International Journal on Mechanical Engineering and Robotics (IJMER) ______

Solar Pump with Solar Tracking Mechanism

1Mohammed Zayeem Khan, 2MD WasimUddin, 3IIham Hussain, 4Mohammed Subhani 1,2,3,4Mechanical Eng. Dept., MuffakhamJah College of Engineering and Technology, India

Abstract: Energy from the not only sustains life on  India has one of the world's largest programs in earth but is also the source of almost all forms of energy. . Fossil fuels such as coal and oil represent solar energy that was received on earth millions of years ago, converted into A sizeable research and technology base, a growing other form. Irrigation is well-established procedure on manufacturing capability and a countrywide many farms in world, and is practiced on various levels infrastructure for the distribution and after-sales service around the world. It allows diversification of crops, while of solar energy products have emerged. Solar energy is increasing crop yields. However, typical irrigation systems beginning to be used for a large number of applications. consume a great amount of conventional energy by electric motors and generators powered by fuel. Photovoltaic II. PRINCIPLE energy can find many applications in agriculture, providing electrical energy in various cases, particularly in One of our fastest developing technologies is found in areas without an electric grid. In this paper the description the photovoltaic cells that power solar PV systems and of a photovoltaic irrigation system, is presented. Since provides the electricity and heat used in our homes and various irrigation points of organization are located in businesses. Researchers and developers are working areas without an electric grid, photovoltaic cells can harder than ever to bring the price down and produce provide the necessary power for the operation of this new technologies that decrease our reliance on fossil automatic irrigation system. To further enhance the daily pumping rates tracking arrays can be implemented. This fuels. That means solar PV systems are becoming more system demonstrates the feasibility and application of and more viable as generating using solar PV to provide energy for the pumping technology. Most commercially used solar PV systems requirements for sprinkler irrigation along with solar currently use silicon photovoltaic cells in one form or tracking mechanism. The system consists of photovoltaic another and they are judged primarily upon their array, a permanent magnet DC motor and a helical rotor efficiency at producing electricity and their subsequent pump. The operation of PV array is analyzed using cost. Pure silicon cells such mono-crystalline have a PSPICE. The efficiency of system is improved with a high efficiency but also cost more, which may not make maximum power point tracker and a sun tracker. them suitable for use in domestic abodes. Hybrid cells, a Keywords: Solar Energy, Photovoltaic Cell, Solar Tracking mix of silicon and organic substances, have a lower efficiency but cost less. I. INTRODUCTION Solar Pump Working The Solar energy is energy received by the sun. This energy is in the form of solar radiation, which makes the Solar water pumps (SWP) use electricity generated by production of solar electricity possible. Energy from the photovoltaic (PV) panels to pump water from bore Sun not only sustains life on earth but is also the source holes, wells or reservoirs directly onto fields or into a of almost all forms of energy used by man. Fossil fuels storage tank for gravity based irrigation. With no fuel such as coal and oil represent solar energy that was inputs and simple operation, SWP are cheaper, cleaner received on earth millions of years ago and converted and more reliable than diesel pumps. They offer the into other forms. Renewable sources of energy such as potential to increase smallholder incomes through wind, hydropower, biomass and ocean energy are also reduced operating costs and improved crop yields. Once indirect forms of solar energy. installed, Solar Water Pump are low maintenance and have a long life if maintained properly. Water supplied  Energy from Sun has many features, which make it can be used to irrigate crops, water livestock or, in some an attractive option such as its widespread distribution, cases, provide drinking water. pollution-free nature and virtually inexhaustible supply. Efficiency of Solar Pump  India receives solar energy equivalent to over 5,000 trillion KWh / year which is far more than the total Generally, solar panels are stationary and do not follow energy consumption of the country. [3] the movement of the sun. Here is a solar tracker system that tracks the sun’s movement across the sky and tries  The daily average solar energy incident varies from to maintain the perpendicular to the sun’s 4-7 KWh / m2 depending upon the location. rays, ensuring that the maximum amount of is ______ISSN (Print) : 2321-5747, Volume-5, Issue-3-4, 2017 10 International Journal on Mechanical Engineering and Robotics (IJMER) ______incident on the panel throughout the day. The can be connected to the output of a charge tracker starts following the sun right from dawn, controller to drive AC loads. throughout the day till evening, and starts all over again Battery wattage = voltage*its capacity= 12*2 amps=24 from the dawn next day. By using tracking system in Watts solar panels we can 3.2 Solar Tracker  Increase solar panel output by 25 to 40% They are two types of solar trackers:  The space requirements for a solar park are reduced and they keep the same output. Single axis: They either have a horizontal axle or a vertical axle. They are mostly used in tropical regions  The return of the investment timeline is reduced. where sun gets very high at noon but the days are short.  The tracking system amortizes itself within four Dual axis: They have both horizontal and vertical axel years so they can track apparent motion exactly  In terms cost per watt of the completed solar anywhere across the sky. system, it is usually to use a solar panels where An automated solar tracking mechanism consists of space and planning permit. 1. 2 LDR’s (light dependent resistors)  Maximize power unit area. 2. Microcontroller  Able to grab the energy throughout the day. 3. H bridge III. WORKING PRINCIPLE 4. Stepper motor Solar Energy in the form of light rays falls on the solar The sun rise and sun set detection is straightforward. It photovoltaic panels and got converted into electrical is done through a light dependent resistor .When sun energy through silicon wafers embedded in the solar rises, the LDR resistance decreases and the current photovoltaic panels. This electrical energy then goes to through it increases. The voltage at the transistor base the DC based motor pumping system through the cables builds up until the transistor is forced into saturation. and operate this motor. By rotation of the shaft coupled The collector current in turn increases and the coil is to mono-block pump, the pump starts lifting the ground energized, and in turn it pulls the relay to close water and throws it out for use. connecting the supply to the micro controller input Solar Panel: PORTA pin. When darkness falls, the LDR resistor increases and the transistor base current decreases  It is a device which converts light energy into cutting the collector current, and in turn disconnecting electric energy by the principle of photovoltaic the relay (The flywheel diode is connected to protect the effect. transistor against the di/dt effect). An identical circuit is  It is an array of a number of photo voltaic used for the sun set, with small difference where the modules which consists of basic elements called input is connected to the micro controller through pin. in which flow of electron is established when high intensity solar radiation falls on it.  Different semiconducting materials (P and N type) for solar cell are:Crystalline and thin films silica etc. may be used.  Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions (STC), and typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts. The efficiency of a module determines how efficient those particular solar cells can extract energy Fig 1: Mechanism of Solar Pump from sun. Following are the equipment required to make a solar Number of Panels Required= Wattage Required / Each pump with tracking system. Panel Power Output. 1. Solar Panel Controller: 2. Pump Set A charge controller may be used to power DC 3. Batteries equipment with solar panels. The charge controller provides a regulated DC output and stores excess energy 4. Pressure Switch in a battery as well as monitoring the battery voltage to 5. Pump Controller prevent under/overcharging. More expensive units will also perform maximum power point tracking. An 6. Pressure Tank ______ISSN (Print) : 2321-5747, Volume-5, Issue-3-4, 2017 11 International Journal on Mechanical Engineering and Robotics (IJMER) ______

7. Charge Controller 7000- 3 Batteries 1 60V,15W 8. Small wheels 8000/- 9. Motor and gear assembly 4 Pressure Switch 1 1500/- 10. PIC Microcontroller. 5 Pump Controller 1 2000/- 11. Output mechanical transducer (DC motor). 12. Relay Circuit Arrangement 6 Pressure Tank 1 1500/-

Description: 7 Charge Controller 1 1000/- From the above circuit diagram a Solar panel of 120 watts is connected to a rechargeable battery and this is 8 Microcontroller 1 1000/- connected to a water pump. After the purchase of solar panel, a battery/inverter and a pump set along with 9 Connecting Wire 1 5m 200/- remaining equipment the installation is done. 10 Cutters and Pliers 1 100/-

V.APPLICATIONS  Solar water pumps avoid the emission of particulate matter diesel leakages into cultivations and water, noise pollution, and travel to collect fuels. It could also contribute to a more efficient use of water.  Solar pumps can be used to lift water from wells of Fig 2 : Block Diagram of Solar Pump Setup low heads. For tracking mechanism:  The panels need not be right beside the well. They The solar tracking system operates by the comparison of can be anywhere up to 20 meters! 60 feet away from the voltages that are solar cell array. The compared voltage well, or anywhere you need the water. So, it offers levels are given as the input to the PIC microcontroller. freedom regarding the placement of panels. These Motor is use to drive the Solar Tracker to the best angle pumps can also be turned on and off as per the of exposure of light with the help of wheel arrangement. requirement, provided the period between two The required power used to run the motor and controller operations is more than 30 seconds. is provided by Step-Down  Low maintenance: A well-designed solar system requires little maintenance beyond cleaning of the panels once a week.  Trackers generate more electricity than their stationary counterparts due to increased direct exposure to solar rays. This increase can be as much as 10 to 25% depending on the geographic location of the tracking system. VI. CONCLUSION Fig 3: Solar Tracking Mechanism Solar Pump that we developed can run satisfactory at all IV. ESTIMATED COST conditions and during this peak summer this is the best option which can work out well, and it can be easily The estimated cost of this project is as follows: installed in the fields and can help the farmers to reduce the expenses on the other energy recourses like Ite electricity dieseletc.There is no electricity requirement, m Cost Qua can be operated lifelong.it is highly reliable and durable, Item/Part Name Capacity (Rupee ntity easy to maintain and operate.it creates wealth for the No s) farmers by increasing number of crops and reducing the . expenditure. 1 Solar Panel 1 120 watts 18000/- REFERENCES 2 Pump Set 1 230V 18000/- [1] Uni-solar, Solar energyproduces catalog and brochures, USA,2001. ______ISSN (Print) : 2321-5747, Volume-5, Issue-3-4, 2017 12 International Journal on Mechanical Engineering and Robotics (IJMER) ______

[2] Solar Cells EİE Departmentof Research on [5] Anonymous, Solar Powered Livestock Watering electricity applications,Ankara, Turkey, 1992. Systems, http://www.utextension.utk.edu [3] www.sandia.gov [6] Helikson,H.J and Others, Pumping waterfor irrigation using solar energy, University of [4] Eker, B and A.Akdogan, Protection methods of Florida,1995 corrosion on solar systems, TMMOB Machinery Engineering Society, Mersin, Turkey, 2005.

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