Mexican Medicinal Plants Used to Alleviate the Symptoms of Anxiety: Mini-Review

Journal of Analytical & Pharmaceutical Research

Abstract Mini Review

psychiatric disorders worldwide. In Mexico, the use of medicinal plants is growing veryAnxiety rapidly is considered in the treatment together of these with disorders. depression It is the very most important dangerous to point mental out Volume 4 Issue 6 - 2017 that the lack of scientific evidence to validate this is necessary to have the clinical evidence in order to support their use of these plants. This work deals with their 1Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, identification of plants, to review the current preclinical and when the clinical Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México information is available to present current status of these plants is use to alleviate 2Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma the symptoms of anxiety. Metropolitana-Unidad Azcapotzalco, México

Keywords: *Corresponding author:

Mexican plants; Anxiety; Medicinal herbs Soriano-García M, Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Delegación Abbreviations: Coyoacán, Ciudad de, 04510, México, Tel: 5255-5622 4569; Received:Fax: 5255 5616 2217; Email:| Published: EPM: Elevated Plus Maze; GABA: Gamma- Aminobutyric Acid; HBT: Hole Board; PTZ: Pentylenetetrazole; May 11, 2017 May 24, 2017 IntroductionCNS: Central Nervous System Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making Discussion them a potentially rich source of different types of medicines. Higher plants, as sources of medicinal compounds, continue to play a dominant role in the maintenance of human health since This work is based on the bibliographic search that identifies ancient times. Libellus49 plants de used Medicialibus in Mexican Indorum traditional was medicine a manuscript for the completed treatment inof Today to control the major diseases of the world, production anxiety [5,6]. Only the most representative plants are in this work. of synthetic pharmaceutical products are not enough; they cannot curative effects of which is indicated in the Latin language. This expand or alter their abilities. Due to this limitation there is a Mexico in 1552 which referred to native medicinal plants, the need to discover new molecular structures in the plant kingdom. This can be done by encouraging people to track the plants that andmanuscript native ofhas Tlatelolco, the intention Martin of showing de la Cruz the Kingdescribed of Spain, the the use rich of are used by indigenous people. The ethnobotanical approach is eachvariety plant of medicinal and provided plants drawings in Mexico. of Anthem, elderly and IndianJuan Badiano physician (a one of the common methods employed in choosing the plants young Indian) translated the material from Nahuatl into Latin. for pharmacological study. In many cases, there remains a need This book is housed in the archives of the Vatican Library in th preserve valuable therapeutic knowledge and supplement the for a detailed scientific study of traditional medical practices to theRome Cruz-Badiano and was rediscovered Codex or the in Badianothe 20 Codexcentury by US historians, who confused it with pre-Hispanic Aztec codex and renamed it scientific evidenceMexican of their efficaciesmedicine [1].plants were used by the [7,8]. This codex is ancient Mexican Indians base on empirical observation, as well as currently at the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City. by their use on the magic and religious ceremonies to their gods. indigenous cultures have an extensive pharmacopeia of medicinal plants, knowledgeMexico is a fromcountry generation with a diverse through flora, generations. and many During of its the last few years, there is a revival of popular interest in plants ofDominguez medicinal et plants. al. [2] Diverse mention colonial that the documents, arrival of thesuch Spaniards as those use for the treatment of different diseases including anxiety modified the native medicine practices of the Aztecs and the use Francisco Hernández, provide examples of the use of Mexican in using alternative medicine among people with psychiatry of Martin de la Cruz, Juan Badiano, Bernardino de SahagúnLibellus and de disorder [5,9]. Recently in Mexico there is an increase interest Medicialibus Indorum (Little Book of the Medicinal Herbs of the plants from the point of view of the Aztecs such as disorders, such as anxiety [10]. The result of this study show that Mexican medicinal plants in the book Historia de las cosas de la when people suffer emotional distress, 52.5% practice self-care Indians). Additional information is describe by the actions of and 28.2% look for alternative medicine approach. crude behavioral assays, such as the elevated plus maze (EPM). Anxiety in laboratory rodents are often measured using identifyNueva España the Mexican (General medicinal History plants of the that Things are commonly of the New in Spain) use in Mexicoby Fray inBernardino order to alleviate de Sahagún the symptoms [3,4]. The of aim anxiety. of this work is to dark-enhanced startle paradigms, context conditioning, and by Anxiety can also be modeled using both light-enhanced, and

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exploiting the unpredictability of aversive events, such as mild Early descriptions about the use of Montanoa frutescens Mairet ex DC aqueous crude extract describe it as a traditional labor inducing remedy, which is mentioned in the book “Libellus shockThe [11]. seeds of Annona diversifolia , A. Cherimola Mill and A. are in use of traditional medicine purpurea traditional recipes and prescriptions are listed. The mood and in order to alleviate the symptoms ofSaff anxiety and antidepressant nervousde Medicinalibus disorders Indorumare treating Herbis” with writtenthe aqueous in 1552 crude [26], extract where of Moc &Sessé ex Dunal Montanoa frutescens Mairet ex DC leaves. The aqueous extract of palmitone that has anti-anxiety response in experimental models M. frutescens showed anxiolytic-like activity in rats on the EPM in–like mice. effects Behavioral [12-14]. studies These suggest plants an have anti-anxiety a compound effect knownproduced as without disruption of general motor activity. The anxiolytic-like experimental model, in a similar manner to 2mg/kg of diazepam, by palmitone but its neuropharmacological profile differs from thatThe observed leaves forand benzodiazepines bark of Casimiroa such edulis as diazepam La Llave [14]. & Lex are used as tranquilizer, for the treatment of anxiety and insomnia. effect is blocked by picrotoxin, indicating that GABAA receptors are involved in theTilia modulation americana of this effect [27]. are used in Mexican traditional medicine for treating nervous The flowers of var. mexicana (Schltdl.) Hardin increasingIn the Forced climbing Swimming time. Test, However, the aqueous the extract extract prolonged is as effective the pentobarbital-inducedas fluoxetine shortening hypnosis time ofin immobilitymice and partially and significantly protected effect,disorders, and at insomnia higher doses and it headaches produced a [28-30]. decrease The in the n-hexane ambulatory and methanol extracts of the inflorescences have an anxiolytic-like board test (HBT), and exploratory rearing. These researchers theGalphimia animals from glauca the pentylenetetrazol-inducedCav is a plant native to Mexico convulsions and widely [15]. distributed throughout the region. The branches and seeds of suggestactivity [31].that theThe hexane anxiolytic extract activity elicits was a determineddepressant actionby EPM, on hole the Galphimia glauca Cav are used for the treatment of nervous

CNS, at least in part by the presence of β-sitosterol and some fatty secotriterpeneexcitement [16] named and galphimine-B, it is the most which studied also shows species a sedative for the acids that remain to be identified [32]. To assess the anxiolytic-like treatment of anxiety in Mexico [17,18]. An active compound, a nor- sodiumresponse, pentobarbital-induced methanol extracts of Tiliahypnosis. inflorescences Nevertheless, were quercetin tested in product was developed from the aqueous extract of G. glauca andmice kaempferol using open-field, aglycons hole-board were tested and andplus-maze showed tests, anxiolytic-like as well as andactivity was [19]. tested In on clinical patients studies, with generalized a standardized anxiety herbal disorder. medicinal This response, therefore the authors suggest that the pharmacological compound demonstrates anxiolytic effectiveness very similar [20] to but is independent of the kind of glycosides present in the samples effect of Tilia inflorescences involves quercetin and kaempferol Lorazepam, confirming the efficacy of this traditional herbal drug The roots of several species of genus ( ) [20].The roots of Ipomeas stans Cav. Is a plant widely used in Mexico [33]. Valeriana Caprifoliaceae for the treatment of nervous breakdown and epileptic seizures are used by the traditional medicine of many cultures as mild I. stans

[21]. The ethyl acetate extract (AcOEt) from the roots of medicinallysedative, and before tranquilizer, Christianity and asin athe sleep Mediterranean inducing aid area, [34]. India, The motorhas anxiolytic activity. effect The inethyl mice. acetate However extract at higher was abledoses to (20.0 increase and andgenus China. is comprised of about 200 species, and has been used 40.0mg/kg), this extract significantly reduced the spontaneous Valeriana edulis subsp. procera (Kunth) Meyer (V. procera Kunth), is also important in the GABAThe release leaves andin the branches anterior of brain Loeselia cortex mexicana of mice have [22]. an anxiolytic effect of methanol extract. Its effect is due to its interaction with In México, the native Valerian specie Valerian The anxiolytic effect of methanol extract is evaluated in mice themedicinal sedative plant and market enhanced [35,36]. pentobarbital Both the European effect andof valerenic Mexican onthe the GABAergic EPM test system and standardized by administering based a on GABAA its daphnoretin antagonist. acid isolated species from have V. officinalis similar effects on CNS. It was described that valerenic acid is absent in Mexican V. edulis valepotriates concentration is higher [37], in but comparison it has been with reported other concentration. The anxiolytic activity of 200mg/kg of extract was Valeriana [38] and the inhibited by picrotoxin, bicuculline and flumazenil but not by in V. edulis PTZ, the effect that appears to be mediated in part by activation of species [39]. Dihydroisovaltrate is the main valepotriate GABAergicThe bark system and leaves [23]. of Magnolia dealbata Zucc are used in a hydroalcohol extract [40]. Valerian roots was assessed in mice using the exploratory rearing as behavioralThe anxiolytic model. The activity roots of were ethanol obtained extract by a (70%)micropropagation of Mexican decoction as tranquilizer and to treat epilepsy [24]. The ethanol method, and the extract shows anxiolytic and anticonvulsant elevatedextract of plus the maze leaves (EPM), induced hole a significant board (HBT) and and dose-dependent exploratory rearing(30-300mg/kg) tests. M. decreasedealbata notin the only anxiety prolonged response the time in mice of sodium in the have been attributed to their valepotriates content, which include pentobarbital-induced hypnosis and delayed the onset of activity at 100, 300 and 1000mg/kg. The pharmacological effects activity of valepotriates has been tested in patients using a valtrate and isovaltrate as major components [35]. The anxiolytic pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced myoclonus and clonus, but also hindered the presence of tonic seizures without mortality [25]. mixture of 80% dihydrovaltrate, 15% valtrate and 5% acevaltrate

Citation:

Soriano-García M, Valverde FE, Rodríguez VMR (2017) Mexican Medicinal Plants Used to Alleviate the Symptoms of Anxiety: Mini-Review. J Anal Pharm Res 4(6): 00122. DOI: 10.15406/japlr.2017.04.00122 Copyright: Mexican Medicinal Plants Used to Alleviate the Symptoms of Anxiety: Mini-Review ©2017 Soriano-García et al. 3/4

using diazepam as placebo. The preliminary data obtained from this study suggested that the valepotriates may have a potential Mexican asteraceae (Compositae). 9. Heinrich M, Robles M, West JE, Ortiz de Montellano BR, Rodríguez E (1998) Ethnopharmacology of other hand, it has been described that valepotriates act in the Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 38: 539-565. anxiolytic effect on the psychic symptoms of anxiety [41]. On the alternativas y complementarias en población mexicana con 10. trastornosGorn BS, Navarro depresivos AS, y Solano de ansiedad: SN (2009) Resultados El uso de de una las encuesta terapias Conclusionbrain through gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors [42]. en la Ciudad de Mé There is a large number of Mexican medicinal plants used for xico. Salud Mental 31: 107-115. 11. Dias BG, Banerjee SB, Goodman JV, Ressler KJ (2013) Towards new disease management in order to alleviate the symptoms, prevent approaches to disorders of fear and anxiety. Curr Opin Neurobiol andthe treatmenteliminate ofseveral diseases, metabolic injuries, disorders infections, which health are benefits had been and 23(3): 346-352. handed over from generation to generation. pharmacological effects of the ethanol extract of leaves of Annona 12. diversifoliaTrujano GME, on the Navarrete central nervous A, Reyes system B, Hong in mice. E Phytother (1998) Some Res This work attempts to bring some useful information of currently Mexican plants that alleviate the symptoms of anxiety. 12(8): 600-602. í ínez VR, et al. Annona diversifolia most cases these studies are preliminary, and the understanding of 13. leafCarballo extracts AI, Martand palmitonenez AL, Trujano as a bioactive GME, Pellicer component. F, Mart Pharmacol theSome mechanism of these plants of action have is been inconclusive. studied in The preclinical need for research, systematic in (2010) Antinociceptive activity of Saff studies in preclinical and clinical research is evident, and efforts BiochemTrujano GME,Behav Mart 95(1):í 6-12. í Annona diversifolia induces an 14. nez AL, Ram rez RA, Trejo BR, Navarrete A Acknowledgementshould be done to fulfill this research [5]. (2006) Palmitone isolated from ález MG, Morales CT, et This work has been carried during my sabbatical leave anxiolytic-like effect in mice. Planta Med 72(8): 703-707. 15. extractMora S, of Veliz Casimiroa DG, Lungenstrass edulis in rats H, Gonzand mice. J Ethnopharmacol al. (2005) Central nervous system activity of the hydroalcoholic (M. Soriano-García) at the área de Química, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, División de de Ciencias Básicas e Ingenieria de 97(2): 191-197. Galphimia glauca methanolic extract on neuropharmacological tests. la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Azcapotzalco, 16. Tortoriello J, Lozoya X (1992) Effect of authorsMéxico. Thiscontributed work was to supportedthe data collection, by the Cátedra critical “Leopoldo reading andRío ánico de PlantasPlanta Medicinales Med 58(3): “Maximino 234-236. de la Loza Guillén” del Departamento de Ciencias Básicas. All the ónoma de Chapingo. Departamento de 17. Fitotecnia.Estrada E (1985) México. Jardín Bot Martínez” Universidad Aut Referencesfinal editing of the manuscript.

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Citation:

Soriano-García M, Valverde FE, Rodríguez VMR (2017) Mexican Medicinal Plants Used to Alleviate the Symptoms of Anxiety: Mini-Review. J Anal Pharm Res 4(6): 00122. DOI: 10.15406/japlr.2017.04.00122