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INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL Centro Interdisciplinario De Investigación Para El Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Oaxaca

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INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL Centro Interdisciplinario De Investigación Para El Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Oaxaca INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Oaxaca MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS EN CONSERVACIÓN Y APROVECHAMIENTO DE RECURSOS NATURALES PROTECCIÓN Y PRODUCCIÓN VEGETAL “DIVERSIDAD DE ARAÑAS (ARACHNIDA: ARANEAE) EN PLANTACIONES DE CAFÉ (Coffea arabica) EN DOS MUNICIPIOS DE LA REGIÓN COSTA DE OAXACA” Tesis que presenta MIGUEL ANGEL GARCÍA GARCÍA Como requisito parcial para obtener el grado de: Maestro en Ciencias DIRECTORES DE TESIS: M.C. Laura Martínez Martínez DR. Guillermo Ibarra Nuñez Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, Mayo de 2018 AGRADECIMIENTOS Al Instituto Politécnico Nacional y al Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Oaxaca, por ser excelentes centros educativos donde se forman grandes profesionistas, que saben regirse bajo sus principios y normas, tratando de dar respuesta a la gran problemática que existe hoy en día en la sociedad. Así como al centro de estudios de Posgrado, los proyectos SIP y los apoyos a eventos de la COFAA, ya que el apoyo económico brindado a través de sus diversos programas de becas fueron de mucha importancia para la realización de mis estudios. A todos los integrantes de mi comité tutorial, que durante toda mi estancia académica dentro del programa de Maestría me brindaron importantes observaciones y correcciones, en especial a la Maestra en Ciencias Laura Martínez Martínez, quien desde mi llegada a su laboratorio para realizar mi residencia profesional de nivel Licenciatura me brindó muchas atenciones, consejos, observaciones y correcciones, pero sobre todo, su amistad incondicional y su apoyo personal en cada una de las etapas de mi vida académica y profesional. A El Colegio de La Frontera Sur y en especial al Dr. Guillermo Ibarra Nuñez, por haber recibido en su laboratorio durante mi estancia de dos meses, sin duda alguna, sus observaciones y sugerencias fueron de vital importancia para la realización de este proyecto. INDICE GENERAL RESUMEN .............................................................................................................. 1 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. 2 OBJETIVOS ............................................................................................................ 3 HIPÓTESIS ............................................................................................................. 3 CAPÍTULO I INTRODUCCION GENERAL.............................................................. 4 1.1 Referencias bibliográficas ........................................................................... 11 CAPÍTULO II RIQUEZA, ABUNDANCIA Y DIVERSIDAD DE ARAÑAS EN CAFETALES CON DIFERENTE SISTEMA DE MANEJO EN OAXACA, MÉXICO23 2.1 Introducción ................................................................................................. 23 2.2 Materiales y Métodos ................................................................................... 25 2.2.1 Área de estudio ..................................................................................... 25 2.2.2 Trabajo de campo ................................................................................. 26 2.2.3 Análisis estadístico ................................................................................ 29 2.3 Resultados ................................................................................................... 30 2.3.1 Abundancia y riqueza de especies ........................................................ 30 2.3.2 Integridad de los inventarios. ................................................................ 35 2.3.3 Diversidad alfa....................................................................................... 36 2.4 Discusión ..................................................................................................... 38 2.5 Referencias bibliográficas ............................................................................ 43 CAPÍTULO III FACTORES DE MICROCLIMA Y DE MANEJO DE CULTIVO ASOCIADOS A LA DIVERSIDAD DE ARAÑAS EN CAFETALES DE OAXACA .. 64 3.1 Introducción ................................................................................................. 64 3.2 Materiales y Métodos ................................................................................... 66 3.2.2 Caracterización de los sitios .................................................................. 67 3.2.3 Variables de manejo de cultivo, microclima y fisiográficas .................... 68 3.2.5 Análisis de datos ................................................................................... 71 3.3 Resultados ................................................................................................... 73 3.3.1 Riqueza, abundancia y diversidad de arañas ........................................ 73 3.3.2 Variables de manejo de cultivo y microclima ......................................... 81 3.3.3 Correlación y regresión lineal ................................................................ 83 3.3.4 Composición de especies de arañas ..................................................... 84 i 3.4 Discusión ..................................................................................................... 85 3.5 Referencias bibliográficas ............................................................................ 91 CAPÍTULO IV GREMIOS Y ABUNDANCIA DE ARAÑAS EN CULTIVOS DE CAFÉ EN DOS MUNICIPIOS DE LA REGIÓN COSTA DE OAXACA. .......................... 105 4.1 Introducción ............................................................................................... 105 4.2 Materiales y Métodos ................................................................................. 108 4.2.1 Área de estudio ................................................................................... 108 4.2.2 Colecta de arañas ............................................................................... 108 4.2.3 Análisis de datos ................................................................................. 110 4.3 Resultados ................................................................................................. 110 4.4 Discusión ................................................................................................... 119 4.5 Referencias bibliográficas .......................................................................... 124 CAPÍTULO V CONCLUSIONES GENERALES ................................................... 131 ii ÍNDICE DE CUADROS CAPÍTULO II Pág. Cuadro 1 Familias de arañas con mayor riqueza de especies en 34 cafetales y bosque tropical de Oaxaca. Riqueza de especies y completitud de los inventarios Cuadro 2 obtenidos con los estimadores Chao 1 y ACE en los cafetales 37 y bosque tropical de la costa de Oaxaca. Diversidad de especies efectivas (q =1) obtenidos para el Cuadro 3 conjunto de datos y por temporada en dos cafetales y una 38 porción de bosque tropical de Oaxaca CAPITULO III Valores promedio, mínimo y máximo de las características de hábitat para la temporada de secas y lluvias en sitios de café y 74 Cuadro 1 bosque tropical de la región costa de Oaxaca Comparación de las abundancias de arañas obtenidas durante los seis periodos de colecta con los valores obtenidos con la Cuadro 2 prueba de X2 para el conjunto de datos en cada una de las 76 parcelas. M: Monocultivo de café, P: Policultivo de café, B: Bosque tropical. Comparación de las abundancias de arañas obtenidas durante los tres periodos de colecta con los valores obtenidos con la Cuadro 3 prueba de X2 para la temporada de lluvias en cada una de las 77 parcelas. M: Monocultivo de café, P: Policultivo de café, B: Bosque tropical. Comparación de las abundancias de arañas obtenidas durante los tres periodos de colecta con los valores obtenidos con la Cuadro 4 prueba de X2 para la temporada de secas en cada una de las 77 parcelas. M: Monocultivo de café, P: Policultivo de café, B: Bosque tropical. Riqueza, abundancia total y estimación de especies de arañas Cuadro 5 esperadas para el conjunto de datos y por época en cada una 79 de las parcelas de café y bosque tropical en Oaxaca. Comparación del número efectivo de especies para el conjunto de datos. M: Monocultivo de café, P: Policultivo de café, B: Bosque tropical. En la diagonal los valores de especies Cuadro 6 efectivas (q1), a la derecha de la diagonal: comparación en 80 número de veces que el mayor tiene sobre el menor, a la izquierda de la diagonal: comparación en % de especies que tiene el de menor con respecto al mayor. Comparación del número efectivo de especies para la Cuadro 7 temporada de lluvias. M: Monocultivo de café, P: Policultivo de 80 café, B: Bosque tropical. En la diagonal los valores de iii especies efectivas (q1), a la derecha de la diagonal: comparación en número de veces que el mayor tiene sobre el menor, a la izquierda de la diagonal: comparación en % de especies que tiene el de menor con respecto al mayor. Comparación del número efectivo de especies para la temporada de secas. M: Monocultivo de café, P: Policultivo de café, B: Bosque tropical. En la diagonal los valores de Cuadro 8 especies efectivas (q1), a la derecha de la diagonal: 81 comparación en número de veces que el mayor tiene sobre el menor, a la izquierda de la diagonal: comparación en % de especies que tiene el de menor con respecto al mayor. Prueba de t modificada por Hutcheson para el conjunto de datos. M: Monocultivo de café, P: Policultivo de café, B: Cuadro 9 Bosque
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