Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022

With the financial support of

Kenya Forest Service

Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022

Kenya Forest Service

Content in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Kenya Forest Service. 2018. Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR.

CIFOR Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede Bogor Barat 16115 Indonesia

T +62 (251) 8622-622 F +62 (251) 8622-100 E [email protected] cifor.org

We would like to thank all donors who supported this work through their contributions to the CGIAR Trust Fund: https://www.cgiar.org/funders/

Any views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of CIFOR, the editors, the authors’ institutions, the financial sponsors or the reviewers. Contents

1 Introduction 1 1.1 Justification of the management plan 1 1.2 Approach to plan development 1 1.3 Title and duration of the plan 3 1.4 Amendments and revision of the management plan 3 1.5 Implementation of the previous plan 4 2 Description of the forest 13 2.1 Geographic location 13 2.2 Legal and administrative status 13 2.3 Biophysical descriptions 14 2.4 Biodiversity description 16 2.5 Other resources 18 2.6 History of the ecosystem 21 2.7 History of the Londiani Community Forest Association (LOCOFA) 22 3 Socioeconomic situation 27 3.1 Community demographic profile 27 3.2 Stakeholder analysis 31 4 Planning considerations 33 4.1 Policy and legal frameworks 33 4.2 Links to multilateral environmental agreements (MEAS) 35 4.4 Links to the country’s planning process 37 4.5 Rationale for management planning 37 5 Management programs 40 5.1 Natural Forest Conservation and Management Program 40 5.2 Plantation Development Program 40 5.3 Water Resources Management Program 42 5.4 Wildlife and Ecotourism Management Program 44 5.5 Community Development Program 46 5.6 Infrastructure and Equipment Management Program 50 5.7 Human Resource Development Program 50 5.8 Protection and Security Management Program 50 5.9 Education and Research Development Program 50 6 Plan implementation, financing and structure 52 6.1 Financial management 52 6.2 Environmental impact assessment 52 6.3 Monitoring and evaluation 53 6.4 Institutional arrangements for plan implementation 53 References 54 Appendices 55 1 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 55 2 List of common tree species in Londiani Forest 60 3 List of common animals in Londiani Forest 61 4 List of sites of importance in Londiani Forest and proposed utilization 62 5 List of participants for the launch and training at EC’s Hall in Londiani on 7 November 2017 63 6 List of Local Plan Review Committee members 64

iii List of tables and figures

Plates 1 Photo of some participants during the stakeholders’ meeting/launch. 2 2 Photo of Local Plan Review Committee. 3

Tables 1 Status of activities proposed for implementation in the previous plan. 4 2 Forest blocks and beats. 14 3 Water easements within Londiani Forest. 17 4 Indigenous tree species with medicinal value. 17 5 Vegetation distribution in Londiani Forest. 17 6 Species distribution in plantation forest. 18 7 Road network and status. 19 8 List of vehicles, equipment and tools. 20 9 List of buildings at the Londiani station. 21 10 Human resources – staffing strength and requirements at the station level. 21 11 Membership distribution by gender. 23 12 The divisions and locations of user groups. 24 13 Formation of LOCOFA user groups. 25 14 Change in user group membership. 25 15 Analysis of roles and responsibilities of stakeholders in Londiani Forest. 31 16 Policy and legal frameworks relevant to the implementation of Londiani PFMP. 33 17 Multilateral agreements relevant to implementation of Londiani PFMP. 35 18 Regional environmental agreements relevant to the implementation of Londiani PFMP. 36 19 Criteria for forest zonation. 38 20 Management actions for the Natural Forest Conservation and Management Program. 41 21 Management actions for the Plantation Development Program 42 22 Management actions for the Water Resources Management Program. 43 23 Management actions for the Wildlife and Ecotourism Management Program. 44 24 Management actions for the Community Development Program. 45 25 Management actions for the infrastructure and equipment management program. 46 26 Management actions for Human Resource Development Program. 47 27 Management actions for the Protection and Security Management Program. 47 28 Management actions for the Education and Research Development Program. 48

Figures 1 Location map for Londiani Forest. 13 2 Minimum monthly mean temperature. 14 3 Total rainfall. 15 4 Hydrology map of Londiani Forest Station. 16 5 Forest resources important to the forest-adjacent community. 19 6 Transport and communication map. 20 7 LOCOFA organogram. 23 8 Level of importance of various forest benefits as rated by user groups. 28 9 Involvement in forest management activities. 29 10 Most important sources of income. 29 11 Off-farm sources of income. 30 12 Bar chart on household average annual income (in KSh). 30 13 Zonation map of Londiani Forest Reserve 39 14 Plan implementation structure 51

iv Approval page

This Participatory Forest Management Plan is hereby approved. During the implementation, annual work plans will be developed and budgetary requirements will be drawn up. Implementation of the plan will be guided by the signed Forest Management Agreement between Kenya Forest Service (KFS) and Londiani Community Forest Association (LOCOFA). The plan will be amended as need arises through mutual agreement of both parties.

Monica N. Kalenda

………………………………………

Ag. Chief Conservator of Forests,

KENYA FOREST SERVICE

Date ______

v Foreword

The Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) is a not for profit, global facility dedicated to advancing human well-being, environmental conservation and equity. Our research and expert analysis help shape effective policy, improve the management of tropical forests and address the needs and perspectives of people who depend on forests for their livelihoods.

It has been a great honor to work with the leadership and members of the Londiani Community Forest Association (LOCOFA) and other partners such as the Kenya Forest Service (KFS) and the Kipchorian Water Resource Users Association to develop this Participatory Forest Management Plan. We feel privileged being part of the design and development of this Participatory Forest Management Plan (PFMP). The programs in this management plan capture community priorities and range from efforts at rehabilitating degraded forest sites to strengthening local community institutions of governance. Communities generated these priorities through a consultative process that involved review of the performance of the previous (2012–2017) management plan and identification of new and emerging needs

All over the world, the role of forest-adjacent communities in protecting and conserving forests is increasingly being recognized. Paradigms have shifted substantially over these past few decades, with the devolution of management authority, rights and attendant responsibilities to communities. This management plan is a reflection of these shifts and importantly of Kenya’s legal and institutional framework for forest resource governance.

With the support of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), our involvement focused on ensuring that the management plan addresses three fundamental issues: i. the integration of activities that promote linked forest and water management and governance; ii. the participation of communities through adequate consultation processes in the design and development of the PFMP; and iii. the explicit integration of gender into the management programs whereby the role of women is taken into full account by the proposed management program teams.

In the end, this PFMP will only be as good as its implementation. On behalf of CIFOR, I would like to wish the LOCOFA and its partners well in its implementation. We will do our utmost to accompany the LOCOFA on this journey, providing guidance and support as needed.

Robert Nasi

Director General CIFOR

vi Acknowledgment

The Londiani Local Planning and Review Committee (LPRC) would like to express special gratitude to the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany, through the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), for providing financial support that enabled the review process, and Kenya Forest Service (KFS) for providing technical advice in the review of this plan. We would particularly like to recognize the following individuals– Mr. Stephen Kahunyo, Ecosystem Conservator Kericho County; Mr. Boniface Mulwa, Assistant Ecosystem Conservator Kericho County; Mr. Humphrey Munari, Forest Manager; Londiani Forest Station; and Mr. Douglas Bwire of CIFOR – for their commitment to ensuring the success of all the processes involved in the review of the Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan. We also wish to thank Ms Elizabeth Wambugu of KFS Headquarters Management Plans Department for her technical advice. We are grateful to Dr. Esther Mwangi of CIFOR for initiating this work and for providing guidance and feedback along the way.

Our sincere thanks also go LPRC members who voluntarily offered their time and resources to review the plan. We also appreciate the contribution of the stakeholders, particularly officers from the line ministries, members of the Community Forest Association (CFA), and residents of Londiani for their support in providing information that was required for the review of this Participatory Forest Management Plan (PFMP).

Finally, we would also like to extend our appreciation to consultants from Integrated Forestry Consultancy and Management Services Ltd for offering their technical expertise in organizing and conducting consultation planning meetings and workshops for stakeholders and for compiling the plan into a professional document.

…………………………………

Alfred K. Soi

Chairman – Londiani CFA

vii Acronyms and abbreviations

CFA Community Forest Association CGK County Government of Kericho CBOs Community Based Organizations CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research EC Ecosystem Conservator EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act GHG Greenhouse Gas GIS Geographical Information System GPS Global Positioning System Hqs Headquarters IBAs Important Bird Areas ISLA Initiative for Sustainable Landscapes KEFRI Kenya Forestry Research Institute KFS Kenya Forest Service KTB Kenya Tourism Board KWS Kenya Wildlife Service LOCOFA Londiani Community Forest Association LPFMP Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan LPRC Local Plan Review Committee MoALF Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries MOU Memorandum of Understanding NEMA National Environmental Management Authority NGOs Nongovernmental Organizations NMK National Museums of Kenya NRC Nonresident Cultivation NWFP Non-Wood Forest Product PELIS Plantation Establishment and Livelihood Improvement Scheme PFM Participatory Forest Management PFMP Participatory Forest Management Plan REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WRA Water Resource Authority WRUA Water Resource Users Association

viii Executive summary

Londiani Forest is among many forests in Kericho Its vision is “To Be the Best Conserved and Managed County and has an area of 9015.50 ha. It was Forest in Mau Conservancy” while the goal is “A gazetted via legal notice No. 44 of 1932 with the Well Conserved, Managed and Sustainably Utilized objective of conserving it. The forest station is in Forest”. The overall objective of this management Londiani subcounty in Kericho County and borders plan is “to enhance forest activities for provision of Chepseon and Kuresoi Divisions. It is divided environmental goods and services for the present into three blocks, namely Kedowa, Chebewa and future generations. To achieve the set Goals and Londiani, which are further subdivided into and objectives, this plan proposes to undertake nine compartments and subcompartments for ease (9) Management programmes namely; i) Natural of management. Londiani Forest is managed by forest conservation Management (ii) Plantation Forest Manager Londiani with the support of other development (iii) Water Resource Management, (iv) KFS staff. The ecosystem conservator of Kericho Wildlife and Ecotourism v) Community development, County also has an office within Londiani Forest. (vi) Research and Education, (vii) Protection and The forest lies at approximately 2326 m asl. It was security, (viii) Infrastructure development and (ix) among the first of forests for which a Participatory Human resource development.” Forest Management Plan (PFMP) was developed after the Forests Act of 2005 was enacted and To successfully implement the plan for the next 5 operationalized in 2007. The previous PFMP was years, it is estimated it will cost about one hundred launched in 2012 by the director of KFS covering and thirty-four million Kenya shillings (KSh 134 a period of 5 years that ended in December 2016. million). The budget for each program and activity The PFM guidelines require that 6 months prior to to be carried out has also been worked out separately. the expiry of the plan, the process of reviewing the It is expected that by the end of the 5-year plan plan should commence so as to ensure that the plan period, if the plan is strictly followed, the resources is finalized before the expiry period. However, due in Londiani Forest and its adjacent areas will be to a lack of funds, the review process did not start well conserved and sustainably utilized for the until October 2017. improvement of the livelihoods of the forest-adjacent communities and other stakeholders, and particularly This PFMP is a product of desktop review, resource for the 2505 (1023 men, 920 women, 462 youth, 25 inventory, biodiversity survey, socioeconomic disabled people) members of CFA, some of whom are survey, field surveys and open dialogue, and also members of Water Resource User Associations interaction with community members living (WRUAs). adjacent to the forest and other stakeholders. The process of plan development also included a review This PFMP takes into special consideration the role of the previous plan. The plan was developed by that forests play in the generation and provision a Local Plan Review Committee comprising 16 of ecosystem goods and services. In particular, it members, with 10 from LOCOFA, 1 from WRUA, integrates WRUAs in the planning process and some 1 from KWS, 1 from the Ministry of Interior joint activities between WRUAs and CFA. In addition, Coordination, 1 from KEFRI and 2 from the the plan takes specific steps to integrate gender issues Londiani KFS office (11 men and 5 women) with in the plan development process and included the the guidance of consultants. support of a gender specialist in the planning team.

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Justification of the PFMP aims to minimize conflicts with forest- management plan adjacent communities and other stakeholders, thereby creating an opportunity for them to This plan is developed as a fulfillment of the contribute towards sustainable forest management requirement by the Forest Conservation and and supporting sustainable forest-based livelihoods Management Act 2016, Sections 47 (1) and 48 (4). in rural communities. The implementation of the Section 47 (1) stipulates that “Every public forest, sustainable forest-based livelihood improvement nature reserve and provisional forest shall be activities identified in the Londiani Forest managed in accordance with a management plan Participatory Management Plan by various that complies with the requirements prescribed stakeholders will improve the well-being of the by regulations made by the cabinet secretary. communities living adjacent to the forest. Section 48 (4) stipulates “Where the Service grants permission in accordance with this section, it may impose such conditions as it may deem fit 1.2 Approach to plan including the development of a forest management development plan in accordance with this Act.” The process of reviewing the management Community participation in forest management plan was initiated through public barazas and using the Participatory Forest Management Plan sensitization meetings. The first meeting also (PFMP) has entered its second cycle in Kenya. All served as a launch and was held on 7 November PFMPs developed in the country cover a period 2017. It was attended by 44 people (31 men and of 5 years and it is expected that 6 months prior to 13 women). The meeting was conducted to gather its elapse, the process of review of the plans should information on areas such as the development of commence. However, this was not possible due to a the previous PFMP, community involvement and lack of funds. participation, implementation of the previous PFMP, the successes and weaknesses of the PFMP, In recognition of the fact that a forest reserve stakeholders’ involvement and current threats can be managed better through the involvement facing the forest. Representatives to the Local Plan of local communities and other stakeholders, it Review Committee (LPRC) were selected at the is imperative to involve them from the review end of the sensitization meeting and comprised stage to implementation as well as in monitoring members from various forest user groups whose and evaluation. This will also create a sense of responsibility was to ensure that the final PFMP ownership and responsibility by all towards captured the interest of all the stakeholders and in sustainable forest conservation and management. particular the community living adjacent to the forest. The meeting also aimed at creating awareness Adoption of participatory management plans within the community and among Community have been found to be one approach toward Forest Association (CFA) members about the need achieving improved, effective and more efficient to review the previous management plan and to management of the forest estates. The reviewed enlist their participation in the review process. The

Introduction 1 • debarking of the trees by wild animals such as CFA members were given an opportunity to air their monkeys views concerning the success of the previous plan • pests and diseases attacking the forest trees and its failures. They also recommended possible • forest fires ways in which the revised plan could be improved to • human/wildlife conflicts. benefit them and the forest.

The community highlighted the following as the During the sensitization meeting, the community key activities and user rights they had actively was asked to appoint two members from each of participated in during the management plan the four community-based organizations (CBOs) implementation period: Plantation Establishment to represent them on the Local Plan Review and Livelihood Improvement Scheme (PELIS), Committee (LPRC). The selection was done on grazing in the forest, collection of firewood, grass the basis of user rights representation as well as cutting for livestock fodder, silvicultural contracts promoting gender and youth representation. (pruning), sheep rearing, fish farming, tree planting for forest rehabilitation, collection of herbs for A socioeconomic assessment for the area adjacent herbal medicine, beekeeping, establishment of tree to Londiani Forest was carried out in November nurseries and soil collection in the forest for use in 2017 by the Local Plan Review Committee tree nurseries. (LPRC) through 33 focus group discussions and by direct observations made during the PFMP The community also participated in forest protection review process. through community forest policing and community forest scouts. Through this initiative, the community Stakeholders’ sensitization meeting members would report any instances of illegal activities in the forest such as illegal logging and The stakeholders who had been actively involved charcoal making. in the development and implementation of the previous management plan were invited to Some of the threats that were facing the forest were attend a 1-day workshop, together with the CFA listed by the community as follows: representatives and other stakeholders. During

Plate 1. Photo of some participants during the stakeholders’ meeting/launch.

2 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Plate 2. Photo of Local Plan Review Committee.

the sensitization meeting, the participants were WRUA and ISLA. Some members of the Local Plan taken through the plan review process. They were Review Committee are shown in Plate 2, while a also given a chance to give their views on the comprehensive list of members of the LPRC is in various success rates of the previous plan, the areas Appendix 5. of weakness they had observed and the ways in which the plan could be improved. Plate 1 shows participants in the 1-day stakeholders meeting. 1.3 Title and duration of the plan

The members who attended the launch on 7 The PFM shall be referred to as “Londiani November 2017 included 30 CFA members, staff Participatory Forest Management Plan.” from KFS, the Deputy County Commissioner of Kipkelion Subcounty, the Kenya Wildlife Service It will cover a period of 5 years (2018–2022) (KWS) warden based at Kericho, a representative and will commence on the date of approval and from Water Resources Agency ’s Kericho office, staff be guided by the signed Forest Management from the Department of Agriculture and Livestock, Agreement (FMA). a representative from CIFOR and Initiative for Sustainable Landscapes (ISLA ), a staff member from the Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI) 1.4 Amendments and revision of from the Kericho region, members of WRUA and the management plan chiefs from the areas bordering the forest. Amendments to this plan will be made in During the sensitization meeting, a Local Plan consultation with all stakeholders in such a manner Review Committee was elected comprised of as to be in conformity with the set plan objectives 10 CFA members, the forest manager and his and arising needs; it will be reviewed after 5 years. assistant, staff from KWS, WRA, KEFRI, and the However, it is a must for both amendments and any Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, revisions to be approved by the Chief Conservator chiefs and their assistants, and representatives from of Forests before they take effect.

Introduction 3 1.5 Implementation of the 5. to provide security and protection that will previous plan ensure the sustainable conservation and utilization of forest products and services Overview of the previous PFMP 6. to ensure the forest-adjacent communities are fully involved in the management and Londiani Community Forest Association conservation of the forest and realize an (LOCOFA) and other collaborating partners improvement in their standard of living developed a PFMP in 2012 that was launched in 7. to provide and maintain the infrastructure 2012 by the Director of KFS. The management and equipment to achieve sustainable plan covered the period 2012 to 2016. The overall conservation and management of the forest management goal for the plan was: “To maintain 8. to recruit adequate numbers of staff and a functional forest ecosystem that is sustainably improve their skills/competency and managed for the benefit of the present and future their motivation generations”. 9. to generate information for planning and decision making that will enhance The plan was implemented through 10 management the implementation of the forest programs and had the following management management plan objectives: 10. to establish and strengthen the capacity 1. to manage the natural forest resources of the stakeholders and enhance the sustainably for continued benefit of the local effectiveness of monitoring and evaluation communities and other stakeholders, maintain mechanisms that are put in place. local biodiversity and rehabilitate degraded areas Status of activities that were 2. to enhance and maintain productivity of planned for implementation during industrial plantations for timber, fuelwood and the previous plan poles on a sustainable basis, so as to meet the social and economic needs of the country and The following is a summary of the the local community implementation status of activities proposed in 3. to educate the local communities on the value the previous Management Plan (2011–2016). of wildlife, protect wildlife and their habitats, Table 1 has been generated in line with a and identify and develop ecotourism sites template provided by KFS on the content 4. to maintain the natural hydrological discharge of PFMP and the proposed monitoring and water balance within the ecosystem evaluation framework.

Table 1. Status of activities proposed for implementation in the previous plan.

Management program Activity Proposed target action Achievement/Remarks Natural forest conservation Rehabilitate 140 ha of Rehabilitate 45 ha, 45 ha Ongoing. Rehabilitation of degraded natural forest and 50 ha from the 2nd 115 ha carried out during the to the 4th years, through previous plan period. The enrichment planting survival is less than 50% and any other suitable due to damage by livestock. method The area was planted with assorted indigenous trees, mainly Prunus africana, Juniperus procera, Olea africana and Syzygium guinensis, among others.

Create awareness about Conduct awareness 20 meetings and barazas PFM meetings, barazas and were held during the undertake community planned period. In addition, PFM training CFA members were trained by ISLA on leadership skills and taken to the Central Highlands conservancy for an exchange tour.

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4 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Table 1. Continued

Management program Activity Proposed target action Achievement/Remarks Enhance protection and Conduct joint patrols of The activity was carried out security of the natural CFA scouts, KFS rangers only twice yearly due to forest and other stakeholders inadequate finances and transport.

Determine the carrying Undertake carrying Not done. capacity for controlled capacity assessment grazing

Ensure grazing and/or Farmers are being cut-and-carry is practiced encouraged by the in a sustainable way Department of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries and KFS to practice grass cut- and-carry for zero grazing. It was observed that about 10 farmers carried this out during the dry season.

Where grazing is Communities continue to applicable, ensure overgraze livestock in the that controlled grazing forest, which is causing is practiced and that damage to young, growing carrying capacity is not trees. exceeded.

Promote sustainable Identify and document all Some of the NWFPs that utilization of non-wood NWFPs were extracted from products the forest for domestic Conduct training on consumption and sale sustainable extraction to local market include and value addition honey, herbal medicine, soil and papyrus. The list Promote value addition of of the products and type of extracted NWFPs value addition carried out Ensure proper marketing include the processing and of the finished products packaging of honey, and of popcorn from maize, and making chips and crisps from potatoes in the food sector. In the medical sector, small-scale processing and packing of herbs for medical use. Soil and papyrus are mainly used in local cottage industries (building bricks and basketry). The community was not able to do mass value addition for commercial sale due to a lack of financial resources and knowledge of how to do so. Extraction of herbs is being done by the community using traditional methods, mainly for domestic consumption; no value added to the product and no organized system of marketing have been adopted.

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Introduction 5 Table 1. Continued

Management program Activity Proposed target action Achievement/Remarks Enhance and regulate Undertake carrying No scientific assessment utilization of forest capacity assessment to determine carrying fodder. Ensure grazing and/or capacity has been done cut-and-carry is practiced and communities have in a sustainable way continued to graze their animals without proper control mechanisms. Grass cut-and-carry is practiced on Where grazing is a small scale during the dry applicable, ensure period. controlled grazing is There is no control of practiced and ensuring grazing and thus livestock carrying capacity is not from adjacent communities exceeded causes damage to young, growing trees.

Plantation development Clear the backlog (219 Raise and plant 400,000 This is an ongoing activity ha) in the plantation zone trees of exotic species and 735 ha with over 70% under the PELIS program survival was planted during to cater for backlog in 2 the previous plan period. years The performance was above the target as it was done through PELIS.

Allow community The forest manager is Communities were allowed members to practice to implement felling, to practice PELIS, which PELIS planting and silvicultural contributed to food plans for the station production and improved livelihood through cash earned by selling farm produce. A total of 2,200 CFA members (1450 women and 750 men) have benefited from PELIS in the station.

Engage CFA members Implement the Silvicultural contracts to carry out silvicultural plantation’s work plans such as tree planting and activities such as pruning for the 5 years pruning of young exotic and thinning plantations were given to the community members whenever they were due during the plan period.

Sustain production of Prepare necessary Forest Plantation round wood, poles and operational plans, Management Plan fuelwood felling plans and planting was developed and programs implemented.

Identify grazing areas Prepare maps and a list of In 2014, zonation of the grazers forest for various uses was completed and sites for various purposes including grazing identified. Maps were prepared and a list of grazers made.

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6 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Table 1. Continued

Management program Activity Proposed target action Achievement/Remarks Reduce pressure on Promote farm forestry Whenever they are resources from gazetted given an opportunity to forest address public meetings and barazas, the Kenya Forest Service and CFA members have continued to encourage farmers to plant trees on their farms. In addition, KFS also has extension officers in every subcounty that is currently reporting to the ecosystem conservators who are charged with the responsibility of promoting on-farm forestry.

Water resources Protect, conserve Protect the wetlands and Enrichment planting and management and rehabilitate water springs rehabilitation of river lines catchment areas Undertake enrichment was carried out on part of planting in water 115 ha of degraded forest catchment areas under rehabilitation during the period under review.

Improve quantity and Carry out protection of Two springs were protected quality of water springs and wells during the period under review by the WRUA. In addition, KFS also has extension officers in every subcounty promoting the planting of trees outside the gazetted forest areas (farms, river lines and wells).

Install gauging and No monitoring devices were monitoring devices installed due to inadequate in selected rivers and resources and capacity. springs

Oversee community Mobilize and train WRUAs Two training sessions for water abstraction WRUA members were conducted by WRA on river line protection.

Facilitate water permit Three easement application issuance permits were submitted to CCF that are awaiting approval.

Work on easement and One-way leave application way leaves has been approved and work is ongoing.

Develop water allocation Water allocation plans not plans developed.

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Introduction 7 Table 1. Continued

Management program Activity Proposed target action Achievement/Remarks Pass on indigenous Conduct public Due to inadequate finances knowledge of wildlife awareness and expertise, very little conservation from one awareness on forest and generation to the other Document and record wildlife conservation was local community cultures created in a structured and practices way. However, indigenous knowledge on forest and wildlife conservation is being passed from one generation to the next at the household level, as specified during focused group discussions.

Establish an information The information center was center not established due to lack of funds.

Tap into the rich cultural In partnership with NMK Due to inadequate finances and ecotourism potential develop a museum, and expertise, the planned in Londiani Forest cultural and education activities were not carried center at Tulwap hill out. Jointly with partners, develop an ecolodge at Tulwap hill Improve accessibility to ecotourism sites Train identified LOCOFA members as guides

Community development Build capacity of the Hold public barazas in Various barazas were held. community in protection locations adjacent to the and conservation of the forest. Due to inadequate finances forest resources while and capacity to conduct cultivating a sense of Conduct community PFM training sessions, only ownership training one training session on community capacity building Conduct a leadership was done by ISLA training workshop for LOCOFA officials

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8 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Table 1. Continued

Management program Activity Proposed target action Achievement/Remarks Promote farm forestry Encourage all farmers to Only two meetings were development to reduce plant 10% of their land held by MoALF , CFA and pressure on the forest with trees KFS at Kipkelion West/ East Buret and Londiani Provide market to sensitize farmers to the information on tree importance of tree growing products including fruit, fodder and commercial trees. Through Promote the growing of the same meetings and woodlots, agroforestry public barazas, farmers and fodder trees have also been encouraged to form groups when marketing produce so as to negotiate better prices. KFS has trained a number of groups through the Farm Forest Small Producers Association (FFSPA).

Promote use of energy- Training in the use of saving devices energy-conservation devices was done by KFS through Miti Mingi Maisha Bora Program ; 90 CFA members trained and issued with energy-saving jikos. Firewood and charcoal usage is being monitored by the Ministry of Energy and Petroleum’s Energy Centre in Kericho to establish whether the energy-saving jikos are more efficient than the traditional three-stones- and-metal jikos.

Promote sheep rearing Promote rearing of The project was funded by improved breed KFS through Green Zones Development Support Programme and 25 sheep were issued to members of Mt. Blackett CBO for improvement of their breed. However, the community has reported that 10 animals died, and the project is not performing well. This could be due to the introduced breed not being suitable to the climatic condition of the area.

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Introduction 9 Table 1. Continued

Management program Activity Proposed target action Achievement/Remarks Human resources Improve road network Improve and maintain Two bridges were infrastructure and within the forest roads constructed by KFS Green equipment development Zones Development Support Programme at Tegunot and Chebewor. In addition, 15 out of 53 km of a section of Mt. Blackett Kuresoi Road in Londiani Forest was improved by KFS.

Improve/refurbish Repair existing buildings Two ranger houses were residential and office renovated and 3 new ones buildings constructed (2 at Tulwap and 1 at Chebewor) by KFS.

Provide appropriate Purchase a four-wheel- The vehicle was not means of transport drive vehicle purchased and a proposal for purchase has been included in the plan for consideration.

Provide electricity to the Install power to all The wiring of office and station office and staff buildings at the station staff houses was completed houses by KFS. However, power was not connected to the buildings at the station.

Improve communication Purchase communication Communication equipment equipment by Kenya equipment were not purchased Forest Service and cards for airtime not provided to KFS staff and CFA members.

Protection and security Improve forest security Carry out joint LOCOFA Quarterly joint patrols were and protection through and KFS forest patrols, carried out every year, KFS and community and arrest and prosecute making a total of 20 patrols scouts joint patrols offenders throughout the during the review period. plan period

Improve communication Provide communication Communication equipment on forest surveillance and equipment and enhance was purchased by KFS protection intelligence gathering during the plan period. However, the forest manager was able to gather information from the community and other stakeholders on areas within the forest that have a high occurrence of illegal activities.

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10 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Table 1. Continued

Management program Activity Proposed target action Achievement/Remarks Education, research and Create a database on Conduct a desktop This is ongoing using development biodiversity at Londiani review on the existing methods of rehabilitating station and document information and draw degraded sites that have effective rehabilitation up research work plans been researched and approaches for inventories of flora, documented by KEFRI & fauna and rehabilitation KFS and communicated methods to all forest stations for adoption. Londiani Forest benefits from KEFRI Research Center, which is in charge of forest research in the Rift Valley, Research work has been carried out in the region and is being shared with Londiani Forest Station.

Create linkage with Conduct research and Linkage with Londiani KEFRI research institutions and share findings Center is working well and a colleges site to conduct trials within Londiani Forest has been given to the KEFRI Research Center. On this site, KEFRI is carrying out research on the rehabilitation of degraded sites through natural regeneration.

Create awareness and Conduct community KFS and MoALF have encourage innovations awareness and training extension officers in every subcounty. Awareness creation and training meetings were held at Kipkelion West/East Buret and Londiani during the previous plan period.

Plan and execute an The CFA had exchange exchange tour for CFA visits to Gathiuru, Ngare Ndare, Kakamega and Koibatek forest stations to learn how these CFAs have successfully managed to implement income- generating activities.

Carry out specific Conduct management This is ongoing with research through and applied research the leadership of KEFRI institutions and staff on rehabilitation of consultancies degraded areas, forest health (entomology and pathology) and on growing of indigenous and exotic plantations.

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Introduction 11 Table 1. Continued

Management program Activity Proposed target action Achievement/Remarks Improve dissemination of Set up a resource center CFA was not able to research findings. at the station establish a resource center. Demonstrations are ongoing with the support of the Set up demonstration KEFRI regional center plots through annual exhibitions that are conducted at KEFRI’s regional center in Londiani and during Agricultural Society of Kenya shows in Nakuru, Kericho and other counties in the region.

12 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Chapter 2 Description of the forest

2.1 Geographic location One can access the Londiani Forest station from the main Nakuru–Kisumu Highway at Londiani junction Londiani Forest is located in the western part (Tegunot center). The station offices are about 4 km of the Mau Forest Complex. It borders Masaita from the junction. block to the north, Kuresoi Forest to the south, and farmlands to the east and west. 2.2 Legal and administrative status The forest station is in Londiani Subcounty of Kericho County and borders Londiani, The forest station was gazetted via legal notice No. Chepseon and Kuresoi Divisions. 44 of 1932 with the aim of forest conservation and

Figure 1. Location map for Londiani Forest.

Description of the forest 13 Table 2. Forest blocks and beats.

Station Blocks Beats Outposts Londiani Chebewa Mahindu Kedowa Kedowa 1 and 2 (9015.5 ha) Kedowa Mt. Blackett Londiani Gachorwe, Mt. Blackett Chebewa Londiani

development. It has a total area of 9015.50 a national monument by National Museums of (ha), which is divided into three blocks, namely Kenya (NMK)) that has cultural value for the local Chebewa, Kedowa and Londiani; these are communities. further subdivided into compartments and subcompartment for ease of management, as Mau Forest Complex was formed as a result of shown in Table 2. volcanic eruptions; thus, its lower topography of alternating gentle valleys and sloping sections is due to the solidification of lava. There are river 2.3 Biophysical descriptions ridges and gentle slopes to nearly flat areas as you approach the human settlements adjacent to Topography the forest.

Londiani Forest ecosystem landscape ranges Climate from hilly to moderate terrain. The forest lies in the zone of 2326 m asl. However, Kedowa The climate of the Mau Forest Complex region is block is generally hilly with several ridges, while largely influenced by its altitude, which ranges from Mt. Blackett block, although not very hilly, has 1970 m to 2900 m asl. Londiani Forest is located at a big hill called Tulwap Kipsigis (gazetted as approximately 2326 m asl.

Minimum and Maxium Monthly Mean Temperature Trends

C Minimum

0 20 Monthly Mean 15 Temperature

Temperature in Temperature 10

1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009

Figure 2. Minimum monthly mean temperature. Source : Timbili Tea Estate in Kericho County

14 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Total Rainfall 1958-2010 Timbilil E Tea Estate - Kericho

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

10000

500

0 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Figure 3. Total rainfall. Source: Timbilil Tea Estate in Kericho County.

The average temperatures around the forest reserve are predominantly dark reddish brown to dark are between a minimum of 8.6 °C and a maximum red clays, classified as humic Nitisols and humic of 23.31 °C as shown in Figure 3, which shows Cambisols. trends of maximum and minimum temperatures for the past 50 years. The soils of the area are classified into two major groups: The area has two rainy seasons, with the long rains a. soils of the foot ridges occurring in the months of March to May with an b. soils of the minor valleys. average rainfall of 750 mm for the three months, and the short rains in October to December with The soils of the foot ridges are well drained, average rainfall for the three months of 423 mm. extremely deep, dark reddish brown to dark The driest months are January to February and red, well-structured clay. The soils are strong to August to September. The lowest rainfall recorded moderately acid with high organic matter content in the area for the last 53 years was 1541.5 in 1965 in the topsoil. The soils of the minor valleys are and the highest rainfall was 3687.9 mm in 2001. well drained, moderately deep to deep, red to dark The rainfall trends in the areas around the forest reddish brown, friable silty clay loam to clay. They reserve for the last 53 years are shown in Figure 3. are strongly to moderately acid with high levels of organic matter in the topsoil. These soils are suitable Geology and soils for agricultural farming.

The geology and soil types in Londiani Forest and Source: (KARI, 1996) its surroundings are influenced by ancient volcanic activities. The area lies in the central Rift Valley Hydrology within the western Mau complex escarpment. The underlying rock is volcanic but varies according to Londiani Forest is part of the larger Mau Forest its age. In general, the area is dominated by soils Complex ecosystem, which is of major economic that have been developed from ashes and other and ecological importance in Kenya due to its value pyroclastic rocks of recent volcanoes. The soils as a watershed and catchment area.

Description of the forest 15 Figure 4. Hydrology map of Londiani Forest Station.

The forest is the source of five tributaries, namely potential for further abstractions. The current Kipkunyu, Kipkoiyo, Burgei, Barkechech and abstraction status is as indicated in Table 3. Soriot, which join to form the Kedowa River. This river then joins the Kipchorian River to form the Nyando River, which sustains thousands of 2.4 Biodiversity description lives in Nyanza Province, before draining into Lake Victoria. Flora

Silibwet Spring in Kedowa is worth mentioning as The Londiani ecosystem constitutes an important a key water source in Londiani Forest as it supplies reservoir for biodiversity. There is variation water to 450 households adjacent to the forest. The in vegetation cover and composition in the ecosystem is therefore a vital watershed providing indigenous forest. In plantations forests, planting water to households adjacent to the reserve and far- of monoculture plants is being practiced for flung areas of Nyanza Province. production of wood suitable for processing by wood-based industries. Water easements within Londiani Forest Vegetation zones and species distribution depend on density variations of the particular tree species, There are seven community water projects topography, soil depth and human interference. abstracting water from the forest and there is Domination of some species in different parts of the

16 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Table 3. Water easements within Londiani Forest.

Name of project or company Name of source/River Population served (households) Borop water project Silibwet Springs 450

Kimugul/Chepseon water project Barkechech 10,100

Kiplekwa Kipkunyu 350 (proposed)

Nyakinyua Tulwen 5,000

Kapkwen Muratit 450

Kabarak Kabarak dam 500

Arap Maina Mt. Blackett to next rangers’ camp 700

Table 4. Indigenous tree species with medicinal value.

Scientific name Local name Ailment perceived to treat/Uses

Rhamnus prinoides Kosisitiet Stomach ache

Olea africana Emitiot Backache and toothache; making sour milk

Myrsine melanophloeos Osegeteti Stomachache and headache

Prunus africana Tendwet Prostate cancer

Rhus natalensis Siriat Sweetening soup

Warburgia ugandensis Soget Cold, deworming

Vipris nobilis Kuriot Allergy

Senna didymobotrya Senetwet Souring milk

Olea welwitschii Masaita Malaria

Table 5. Vegetation distribution in Londiani Forest.

Vegetation type Area (ha) Exotic (plantation establishment) 2,003.54

Indigenous forest and shrubs 4,367.18

Grassland 1,009.25

Other (bushland) 1,638.25

Total 9,018.22

forest has resulted in the development of different trees are of great value to the local communities as vegetation zones within the forest. high-quality timber, as a source of medicine and for wood fuel. Some of the rare and threatened forest tree species that are decreasing in abundance occur within Table 4 gives a list of some endemic species that have the Londiani Forest, which includes endemic tree medicinal value and that have been used for a long species such as the Prunus africana, Podocarpus time by the local community as source of herbal falcatus, Olea africana, Osyris lanciolata, Olea medicine. holchsteterii and Juniperus procera. These indigenous

Description of the forest 17 Table 6. Species distribution in plantation forest.

Species Area (ha) Remarks Cypress 500.07 Good stands

Pine 112.8 Good stands

Eucalyptus 576.73 Fair stands

Other 843.94 Fair stands

Backlog 619.87 Planting to be done through PELIS

Plantations to revert to natural forest 1,051.46 Wrongly sited plantations

Total 3,704.87

Trees species commonly found in Londiani In addition, Londiani Forest is a habitat for several Forest are listed in Appendix 2. The distribution reptiles and insects, which complete the diverse of vegetation in the Londiani Forest Reserve is food webs and food chains existing in the forest. The shown in Table 5. common reptiles include monitor lizard (Veranus niloticus), Agama lizard (Agama agama), the green In the plantation zone, exotic species such as snake and rhinoceros chameleons. Eucalyptus spp, Cupressus spp and Pinus spp are grown under monoculture conditions and In the major rivers and their tributaries, aquatic managed for industrial timber production. The animals (especially amphibians) are found while fish areas under plantation and their conditions are can be introduced species. shown in Table 6. Several insects that act as pollinators and form an Fauna integral part of the ecosystem include the bees, butterflies and grasshoppers among other species. A Londiani Forest is rich in a wide range of fauna list of common animal species found in the forest is whose main habitat is in the indigenous sections shown in Appendix 3. of the forest. Wild animals include the leopard which is endangered, the spotted hyena, a variety of antelopes, the duiker (Neotrragus moschatus), 2.5 Other resources the bush pig (Patomochoerus porcuso) and porcupines. Non-wood forest resources

The forest habitat is also a home to a number of Londiani Forest station is endowed with several primates such as the black and white colobus non-wood forest products that can benefit local monkey (Colobus guereza), Sykes monkey communities without destroying the forest. The main (Cercopithecus mitis) and baboons. products include: • forest grass utilized through grazing in the forest The forest ecosystem is habitat for various bird or as cut-and-carry for farmers practicing zero species such as: Ayres’ hawk eagle (Hieraaetus forest grazing dubius), crowned hawk eagle (Stephanoaetus • honey through wild collection and through the coronatus), Hartlaub’s turaco (Turaco hartlaubi), introduction of modern bee hives and harvest gear Jackson’s francolin (Francolinus jacksoni), scaly • tree seedlings through wildlings collection or francolin (Francolinus squamatus), silvery- collection of seeds which are sown in the nurseries cheeked hornbill (Ceratogymna brevis), bronze- • forest moss mainly collected for an external naped pigeon (Columba iriditorques) and rufous- market (Kurongurik) breasted hawk (Accipiter tachiro). • mushrooms (boobek) for local consumption.

18 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Figure 5. Forest resources important to the forest-adjacent community.

Table 7. Road network and status.

No. Roads Length (km) Current status/ Remarks 1 Main road – Mt. Blackett–Mawingo–Kuresoi forest road 22 Rough but motorable

2 Kedowa–Kuresoi 12 Rough but motorable

3 Mt. Blackett to Masaideni 7 Rough but motorable

4 Chebewor to Sirikwa 12 Proposed

Total length 53

Ecotourism sites within the forest. Other sites of great importance include two with natural carbon dioxide gas Londiani Forest has some special interest areas and at Chebewor and Kedowa, areas rich in rock contains sites that are tourist attractions, or that are phosphate deposits, areas that can be turned into of cultural, religious, economic or scientific value, camping sites, sites used for prayers, cultural sites, which explains why the adjacent local communities hill tops, ridges and valleys and many other areas have attached great value to the forest. with great potential for bird watching: A list of sites of importance in Londiani Forest is presented in Mt. Blackett (called Tulwap Kipsigis hill by the Appendix 4. Kipsigis) is sacred and forms an impressive vista

Description of the forest 19 Figure 6. Transport and communication map.

Table 8. List of vehicles, equipment and tools.

Equipment No. in stock Requirements Equipment No. in stock Requirements Vehicles 0 1 Axes 5 30

Bulldozers (other) 0 - Shovels 10 Adequate

Tractor 1 1 Pruning knives 0 30

Lorries 0 1 Secateurs 10 50

Motor cycles 1 2 Buckets - 10

Bicycles 0 0 Grass slashers 11 30

Pangas 10 50 Watering cans 15 Adequate

Pruning saws 30 100 Office computers 0 1

Jembes 6 50 VHF 1 1

Fork jembes 3 Adequate Printers 0 1 Wheel barrows 6 Adequate

20 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Table 9. List of buildings at the Londiani station.

No. Station buildings Current status/Remarks 1 96/LDI/4 Office – needs renovation

2 100/8 Office store – needs renovation

4 850/41 Office store – needs renovation

5 851/LDI/48 Office store and used by CFA – needs renovation

6 95/LDI/3 Foresters’ house – needs renovation

7 94/LDI/2 Staff house – needs renovation

8 97/LDI/5 Staff house – needs renovation

9 101/LDI/9 Staff house – needs renovation

10 2078/LDI/7 Staff house – needs renovation

11 3407 Staff house – needs renovation

12 N/A Proposed CFA resource center

Table 10. Human resources – staffing strength and requirements at the station level.

No. Designation Current no. Optimum No. Variance or deficit 1 Forest Station Manager 1 1 0

2 Assistant Forest Manager 1 1 0

3 Sergeant 0 1 1

4 Corporal 1 0 0

5 Forest Rangers 14 24 10

6 Subordinate staff – office 2 4 2

7 Subordinate staff – nursery 3 10 7

8 Drivers 1 2 1

Infrastructure and equipment Conservator Kericho. The Forest Manager is responsible for the day to day management of the The main types of infrastructure at Londiani station Forest assisted by Forest Rangers. In addition, the are buildings (offices, residential houses and forest station has support staff which includes store-man, ranger outposts), roads, water intake sites and fire and revenue clerk. Forest protection is headed by a towers. Some of these are shown in Figure 6. Corporal Forest Ranger and below him are several rangers in charge of assigned forest beats. The table Budget for repair and renovation of offices, staff below shows the current establishment; houses, and construction of the proposed CFA resource center is included in activities under the Human Resources Infrastructure and Equipment 2.6 History of the ecosystem Development program. Precolonial period Human resources During the precolonial period, Londiani Forest was Kenya Forest Service manages Londiani Forest managed through community-based regulations Station through Mau Conservancy and Ecosystem of the Kalenjin tribe of the Kipsigis community.

Description of the forest 21 Community chiefs and elders played a vital role 2.7 History of the Londiani in the management, utilization and conservation Community Forest of the forest resources. The community attached Association (LOCOFA) great cultural, social, religious and economic importance to the forest, which ensured its Background sustainable management. Londiani Community Forest association Colonial period (LOCOFA), which is major stakeholder in the management of the forest, is a nonprofit-making Londiani Forest was gazetted as a forest reserve organization with a registered membership of 2,505 in 1932 via gazette legal notice No. 44 of 1932 by members of both genders including the youth and the then British colonial government. The forest persons living with disabilities. The association was station was under colonial foresters and the local formed and registered under the Societies Act in community had to follow orders that were given the year 2010. It is comprised of four community- by the foresters regarding management operations based organizations (CBOs): at the station. The colonial foresters maintained a i. Tulwap CBO command-and-control approach and controlled ii. Mowlem CBO access and utilization of the forest resources. iii. Mt. Blackett CBO It was during this period that indigenous trees iv. Borop CBO. were replaced with exotics plantations through what came to be termed as compensatory forest All of these CBOs draw their membership from practices. forest-adjacent locations.

Post-Independence period Each CBO has a number of user groups that undertake various activities that were approved by a After Kenya gained independence in 1963, the previous FMA. management of the Londiani Forest was vested to the Kenyan Forest Department, whose command- The CFA has the following key objectives: and-control approach to forest management • to co-ordinate the activities that are being operations was similar to that of colonial foresters. carried out by various forest user groups in Londiani Forest and ensure proper utilization of The local communities were denied access to the forest resources the forest and to any role in the management • to create awareness within the community of the forest resources. This resulted in the adjacent to the forest on the importance of the assumption that the forest resources belonged forest and its contribution to the sustainable to the government and the forester in charge; development of the area communities adjacent to the forest were not • to promote sustainable agroforestry and consulted in any way when decisions to implement agricultural practices in the adjacent areas for certain activities, such as allocation of plots for the increased production for the benefit of all. shamba system and of other resources in the forest were made, which led to the continued destruction The CFA members are involved in the following and degradation of the forest resources in the activities: 1970s, 80s and 90s. • rehabilitation of degraded sites • forest policing and protection Present (2005 to date) • Plantation establishment for Livelihood Improvement Scheme (PELIS) The Forest Conservation and Management Act • minor silvicultural operations such as weeding 2016 and other subsidiary legislations recognize and pruning of exotic plantations the role of participatory forest management in • income-generating activities such as beekeeping, the sustainable management and utilization of fish farming and sheep rearing. forest resources in Kenya. The adjacent local communities through the Londiani Community Vision Forest Association (LOCOFA) and other stakeholders are being involved in the management LOCOFA aims to be a leading association in of Londiani Forest. environmental conservation and community

22 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Table 11. Membership distribution by gender.

No. CBO Men Women Youth Disabled Total 1 Tulwap 208 187 115 6 516

2 Mt. Blackett 339 250 211 9 809

3 Borop 236 128 82 5 451

4 Mowlem 340 335 49 5 729

Grand Total 1,123 900 457 25 2,505

LOOCOFA EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

MOWLEM TULWALK MT BLACKETT BOROP CBO CBO CBO CBO

BEE KEEPING WATER GRAZING SHEEP FUELWOOD GRAZING REARING

FISH WATER TREE GRAZING PELIS FUELWOOD FARMING BOTTLING NURSERY

Figure 7. LOCOFA organogram.

empowerment towards natural resources An assessment was done to determine how forest management within southern Western Mau. user groups were formed, and to find the economic activities that are carried out by the forest-adjacent Mission communities. The assessment was also meant to determine the interaction of the adjacent LOCOFA aims to increase building capacity and communities with the forest, what they source from enhance community participation in sustainable the forest in the form of wood and non-wood forest natural resources and livelihood improvement products, the perceptions of the community about activities. the forest and the value they attach to it.

Motto The data obtained from the 33 Focus Group Discussions were consolidated and entered into an The motto is “Our forests our lives”. MS Excel spreadsheet for analysis. Since most of the questions in the FGD questionnaire were of a LOCOFA’s objective is to undertake PFMP in qualitative nature and were based a small number accordance with the Forest Conservation and of user groups, the analysis was mainly qualitative. Management Act 2016. It is responsible for the However, cross tabulation and basic descriptive management of natural resources through the statistics were carried out. protection, conservation and coordination of environmental activities within the jurisdiction Formation of user groups of Londiani Forest Station, the outstanding contribution being the Plantation Establishment The user groups were formed by self-help groups and Livelihood Improvement Scheme (PELIS), that form the four CBOs that are within a 5 km among other programs. radius from the forest boundary. The total number of members of four CBOs (Tulwak, Mt. Blackett, The CFA governance structure is shown as the Borop and Mowlem) is 2505 (1123 men, 900 organogram (see Figure 7). women, 457 youth and 25 disabled).

Description of the forest 23 Table 12. The divisions and locations of user groups.

No. User group Division Location 1 Quarry mining Londiani Kedowa

2 PELIS Londiani Kedowa

3 Borop Tree Nursery Londiani Kedowa

4 Borop Firewood Londiani Kedowa

5 Grazers Londiani Kedowa

6 Scouts Londiani Kedowa

7 WRUA (water users) Londiani Kedowa

8 Borop Beekeepers Londiani Kedowa

9 Nyakinyua Livestock Londiani Londiani

10 PELIS Londiani Londiani

11 Fuelwood Self-Help Group Londiani Londiani

12 Mwangaza Self-Help Group Londiani Londiani

13 Nyakinyua Quarry Self-Help group Londiani Londiani

14 Mowmel Tree Nursery Londiani Londiani

15 Nyakinyua Water Project Londiani Londiani

16 Lomotumo Self-Help Group Londiani Londiani

17 Beekeeping Kamara Mau Summit

18 Firewood Kamara Mau Summit

19 Mt Blackett Firewood Kamara Mau Summit

20 PELIS Kamara Mau Summit

21 Beekeeping Kamara Mau Summit

22 Firewood Kamara Mau Summit

23 Grazing Kamara Mau Summit

24 Mt Blackett Grazing Kamara Mau Summit

25 Nyakinyua Sirikwa Group Kamara Sirikwa

26 Tuhwap Kipsigis Water Project Londiani Kedowa

27 Soriot Cultural Heritage Group Londiani Kedowa

28 Kuresiet Beekeepers Londiani Kedowa

29 Quarry Londiani Kedowa

30 Londiani Kedowa

31 Fishkeeping/Farming Londiani Kedowa

32 PELIS User Group Londiani Kedowa

24 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Table 13. Formation of LOCOFA user groups.

Location By individual membership Self-help groups Count % Count % Kedowa 1 6 15 94

Londiani 0 0 8 100

Mau Summit 0 0 8 100

Sirikwa 0 0 1 100

Total 1 3 32 97

Table 14. Change in user group membership.

Has there been a change No. User group How was it formed? Type of change in membership?

1 Quarry Mining Self-help groups Yes Increased

2 PELIS By individual Yes Increased Membership

3 Borop Tree Nursery Self-help groups No Same

4 Borop Firewood Self-help groups Yes Increased

5 Grazers Self-help groups No Decreased

6 Scouts Self-help groups Yes Decreased

7 WRUA (water users) Self-help groups Yes Decreased

8 Borop Beekeepers Self-help groups Yes Increased

9 Nyakinyua Livestock Self-help groups No Same

10 PELIS Self-help groups Yes Increased

11 Fuelwood Self-Help group Self-help groups No Same

12 Mwangaza Self-Help Group Self-help groups No Same

13 Nyakinyua Quary Self-Help Group Self-help groups No Same

14 Mowmel Tree Nursery Self-help groups No Same

15 Nyakinyua Water Project Self-help groups Yes Increased

16 Lomotumo Self-Help Group Self-help groups No Same

17 Beekeeping Self-help groups No Decreased

18 Firewood Self-help groups Yes Increased

19 Mt. Blackett Firewood Self-help groups Yes Decreased

20 PELIS Self-help groups Yes Increased

21 Beekeeping Self-help groups Yes Increased

22 Firewood Self-help groups Yes Increased

23 Grazing Self-help groups Yes Decreased

continued on next page

Description of the forest 25 Table 14. Continued

Has there been a change No. User group How was it formed? Type of change in membership?

24 Mt. Blackett Grazing Self-help groups Yes Increased

25 Nyakinyua Sirikwo Group Self-help groups No Same

26 Tulwap Kipsigis Water Project Self-help groups No Same

27 Soriot Cultural Heritage Group Self-help groups No Same

28 Kuresiet Beekeepers Self-help groups No Same

29 Firewood Self-help groups No Same

30 Quarry Self-help groups No Same

31 Self-help groups No Same

32 Fish keeping/Farming Self-help groups No Same

33 PELIS User Group Self-help groups No Same

Change in user group membership sites in the forest, which causes reduction in milk production, and the change from herding to About a half (49%) of the 33 user groups had no zero grazing. changes in the membership for the previous 1-year period. However, 18% decreased in membership The reasons for an increase of membership were while a third increased (33%) as shown in Table numerous in comparison to reasons for a decrease. 14. When there are no changes in the group More people became interested in joining user membership, there is continuity in activities that are groups to benefit from activities such as: PELIS, planned, and it is easier to plan and execute what firewood collection, honey harvesting and other members have agreed upon. The change for each income-generating activities. The survey also group is as tabulated in Table 14 . revealed that PELIS is a major attraction when members make the decision to join user groups as it The reasons for a decrease in the number of user alleviates poverty through the sale of farm produce. groups included the long distance to the grazing

26 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Chapter 3 Socioeconomic situation

Local economic activities 3.1 Community demographic profile Most important source of income

Average distance from the forest to The most important on-farm source of income members’ homes for members of the user groups in order of importance was maize followed by potatoes, The survey established that the majority of user vegetables, poultry, on-farm tree products and group members live close to the forest boundaries, sale of milk. Other activities such as beekeeping, particularly in Kedowa and Londiani with a trading, remittance from relatives and distance of less than 2 km. For Mau Summit, the employment was less important. majority of members live in areas between 2 km and 3 km from the forest boundaries. These are Average annual income people who for a very long time have benefitted from the forest and who understand the importance The survey established that a third of the of its conservation. They are also involved in its members in the user groups on average earn a protection as they are the immediate neighbors and household annual income of between KSh 10,001 have embraced participatory forest management. and KSh 15,000. One-quarter earn between KSh 15,001 and KSh 20,000, and 22% earn above Benefits of being members of user KSh 20,000. In areas adjacent to Kedowa block, groups the majority (60%) earn an average household income of between KSh 10,001 and KSh 15,000. The survey established that the communities living In areas adjacent to Londiani block, half earn adjacent to the forest benefit in many ways by an average household income of between KSh being members of user groups. The most important 15,001 and KSh 20,000. Mau Summit had the benefits include environmental conservation highest average household income, with 63% (raising of tree seedlings for sale and planting), earning an annual income of between KSh availability of fuelwood, and information on 20,000 and KSh 50,000. However, from their agricultural practices, environmental conservation lifestyle, the household annual income for most and the marketing of farm produce. of the community members living adjacent to Londiani Forest exceeds KSh 50,000. During Involvement in forest management a survey that was conducted in 2012 for the activities development of the previous plan, no figures on annual household income were gathered and User group members are involved in various forest hence we cannot compare the two time periods. management activities. The majority are mostly When community members are asked a question involved in: tree planting, PELIS, firefighting, tree on income they tend to understate the amount, nursery, pruning, forest patrols and clear felling of as they feel that what is being asked is like prying trees as hired labor by saw millers. into their private affairs.

Socioeconomic situation 27 Level of importance of various forest bene ts as rated by user groups

120

100 0 0 3 0 6 3 6 6 6 6 13 3 13 22 21 16 19 32 3 80 31 31 31 52 25 60

52 42 40 75

59 84 63 53 20 10 53

21 23 16 0

Grazing

Asses to fuel Grass cutting

Timber harvesting Cash lending services and forestry issues

Marketing of farm produce Environmental ConservationSource of techl info environ

Source of tech info on agric practices

Very important Important Less important Not important

Figure 8. Level of importance of various forest benefits as rated by user groups.

Interaction between the forest and the leading activities carried out inside the forest local communities were grazing, tree planting, beekeeping, farming through PELIS, tree nurseries, firefighting What members use for cooking, warming, and firewood collection. Similarly, the leading lighting activities outside the forest were grazing, beekeeping, farming, tree planting, tree nurseries User group members use firewood for cooking and and poultry keeping. warming only. For lighting, the majority use both kerosene and electricity. None uses LPG gas. User rights given by the expired FMA that were not utilized The user groups are aware that there are other alternative sources of energy; these were introduced Some user rights that were granted by the to user group members in the last 5 years, as previous FMA were not utilized. Reasons indicated by 91% of the user groups. Solar panels why they were not utilized vary from location and solar lamps were introduced to all the user to location. Use rights that were not utilized groups. include: quarrying, cement manufacturing, water abstraction, commercial extraction of medicinal Activities carried out by active user groups herbs, thinning and ecotourism. Some of the reasons given for not carrying out the activities The survey established that different user groups include: lack of funds, inadequate capacity, that are active in the CFA carry out different poor road infrastructure and lack of markets for activities within and outside the forests. Generally, the products.

28 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 35

20 Sum of Always

15 Sum of Sometimes Sum of Rarely 10 Sum of Never 5

0 Tree PELIS Fire Tree Pruning Guarding Clear Thining planting ghting Nursery and felling Patrols

Figure 9. Involvement in forest management activities.

25 Sum of Very Important

20 Sum of Important

15 Sum of Less Important

10 Sum of Not Important

Maize Poultry Wheat Potatoes Sale of milk Veegetables Growing tree

On farm tree products Sale of for meat liviestock Figure 10. Most important sources of income.

Partnership between CFA and WRUA in The user groups suggested some activities in conducting activities which the CFA and the WRUA can partner to help conserve the forest. These include rehabilitation Only in Kedowa is there a user group (the of water catchment areas, establishment of a tree Lomotumo Self Help Group) that reported that nursery, tree planting, forest protection, soil and there were partnerships between KFS and the water conservation activities, rehabilitation of dams, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries; protection of water springs and creating awareness and between KFS, the Ministry of Agriculture, about the importance of forest conservation. Livestock and Fisheries, the CFA and WRUA in conducting some activities such as on-farm tree Threats and constraints being experienced in planting and rehabilitation of river lines. Some Londiani Forest of the reasons that were given for the lack of partnerships include: mistrust, lack of awareness Some of the threats being experienced include: and lack of common forums that encourage overgrazing, forest fires, illegal charcoal burning, partnerships. illegal removal of forest products (posts, logs,

Socioeconomic situation 29 25

15 Sum of Very Important Sum of Important Sum of Less Important 10 Sum of Not Important

0 Trade Bee keeping group Employment Remmitance from or individual relatives

Figure 11. Off-farm sources of income.

120

100 Kedowa 80 Londiani 65 Mau Summit 40 Sirikwa 20

0 5,001–10,000 10,000–15,000 15,001–20,000 Above 20,000

Figure 12. Bar chart on household average annual income (in KSh).

etc.) and damage to young trees by livestock. The and community scouts whenever they do a good possible causes are: a “don’t care” attitude, use of fire job, and regular repair of roads. while harvesting honey, lack of employment and poverty of the community adjacent to the forest. The survey established that 74% of user group The community proposed some possible solutions: members and individual community members sensitizing people to the importance of the forest, extract products from the forest and add value intensifying patrols and arrests, surveying the forest to them for local consumption: processing and boundaries and setting out beacons to control packaging of honey, making popcorn from maize, encroachment. and making chips and crisps from potatoes in the food sector. In the medical sector, small-scale Some of the constraints being experienced include: processing and packing of herbs for medical use inadequate security personnel, poor infrastructure have been undertaken. and lack of an appropriate vehicle for patrols. The possible causes are that KFS has not recruited new Income-generating activities (IGAs) and forest personnel, laxity on the part of a few rangers and products value added inadequate funding of the service. The user groups proposed possible solutions such as increased The survey revealed that the majority (64%) of funding of KFS, giving incentives to KFS rangers user groups have undertaken ongoing income-

30 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 generating activities (IGAs) that were started in 3.2 Stakeholder analysis their areas during the previous management plan. Some of the projects that started during the 5 years Range of stakeholders of the PFMP include: beekeeping, fish rearing, sheep rearing, tree nursery establishment, table Stakeholders in Londiani Forest comprise banking, PELIS and grass cut-and-carry, all of institutions, groups and individuals who are which have a positive impact on the livelihoods of directly or indirectly affected by decisions made communities living adjacent to the forest. on the management, conservation and utilization of the forest resources. They include lead agencies Human–wildlife conflicts such as KFS, KWS, NEMA, institutions such as KEFRI and NMK, LOCOFA, NGOs, donor The survey revealed that almost half of the communities, local provincial administration and user groups reported that their area/zone had various government departments/line ministries experienced incidences of human–wildlife conflicts. such as Agriculture, Livestock, Water and Planning. However, the community has reported that the incidences have reduced from the time that the Roles and responsibilities of previous survey was conducted. Some of the stakeholders conflicts include: monkeys damaging crops and hyenas attacking livestock. Some of the proposed All the stakeholders in Londiani Forest have possible solutions include: KWS rangers to patrol specific roles and responsibilities based on the forest boundary on a regular basis to scare institutional mandates, drawn-up agreements/ away animals, and KWS to compensate for the loss MOUs, influence and interests. It is expected that of crops and livestock. There is a proposal that a all stakeholders will play their roles diligently and team from KWS, KFS and CFA members should effectively for the success of this plan. The roles and create awareness on the importance of wildlife responsibilities of each stakeholder are as analyzed conservation. in Table 15.

Table 15. Analysis of roles and responsibilities of stakeholders in Londiani Forest.

Stakeholder Roles and responsibilities

Kenya Forest Service (KFS) It holds legal ownership of the forest on behalf of the Kenya Government/Kenyan people and provides protection through KFS rangers.

KFS will be the lead agency in decision making for all activities to be carried out in Londiani Forest, such as forest conservation, plantation establishment, ecotourism, etc.

KFS will offer expertise in forest management and conservation.

KFS will collaborate with other stakeholders and the community for sustainable forest conservation and management.

Londiani Community Forest LOCOFA will participate in forest conservation, protection and policing, and will Association (LOCOFA) assist in fighting forest fires. LOCOFA will raise exotic seedlings for plantation development under contract by KFS, participate in plantation establishment through PELIS and in rehabilitation of degraded sites.

It will carry out silvicultural activities.

The CFA will collaborate with KFS in management of the forest, awareness creation and lobbying for forest conservation by the rest of the community.

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Socioeconomic situation 31 Table 15. Continued

Stakeholder Roles and responsibilities

Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) The institution is mandated to ensure conservation and management of wildlife. It will also be involved in creating awareness on the importance of wildlife conservation and lobbying the community to participate in the campaign on wildlife conservation. It will help protect the forest through joint patrols with KFS. KWS will work towards community sensitization and awareness creation on wildlife conservation.

Ministry of Tourism and Kenya The ministry will support capacity building of user groups on ecotourism and Tourism Board marketing of tourism opportunities.

Ministry of Labour, Social The ministry will support capacity building in initiation and registration of FUGs, Security and Services CBOs and general plan implementation.

Water Resource Authority (WRA) The agency will monitor extraction of water from the forest. This will be done under legal permits that will generate income to the forest to be used for management and conservation efforts. WRA and WRUA will provide technical support in water conservation and sustainable utilization.

KEFRI KEFRI will conduct forest research on indigenous & exotic tree species to determine best sites for planting, best management practices, biodiversity richness and sustainable utilization.

National Environmental NEMA is the lead agency on EIA and environmental audits. Management Authority (NEMA)

Ministries of Agriculture, The ministry will provide extension services to the forest-adjacent communities Livestock involved in PELIS and also on their farms. And Fisheries

NGOs The NGOs such as CIFOR and ISLA will support implementation of activities through fundraising. They will also conduct awareness, capacity building, education and advocacy.

National Government NGAO will disseminate government policies and enforce law and order. It will Administration Office (NGAO) assist in forest protection through creating awareness in public barazas.

National Museums of Kenya NMK will conduct research and education, especially on indigenous knowledge of (NMK) conservation and biodiversity.

Kericho County Government It will: undertake roads maintenance, tree planting on farmlands and trust lands, Cess collection, issuance of trade licenses, etc. enhance forest conservation and protection through awareness creation raise funds required for conservation and management of the forest promote and encourage tree planting on individual lands, trust lands, schools, road reserves, market centers and urban areas.

Water companies These are private companies that abstract and supply water to rural homes, towns and shopping centers.

32 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Chapter 4 Planning considerations

4.1 Policy and legal frameworks conservation, management and utilization of forest resources. These include the Constitution of Kenya, The management and protection of forests in 2010; Forest Conservation and Management Act Kenya are based on several policies articulated by 2016; Water Act, 2016; Wildlife Management different government sectors. The preparation, and Conservation Act, 2013; and Environmental planning and implementation process of the Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) Londiani Forest Management Plan recognizes the 2012. These policies and laws as well as some other existence of various policies and legislation, whose national, regional and international agreements are objectives have a direct impact on its sustainable briefly summarized in Table 16.

Table 16. Policy and legal frameworks relevant to the implementation of Londiani PFMP.

No. Act/Policy Issues covered

1 The Constitution, Chapter 5, Part 2 section 69 (a, b & d) requires the state to: 2010 Ensure sustainable exploitation, utilization, management and conservation of the environment and natural resources, and ensure the equitable sharing of the accruing benefits. Work to achieve and maintain a tree cover of at least 10% of the land area of Kenya. Encourage public participation in the management, protection and conservation of the environment. Ensure the equitable distribution of natural resources. All these are applicable to Londiani Forest.

2 Environmental CAP 385 of 2012 embraces all environmental management issues in the country. The Management and Act addresses the environmental concerns and safeguards against environmental Coordination Act of degradation within and outside protected areas. The Act provides the legal framework 2012 (EMCA) for the implementation of the National Environment Action Plan (NEAP), which gives due regard to ensuring that people live in healthy environments. It also emphasizes maximum participation by stakeholders in the development and implementation of policies, plans and actions geared towards environmental management. The implementation of Londiani Forest Management Plan will take into account various provisions of the EMCA such as environmental impact assessments and audits, especially when developing ecotourism sites and other physical development that will have an impact on the environment.

3 Forest Conservation The Act recognizes the forest-adjacent communities as key stakeholders and users and Management of forest resources, which is important for the successful long-term sustainable Act 2016 management of the forest. The development of this management plan and the involvement of Londiani CFA (LOCOFA) and other stakeholders in the management of Londiani Forest are anchored in the provisions of the Forests Act.

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Planning considerations 33 Table 16. Continued

No. Act/Policy Issues covered

4 The Forest Policy The policy requires that the communities and stakeholders living adjacent to Londiani Forest reserve are to form Community Forest Associations (CFAs), and have a provision to enter into a forest management agreement (FMA) with KFS. The Act further addresses the needs of the local communities and other stakeholders and their user rights and provides for partnership in the management of state forests as per the Forest Conservation and Management Act, 2016.

5 Links with KFS This plan links poverty with forest degradation and proposes mobilization, awareness Strategic Plan creation and participation in forest management to address the same. The plan aims at empowering the community through the formation of Community Forest Associations and development of participatory forest management plans. The strategic plan supports livelihood improvement activities such as PELIS and IGAs in and around the forest.

6 Payment for This is a mechanism for creating incentives to manage natural resources, address Environmental livelihood issues for the rural poor and provide sustainable financing for protected Services (PES) areas. Those who provide environmental services by conserving natural ecosystems should be compensated by the beneficiaries of the service. This provides an opportunity for the stakeholders managing Londiani Forest to gain incentives for conserving the forest and delivering environmental services such as watershed services, carbon sequestration, landscape beauty and biodiversity conservation.

7 Reducing Emissions REDD is a proposed mechanism under the UNFCCC to slow the loss of forest in order from Deforestation to mitigate against climate change, address rural poverty and preserve biodiversity. It and Forest embraces all the degraded areas in natural forests and promotes conservation of trees Degradation (REDD) of special concern. REDD provides an opportunity for the stakeholders of Londiani Forest to ensure that the natural forests remain standing and continue to serve as natural sinks and as the lungs of the world. This will ensure that natural forests, which sustain livelihoods and provide essential ecological services, are distinguished from commercial plantations.

8 Water Policy The Water Act No. 43 of 2016 lays out a mechanism for the development of a (Sessional Paper No. national water resources management strategy, for the protection, management, use, 1 of 1999) and Water development, conservation and control of water resources. Act, 2016 This Act promotes participatory water resource management , which is achieved through the devolution of roles and responsibilities to the stakeholders through Water Resource Users Associations (WRUAs). These stakeholders not only participate in the development of catchment management plans, but are also responsible for conflict resolution, catchment conservation and management advice to regional offices of the Water Resource Authority. This allows social, economic and ecological aspects of the catchments to be incorporated in the management plans. Equally, WRUAs and CFA are required to work together in the conservation and rehabilitation of water catchment areas within Londiani Forest and on farms adjacent to the forest.

9 The Wildlife The Act mandates the Kenya Wildlife Service to manage and conserve wildlife within Conservation and and outside protected areas and to support community initiatives towards wildlife Management Act, conservation. It also mandates KWS to play an advisory role to provide flexible 2013 regulations that enable the generation of optimum returns from wildlife through nonconsumptive uses. Londiani Forest is home to unique birds, and serves as an attraction to tourists, educationists and researchers which can generate income for the local communities.

10 Grass Fire Act, Cap. The Act provides for protection of the vegetation by regulating burning of bushes, 327 shrubs, grass, crops, waste and stubble through the issuance of permits to carry out planned burning within protected areas, on trust land and on private lands. The act recognizes controlled burning as a natural resource conservation measure to help in controlling pests, invasive plant species and improving pasture. Although Londiani Forest is not a high fire risk area, it may face fire outbreaks especially during the dry seasons. This Act is very relevant for the control of forest fire occurrences.

11 Agriculture/National The policy calls for stoppage of further destruction of forests in both gazetted and Food Policy – trust land forests. The contribution that PELIS practices in Londiani make towards food (Sessional Paper production and improvement of livelihoods in areas adjacent to the forest cannot be No.2 of 1994) underestimated.

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34 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Table 16. Continued

No. Act/Policy Issues covered

12 Farm Forestry Rules, The rules aim at promoting and maintaining farm forest cover of at least 10% of 2009 every agricultural land holding and at preserving and sustaining the environment in combating climate change and global warming. Farm forestry may include trees on soil conservation structures: rangeland and crop land in any suitable configuration provided the tree species or variety planted shall not have adverse effects on water sources.

13 National Energy The broad objective of the energy policy is to ensure an adequate, good-quality, cost- Policy and Energy effective and affordable supply of energy to meet development needs, while protecting Act, 2006 and conserving the environment.

14 National The key role of the staff of the Interior Ministry is to enforce law and order and Government Co- disseminate national government policies. They have no mandate in the conservation Ordination Act: No. 1 and management of gazetted forests; however, the ministry has been useful when of 2013 dealing with forestry issues outside gazetted forests especially on individually owned private lands and public lands.

15 The County This Act empowers county governments to make bylaws used to control the cutting of Governments Act, trees, destruction of trees and shrubs, and also afforestation on trust lands and public 2012 lands where natural resource exploitation needs control. This Act in its present form may not have direct impact on the management of Londiani Forest but may affect forestry practices in the intervention zone.

16 Other relevant These are critical as they guide and ensure that there is order in the way trees are government Acts planted, particularly in urban centers. such as Physical Planning Act, the Trust Lands Act and the Land Act

4.2 Links to multilateral environmental agreements (MEAS)

Table 17. Multilateral agreements relevant to implementation of Londiani PFMP.

No. Agreement Issues covered

1 The Convention on The Convention regulates the international trade in wild plants and animals that are International Trade in at risk of extinction as a result of trade. The convention seeks to control trade not Endangered Species only in live species, but also in dead specimens and their derivatives. of Flora and Fauna Kenya ratified the Convention in 1978 and it was domesticated in the Wildlife (CITES) (Conservation and Management) Act. The Act prohibits the importation of any trophy, or unmanufactured ivory or rhinoceros horn. One possible outcome of the Convention is the protection and preservation of endangered and threatened species around Londiani Forest, including: the three-horned chameleon (Chameleon jacksonii), Prunus africana, Newtonia buchananii and Osyris lanciolata among other species of fauna and flora.

2 United Nations The objective of this convention is to establish methods to minimize global Framework Convention warming and in particular the emission of greenhouse gases. The Londiani Forest for Climate Change Management Plan addresses this convention through conservation of the forest and (UNFCCC) rehabilitation of degraded areas, which serve as important carbon sinks to minimize greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

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Planning considerations 35 Table 17. Continued

No. Agreement Issues covered

3 United Nations The purpose of UNCCD is to address the problem of the degradation of land by Convention to Combat desertification and the impact of drought, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas of Desertification Kenya. (UNCCD) The effect of the Convention on Londiani Forest would be the extent to which land is utilized for tree planting, nurturing tree nurseries or the reservation of forests while limiting alternative land use activities for cultivation, human settlement and other developments that may lead to forest clearing.

4 Sustainable This plan addresses the following SDGs: Development Goals Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere. (SDGs) Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, sustainable and reliable modern energy services for all. Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

From the socioeconomic survey, it was evident that most of the communities adjacent to Londiani Forest depend on the forest for their livelihood. The forest is home to a number of terrestrial species of animals, plants and insects.

Regional environmental agreements (REAs)

Table 18. Regional environmental agreements relevant to the implementation of Londiani PFMP.

No. Agreement Issues covered

1 African Convention The objective is to facilitate sustainable use of these resources. It emphasizes on the Conservation preventive and precautionary measures to conserve and preserve these natural of Nature and Natural resources. The provisions of the convention are contained in the Agricultural Act with Resources regard to soil conservation measures. The Wildlife (Management and Conservation) Act provides for the preservation of wildlife, especially endangered species in their natural habitat or in game parks, wildlife reserves or sanctuaries. The relevance of this convention to Londiani Forest is direct, in that, in order to conserve natural resources, the land on which the resources are situated has to be restricted for that purpose.

2 The East African The objective of the agreements is to achieve various goals within its mandate Community (EAC) through “Promotion of sustainable growth and equitable development of the region including rational utilization of the region’s natural resources and protection of the environment.” It has developed Protocols on Environment and Natural Resources, which commits member states to sound environmental and natural resources management. Other specific areas of cooperation on environmental and natural resources management include diversity of biodiversity, climate change and issues related to pollution and policy arrangement. This treaty will assist in providing mechanisms for the conservation and management of Londiani Forest natural resources.

36 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 4.4 Links to the country’s livelihood as it provides firewood, grazing for planning process livestock, thatching materials, medicinal herbs, indigenous fruits, honey and beekeeping. The forest This plan works in tandem with other planning also provides intangible regulatory and cultural processes at various levels. services which include biodiversity conservation, climate moderation, ecotourism, research and Kenya Vision 2030 educational values.

Vision 2030 aims at making Kenya a newly Threats to forest conservation industrializing middle-income country providing a high-quality life for all its citizens by the year Londiani Forest is surrounded by farming 2030. The vision is based on three pillars, namely: communities with a population of about 228,000 economic, social and political. people according to the 1998 census. The annual population growth per annum is 2.5%. The Kenya Government flagship projects population is projected to have increased to for the environment tied to the three 291,859 by 2018. The average land holding size is pillars and relevant to this plan include: 0.9 ha for smallholders [GoK, 2009]., and thus they • the Water Catchment Management Initiative – are faced with threats and pressure. The pressure rehabilitating the water towers is mainly due to unsustainable land use levels and • the Wildlife Corridors and Migratory Routes patterns as a result of population growth, thereby Initiative – reclaiming all wildlife corridors and increasing demand for forest products, but also migratory routes producing unemployment, poor or inappropriate • the Land Cover and Land Use Mapping Initiative management skills and weak community – comprehensive mapping of all land use patterns management structures. As resources become in Kenya scarce on private land, the population turns to the • clean and healthy environment for every citizen forest for livelihood resources. • sustainable utilization of natural resources • increasing forest cover to 4% by 2012 and up to Threats and pressures facing the Londiani Forest 10% by 2030 have been analyzed by various stakeholders that • controlling invasive species to restore degraded participated in the PFMP development process as areas. follows: • utilization of Forest Reserve for provision of County planning various goods and services, e.g. pasture, poles and posts to satisfy demands of the increasing The responsibility of making an integrated county population development plan lies with the County Development • illegal exploitation of forest products due to the Committee (CDC), which is comprised of demand from the local communities and town the county government, national government centers departments and state corporations working in that • uncontrolled and unsustainable resource county. The CDCs may have some interest in the extraction mainly for both commercial and implementation of some activities in the forest and subsistence use intervention zone and it is therefore assumed that • human–wildlife conflicts. they will refer to the contents of this plan as they make the Kericho County Integrated Development Constraints to forest conservation Plan, and especially the management plan of Londiani Subcounty. The major constraint to Londiani Forest management is the lack of a local-level forest management committee that is supposed to 4.5 Rationale for management coordinate the implementation of the plan planning activities. However, this was not established by the forest manager in consultation with CFA members Value of forest reserve at the beginning of the plan period. Other constraints that have been observed include: The forest is of great value to the adjacent local • inadequate personnel levels communities who depend on it as a source of • poor infrastructure

Planning considerations 37 • inadequate financial resources Vision of the plan • lack of capacity to implement the proposed plan activities. The vision is to be a leading forest station in Problem analysis sustainable forest conservation and management in the country. Participatory forest management has not been very effectively practiced in this forest, mainly The overall objective due to inadequate resources and lack of good will and proper coordination by KFS. There is a need The main objective is to sustainably conserve therefore for sensitization and capacity building and manage Londiani Forest using best forest among the community members for them to management practices to enhance biodiversity, fully participate in the implementation of various water catchment and economic values for increased proposed activities. On the other hand, KFS should benefits to the community and the country. The embrace the community’s role in forest conservation specific objectives of this plan are discussed within for ease of implementation of various activities that the proposed management programs. are imbedded in the management plan.

Table 19. Criteria for forest zonation.

Zone Zonation criteria Management objectives

Natural forest • Natural forest • To protect all existing natural forests • Natural glades • To maintain all-natural glades • Designated water • To protect natural regeneration and conduct enrichment catchment areas planting • To ensure minimal vegetation clearance when installing or protecting installations such as electricity and water pipes • To control grazing in areas that are not ecologically fragile or within water catchment areas • To allow non-extractive IGAs • To develop ecotourism facilities in all ecotourism attraction sites as per KFS ecotourism guidelines • To create access tracks and nature trails with minimal ecological impact

Plantation or • Forest plantation area • To manage all plantations commercially production zone • Pockets of natural • To establish a plantation through PELIS forest in designated • To allow grazing in mature plantation areas and within the greed plantation area carrying capacity • To allow IGAs that enhance plantation establishment

Intervention zone • Forest-adjacent • To promote farm forestry and fruit orchards zone comprised of • To promote alternative incomes for livelihood improvement community land • To promote alternative and affordable energy technology

Grassland • Existing forest glades • To promote grazing • To promote beekeeping • To promote cottage industry

Rehabilitation/ • Area with wrongly sited • To remove wrongly sited plantations through clear felling and to Bushland plantations re-afforest with indigenous trees • Forest areas with • To leave areas with natural bushland, and to revert to scattered bushes indigenous forest through natural regeneration and enrichment planting

38 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Figure 13. Zonation map of Londiani Forest Reserve

Forest management and utilization promotion of sustainable utilization of non-wood products, establishment of an information center, Forest zonation development of an eco-lodge – a few management objectives for each zone have been changed for ease Due to the experiences and lessons learnt from of implementation. Table 19 gives a list of criteria a lack of implementation of several activities used to zone the forest into different management in the previous plan – such as the lack of: zones with management objectives.

Planning considerations 39 Chapter 5 Management programs

The section is developed based on the objectives Management objectives of this plan and strategies on how to overcome the • to rehabilitate the degraded sites challenges and bottlenecks encountered during the • to promote conservation of plant species of previous plan. special concern • to undertake livelihood improvement activities. After the situational analysis and identification of threats and constraints, nine management programs presented in table 20 have been proposed 5.2 Plantation Development to deal with the primary and secondary forestry Program issues in Londiani Forest. Background

5.1 Natural Forest Conservation The total area allocated to plantation forest and Management Program development is 3,704.87 ha comprised of 1983.05 ha planted with exotic forests of pine, cypress and Background eucalyptus trees; 1051.46 ha of exotic plantations that are wrongly sited that will be reverted to The conservation zone is comprised of 4367.18 ha natural forest and a backlog of 619.87 ha that of indigenous forests rich in biodiverse species, with will be planted with exotic trees through PELIS. good sites for ecotourism, and that are currently This is the area that is currently being utilized for utilized for conservation of biodiversity, controlled industrial forest plantations and controlled grazing. collection of firewood from fallen dry materials and grazing. Part of this area (500 ha) is highly Management challenges degraded and requires rehabilitation by planting suitable indigenous trees. The plan proposes The key challenges currently facing this program involvement of the forest-adjacent community, are: particularly women and youth. • illegal removal of fuelwood • illegal grazing Management challenges • poor-quality plantation stands due to a lack of silvicultural treatments. The key challenges currently facing this program are: Management objectives • degradation of some forest areas • illegal removal of building material and • to establish plantations through PELIS fuelwood • to carry out silvicultural activities • illegal grazing. • to undertake livelihood improvement activities • to develop high-quality exotic forest plantations for sale to wood-based industries

40 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Table 20. Management actions for the Natural Forest Conservation and Management Program.

Lead 5-year Means of Annual target (yrs) Budget Action Unit agency target verification (KSh) 1 2 3 4 5 CFA/KFS

Objective 1: Natural forest rehabilitation (500 ha)

Seedling production No. 500 Seedlings 50 100 150 150 50 CFA,WRUA 1.2 million (‘000’) & KFS

Planting ha 500 Area planted 50 100 150 150 50 CFA, 600,000 WRUA & KFS

Weeding ha 500 Area weeded 50 150 300 450 500 CFA &KFS 1.55 million

Protection for natural ha 500 Area 50 100 150 150 50 CFA, 300,000 regeneration protected WRUA & KFS

Objective 2: Promote conservation of plant species of special concern

Identification of No. 3 Species 0 1 1 1 0 & CFA, 200,000 endemic, rare, conserved WRUA & threatened and KFS endangered species

Objective 3: Livelihood improvement through PELIS

Extraction of herbal kg 500 Beneficiaries 100 100 100 100 100 CFA & KFS 480,000 medicine

Harvesting of honey kg 500 Beneficiaries 100 100 100 100 100 CFA &KFS 480,000

Grass/fodder Bags 1,000 Beneficiaries 200 200 200 200 200 CFA & KFS 960,000 harvesting

Livestock grazing No. 3.6 Beneficiaries 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 CFA 480,000 (‘000’)

Fuelwood collection No. 4.8 Headloads or 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 CFA 960,000 (‘000’) stacks

Collection of forest KSh 50,000 Beneficiaries 5 10 10 10 10 CFA 50,000 produce for cottage industries, e.g. papyrus, lianas, material from pruning, soil for brick making, etc.

Fishing and fish Man- 100 Beneficiaries 100 100 100 100 100 CFA & 480,000 farming (sites days WRUA identified on the map as sites of importance in figure 5

Value addition of No. 5 Products 1 1 1 1 1 6 million forest produce such value added as honey and herbal medicine

Management programs 41 Table 21. Management actions for the Plantation Development Program Lead 5-year Means of Annual target (yrs) Budget Action Unit Agency target verification (KSh) 1 2 3 4 5 CFA/KFS

Objective 1: Establishment of plantations through PELIS on 430 ha in the next 5 years

Seedling production No. 8,600 Seedlings 300 200 160 100 100 CFA and 1.72 million ensuring the inclusion produced KFS of women and youth (‘000’)

Land preparation ha 430 Area 150 100 80 50 50 CFA and 3,913,000 ensuring the inclusion prepared KFS of women and youth

Planting ensuring the ha 430 Area planted 150 100 80 50 50 CFA and 1.5 million inclusion of women KFS and youth

Objective 2: Maintenance of plantations

Weeding ensuring the ha 430 Area 150 100 80 50 50 CFA and inclusion of women weeded KFS and youth

Respacing ensuring ha 50 Area 10 10 10 10 10 CFA and 262,500 the inclusion of women respaced KFS and youth

Pruning ensuring the ha 500 Area pruned 100 100 100 100 100 CFA and 7 million inclusion of women KFS and youth

Thinning ensuring the ha 500 Area thinned 100 100 100 100 100 CFA and 4 million inclusion of women (Av.) KFS and youth

Objective 3: Livelihood improvement through PELIS

Allocation of plots & No. 5 PELIS 1 1 1 1 1 CFA and 50,000 beneficiaries to ensure register KFS equitable distribution & maps; among men, women number of and youth women on register

Undertaking contracts No. 5 Income 1 1 1 1 1 CFA 8,750,000 with local communities generated (including women, youth and self-help groups)

5.3 Water Resources Management challenges Management Program The key challenges currently facing this program Background are: • degradation of water catchment areas upstream The conservation zone is comprised of 4367.18 • illegal grazing ha of indigenous forests considered to be a major • pollution of water sources water catchment area (500 ha to be rehabilitated • lack of a good working relationship between under the Natural Forest Management Program CFA and WRUA. which is also includes a water catchment area).

42 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Table 22. Management actions for the Water Resources Management Program.

5-year Means of Annual target (yrs) Lead Budget Action Unit target verification 1 2 3 4 5 agency (KSh)

Objective 1: Improve water resources conservation and utilization

Awareness creation No. 20 Meetings, 4 4 4 4 4 CFA and 1.0 on protection of films and KFS and million riparian areas to dramas WRUA include key issues in protection such as gender and tree/ forest tenure

Awareness creation No. 20 Reports 4 4 4 4 4 CFA and 3 million on role of women KFS and and youth in WRUA participating in forest conservation and protection of riparian areas

Assess sustainable M3 5,000 Volume 1,000 10,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 CFA, 2.5 extractable amount WRUA & million KFS

Water abstraction No. 10 Intakes 2 2 2 2 2 CFA and KFS

Control of over- and No. 5 Reports 1 1 1 1 1 CFA and 50,000 illegal abstractions KFS

Objective 2: Protection and conservation of riparian areas

Seedling production No. 50,000 Seedlings 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 CFA, 1 million produced KFS and WRUA

Planting of water- km 2.5 Riparian belt 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 CFA, 250,000 friendly tree species planted KFS and WRUA

Objective 3: Livelihood improvement

Water connection to No. 500 Beneficiaries 50 150 150 100 50 CFA, 1.6 households KFS and million MOW

Objective 4: Enhance the relationship between CFA and WRUA

Hold joint meetings Unit 20 Meeting 4 4 4 4 4 CFA, 200,000 of CFA and WRUAs minutes WRUA, KFS & WRA

Conduct joint Unit 10 Training 2 2 2 2 2 CFA, 1.0 training of CFA and reports WRUA million WRUA members on KFS & partnerships and WRA governance of forest and water resources

Management programs 43 Table 23. Management actions for the Wildlife and Ecotourism Management Program.

5-year Means of Annual target (yrs) Lead Budget. Action Unit target verification 1 2 3 4 5 agency (KSh)

Objective 1: Conserve wildlife and their habitats

Undertake surveillance No. 30 Reports 6 6 6 6 6 KWS/KFS/ 600,000 of the forest CFA

Objective 2: Development of ecotourism infrastructure

Develop a road to km 53 Reports 7 12 12 12 10 KFS 2.12 eco-sites million

Objective: 3 Livelihood improvements

Establish a visitor No. 1 Visitors 1 KFS & CFA 240,000 security/ monitoring system

Provision of guides No 15 Visitors 3 3 3 3 3 CFA 1.8 million and porters

Objective: 3 Promote domestic tourism

Publicity through: - No. Lumpsum Signage and 1 1 1 1 1 KFS/CFA 500,000 Brochures billboards - Road shows - Signage and billboards - Print and electronic media - Promotion of home stays

Management objectives were not implemented mainly due to inadequate • to improve soil and water conservation/ financial resources, thus there was a need to enter holding capacity of the forest into collaboration with other stakeholders and • to protect and conserve riparian areas investors for the planned activities to become viable • to improve the health of communities in the next 5 years. through the supply of clean and safe water • to improve the relationship between CFA and Management challenges WRUA. • undeveloped ecotourism facilities within the forest such as bandas, camp sites and picnic sites • inadequate marketing of the forest ecotourism 5.4 Wildlife and Ecotourism sites Management Program • lack of a proper cost–benefit sharing mechanism • CFA’s inadequate capacity to implement this Background program.

Londiani Forest is endowed with diverse Management objectives wildlife and has ecotourism potential due to • to conserve wildlife and habitat the presence of attractive scenery. This would • to develop ecotourism infrastructure generate income for the community members • to protect existing wildlife species and alleviate poverty. Ecotourism activities that • to promote domestic tourism through publicity. were proposed in the previous management plan

44 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Table 24. Management actions for the Community Development Program.

5-year Means of Annual target (yrs) Lead Budget Action Unit target verification 1 2 3 4 5 agency (KSh)

Objective 1: Promotion of on-farm tree planting to achieve 10% cover on individual farms

Seedling production No. 475 Seedlings 75 100 100 100 100 CFA 7.2 million (‘000’)

Promote agroforestry No. 14,200 Beneficiaries 2500 2700 3000 3000 3000 CFA 100,000

Establish of woodlots ha 100 Area under 20 20 20 20 20 CFA 0 woodlot

Objective 2: Promote alternative sources of renewable energy sources

Promote energy No. 5 Technologies 1 1 1 1 1 CFA, 100,000 conservation promoted MOEP, technologies KFS& NGOS

Promote energy No. 500 Beneficiaries 100 100 100 100 100 CFA, 2 million conservation MOEP, technologies KFS & NGOS

Objective 3: Support community livelihoods through IGAs

Promotion of IGAs No. 10 IGAs adopted 2 2 2 2 2 CFA 100,000

Objective 4: Enhancement of CFA governance

Membership renewal No. 3,000 CFA register 2,510 2,560 2,700 2,800 3,000 CFA 0 and recruitment ensuring that numbers of women and youth are increased

Establish local-level No. 1 Register & 1 10,000 forest management minutes committee with increased/equal representation of women

Hold CFA meetings No. 30 Minutes 6 6 6 6 6 300,000 providing adequate notice in appropriate ways to all members and holding meetings at times and venues that are also convenient for women

Conduct elections in No. 1 Minutes of 1 20,000 transparent manner that elections promotes a meaningful representation of women

Continuous capacity No. 10 Reports on 2 2 2 2 2 150,000 building and training (300 training sessions in conflict people resolution; gender per participation in decision training making; session) benefit sharing; financial management and book keeping; proposal writing and fund raising, etc. to reach 3,000 people

Management programs 45 Table 25. Management actions for the infrastructure and equipment management program.

5-year Means of Annual targets (yrs) Lead Budget Action Unit target verification 1 2 3 4 5 agency (KSh)

Objective 1: Improve the forest infrastructure

Establish a No. 1 Office 1 CFA 6 million resource center for CFA with an office, conference room, library and a store

Upgrade and No. 11 Houses 1 2 3 3 2 KFS 2.5 million renovate the forest office and staff houses

Objective 2: Provide equipment

Purchase of No. 2 Equipment 1 1 KFS 10 million 4-wheel vehicle purchased and tractor

Objective 3: Improve visibility of forest and other resources (sign posts indicating direction to the existing facilities and eco-sites)

Make signboards No. 6 Sign erected 2 2 2 0 0 KFS 300,000 indicating direction to the existing facilities and to eco-sites such as shrines, fish ponds, springs and other unique features

5.5 Community Development Management challenges Program The key challenges faced by this program include: Background • dependence on forest for wood fuel • dependence on forest as source of fodder Communities living in the intervention zone are • increased cutting of the few trees existing on made up of small landholders with an average of farms about 0.9 ha of land and have low incomes due to • soil erosion on the farms. unemployment and poor agricultural practices. On-farm income earns households an average of Management objectives KSh 87,858 per year with crop sources contributing • to promote on-farm tree growing and the largest portion of this income (GoK. 2009) agroforestry systems Most of the community members rely on the • to promote use of alternative sources of forest as a source of fuelwood, building materials renewable energy sources and fodder for their animals. Therefore, there • to support community livelihoods through IGAs is need for the county government and KFS to • to promote growing of fodder crops, trees and upscale forest and rural extension services to create shrubs awareness and continue giving technical advice to • to strengthen community governance through the communities in the intervention zone in the capacity building to facilitate the adoption of areas of forestry, agriculture and other livelihood new farming technologies. improvement activities.

46 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Table 26. Management actions for Human Resource Development Program.

5-year Means of Annual target (yrs) Lead Budget Action Unit target verification 1 2 3 4 5 agency (KSh)

Objective 1: To ensure the forest has adequate staff levels at all levels

To recruit, deploy No. 11 KFS HR records 4 3 2 2 0 KFS 12.6 or transfer forest million rangers

To recruit No. 9 KFS records 3 3 2 1 1.9 subordinate staff million

To recruit a driver No. KFS records 1 900,000

Objective 2: To enhance staff performance

To conduct periodic No. 10 KFS HR records 2 2 2 2 2 KFS 500,000 scheduled refresher training sessions for KFS staff on monitoring and evaluation; gender; mainstreaming; community-based/ participatory forestry; laws and policies; conflict resolution, etc.

Objective 3: To maintain a motivated team of staff

Conduct scheduled No. 5 Reports 1 1 1 1 1 KFS 100,000 staff evaluations and promotions based on KFS human resources policy

Introduction of No. 5 Commendation 1 1 1 1 1 KFS 300,000 innovative means letters for staff of staff rewards and who qualify for motivation at the rewards, staff local level parties

Table 27. Management actions for the Protection and Security Management Program.

5-year Means of Annual target (yrs) Lead Budget Action Unit target verification 1 2 3 4 5 agency (KSh)

Objective 1: Enhance forest protection

Create awareness No. 10 Records 2 2 2 2 2 CFA, KWS 100,000 about the need to and KFS protect the forest

Maintain forest km 68 Length 68 68 68 68 68 CFA, KWS 2,380,000 boundaries, fire protected and KFS breaks and fences and maintained

Objective 2: Control of pests and diseases

Undertake No. Continuous 1 1 1 1 1 KFS/KEFRI/ 400,000 surveillance for early reports CFA detection of pests and diseases

continued on next page

Management programs 47 Table 27. Continued

5-year Means of Annual target (yrs) Lead Budget Action Unit target verification 1 2 3 4 5 agency (KSh)

Objective 3: Prevention and control of forest fires

Undertake No. Continuous 1 1 1 1 1 KFS/CFA 100,000 surveillance repots concerning forest fires and their control

Objective 4: Regulate forest products extraction

Formulate and No. Forest User 1 15,000 enforce forest user G roup by- group by-laws laws

Table 28. Management actions for the Education and Research Development Program.

5-year Means of Annual target (yrs) Lead Budget Action Unit target verification 1 2 3 4 5 agency (KSh)

Objective 1: Conduct research on biodiversity, and cultural and social use of the forest

Develop No. 4 Correspondences, 1 1 1 1 CFA, KFS, 200,000 partnership agreements, education with research MOUs and institutions research institutions and NMK

Conduct research No. 2 Report on 1 1 CFA, KFS, 300,000 on forest flora research findings NMK, and fauna education of economic and importance research institutions

Conduct research No. 1 Report on 1 CFA, KFS, 250,000 on cultural and research findings NMK, social use of the education forest and research institutions

Conduct research No. 1 Report on 1 CFA, KFS, 250,000 on appropriate research findings NMK, tree species for education woodlots and and agroforestry research institutions

Conduct research No. 1 Report on 1 CFA, KFS, 250,000 on appropriate research findings NMK, rehabilitation education methods and and species research institutions

Conduct research No. 1 Report on 1 CFA, KFS, 250,000 on value addition research findings NMK, on various non- education wood forest and products research institutions

continued on next page

48 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Table 28. Continued

5-year Means of Annual target (yrs) Lead Budget Action Unit target verification 1 2 3 4 5 agency (KSh)

Conduct research No. 1 Report on 1 CFA, KFS, 250,000 on livelihood research findings NMK, improvement education and research institutions

Disseminate No. 6 No. of meetings, 1 1 1 1 CFA, KFS, 600,000 research findings no. of copies of NMK, reports distributed education to CFA members and and/or displayed research at the resource institutions center

Promote No. 4 No. of meetings 1 1 1 1 CFA, KFS, 200,000 intergenerational of elders and NMK, knowledge the youth, education transfer documentation and and research documentaries institutions

Objective 2: To establish an education facility at the CFA resource center

Establish a library No. 1 Library records 1 CFA, KFS, 200,000 at the resource NMK, center education and research institutions

Equip the No. 1000 Library inventory 500 500 CFA, KFS, 500,000 library with records NMK, relevant books, education publications and and research findings research institutions

Promote No. 8 Promotion 8 CFA, KFS, 100,000 educational and materials and NMK, ecological use records of visiting education of the forest schools and by schools research and learning institutions institutions

Objective 3: Integrate indigenous knowledge into natural resources management and conservation

Document No. 1 Records and 1 CFA, NMK, 200,000 indigenous documentation CFA, NGOs knowledge

Integrate No. 1 CFA, NMK, 100,000 findings in CFA, NGOs implementation of the management programs

Objective 4: To enhance community research capacity

Recruit and No. 4 KFS and CFA 4 CFA, NMK, 300,000 train community records CFA, NGOs research assistants

Management programs 49 5.6 Infrastructure and The key challenges faced by this program include: Equipment Management • government recruitment procedures for public Program servants • lack of an FMA to properly integrate the CFA in Background the management of the forest • lack of skilled staff and a CFA. The forest is managed by a forest manager, an assistant forest manager and several KFS rangers Program objectives and support staff. The office block and 10 existing staff houses are dilapidated and need repair, while Based on the current status and challenges facing equipment required for implementation of planned this program, this plan proposes the following activities are inadequate. objectives: • KFS to deploy adequate staff at all levels Management challenges • to enhance staff performance through training • dilapidated buildings • to maintain a team of well-motivated staff • lack of communication equipment • to hire required additional labor on a needs • inadequate forest equipment basis. • lack of means of transport. Management objectives 5.8 Protection and Security • to improve the forest infrastructure (roads, Management Program bridges, office and houses) • to provide the appropriate equipment and tools Background • to provide adequate houses for staff • to enhance visibility of the forest and other Londiani Forest has inadequate numbers of security resources (signage). personnel in light of its area. Management challenges 5.7 Human Resource Development Program The key challenges facing this program have been: • inadequate numbers of forest rangers Background • lack of transport • lack of community-trained scouts The successful implementation of all the proposed • illegal removal of wood products management programs in this plan will depend • illegal grazing. on the staff who will oversee the management, protection, policing and security of the forest Management objectives resources. • to enhance forest protection and reduce illegal activities For the staff to effectively and efficiently deliver on • to regulate and control grazing in the forest their mandate, there must be adequate numbers • to conduct surveillance on diseases and pests of them, and they must be skilled and motivated. • to prevent and control forest fires. This explains why there is need to have a workable human resources program and to bring on board the CFA and other stakeholders in the management 5.9 Education and Research of the forest resource. Development Program

Londiani has inadequate numbers of staff in Background comparison to its area and the complexity of tasks that need to be carried out. According to the forest Findings from the socioeconomic survey and manager, the forest office additionally requires 11 biodiversity survey in Londiani Forest showed that forest rangers, 9 subordinate members of staff and the forest is rich in biodiverse species and other a driver. resources that may require elaborate research to ensure the set plan activities are successfully Management challenges implemented, while the forest can be used for

50 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 • inadequate information on existing research education purposes at all levels from schools, findings on improved farming practices and colleges, universities and the local communities. forest management Management issues • overreliance on forest land for grazing. • lack of information on endangered species (both plants and animals) in the natural forest and Management objectives their economic importance a. to conduct research with relevant institutions on • lack of information on appropriate agroforestry biodiversity, and cultural and social use of the tree species to be grown and agroforestry forest practices to be promoted in the area adjacent to b. to establish an education facility at the CFA the forest resource center to disseminate research findings • inadequate knowledge on crops/fodder suitable c. to integrate indigenous knowledge into natural for growing in the area adjacent to the forest resources management and conservation • inadequate information on optimum numbers of d. to develop farmer/community research capacity wildlife and livestock per unit area, as pressure on forest forage leads wild animals to invade the farms • lack of information on sustainable and affordable alternative sources of energy, e.g. solar, wind, biogas • overreliance on wood fuel, which poses a threat to forest resources

KFS board

Chief Conservator of Forests

Head of Mau Conse rvancy

Mau conservancy FCC

Ecosystem Conservator – Ke ric ho County

Regional CFA representative

Forest Manager – Londiani forest station

Local level forest LOCOFA management committee Government

line ministries

- Nema

- Agriculture

Forest resource -Livestock Donors Other user groups and partners stakeholders

Figure 14. Plan implementation structure

Management programs 51 Chapter 6 Plan implementation, financing and structure

will be carried out by Kenya Forest Service on all 6.1 Financial management planned development activities before they are undertaken. Essentially, EIA is designed to ensure Currently, most of the activities that are going on that negative impacts are recognized and mitigation in Londiani Forest and areas adjacent to the forest measures included in the plan. Several activities are funded by the government either through that require environmental impact assessment agencies such as KFS, MoALF and CDF. To before being undertaken have been identified and guide the implementation of this management described in Second Schedule (S.58 (1), (4)) of plan, a financial management mechanism and a EMCA Act Cap 387 of 2012. The activities relevant plan implementation committee will be required. to Londiani include: Financial management will involve appropriate • establishment and expansion of recreational regulation by a donor or a stakeholder that has areas provided funds for implementation of a project or • construction of ecotourism facilities and activities within a program and those responsible associated structures will oversee how finances allocated to both • commercial exploitation of fauna and flora in recurrent and development budgets will be spent. indigenous forests and other conservation areas Revenue collection based on forest resources will • quarry mining of stones and other minerals be in accordance with the Kenya Forest Service identified in the planning process and those regulations and procedures while funds due to the identified after the baseline survey. CFA will adhere to the constitution and by-laws governing the management of various user groups. At the very outset, it is recognized that the The CFA is advised to raise funds by developing following planned activities may cause negative proposals that attract funding from various donors. environmental impacts, and they need to be taken This will enable KFS and CFA to raise the funds into account: they need to support conservation efforts as guided • forest degradation resulting from development by the Participatory Forest Management Plan. activities Budget reviews will be done annually by all those • habitat destruction and displacement of involved in the implementation of the projects/ wildlife and microorganisms during prescribed activities in order to prioritize the operations in operations accordance with available funds and prevailing • soil erosion as a result of construction and inflation rates at the time of review. grading of roads • sewage, garbage and litter disposal from ecotourism facilities 6.2 Environmental impact • wildlife displacement and disturbance by assessment humans while conducting the development activities within the forest reserve A holistic approach will be adopted in planning • development of roads and nature trails the conservation and development activities within • construction of ecotourism facilities and the forest. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) associated structures.

52 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 6.3 Monitoring and evaluation monitoring of the progress of the activities being carried out, how the funds allocated are 6.3.1 Monitoring and Evaluation Plan being used, the impact on the environment and community, and make monthly, quarterly, mid- After signing a forest management agreement, the year and annual reports to the local-level plan CFA and other stakeholders will hold a meeting implementation committee. The Local-Level Forest to discuss and agree on how the planned activities Management Committee (LLFMC) comprised of will be implemented. Whatever is discussed and all key stakeholders will hold periodic meetings to agreed will be developed into a plan that will guide discuss and make decisions on the progress of plan the implementation plan for the next 5 years. The implementation. same will also be used as a tool for monitoring and evaluating the activities that are being carried out It is also expected that the LLFMC will conduct during the plan period and a progress report on periodical physical monitoring on the ground to each activity has been completed. verify and check on the reports submitted by its field officers/representatives. Also, an independent 6.3.2 Monitoring and evaluation consultant will be engaged to undertake a midterm methodology and end-of-plan period evaluation.

Monitoring will be done by implementing agencies, 6.3.4 Indicators for monitoring and namely KFS, CFA and other stakeholders through evaluation the submission of monthly, quarterly, half-yearly and yearly progress reports on projects and Each program has set indicators to show success activities being implemented by implementing of the implementation of its activities. The set agencies during the plan period. However, a 5-year indicators will be used by the monitoring team and monitoring and evaluation plan will be formulated the LLFMC to ensure successful implementation by KFS, CFA and other stakeholders and reviewed of the set activities. The monitoring framework is annually based on any changes that occur during affixed to this plan as Appendix 1. the implementation of the plan. Mid-term and final evaluations will be done to determine the progress of the set activities and achievements of objectives, 6.4 Institutional arrangements and to analyze and address challenges faced in the for plan implementation implementation process. Information gathered and lessons learnt will be used to revise or review the The PFMP will require a proper organizational management plan. structure and institutional arrangement for efficient implementation; this will build synergies, avoid 6.3.3 Responsibilities duplication, double funding and avoid conflicts.

The key implementing agencies, namely KFS, The flow chart in Figure 14 shows the structure for CFA and other stakeholders, through their implementation of the Londiani PFM Plan. staff/representatives will undertake continuous

Plan implementation, financing and structure 53 References

[GoK] Government of Kenya. 2016a. The Forest [GoK] Government of Kenya. 2009. Volume I Conservation and Management Act. Nairobi, Kenya: Household Baseline Survey Report- Kericho The Government Printer. County 2009 [GoK] Government of Kenya. 2016b. The Water Act. [GoK] Government of Kenya. 2008. Vision 2030. Nairobi, Kenya: The Government Printer. Nairobi, Kenya: The Government Printer. [GoK] Government of Kenya. 2015. Environmental [GoK] Government of Kenya. 2006. Energy Act. Management Coordination (Amendment) Act Nairobi, Kenya: The Government Printer. (EMCA). Nairobi, Kenya: The Government Printer. [GoK] Government of Kenya. 1989. Regional [GoK] Government of Kenya. 2013a. Agriculture, Development Policy and Act (Cap. 447). Nairobi, Fisheries and Food Authority (AFFA) Act No. 13 Kenya: Government Printer .Nairobi, Kenya. The Government Printer [GoK] Government of Kenya. 1972. Grass Fires Act, [GoK] Government of Kenya. 2013b. The Wildlife Cap 327. Nairobi, Kenya: The Government Printer. Conservation and Management Act. Nairobi, Kenya: KARI. 1996 Semi detailed Soil Survey of the African The Government Printer. Highland Produce Company farm (Kericho and [GoK] Government of Kenya. 2013c. National Bomet Counties) pages 10-11 Government Co-Ordination Act: No. 1. Nairobi, UNFCCC.1997. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Kenya: The Government Printer. Framework Convention on Climate Change [GoK] Government of Kenya. 2012. The County adopted at COP3 in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December Governments Act. Nairobi, Kenya: The Government 1997 Printer. United Nations. 2012. The Millennium Development [GoK] Government of Kenya. 2010. The Constitution. Goals Report 2012. New York: United Nations Nairobi, Kenya: The Government Printer. [KFS]Kenya Forest Service Strategic Plan 2017–2022. [GoK] Government of Kenya. 2009. The Agriculture Nairobi, Kenya (Farm Forestry) Rules .Nairobi, Kenya: The Kenya, Ministry of Environment and Natural Government Printer Resources. (2016). National Forest Programme of Kenya. MENR, Nairobi, Kenya.

54 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Achievement

continued on next page 5

1 Annual targets (yrs)

No. of No. beneficiaries

Indicator Products value added sites Beneficiaries Beneficiaries Headloads or stacks Beneficiaries

Species conserved Area protected Area weeded Area planted Seedlings Unit No. No. No. No. No. No. Bags kg kg No. ha ha ha N. Plan target 5

100 50,000 4,800 3,600 1,000 500 500 3 500 500 500 500,000 Activity Value addition of forest Value produce Ecotourism Fishing and fish farming Collection of forest produce for community- based industries Fuelwood collection Livestock grazing Grass/fodder harvesting Extraction of herbal medicine Harvesting of honey Identification of endemic, threatened and rare, endangered species Protection for natural regeneration (fencing, man-days) Weeding Planting Seedling production Objective Improve livelihoods Promote conservation of plant species of special concern Rehabilitate natural Rehabilitate forest Monitoring and Evaluation Framework program Management Natural Forest Conservation & Management No. 1 Appendix 1. Appendices

Appendices 55 Achievement

continued on next page 5

1 Annual targets (yrs)

No. of No. beneficiaries

Indicator Beneficiaries Meetings Riparian belt planted Seedlings produced Reports Amount paid Intakes Years cultivated Years Years cultivated Years PELIS register PELIS register & maps Area thinned Area pruned Area respaced Area weeded Area planted Area cultivated Seedlings produced Unit No. No. km No No. KSh No. No. No. No. No. ha ha ha ha ha ha No. Plan target 500 20 2.5 50,000 20 20 20 3 5 5 5 500 500 50 430 430 430 860,0000 Activity Water connection to Water households Awareness creation for Awareness protection of riparian areas Planting of water-friendly tree species Seedling production Control of over- and illegal abstractions Abstraction/easement fee payment Water abstraction Water Duration of cultivation in the current plot Duration of cultivation in the forest PELIS beneficiaries Plots allocation Thinning Pruning Respacing Weeding Planting Land preparation Land Seedlings production Objective Improve livelihoods Protect and conserve riparian areas Improve water resources conservation and utilization Improve livelihoods Maintain plantations Establish plantations through PELIS Continued program Management Water Resources Resources Water Management Plantation Development No. 3 2 Appendix 1.

56 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Achievement

continued on next page 5

1 Annual targets (yrs)

No. of No. beneficiaries

Indicator Area under woodlot Beneficiaries Report Seedlings financial records Visitors minutes Visitors minutes Income generated Certificate of registration Functional facilities developed IGAs adopted IGAs Reports Beneficiaries Unit ha No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. KSh. No. No. No. No. No. Plan target 100 14,200 5 5 475,000

15 1 1 10 0 3,000 53 10 30 500

Activity Promotion of energy conservation technologies Establishment of woodlots Promotion of agroforestry Filing of returns to the registrar Publicity Establish tree nurseries Financial management Provision of guides and porters Conduct elections Establish a visitor monitoring system Hold meetings Revenue collection from Revenue the ecotourism facilities Registration of the group Registration Develop and equip ecotourism facilities Promotion of IGAs Undertake surveillance Undertake Objective Promote ex situ conservation Improve livelihoods Enhance CFA Enhance CFA governance Develop ecotourism infrastructure 1. Conserve wildlife and habitat Continued program Management Community Development Program Wildlife and Ecotourism Management No. 5 4 Appendix 1.

Appendices 57 Achievement

continued on next page 5

1 Annual targets (yrs)

No. of No. beneficiaries

Indicator FUG by-laws Register Length Equipment Reports Utilities in place Reports Center Grazing register and plan Office Length protected Length and maintained Industries developed Updated and appropriate records Scouts trained Updated and appropriate records Reports Unit No. No. KM No No. No. No. No. No. No. km No. Man-days No. No. No. No. Plan target 1 1 68 2 5 1 5 1 1 1 68 5 20 1 10 1 10 Activity Formulate and enforce forest user by-laws Register members of user Register group Clear firebreaks Purchase 4W vehicle and tractor Undertake surveillance Undertake and control of forest fires Install water and power supplies Undertake surveillance Undertake for early detection of pests and diseases Establish resource center Control grazing Establish CFA office and Establish CFA stores Maintain forest boundaries and fences Development of wood- and non-wood-based industries patrols Undertake Adherence to statutory requirements and train Recruit community scouts Maintenance of group records Create awareness

Objective Enhance forest protection Regulate forest Regulate products extraction Provide equipment Prevent and control forest fires Control pests and diseases Develop infrastructure Improve livelihoods Continued program Management Protection and Security Infrastructure and Equipment Development No. 7 6 Appendix 1.

58 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Achievement

1 Annual targets (yrs)

No. of No. beneficiaries

Indicator Studies Studies Value-added Value-added products Species Species Facility Grazing plan Training Employees Training Training Training Employees Unit No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Plan target 4 1 10 1 10 1 1 5 10 10 10 10 20 Activity Research assistants Research Provision of indigenous knowledge (IK) Establish nature-based industries Establishment of trial plots and seed stands Establish on-farm trial and demo plots Establish botanical gardens Undertake livestock Undertake carrying capacity Capacity building on PFM Employment of casuals, fence attendants and community scouts Enhance capacity in conflict resolution Enhance capacity in forest conservation Enhance capacity in IGAs Job creation Objective Improve livelihoods Give added value on forest products Investigate appropriate rehabilitation methods and species Undertake research Undertake on appropriate tree species for woodlots and agroforestry Establish education facility Regulate livestock Regulate grazing Manage human reso Continued program Management Research and Research Education Development Human Resource Human Resource Development No. 9 8 Appendix 1.

Appendices 59 Appendix 2. List of common tree species in Londiani Forest

Scientific name Local name in Kalenjin Local name in Kikuyu Syzygium guineese Lamaiyat Mukoe Croton macrosystuchus Tebesuet Mutundu Ficus natalensis Simotuet Mugumo Rhamnus prinoides Kosisitiet Mukarakinga Dombeya goetzenii Silibwet Mukeu Podocarpus falcatus Saptet Muthengera Albizia gummifera Seyet Mukurwe Ekebergia capensis Aruruet Mununga Olea ueropea spp africana Emitiot Mutamaiyu Olea capensis spp holchsteterii Msaita Mucharage Afrocrania volkensii Tarakiet Mucemeki Arudinalia alpine Terga Murangi Cassipourea molasana Martit Muthaithi Myrsine melanophloeos Osegeteti Mugaita Ficus sycomorus Mogoiwet Mukuyu Prunus africana Arureut Muiri Vitex keniesis Mulkelwet Muhuru Hagenia abyssinica Bondet Muhooru Juniperus procera Tarakwet Mutarakwa Teclea nobilis Kuriot Munderendu Rhus natalensis Suriat Muthigio Fraxinus pennsylvanica Munyukwa Cupressus lustanica Muthithinda Eucalyptus saligina Munyua Mai Pinus patula Mucinda Nugu Acacia mearnsii Muthanduku

60 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Appendix 3. List of common animals in Londiani Forest

Class Common name Local name (Kipsigs) Local name (Kikuyu) Scientific name Mammals Elephant Belyot Njogu Loxodonta africana Leopard Cheplanget Ngari Panthera pardus Hyena Kimagetiet Hiti Crocuta crocuta Wild pig Toret Ngurwe Susscrofa Antelope Cheswereret Thia Antilocapra americana Duiker Cheptirgichet Squirrels Kimencherut Nduru Sciuridae spp Dik dik Madoqua kirkii Hare Mbuku Lepus microtis Primates Baboons, monkeys Chereret Nugu Papio spp Reptiles Snakes, lizards, Reptilia family chameleons Birds Guinea fowl, eagles, Nyoni Avian family weaver birds, sparrows Amphibians Frogs Chiura Insects Bees, butterflies and Insecta family silk worms

Appendices 61 Appendix 4. List of sites of importance in Londiani Forest and proposed utilization

Location Name of the site Proposed utilization Kedowa Barkechech/Porop Apiaries Soriot Tourist attraction Barkechech water spring Water abstraction Kipkunyu Picnic site Sachsomok Quarry Porop Tree nursery Tulwap Ewat/Kureset Beekeeping Tulwap Kipsigis Shrine Prayers and meetings Mt. Blackett Eco-lodge Rorron Stone/Murram Tulwap Kipsigis Marathoners camp Kiplugit Bubbling water Muratit Fish farming Muratit Tree nursery Kipketet/Soriot Mineral lick Mt. Blackett Camping site Mt. Blackett Kwa Muiruri Water spring Mau summit junction Camp/picnic site Kunkunu Water spring Next to Mau summit junction Mining of stones Kwa Muiruri Beekeeping Kwa Muiruri Mineral lick Next to Mau summit junction Murram mining Mau summit junction Eco-lodge Kwa Muiruri Fish pond Mowlem Turwen (Gitue) Water spring Adjacent to KFS Tree Nursery Tree nursery Along Turwen spring adjacent to KFS Tree Nursery Beekeeping apiaries Along Turwen spring adjacent to KFS Tree Nursery Fish pond Adjacent to Nakuru Kericho Highway about 100 m Camp site from the tarmac

62 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 Appendix 5. List of participants for the launch and training at EC’s Hall in Londiani on 7 November 2017

No. Name Organization Contact 1 Alfred K. Soi CFA 0721936450 2 Joseph Muriu CFA 0721973419 3 Mathew Langat CFA 0720131269 4 David Tunoi Kipkerion-WRUA 0720032795 5 Henry Inyambula Kipchorian-WRUA 0728656710 6 Julius Misoi Chief 0726916318 7 Philip Twikong Bii Snr Asst Chief 0722451418 8 Geoffrey Mbuthia Snr Asst Chief 0724240606 9 Richard K Soi CFA 0728986421 10 Ngeno Methew CFA 0717493724 11 Paul Chepkwony CFA 0724955940 12 Joseph Mwaura CFA 0722503373 13 Betty Chepkorir CFA 0727857990 14 Catherine Wanjiru CFA 0726515322 15 Samuel Tuei CFA 0722666803 16 James K. Langat CFA 0788779122 17 Christine M. Wasilwa CFA 0723712569 18 Monica Ruguru CFA 0727736876 19 Ann Nyambura Mbugua CFA 0796159631 20 Edna Ngeny CFA 0724633614 21 Emmajean Siele CFA 0728443721 22 Joseph K. Langat MOA 0722946144 23 Stephen K. Towett CFA O727740039 24 Mary Mumbi Kariuki CFA 0726574799 25 Leah Wambui Njuguna CFA 0727812496 26 John Kamau Njenga CFA 0724436757 27 Joseph K. Ngeno CFA 0711153044 28 Geoffrey N. Wando CFA 0725089704 29 Lucy Wangechi CFA 0713291547 30 Andrew Kosgei CFA 0725601996 31 Reuben Mosonik CFA 0710460229 32 Douglas Bwire CIFOR 0725980437 33 Priscah Ajiki WRA 0728580669 34 Salome Chelegon KWS 0723954811 35 Mary Terer CFA 0716939210 36 Cynthia Koskey CFA 0797074392 37 Emily Kirui CFA 0728447050 39 Winnie Mwaniki ISLA 0722724108 40 Philip W. Wamahiu IFCMS 0723504363 41 David Mbevi DCCo-op 0722758046 42 James Maina KEFRI 0722807160 43 Kibyegon Geoffrey Langat MOAL&F 22948269 44 Simon K. Kage IFCMS 0721258432

Appendices 63 Appendix 6. List of Local Plan Review Committee members

No. CBO/organization Name Contact 1 Mowlem Lucy Wangeci 0713291547 2 Mowlem Geoffrey Njuguna 0715089704 3 Tulwap James Langat 0788779122 4 Tulwap Edinah Ngeny 0724633614 5 Mt. Blacket t Mary Mumbi 0726574799 6 Mt. Bracket Stephen Towett 0727730039 7 Borop Richard Soi 0711153044 8 Borop Cynthia Koskei O797074392 9 CFA Chairman Alfred Soi 0721936450 10 CFA Secretary Paul Chepkwony 0724955940 11 WRUA Henry Inyambula 0728656710 12 KWS Salome Chelegon 0723954811 13 Chief Philip Twikong Bii 0722451418 14 KEFRI James Maina 0722807160 15 KFS – Forest Station Manager Humphrey Munari 0722966513 16 KFS – Assistant Forest Station Manager Mwangi 0725002148

64 Londiani Participatory Forest Management Plan 2018–2022 This research was carried out by CIFOR as part of the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA). FTA is the world’s largest research for development program to enhance the role of forests, trees and agroforestry in sustainable development and food security and to address climate change. CIFOR leads FTA in partnership with Bioversity International, CATIE, CIRAD, INBAR, ICRAF and TBI. FTA’s work is supported by the CGIAR Trust Fund: cgiar.org/funders/ cifor.org forestsnews.cifor.org

Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) CIFOR advances human well-being, equity and environmental integrity by conducting innovative research, developing partners’ capacity, and actively engaging in dialogue with all stakeholders to inform policies and practices that affect forests and people. CIFOR is a CGIAR Research Center, and leads the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA). Our headquarters are in Bogor, Indonesia, with offices in Nairobi, Kenya, Yaounde, Cameroon, and Lima, Peru.