COVID-19 in the GLOBAL SOUTH Impacts and Responses
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COVID-19 IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH Impacts and Responses EDITED BY PÁDRAIG CARMODY GERARD MCCANN CLODAGH COLLERAN AND CIARA O’HALLORAN Published in association with the Development Studies Association of Ireland RAPID RESPONSE COVID- 19 in the Global South Impacts and Responses Edited by Pádraig Carmody, Gerard McCann, Clodagh Colleran and Ciara O’Halloran Foreword by Ciarán Cannon, Minister of State for the Diaspora and International Development, Ireland, June 2017– 2020 First published in Great Britain in 2021 by Bristol University Press University of Bristol 1- 9 Old Park Hill Bristol BS2 8BB UK t: +44 (0)117 954 5940 e: bup- [email protected] Details of international sales and distribution partners are available at bristoluniversitypress.co.uk Editorial selection and matter © Pádraig Carmody, Gerard McCann, Clodagh Colleran, Ciara O’Halloran, 2020. Individual chapters © their respective authors, 2020. 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Contents List of Figures and Tables vii List of Abbreviations ix Notes on Contributors xiii Foreword xix By Ciarán Cannon, Minister of State for the Diaspora and International Development, Ireland, June 2017– 2020 Introduction 1 Pádraig Carmody and Gerard McCann Part I Perspectives on the Pandemic 1. COVID- 19 Pandemic Ignorance and the ‘Worlds’ of Development 7 Su- ming Khoo 2. Climate Change and Coronavirus: A Confluence of Crises as Learning Moment 17 David Selby and Fumiyo Kagawa 3. International Human Rights and Global Welfare in the Midst of the COVID- 19 Pandemic 29 Gerard McCann and Féilim Ó hAdhmaill 4. Development Education, COVID- 19 and Neoliberalism 39 Stephen McCloskey Part II Social and Economic Impacts 5. Prisons in a Pandemic: The Malawi Experience 51 Kate Gauld iii iv Contents 6. The Challenge of COVID- 19 in Informal Urban Settlements and the Need for Co- produced Local Responses 63 Annie Wilkinson 7. Policy Milieu for Combatting COVID- 19 and Sustainability of African Economies 75 Olawale Emmanuel Olayide 8. Africa and the Economic Pathologies of the COVID- 19 Pandemic 85 Howard Stein 9. Ride- hailing Drivers Left Alone at the Wheel: Reflections from South Africa and Kenya 95 Elly Otieno, Malte Stein and Mohammad Amir Anwar 10. COVID- 19 in Latin America: Uneven Responses, Uneven Impacts, Shared Challenges 105 Barry Cannon Part III Responses 11. The ‘Shadow Pandemic’: Addressing Gender- based Violence (GBV) During COVID- 19 117 Brianna Guidorzi 12. Psychosocial Implications and Programming Responses Against COVID- 19 in Africa 127 Patrick Onyango Mangen and Angela Veale 13. The Economics of COVID- 19 in Italy and Lessons for Africa 139 Giovanni Farese 14. COVID- 19 Lockdowns in Africa: Their Effects and Challenges 149 Nazarius Mbona Tumwesigye, Claire Biribawa, Jackline Mosinya Nyaberi, Cissie Namanda, Glorious Atukunda and Lillian Ayebale 15. COVID- 19 and Global Inequality 161 Gerard McCann and Chrispin Matenga 16. The Health Impact Fund: Learning from COVID- 19 173 Felicitas Holzer and Thomas Pogge Contents v 17. After the Immediate Coronavirus Crisis: Three Scenarios for Global Development 183 David Hulme and Rory Horner Conclusion 193 Pádraig Carmody and Gerard McCann List of Figures and Tables Figures 7.1 Schematic representation of policy measures for containing coronavirus 76 7.2 A university in Nigeria announces on- campus and online admission due to COVID- 19 pandemic 79 14.1 Cumulative COVID- 19 cases in selected countries 151 14.2 Chronology of interventions 152 Tables 10.1 Lockdown use and COVID- 19 infection rates in Latin America: selected countries 108 vii List of Abbreviations 4IR – Fourth Industrial Revolution AIDS – Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome BAME – Black and Minority Ethnic BBC – British Broadcasting Corporation CARES – Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act CDC – (African) Centre for Disease Control CDSH – Commission on Social Determinants of Health CoE – Council of Europe COP – Conference of the Parties COVID- 19 – coronavirus disease 2019 DE – Development education DEF – Documento di Economia e Finanza DESA – Department of Economic and Social Affairs (of the United Nations) DPP – Director of Public Prosecutions DPT3 – Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus DSAI – Development Studies Association of Ireland ECLAC – The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean EU – European Union FDI – Foreign Direct Investment FGM – female genital mutilation GBV – gender- based violence GDP – Gross Domestic Product GFC – Great Financial Crash GOK – Government of Kenya H1N1 – swine flu HICs – high- income countries HIV – human immunodeficiency virus HRP – Humanitarian Response Plan HRW – Human Rights Watch ix x List of Abbreviations HSRC – Human Sciences Research Council IASC – Inter- Agency Standing Committee ICJ – International Court of Justice ICP – infection, control and prevention IDEA – Irish Development Education Association IFIs – international financial institutions IFPMA – International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations IGC – International Growth Center IHR – International Health Regulations ILO – International Labour Organization IMC – International Medical Corps IMF – International Monetary Fund IOM – International Organization for Migration IRC – International Rescue Committee IRLI – Irish Rule of Law International JEE – Joint External Evaluation KES – Kenyan shillings LDCs – Least Developed Countries LGBT – lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender LGBTIQ – lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer LMICs – low- and middle- income countries MERS – Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome MOH – Ministry of Health MSF – Médecins Sans Frontiѐres NDCs – Nationally Determined Contributions NGO – Non- Governmental Organization NHS – National Health Service ODA – overseas development assistance OECD – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OHCHR – UN Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights ONS – Office for National Statistics PEP – post- exposure prophylaxis PHE – Public Health England PHEIC – Public Health Emergency of International Concern PPE – personal protective equipment QALYs – quality- adjusted life years R&D – research and development List of Abbreviations xi REPSSI – the Regional Psychosocial Support Initiative RTÉ – Raidió Teilifís Éireann SALC – South African Litigation Centre SARS – severe, acute, respiratory syndrome SASSA – South African Social Security Agency SDGs – Sustainable Development Goals SDI – formerly Slum/ Shack Dwellers International SEA – sexual exploitation and abuse SMEs – small and medium enterprises TB – tuberculosis TPO – Transcultural Psychosocial Organization UK – United Kingdom UN – United Nations UNAIDS – The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS UNCTAD – United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDRR – United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction UNECA – United Nations Economic Commission for Africa UNEP – United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO – United Nations Economic and Social Council UNFPA – United Nations Population Fund UNICEF – United Nations Children’s Fund UNODC – United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNU- WIDER – United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research US – United States WB – The World Bank WFP – World Food Programme WGSS – women and girls safe spaces WHO – World Health Organization WTO – World Trade Organization XDR TB – extensively drug- resistant tuberculosis Notes on Contributors Mohammad Amir Anwar lectures in African Studies and International Development at the University of Edinburgh. He is also a Research Associate at the Oxford Internet Institute and the University of Johannesburg. He studies dig- ital labour and the development implications of the gig econ- omy for workers in Africa. Glorious Atukunda studied at Makerere University, Uganda, and graduated with a Bachelor