Dept 1 2 3 4 5 f. Other ______
18. For those agencies that you used, how would you rate their service?
1. Poor 2. Fair 3. Average 4. Good 5. Excellent a. MAIL 1 2 3 4 5 b. DAIL 1 2 3 4 5 c. EPAA 1 2 3 4 5 d. Chamber of Commerce 1 2 3 4 5 e. Afghan Customs Dept 1 2 3 4 5 f. Other ______
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 32
19. Have you ever utilized the CHAMP trade offices in Dubai or New Delhi? a. Yes b. No
20. If so, how did they help you? ______
21. Have you ever been approached by an international buyer who asked for certification documents that you could not provide? a. Yes Describe: ______b. No
22. Have you or your carriers ever been approached by a border customs agent for a bribe when attempting to transport goods through the border? a. Yes b. No
23. Which of the following are obstacles that you encounter in growing your export business?
1. never 2. rarely 3. sometimes 4. very often 5. always
a. Lack of available financing 1 2 3 4 5 b. Lack of contacts with international buyers 1 2 3 4 5 c. Transportation issues 1 2 3 4 5 d. Pakistan trade regulations 1 2 3 4 5 e. Inadequate certification 1 2 3 4 5 f. Lack of cold storage facilities 1 2 3 4 5 g. Lack of available packaging 1 2 3 4 5 h. Lack of available quality fruit/nuts 1 2 3 4 5
24. Please take a moment and describe solutions that you would propose to resolve any of the obstacles listed above: ______
25. Are you: a. Male b. Female
26. Age a. Under 20 b. 20-24
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 33 c. 25-29 d. 30-39 e. 40-49 f. 50-59 g. 60 or over
27. Educational background a. No education b. Some education, but didn’t finish high school c. High school diploma d. Bachelor’s degree e. Master’s degree f. Ph.D.
28. Please rate your fluency in the following languages: (1 = none, 5 = fluent) a. Dari 1 2 3 4 5 b. Pashto 1 2 3 4 5 c. Urdu 1 2 3 4 5 d. English 1 2 3 4 5 e. Other: ______
If you would like to be included in a random drawing for a Dell laptop computer, please include your name and phone number here. Please note that only completed surveys will be eligible for the drawing. Your contact information will remain completely confidential.
29. Name: 30. Business: 31. Province/district: ______
Thank you for your participation!
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 34 Annex 3 – Survey Results
1. What products do you most frequently export? (check all that apply) # Answer Response %
1 Almonds 29 31%
2 Apples 34 37%
3 Apricots 32 34%
4 Dried Fruit 3 3%
5 Figs 2 2%
Fruit Juice 6 4 4% (describe) 7 Grapes 34 37%
8 Mulberries 0 0%
9 Mushrooms 1 1%
10 Pine Nuts 4 4%
11 Pistachios 15 16%
12 Pomegranates 40 43%
13 Raisins 32 34%
14 Saffron 6 6%
15 Spices 1 1%
Vegetables 16 7 8% (describe) 17 Walnuts 9 10%
18 Other 32 34%
19 Melons 21 23%
Fruit Juice (describe) Vegetables (describe) Other Cherry producing fries nuts Peach Dried Apricot nuts Peach, and Tomato Fig Cheese Watermelon Edible Oil Pine nuts Wheat, Flour Carpet Mango Jam, dried pepper Cumin, Pine Nut, Fig Fig Fig Watermelon Watermelon Berries Fig Fig Fig Fig Dried Apricots Fig Plants Fig
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 35 Lemon, Garlic, Tomato and
ladyfinger Potato, Onion Potato, Onion Cucumber Cucumber Statistic Value Min Value 1 Max Value 19 Total Responses 93
2. What means of transportation do you most frequently use? 40% of 60% of 80% of 20% or Total # Question 0% the the the 100% Mean less Responses time time time Ground 1 4 5 2 8 20 52 91 5.10 transport Ocean 2 59 19 3 4 2 1 88 1.57 freight Passenger 3 51 15 9 3 5 4 87 1.94 air freight Cargo air 4 58 6 9 3 4 4 84 1.82 freight 5 Other 4 2 0 0 0 0 6 1.33
Other
Ground Passenger air Cargo air Statistic Ocean freight Other transport freight freight Min Value 1 1 1 1 1 Max Value 6 6 6 6 2 Mean 5.10 1.57 1.94 1.82 1.33 Variance 1.96 1.10 2.10 2.12 0.27 Standard 1.40 1.05 1.45 1.46 0.52 Deviation Total 91 88 87 84 6 Responses
3. Do you use refrigerated containers in your transport? # Answer Response %
1 Yes 36 39%
2 No 57 61%
Total 93 100%
Statistic Value Min Value 1 Max Value 2 Mean 1.61 Variance 0.24 Standard Deviation 0.49 Total Responses 93
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 36 4. What is your average annual volume of produce exports (in metric tons)? # Answer Response %
Less than 100 1 22 24% MT per year 100-500 MT 2 30 33% per year 500-1,000 MT 3 15 16% per year More than 4 1,000 MT per 25 27%
year Total 92 100% Statistic Value Min Value 1 Max Value 4 Mean 2.47 Variance 1.28 Standard Deviation 1.13 Total Responses 92
5. What countries do you typically export to? (choose all that apply) # Answer Response %
1 India 72 76%
2 Pakistan 58 62%
3 UAE 41 44%
4 Other 37 40%
Other Turkey Tajikistan and Uzbekistan United State of America and France Russia Qatar United State of America Australia, Turkey, and Canada Bahrain Russia, Saudi Arabia and Malaysia Spain Germany France and Germany Turkey Uzbekistan Tajikistan, Germany, UK, France Canada, Australia, New Zealand, China US, Germany Tajikistan, Switzerland, and Germany Kazakhstan United State of America China, and Iran Australia, Canada, USA and Germany Tajikistan, Turkmenistan Kabul Domestic Sales Iran, turkey Tajikistan Kazakhstan, Russia Tajikistan Russia
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 37 Tajikistan and Uzbekistan London, Canada, Holland Uzbekistan Russia Iran and Tajikistan European countries Canada Iraq Germany and Russia Turkey Iran UK Tajikistan Dubai Statistic Value Min Value 1 Max Value 4 Total Responses 93
6. Have you ever participated in a national or international trade exhibition? # Answer Response %
1 Yes (describe) 79 85%
2 No 14 15%
Total 93 100% Yes (describe) Dubai, India and Kabul India and Kabul Gulfood exhibition in Dubai India, Dubai and United State of America India, Russia, China, Turkey, Kazakhstan and Afghanistan Dubai and India India, Dubai and Afghanistan India, Dubai, Kazakhstan Europe and Asian countries Kabul Tajikistan and India Kabul India and Kabul Dubai and Kabul Kabul Kabul USA, Bulgaria and Pakistan Kazakhstan, Dubai, Pakistan, Kabul and Europe Dubai Exhibition, India, Tajikistan, Iran UAE ADN INDIA India, United State of America, France, and Saudi Arabia India and Kabul Iran and Kabul India and Afghanistan UK, France, India, Pakistan, Moscow and Tajikistan Dubai and India Hindustan, china Tajikistan, Dubai, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, India Pakistan, Dubai, Tajikistan and Afghanistan Turkey, Azerbaijan, Most national exhibitions Dubai Kabul, and Tajikistan Dubai
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 38 Kabul Kabul Kazakhstan and China India Dubai, China, Iran, India Dubai, Kabul China and Afghanistan India, Tajikistan India, Tajikistan Iran, India, Kabul India, Dubai, Iran Dubai and Kabul Dubai, Afghanistan India, Japan, Dubai and Tajikistan Kabul Dubai Kabul Afghanistan India, Tajikistan India, Iran and Tajikistan India, China and Dubai Dubai, Russia, Tajikistan Dubai Afghanistan Dubai, India and Afghanistan Dubai Kabul Kabul Tajikistan, Dubai Iran Dubai, Afghanistan Kabul and Iran Italy, Holland, Dubai, India and Russia and Iran Dubai Delhi Afghanistan Kabul Dubai Afghanistan India, Pakistan . Dubai Russia, Turkey, Dubai, India and Azerbaijan Iran and Afghanistan Indian China India and Afghanistan Kabul Turkey Iran Dubai India, Germany, Iran and Kabul Afghanistan Afghanistan
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 39 Statistic Value Min Value 1 Max Value 2 Mean 1.15 Variance 0.13 Standard Deviation 0.36 Total Responses 93
7. Have you ever received technical assistance from an outside source, such as a government agency, an international NGO or a consulting firm? # Answer Response %
1 Yes 45 48%
2 No 48 52%
Total 93 100% Statistic Value Min Value 1 Max Value 2 Mean 1.52 Variance 0.25 Standard Deviation 0.50 Total Responses 93
8. If so, please indicate which (select all that apply) # Answer Response %
Post-harvest handling 1 22 49% (packaging, grading, sorting) 2 Marketing 20 44%
3 Financing 11 24%
4 Other (describe) 18 40%
Other (describe) Roots of Peace Obtaining certification Transportation Transportation Transport Transportation Transport transport Transport Machinery Transport Transport Transport Transport Machinery, generator Transport developing of company profile Transport
Statistic Value Min Value 1 Max Value 4 Total Responses 45
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 40 9. Have you ever received funding from an outside source, such as a government agency, an international NGO or a consulting firm? # Answer Response %
1 Yes 35 38%
2 No 57 62%
Total 92 100%
Statistic Value Min Value 1 Max Value 2 Mean 1.62 Variance 0.24 Standard Deviation 0.49 Total Responses 92
10. In what amount? # Answer Response %
$1,000 - 1 29 83% $10,000 $10,000 - 2 6 17% $50,000 $50,000 - 3 0 0% $100,000 More than 4 0 0% $100,000 Total 35 100%
Statistic Value Min Value 1 Max Value 2 Mean 1.17 Variance 0.15 Standard Deviation 0.38 Total Responses 35
11. What kind of funding?(choose all that apply) # Answer Response %
Working 1 5 14% capital Trade 2 28 80% financing 3 Other 2 6%
Other Transportation Transporting, Packing items
Statistic Value Min Value 1 Max Value 3 Total Responses 35
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 41 12. Have you ever received a loan from a bank or other private institutions? # Answer Response %
1 Yes 15 16%
2 No 78 84%
Total 93 100%
Statistic Value Min Value 1 Max Value 2 Mean 1.84 Variance 0.14 Standard Deviation 0.37 Total Responses 93
13. What is the total amount of loans you received? # Answer Response %
$1,000 - 1 3 21% $10,000 $10,000 - 2 7 50% $50,000 $50,000 - 3 3 21% $100,000 More than 4 1 7% $100,000 Total 14 100%
Statistic Value Min Value 1 Max Value 4 Mean 2.14 Variance 0.75 Standard Deviation 0.86 Total Responses 14
14. What kind of loan(s)? (choose all that apply) # Answer Response %
Working 1 4 27% capital Trade 2 10 67% financing 3 Other 2 13%
Other Fika Under progress
Statistic Value Min Value 1 Max Value 3 Total Responses 15
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 42 15. If not, have you ever approached a bank about a loan and been turned down? # Answer Response %
1 Yes 22 28%
2 No 56 72%
Total 78 100%
Statistic Value Min Value 1 Max Value 2 Mean 1.72 Variance 0.21 Standard Deviation 0.45 Total Responses 78
16. Why were you turned down? (select all that apply): # Answer Response %
Insufficient 1 3 14% guarantees Lack of 2 16 73% documentation Insufficient 3 1 5% business plan 4 Other 6 27%
Other We have not received loan from banks due to not providing Islamic loan services. We have been asked by providing documentations with long process system The company visited Pashtani bank to receive loan but their banking system was not working. Due to interest policy we didn't apply to receive loan Due to interest policy we didn't apply to receive loan Due to interest policy we didn't apply to receive loan
Statistic Value Min Value 1 Max Value 4 Total Responses 22
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 43
17. In the past two years, which of the following have you consulted for assistance? Very Total # Question Never Rarely Sometimes Often Mean Often Responses 1 MAIL 41 26 17 3 2 89 1.87 2 DAIL 51 19 13 2 0 85 1.60 3 EPAA 24 38 14 6 7 89 2.26 Chamber 4 of 23 31 11 17 8 90 2.51 Commerce Afghan 5 Customs 33 32 13 8 2 88 2.02 Dept 6 Other 5 2 1 0 0 8 1.50
Other Roots of peace Roots of peace
Afghan Chamber of Statistic MAIL DAIL EPAA Customs Other Commerce Dept Min Value 1 1 1 1 1 1 Max Value 5 4 5 5 5 3 Mean 1.87 1.60 2.26 2.51 2.02 1.50 Variance 0.98 0.70 1.35 1.69 1.10 0.57 Standard 0.99 0.83 1.16 1.30 1.05 0.76 Deviation Total 89 85 89 90 88 8 Responses
18. For each agency that you used, how would you rate their service? Total # Question Poor Fair Average Good Excellent Mean Responses 1 MAIL 16 22 13 3 4 58 2.26 2 DAIL 14 19 10 5 3 51 2.29 3 EPAA 12 23 20 11 6 72 2.67 Chamber 4 of 9 25 15 11 10 70 2.83 Commerce Afghan 5 Customs 16 22 15 8 4 65 2.42 Dept 6 Other 6 1 1 1 0 9 1.67
Other Roots of peace Roots of peace
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 44 Afghan Chamber of Statistic MAIL DAIL EPAA Customs Other Commerce Dept Min Value 1 1 1 1 1 1 Max Value 5 5 5 5 5 4 Mean 2.26 2.29 2.67 2.83 2.42 1.67 Variance 1.28 1.33 1.38 1.59 1.37 1.25 Standard 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.26 1.17 1.12 Deviation Total 58 51 72 70 65 9 Responses
19. Have you ever utilized the CHAMP trade offices in Dubai or New Delhi? # Answer Response %
1 Yes 11 12%
2 No 82 88%
Total 93 100% Statistic Value Min Value 1 Max Value 2 Mean 1.88 Variance 0.11 Standard Deviation 0.32 Total Responses 93
20. If so, how did they help you? Text Response The Trade offices helped me to obtain the visa and transportation. Trade office helped us on certification. We received helps from trade offices in Dubai and India. Dubai trade office helped our consignment They helped us to join an exhibition Champ helped us in marketing and packaging We received support from trade offices on our product shipments and facilitating on exhibition. We received support on our shipment by India trade office. Statistic Value Total Responses 8
21. Have you ever been approached by an international buyer who asked for certification documents that you could not provide? # Answer Response %
1 Yes (describe) 36 39%
2 No 57 61%
Total 93 100% Yes (describe) I have been asked by Indian and Dubai buyers to provide the certification of product standard validity We have been asking by international buyers to provide the certification, but we don't have answer for them. We received requests from buyers to provide certifications, but mostly we couldn’t provide. We have been asked by Korean buyers to provide certification but we couldn't provide. We have been asked but we couldn't provide the certification. We have been asked by Gulf countries to provide certification but we couldn't provide We have been asked by German buyers to provide certification but we couldn't provide. Turkey buyers asked for certification but we couldn't provide.
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 45 Indian buyers asked to provide the certification and we could not provide. We received request to provide certification in USA, Holland, Germany and Chile but we couldn't provide it. Iran and Tajikistan Chemical certificated has been asked by US and Europe traders. Pakistan traders asked us to provide the certification documents China, Australia Austria traders has asked us to provide the certification documents but we could not provide. USA and France Australia Dubai Yes we have asked to provide the certification documents from international buyers Turkey, They asked for some certificates, but unfortunately we were unable to provide those certificates Canada, England, Holland, Sri lanka's traders asked us for different certificates but unfortunately we had nothing to provide them we provided the citification documents Tajikistan, Kazakhstani, India. European, traders are asking for different certificates European companies were asking us for IOS certificates . but unfortunately we were unable to provide traders from Dubai and India and Pakistan were asking for certificates. We asked to provide organic fruit certification documents by France, Canada, and USA. I asked by US and Russian buyers. Russian traders asked us for certificates India, Saudi Arabia Iran French traders were asking for certificates we asked to provide certification by different international buyers. transportation help by CHAMP
Statistic Value Min Value 1 Max Value 2 Mean 1.61 Variance 0.24 Standard Deviation 0.49 Total Responses 93
22. Have you or your carriers ever been approached by a border customs agent for a bribe when attempting to transport goods through the border? # Answer Response %
1 Yes 48 52%
2 No 44 48%
Total 92 100%
Statistic Value Min Value 1 Max Value 2 Mean 1.48 Variance 0.25 Standard Deviation 0.50 Total Responses 92
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 46 23. Which of the following are obstacles that you encounter in growing your export business? Very Total # Question Never Rarely Sometimes Always Mean Often Responses Lack of 1 available 16 7 16 33 20 92 3.37 financing Lack of contacts with 2 19 10 20 21 22 92 3.18 international buyers Transportation 3 19 15 18 18 21 91 3.08 issues Pakistan trade 4 38 10 10 10 24 92 2.70 regulations Inadequate 5 36 2 10 18 24 90 2.91 certification Lack of cold 6 storage 20 4 3 8 57 92 3.85 facilities Lack of 7 available 26 9 10 16 31 92 3.18 packaging Lack of available 8 64 16 5 3 3 91 1.52 quality fruit/nuts
Lack of Lack of Lack of Lack of Pakistan Lack of contacts with Transportation Inadequate cold available Statistic available trade available international issues certification storage quality financing regulations packaging buyers facilities fruit/nuts Min Value 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Max Value 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Mean 3.37 3.18 3.08 2.70 2.91 3.85 3.18 1.52 Variance 1.88 2.11 2.14 2.85 2.91 2.79 2.75 0.96 Standard 1.37 1.45 1.46 1.69 1.71 1.67 1.66 0.98 Deviation Total 92 92 91 92 90 92 92 91 Responses
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 47 24. Please take a moment and describe solutions that you would propose to resolve any of the obstacles listed above. Text Response The solution is to eliminate the corruption. Finding alternative approaches to focus on transportation issues. Should be considered on transportation, cold storage facilities and bribe corruption. In order to resolve the obstacles, the followings points should be considered: 1. Linkage establishment between Afghan traders with international buyers. 2. Establishment of storages 3. Eliminating the corruptions. Government supports and its administration management should be improved. Establishment of linkage between Afghan exporters with international buyers to sustain our business relation and find markets for our products. The transport impediment has to be eliminated. Establishment of Islamic banking loans. Certification facilities for traders have to be established especially organic certification. Following obstacles have to be resolved: 1. Transportation 2. Packaging 3. Trade financing 4. Bribe corruption Helping traders on packaging, and working with related agency to remove the bribe corruption. Following obstacles have to be resolved: 1. Transportation 2. Packaging 3. Trade financing 4. Bribe corruption Following obstacles have to be resolved: 1. Transportation 2. Certification 3. Trade financing 4. Bribe corruption 5. Packaging Following obstacles have to be resolved: 1. Transportation 2. Trade financing Following obstacles have to be resolved: 1. Transportation 2. Packaging 3. Trade financing 4. Bribe corruption 5. Cold Storages To find alternative solutions on packaging and obtaining certificate. Following obstacles have to be resolved: 1. Transportation 2. Linkage between our company with International buyers 3. Bribe corruption Following obstacles have to be resolved: 1. Transportation 2. Trade financing 3. Bribe corruption Following obstacles have to resolved: 1. Bribe corruption 2. Transportation 3. Trade financing Following obstacles have to be resolved: 1. Packaging 2. Cleaning machineries should purchased 3. Transportation Following obstacles have to be resolved: 1. Packaging 2. Cold storages 3. Bribe corruption Transportation problems should be resolved. Transportation problems should be resolved. The transportation problems have to be resolved. Another trade office should be established in Mumbai city due to potential market demands. ش کل ی ک ب و ب توان یم ت ا ب سازد مح یا زا ىا خان و سرد خشک و ت ازه م یوه ت جارىای ب و ب ای د دول ت .ن مای یم صادر را خود اموال پ روف ش نل The government should support the traders. We do not have the standard system according to the other countries, and government has to help us to resolve the obstacles. We have many problems in borders during the exports, and corruption is other concern issue to us that has to be resolved. We faced with lack of available financing and packaging is the most obstacle that needs to be resolved. Corruption is the core obstacle more than other problems. The government has many problems; we do not have appropriate packaging system. We have security and corruption challenges. Government has administration problem and corruption is the core obstacles that we have and should be resolved . Lack of Certification, for example Quality certificate, Organic Certificate, Analyze Certificate and Risk assessment We have problem with certification, packaging and marketing to be resolved. We do not have access to be funded by donors, no body guided us. We recommend to conduct workshops for helping us. You can help us by encouraging investors to invest on building cold storage facilities. One of the investors could be us. You can help us in sorting our products. Packaging is going to be solved soon. Corruption should be resolved and we don't have good marketing system. Processing centers needs to be established in order to promote the saffron sector in country.
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 48 We needs to target other different markets for our products to promote our business. In order to renew the license it takes long time to update and that effects our products and our business Governmental office's are creating problems rather than helping people, their performance are not acceptable. There is a huge amount of corruption in custom departments. . Governmental offices are full of corruptions, we are facing problem in custom departments, financially problems are also one of our problems. and we are also facing the storage problems, We don’t have enough storage, Packaging problems are also one the of the high ranked challenge that we face, and we don’t have enough machineries for our use Long term loans system should be established without interest. Following issues should be considered: 1. Packaging 2. Technical assistance 3. Marketing We request our government to help us in our business, We do not have enough storage, security problems are not letting us to invest properly, Financially problems and also lack of Certifications, and also transportation problems are increasing everyday We are facing transportation problems, and the problem is banks are providing less loans with strict rules of documents Pakistan trade regulation is the obstacles we have they are not allowing our shipment to enter in Pakistan. They creates problem for us. We face problem in borders, The cold storages should be established, the packaging system has to improve according to the international markets. The tariff for commodities needs to be down. We have problem during our transports and also Pakistan’s government are creating problems during our transports Governmental offices are corrupted, Financially we need help from government, Women are unable to reach the big projects, me as a women I want to have a big project to work on it, but unfortunately I am unable to have big projects, we need government to help us find some big projects. The cold storages have to be established. The government has to work with related agencies to prevent stopping of the entrance of our fresh fruit in borders, this causes to lose the quality of our product. The packaging system has to be improved. The tariff for commodities needs to be down. We have transportation problems and financially problems are more than everything. Following obstacles should be resolved: 1. Transportation 2. Marketing 3. Cold storages establishments 4. Providing export facilities for traders in government The commission agents from markets must be removed, and the tariff for commodities has to be down. Governmental offices are corrupted, and packaging problems, and more than every other problem is the transportation issue, we need our government to work on it. Governmental offices are corrupted, The tariffs in municipality should be down, the exports should be done through our company names not commission agents. Following obstacles has to be focused to solve: 1. Transportation 2. International certification for our products. 3. Cold storages establishment 4. Process centers establishment 5. Tariff payment Governmental offices are corrupted, Cold storages are very less, and we need help in that too Financially we need help Government has many administration problems. Financially problems are very high, transporting problems are also very high, cold storage are less, packaging problems are very much high, we are facing it a lot of time, Documentation problems, lack of certificates, government provide us fake/ incomplete documents most of the time. Financial issues, we need help in our marketing, and Banks are providing loans with high document requirements Governmental offices must focus on our problems and they must provide some loans and financially help We do not have any problem. Cold Storage problem, we need Pack/ Carton maker machinery Governmental offices are having a lot of bribe problems, Governmental office are not working without bribe Cold storages are the only problem that we face The government has to help us.
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 49 We have problem in our transportation, and Governmental offices are not working properly Governmental office are creating more problems, we have too much problems and the governmental office never helped us We need Islamic loans from the banks, we need financially help, we don’t have good connections with chamber of commerce The following obstacles should be resolved. 1. Certification 2. Corruption in the government 3. Government supports USAID cannot help us, there is no Industrial parks, USAID is not working properly. The government has to focus on saffron production to increase. We have packaging problems, and financially issues are more than every thing Cold storages are having problems, financially problems are increased, and loans are not Islamic We have problems on packaging that should be resolved. Government must help farmers, and that help will bring out a great out come Governmental offices are creating problems, Customs department are not working properly We received several supporting promises by CHAMP office but we have not received any support. Following obstacles should be resolved. 1. Transportation 2. Cold storages Storage problems are in a high level, we are facing it a lot, government must establish some storage Cold storage problem, packaging problem, borders are creating problem.
Statistic Value Total Responses 87
25. Are you: # Answer Response %
1 Male 83 89%
2 Female 10 11%
Total 93 100%
Statistic Value Min Value 1 Max Value 2 Mean 1.11 Variance 0.10 Standard Deviation 0.31 Total Responses 93
26. Age: # Answer Response %
1 Under 20 0 0%
2 20-24 2 2%
3 25-29 9 10%
4 30-39 35 38%
5 40-49 33 35%
6 50-59 11 12%
7 60 or over 3 3%
Total 93 100%
Statistic Value Min Value 2 Max Value 7 Mean 4.55 Variance 1.01 Standard Deviation 1.01 Total Responses 93
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 50 27. Educational background: # Answer Response %
1 No education 4 4%
Some education, but 2 17 18% didn't finish high school High school 3 41 44% diploma Bachelor's 4 25 27% degree Master's 5 5 5% degree 6 Ph.D. 1 1%
Total 93 100%
Statistic Value Min Value 1 Max Value 6 Mean 3.14 Variance 0.93 Standard Deviation 0.96 Total Responses 93
28. Please rate your fluency in the following languages: Very Total # Question None Average Good Fluent Mean little Responses 1 Dari 2 5 2 11 73 93 4.59 2 Pashto 2 9 13 19 50 93 4.14 3 Urdu 20 26 21 15 10 92 2.66 4 English 30 34 17 8 3 92 2.13 5 Other 2 4 3 0 1 10 2.40
Other Russia Arabic Russian Russia Uzbek Russia Arabic Turkey and Germany
Statistic Dari Pashto Urdu English Other Min Value 1 1 1 1 1 Max Value 5 5 5 5 5 Mean 4.59 4.14 2.66 2.13 2.40 Variance 0.87 1.25 1.65 1.15 1.76 Standard 0.94 1.12 1.29 1.07 1.33 Deviation Total 93 93 92 92 11 Responses
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 51 Annex 4 – Afghan Agricultural Exporters
Donor No. Contact Business Name Type of Business Contact Number E-Mail Address Affiliation
SURVEY PARTICIPANTS
Shir Shah Nasir Afghan 1 Abdul Baqi Fresh Fruit 0799109721 CHAMP Ltd Agriculture & [email protected] 2 Abdul Fatah Noor Noor Agro Group Ltd 0799364354 KCCI Livestock [email protected] Fresh and Dried 3 Abdul Qayom Nazir Afghan Ltd 0707301557 CHAMP Fruit Hekmatullah Nusrat 4 Abdul Qudos Fresh Fruit 0778990901 CHAMP Shouib Ltd
5 Abdul Rahim Wares Masoum Ltd Fresh Fruit 0799300229 CHAMP
6 Abdul Razaq Faiz Negin Sang Ltd Fresh Fruit 0788800508 CHAMP
Trading (Import & 7 Abdul Salam Niazi Bratheran Niazi Ltd 0799334488 [email protected] KCCI Export) 0775009005 Agriculture & [email protected] 8 Abdul Shukoor Ashk Ltd 0202105331 KCCI Livestock [email protected] 0202105332
9 Abdullah Shoaib Nawi QariZada ltd Dried Fruit 0700292324 [email protected] EPAA
10 Ahmad Amini Amini Sadri Ltd Fresh Fruit 0777000999 CHAMP
0799308290 Haji Painda Mohammad & [email protected] , 11 Ahmad Musa Dried Fruit 0777005148 EPAA Sons ltd [email protected] 0700071198 Fresh and Dried 12 Aminullah Karim Sodis Ltd 0700324509 CHAMP Fruit Transportation 13 Ashna Gul Momand Shah Faisal Momand Ltd 0799235100 [email protected] KCCI (Land & Sea)
14 Atta Mohammad Aria Ahmo Khorasan Ltd. Fresh Fruit 0799882227 EPAA
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 52 Donor No. Contact Business Name Type of Business Contact Number E-Mail Address Affiliation Transportation, Construction, Oil & 15 Ataullah Najm Qalam Almas Ltd 0700225252 [email protected] KCCI Gas, Services, Mining
16 Atifa Masoori Safaran and Dry Fruit Agribusiness 0798685343 [email protected] FAIDA
Barakat Ullah Afghanistan Red Gold Agriculture & 0799666650 [email protected] , 17 KCCI Rahmati Saffron Company Livestock 0700402340 [email protected]
18 Fazel Ahmad Naseri Bekzad Ltd Fresh Fruit 0700181074 CHAMP
Sardan Farooq Sarbaz 19 Ghulam Bahawoodin Fresh Fruit 0774405591 EPAA Ltd.
20 Ghulam Rasool Hazrat Wali Co. Ltd. Fresh Fruit 0700204849 EPAA
21 Ghulam Sakhi Shuaib Shekib Ltd. Fresh Fruit 0777275101 [email protected] EPAA
22 Gul Rasool Bilal Sayeed Ltd Dried Fruit 0700903443 CHAMP
23 Gulab Shah Faiz Gulab Ltd Dried Fruit 0704027357 CHAMP
24 Habib Rahman Mahir Hamza Ltd Fresh Fruit 0700362935 CHAMP
Hai Seed Jan Da Robat Taza Miwa 25 Fresh Fruit 0703010383 CHAMP Mutalib Shirkat Ltd Fresh and Dried [email protected] , 26 Haidar Refat Haider Refat ltd 0799341830 EPAA Fruit [email protected] Fresh and Dried 27 Haji Abdul Ahad New Yaqoobi Ltd 0793217562 CHAMP Fruit
28 Haji Abdul Bari New Noorani Ltd Fresh Fruit 0700980490 CHAMP
29 Haji Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahim Ltd Fresh Fruit 0700325704 CHAMP
30 Haji Abrahim New Safi Brothers Ltd Fresh Fruit 0786323802 CHAMP
31 Haji Aminullah Takana Sofla Ltd Fresh Fruit 0700488670 CHAMP
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 53 Donor No. Contact Business Name Type of Business Contact Number E-Mail Address Affiliation Haji Amir 32 Mohammad Tahir Sami Iqbalzada Fresh Fruit 0707130196 Talibuddin EPAA
33 Haji Etekal Aahd Sami ltd Dried Fruit 0700212777 [email protected] EPAA
34 Haji Hawani Edres Mujeeb Ltd. Fresh Fruit 0700275558 EPAA
35 Haji M. Zahir AlGhawsia Ltd Fresh Fruit 0700003350 CHAMP
36 Haji Moeen Moeen Nizam Big Ltd. Fresh Fruit 0700274698 EPAA
Haji Mohammad Mohammad Asef Afghan 37 Fresh Fruit 0700340911 CHAMP Asef Ltd Haji Mohammad 38 Mashooq Omer Rahmati Agribusiness 0799400009 Farooq Ltd. Haji Mohammad
39 National Export Union 0780016840 [email protected] ATAR Hasan
40 Haji Munir Khalid shokib Ltd. Fresh Fruit 0799325839 EPAA
Haji Nazar Kandahar Fresh Fruit 41 Fresh Fruit 0799742629 CHAMP Mohammad Association Ltd
42 Haji Sadullah Khan Haji Sadullah Ltd Fresh Fruit 0705214640 CHAMP
Haji Said Karim & 43 Haji Said karim Dried Fruit 0777353993 EPAA Braderan ltd Haji Seed Haji Ghulam Mohammad 44 Fresh Fruit 0700982162 CHAMP Mohammad Achekzai Ltd
45 Haji Subhan Subhan Ghafury Ltd Fresh Fruit 0787988500 CHAMP
46 Hamdullah Ahmad Rahimi Ltd Fresh Fruit 0704080770 [email protected] CHAMP
Agriculture & 0700221460 [email protected] , 47 Hamidullah Afzali Afzali Edris Elyas Ltd KCCI Livestock 0700275836 [email protected]
48 Hayatullah New Hayat Afghan Ltd Fresh Fruit 0778413400 CHAMP
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 54 Donor No. Contact Business Name Type of Business Contact Number E-Mail Address Affiliation Ibrahim Shirzad Khogiani Trading (Import & 49 Ibrahim Sherzad 0777778810 [email protected] KCCI Ltd Export)
50 Janbaz Khan Affiliated Ltd Fresh Fruit 0766804831 CHAMP
51 Kamila Sidiqi Nawyan Naweed Ltd Agribusiness 0795100004 [email protected] CHAMP
52 Khair Andish Braderan Khair Andish ltd Dried Fruit 0799431711 EPAA
Brotheran Khair Khwa 53 Khairuldin Dried Fruit 0799328524 EPAA Co.ltd Trading (Import & 0798008037 [email protected] , 54 Khoja Haroon Haron Joya Sidiqi Ltd KCCI Export) 0797901415 [email protected]
55 M. Rahim Rahim Baktash Ltd. Fresh Fruit 0799800701 EPAA
56 Merwarid Noorzai Arman Sahba Dried Fruit 0799098227 [email protected] FAIDA
57 Mohammad Abrahim Tawhid Nawed Ltd Fresh Fruit 0787707750 CHAMP
Trading (Import & 0708001520 Mohammad Dawood Export), 0799252469 [email protected] , 58 Farah Guster Co. Ltd KCCI Sultani Agriculture & 0777252469 [email protected] Livestock 0781252469 59 Mohammad Habib Shadab Elyas Ltd. Dried Fruit and nuts 0777979466 [email protected] ATAR
Mohammad Hakim Trading (Import & 60 Khorasan Azim Ltd 0700200330 [email protected] KCCI Farid Export) Mohammad Kabir 61 Khoda khair Ltd 0777246666 Hakimi Mohammad Nawab
62 Benazir Saffron Saffron 0786121207 [email protected] ATAR Azimi Maiwand Shadab Haji
63 Mohibullah Fresh Fruit 0798888380 [email protected] EPAA Zada Ltd.
64 Murtaza Refat Mujtaba Sajad Refat ltd Dried Fruit 0789312436 [email protected] EPAA
0779568064
65 Muska Nayemi Mehrab Company Dried Fruit [email protected] ATAR 0788515837
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 55 Donor No. Contact Business Name Type of Business Contact Number E-Mail Address Affiliation Omid Bahar Fruits
66 Mustafa Sadiq Juice Concentrate 0799867506 [email protected] ATAR Processing Ltd
67 Naser Ahmad Naderi Bahar Road Khurasan Ltd Fresh Fruit 0799300234 CHAMP
Astan Agriculture Women
68 Nazifa Hofani Food processing 0799155411 [email protected] FAIDA Association
69 Nijabat Haidari Nijabat Haidari Ltd. Fresh Fruit 0773370000 [email protected] EPAA
Noorullah 70 Rahmat Zada Ltd 0777304172 Rahmatzada Nuzami Akhtar 71 Fresh Fruit Union 0777327597 Mohammad
72 Qurban Ali Brotheran Razai Agribusiness 786303260
Trading (Import & 73 Rahimullah Manzoma Takharistan Ltd 0799358521 [email protected] KCCI Export) 0799301471 [email protected] , 74 Ramakihad Aziz Baset Ramaky ltd Dried Fruit EPAA 0770026002 [email protected] Sadiq Ajmal Yousofzai
75 Allah Mohammad Dried Fruit 0789727323 [email protected] EPAA Co.ltd Pesaran-e Said Ghulam
76 Said Hadi Fresh Fruit 0796240484 [email protected] EPAA Haider Sadat Ltd.
77 Saifullah Baba Wali Sahib Aziz Ltd Fresh Fruit 0700301952 [email protected] CHAMP
Saleem Shahab Shirzad 78 Saleem Shahab Fresh Fruit 0799565357 CHAMP Ltd
79 Samad Ali Samad Maisom Noori Ltd Fresh Fruit 0793516061 [email protected] CHAMP
80 Sara Paigham Paigham Azizi Company Dried Fruit 0700971613 [email protected] ATAR
81 Sayed Mir Qasem Sayed Mir Ltd Fresh Fruit 0787053346 CHAMP
82 Sayed Yaqut Shah Alrahman Alrahim Ltd Fresh Fruit 0700982160 CHAMP
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 56 Donor No. Contact Business Name Type of Business Contact Number E-Mail Address Affiliation High Confidence General 83 Sediqullah Fresh Fruit 0799618683 CHAMP Trading Ltd
84 Shaima Atiq Char Fasil Agribusiness 0780187976 [email protected] FAIDA
85 Shukria Naib Mothers Against Drugs Mushroom 0700079015 [email protected] FAIDA
Women Saffron Growers
86 Sima Ghoryani Agribusiness 0703188020 [email protected] FAIDA Association Saffron and Dried
87 Tahera Bikaran Sliver Butterfly 0799014401 [email protected] FAIDA Fruit
88 Ustad Tela Fresh Fruit 0799504474 EPAA
Trading, 0778350001 Manufacturing, 89 Wali Mohammad Samsor Ban Co Ltd 0773022050 [email protected] KCCI Agriculture & 0799544240 Livestock 90 Abdul Kabir Rasooli Walid Rashid Co. Agribusiness 0799211112
91 Zarjan Azamy Ehsan Osman Ltd Dried Fruit 0776869644 CHAMP
0799142606 92 Ziauddin Yarmal Afghan Bakhtar Nawin Ltd Trading [email protected] KCCI 0790126469
93 Zmaray Rasuli Zmaray Rasouli Ltd Dried Fruit 0777755555 [email protected] CHAMP
NON-PARTICIPANTS
Abdul Habib Sultani 94 Abdul Habib Sultani Dried Fruit 0799321970 EPAA Bradaran Sultani Co.ltd
95 Abdul Hameed Etifaq Mirbachakot Ltd Fresh Fruit 0797032567 CHAMP
96 Abdul Hazim Abdul Azimi Ltd Fresh Fruit 0700310002 CHAMP
97 Abdul Malik Afghan Dost Sharq Ltd Fresh Fruit 0777863300 CHAMP
98 Abdul Manan Abdul Manan Ltd Fresh Fruit 0700301661 CHAMP
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 57 Donor No. Contact Business Name Type of Business Contact Number E-Mail Address Affiliation Hewad Kochi Ahmadzai Trading (Import & 0799850687 99 Ahmad Bashir [email protected] KCCI Ltd Export) 0799102106 Trading (Import & 0798402400 [email protected] 100 Ahmadullah Hashimi Fine Ltd KCCI Export) 0778416440 [email protected]
101 Amin Amin Farshi ltd Dried Fruit 0777888888 [email protected] EPAA
102 Azizullah Rahmati Afghanistan Saffron Co. Saffron 0700402340 [email protected] ATAR
103 Bashir Aghah Safi Fresh Fruit Union 070029453
Islamic Investment and 0729888100 Bashir Mohammad Services , Trading [email protected] 104 Finance Cooperatives 0729888102 KCCI Khan (Import & Export) [email protected] Group (IIFC Group) 0729888101 105 Bilal Ahmad King Khan Ltd Dried Fruit 0702104964 CHAMP
106 Bilal Ahmad Nazir Afghan Ltd Dried Fruit 0700300597 [email protected] CHAMP Transportation 107 Edris Atal Atalistan Ltd (Land & Sea) , 00786555551 [email protected] KCCI Services Trading (Import & 0794323200 108 Ezatullah Sadat Ezat Aziz Sadat Ltd Export) , [email protected] KCCI 0777650044 Manufacturing New Ahmad Zai Brothers 109 Fahim Jan Fresh Fruit 0782582898 CHAMP Ltd
110 Ghuasuddin Afghan Arvin Bakhtar Ltd Fresh Fruit 0784 781540 CHAMP
0772089177 Ghulam Khaliq Trading (Import & 111 Afghan Bareachan Ltd 0785457416 [email protected] KCCI Barech Zada Export) , Mining 0782076475 112 Ghulam Mujadad Ilyas Abas Ltd Fresh Fruit 0700294338 CHAMP
Ghulam Rasol 113 Sazb Union 07004849? Hazrat Haji Payanda 114 Gul Ahmad Dried Fruit 799308290 EPAA MohammadCo.ltd
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 58 Donor No. Contact Business Name Type of Business Contact Number E-Mail Address Affiliation
115 Gul lala New gul lala ltd Dried Fruit 079927584 EPAA
0796318102 116 Haji Abdul Quyoom Sher Ali Yaqobzada Co.ltd EPAA 0786303260 Abdul Razaq Mirbacha 117 Haji Abdul Razaq Fresh Fruit 0799305939 EPAA Qot Ltd
118 Haji Abdul Wahab Abdul Wahab Ltd Fresh Fruit 0707218130 CHAMP
119 Haji Akbar Jan Haji Akbar Jan Ltd Fresh Fruit 0705427170 CHAMP
120 Haji Hairuddin Fresh Fruit 0799328524 EPAA
121 Haji Hasan Etisal Business Ltd Fresh Fruit 0780016840 CHAMP
Sultan Zada Hussain Zada 122 Haji juma Fresh Fruit 0777309633 EPAA Ltd. Haji Mohammad 123 Angaza Co.ltd Dried Fruit 0799328363 EPAA Hassan
124 Haji Rasa Abdara Panjshir Ltd. Fresh Fruit 0700275738 [email protected] EPAA
125 Haji Saifullah Saif Nooran Beradaran Ltd Fresh Fruit 0700300372 CHAMP
Trading (Import & 0777285433 [email protected] 126 Isak Ahmadi Bamica Abrishom Ltd KCCI Export) 0202502199 [email protected] Fresh and Dried
127 Karimullah Amin Karim Ltd 0704441529 [email protected] CHAMP Fruit Services, Transportation Top Level Logistic 0784685868 128 Khesraw Ziarmal (Land & Sea), [email protected] KCCI Services Co 0202211836 Trading (Import & Export) Ologh Beg Transit And Trading (Import & 129 Khurshid 0789198008 [email protected] KCCI Forwarding Co Ltd Export) Transportation Red Moon Logistics [email protected] 130 Kiomars Asyan (Land & Sea), 0786501020 KCCI Services Co Ltd [email protected] Services
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 59 Donor No. Contact Business Name Type of Business Contact Number E-Mail Address Affiliation Trading (Import & 131 Lodewijk Cuijpers Blue Green World Ltd 0797762474 KCCI Export)
132 M. Nazeer Zalmi Hamedi Ltd. Fresh Fruit 0700281010 [email protected] EPAA Agriculture & Livestock, Mir Zabihullah 133 Qader Zabih Ltd Transportation 0794636363 [email protected] KCCI Hashimi (Land & Sea), Mining Trading (Import & 134 Mohammad Akbar Nawi Mozammil Zazai Ltd 0775508966 [email protected] KCCI Export)
135 Mohammad Arif Noor Muqam Ltd Fresh Fruit 0799555550 CHAMP
Trading (Import & 0799567756 136 Mohammad Arif Omid Sahar Ltd [email protected] KCCI Export) 0799247312 0700280845 Shahim Tawhid Karim Trading (Import & 137 Mohammad Shahim 0786626222 KCCI Zada Ltd Export) 0700500076
138 Mr. Ahmad Shah Nagin Sang Ltd. Agribusiness 0785729988 [email protected] CHAMP
139 Nasir Ahmad Omid Walizada Ltd. Fresh Fruit 0700199489 [email protected] EPAA
140 Rahmat Zada Rahmat Zada ltd Dried Fruit 0789320089 [email protected] EPAA Transportation, Oil RMA Group (Afghanistan) [email protected] 141 Robert Wilson & Gas, 0799855845 KCCI Ltd [email protected] Construction
142 Saifullah Abdul Rahim Sadat Ltd Fresh Fruit 0777863400 [email protected] CHAMP Trading (Import & 0793230000 143 Sayed Farid National Logistic Services Export), Oil & Gas, [email protected] KCCI 0202204089 Transportation 144 Sayed Obaidullah Afghan Focus Ltd Fresh Fruit 0700697878 CHAMP
145 Sharif Gul Aziz Hidayat Co.ltd Dried Fruit 0707893031 EPAA
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 60 Donor No. Contact Business Name Type of Business Contact Number E-Mail Address Affiliation
146 Talibuddin Jawaz Nafar Dost Ltd. Fresh Fruit 0707130196 EPAA
147 Walizadah Morvarid Food Industries Dried Fruit 0790331111 [email protected] ATAR Transportation, [email protected] 148 Yousuf Mansoor Age Logistic Services Co Agriculture & 0799303489 KCCI [email protected] Livestock Firm Asia Logistic and Transportation, Oil 149 Yousuf Raza Shah 0799275037 [email protected] KCCI Trading Ltd & Gas Naeem Zabit International 150 Zabit Transportation 0772260111 KCCI Transit and Forwarding Ltd Tak Dana vegetable and Vegetables and
151 Zabiullah Ehsan dried fruit and fresh fruit dried fruit & fresh 0799328555 [email protected] ATAR processiGn company fruit
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 61 Endnotes
Export tonnage by gender (pg. 17) – An independent-samples t test was conducted to evaluate if export tonnage varied significantly by gender. The test was significant, t(15.217) = 4.737, p = .000, indicating that export tonnage for males (M = 2.60) is significantly higher than tonnage for females (M = 1.40).
Education by gender (pg.17) – An independent-samples t test was conducted to evaluate if level of education varied significantly by gender. The test was significant, t(36.154) = -5.818, p = .000, indicating that education for females (M = 3.90) is significantly higher than that for males (M = 3.05).
Participation in trade exhibitions, by gender (pg. 17) – A chi-square test was used to determine whether males or females had more frequently attended national or international trade exhibitions. While all of the women had attended trade exhibitions, as compared to 83% of the men, the difference was statistically non-significant, 휒2(1) = 1.99, p = .159.
Have you ever participated in a national or
international trade exhibition? Total
Yes (describe) No
Male 69 14 83 Are you: Female 10 0 10
Total 79 14 93
Received assistance from outside source, by gender (pg.18) – A chi-square test was used to determine whether males or females received significantly more assistance from outside sources. While there was a tendency for women to receive more assistance than men, the difference was statistically non-significant, 휒2(1) = .61, p = .437.
Received funding from outside source, by gender (pg. 18) – A chi-square test was used to determine whether males or females received significantly more funding from outside sources. The test was significant, with women found to receive less financial assistance than men, 휒2(1) = .202, p = .053.
Received loan from a bank or other private institution, by gender (pg. 18) – A chi-square test was used to determine whether males or females received more bank loans. While there was a tendency for women to receive more loans, the test was statistically non-significant, 휒2(1) = 1.594, p = .207.
Been turned down for a loan from a bank or other private institution, by gender (pg. 18) – A chi- square test was used to determine whether there was a tendency for males or females to be turned down for bank loans. While women were turned down more often, the test was statistically non-significant, 휒2(1) = 3.180, p = .075.
Obstacles to trade, by gender (p.19) – An independent-samples t test was conducted to evaluate if the mean scores of the eight categories varied significantly by gender. The test was non-significant for all eight variables: t(90) = -.805, p = .423; t(90) = -.264, p = .792; t(89) = .175, p = .861;
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 62 t(12.273) = 1.348, p = .202; t(88) = -.960, p = .340; t(10.293) = 1.380, p = .197; t(13.460) = - .295, p = .773; t(89) = .056, p = .955
Ever utilized the CHAMP trade offices, by gender (pg. 20) – A chi-square test was used to determine whether there was a tendency for males or females to utilize the trade offices. While men tended to use the trade offices more, the test was statistically non-significant, 휒2(1) = 1.503, p = .220.
Ever been asked for certification documents that you could not provide, by gender (pg. 20) – A chi- square test was used to determine whether more men than women had been asked for certification documents that they couldn’t provide. While women tended to encounter this more than men, the test was statistically non-significant, 휒2(1) = 2.141, p = .143.
Ever been asked for a bribe by a customs agent, by gender (pg. 20) – A chi-square test was used to determine whether more men than women had been asked for a bribe when attempting to transport goods through the border. While men tended to encounter this more often than women, the test was statistically non-significant, 휒2(1) = 2.211, p = .137.
Business size (export tonnage), by education level (p. 20) – A non-significant negative correlation was found between an exporter’s level of education and annual export tonnage (r = -.09, p = .411).
Relationship between education and attendance at trade fairs (p. 20) – Independent-samples t tests found no significant difference between the mean education of those who attended trade fairs and those who did not, t(22.689) = .357, p = .724, those who received outside technical and those who did not, t(91) = -.062, p = .950, those who received funding from an outside organization, t(90) = -.948, p = .346, or those who received funding from a bank or other private institution, t(91) = 1.146, p = .255.
Relationship between export tonnage and receiving outside technical assistance, outside funding and bank funding (p. 20) – Independent-samples t tests found no statistically significant relationship between the size of an exporter’s business and these three variables.
Outside technical assistance: t(90) = -.556, p = .580. Exporters who received outside technical assistance had a slightly lower business size (M = 2.40) than those who did not (M = 2.53).
Outside funding: t(89) = .653, p = .515. Exporters who received outside loans had a slightly larger business size (M = 2.57) than those who did not (M = 2.41).
Bank loans: t(90) = -.250, p = .803. Exporters who received bank loans had a slightly smaller business size (M = 2.40) than those who did not (M = 2.48).
Relationship between attendance at trade fairs and lack of contacts as an obstacle to trade fairs (p. 22). An Independent-samples t test found no statistically significant relationship between the two, t(90) = .281, p = .779, although there was a tendency for those who had attended trade fairs to rank the obstacle lower than those who had not.
Relationship between use of CHAMP trade offices and lack of contacts as an obstacle to trade fairs (p. 22). An Independent-samples t test found no statistically significant relationship between the two, t(90) = -.891, p = .375, although there was a tendency for those who had utilized the trade offices to rank the obstacle lower than those who had not.
CHAMP Survey of Afghan Agricultural Exporters – 63