Diversidad De Hormigas En Un Gradiente Altitudinal De La Cordillera

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Diversidad De Hormigas En Un Gradiente Altitudinal De La Cordillera Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (S.E.A.), nº 50 (30/06/2012): 295‒304. DIVERSIDAD DE HORMIGAS EN UN GRADIENTE ALTITUDINAL DE LA CORDILLERA DE LA COSTA, VENEZUELA (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) Edith R. Rodríguez1 & John E. Lattke2 Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Apartado 4579, Maracay 2101-A, Venezuela ‒ 1 [email protected] ‒ 2 [email protected] Resumen: Se muestrearon las hormigas de la hojarasca en tres localidades (630m, 870m, 1100m) usando el protocolo ALL en la Cordillera de la Costa, Venezuela. Se identificaron 10 subfamilias, 47 géneros y 143 especies. Las siguientes especies son citadas por primera vez para Venezuela: Typhlomyrmex pusillus Emery 1894, Discothyrea denticulata Weber 1939, Discothyrea horni Me- nozzi 1927, Discothyrea humilis Weber 1939, Nylanderia steinheili (Forel 1893), Megalomyrmex drifti Kempf 1961, Octostruma bal- zani (Emery 1894), Procryptocerus convergens (Mayr 1887), Procryptocerus coriarius (Mayr 1870), Rogeria foreli Emery 1894 y Thaumatomyrmex atrox Weber 1939. Tanto la riqueza observada como la riqueza esperada fue mayor en la localidad de 870m, seguida por la de 630m y luego la de 1100m. La diversidad del género Solenopsis resultó mucho mayor a lo esperado en compa- ración con muestreos similares en otras localidades del norte de Sudamérica. Grupos funcionales como las depredadoras de colémbolos incrementaron su diversidad a la par con la altitud, pero las cultivadoras de hongos y depredadoras epigeicas disminu- yeron en diversidad. Las depredadoras en hojarasca son más diversas en la altitud intermedia. Las estimaciones de cambio climá- tico local podrían favorecer a las cultivadoras de hongos y cazadoras epigeicas pero perjudicar a las cazadoras de colémbolos. Palabras claves: Hymenoptera, Formicidae, gradiente altitudinal, grupos funcionales, hojarasca, bosque tropical, Protocolo ALL, Venezuela. Ant diversity along an altitudinal gradient in the Cordillera de La Costa area, Venezuela (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Abstract: Ant diversity along an altitudinal gradient in the Cordillera de la Costa, Venezuela (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The leaf lit- ter of three localities along an elevational gradient (630m, 870m, 1100m) was sampled for ants using the ALL at the Cordillera de la Costa, Venezuela. Ants from 10 subfamilies, 47 genera, and 143 species were collected and identified. The following species are recorded for the first time from Venezuela: Typhlomyrmex pusillus Emery 1894, Discothyrea denticulata Weber 1939, Discothyrea horni Menozzi 1927, Discothyrea humilis Weber 1939, Nylanderia steinheili (Forel 1893), Megalomyrmex drifti Kempf 1961, Octo- struma balzani (Emery 1894), Procryptocerus convergens (Mayr 1887), Procryptocerus coriarius (Mayr 1870), Rogeria foreli Emery 1894 and Thaumatomyrmex atrox Weber 1939. Both the observed richness and the estimated richness were greatest at the 870m site, followed by the ones at 630m and 1100m. Diversity of Solenopsis is much higher than expected when compared with similar studies in northern South America. Functional groups such as collembola predators showed increased diversity with increasing alti- tude, whilst fungus growers and epigaeic predators showed the opposite trend. Leaf litter predators showed greatest diversity at the intermediate site. Estimated local climate change may favor fungus growers and epigaeic predators but prejudice collembola hunt- ers. Key words: Hymenoptera, Formicidae, altitudinal gradient, functional group, leaf litter, tropical forest, ALL Protocol, Venezuela. Introducción Las hormigas son un grupo de insectos muy diversos que sino también a cambios temporales, otorgándoles una impor- suelen ser ecológicamente dominantes especialmente en tancia destacada ante el fenómeno de cambio climático (Lon- ecosistemas tropicales (Folgarait, 1998), sensitivas a cam- gino & Colwell, 2011). Muchos de estos trabajos han docu- bios ambientales y fáciles de muestrear de manera cuantita- mentado una relación inversamente proporcional entre altitud tiva. Estas bondades han propiciado una explosión de estu- y diversidad (Brown ,1973; Fisher, 1996; Brühl et al., 1999), dios acerca de sus patrones de diversidad, especialmente de sin embargo la diversidad de hormigas no decrece necesaria- hormigas en la hojarasca (Fisher, 1998; Estrada & Fernán- mente de manera monótona en función del gradiente altitudi- dez, 1999; Campiolo et al., 2002; Leponce et al., 2004; nal, ya que varios estudios señalan un pico en la riqueza de Marinho et al., 2002; Longino & Colwell, 2011). Además especies entre los 500-900 m (Olson, 1994; Fisher, 1998; de estudios sobre su diversidad, la utilidad de las hormigas Ward, 2000; Longino & Colwell, 2011). con fines de monitoreo biológico y bioindicación se afianza La Cordillera de la Costa de Venezuela ha sido señalada cada vez más (Silva & Brandão, 1999; Alonso, 2000; Kas- como un hotspot de diversidad biológica (Mittermeier et al., pari & Majer, 2000; Arcila & Lozano-Zambrano, 2003; 2004), con una elevada diversidad de avifauna (Lentino & Philpott & Armbrecht, 2006; Underwood & Fisher, 2006; Esclasans, 2005), una cantidad considerable de especies Majer et al., 2007; Ribas et al., 2012). Las interacciones endémicas de plantas vasculares (Duno de Stefano et al., entre especies que aprovechan los mismos recursos o usan 2009) e inclusive un grupo endémico de hormigas ponerinas estrategias parecidas en ocupar nichos pueden usarse para del género Leptogenys (Lattke, 2011). Estudios cuantitativos clasificar hormigas en grupos funcionales o gremios (Silves- sobre la diversidad de hormigas en la Cordillera de la Costa se tre et al., 2003; Andersen, 1995, 2010) en un intento reducir han realizado en la misma zona del presente trabajo, hallando la complejidad ecológica y realizar estudios comparativos 13 especies de hormigas ecitoninas (O´Donnell et al., 2007), más allá de solo la composición faunística. y en selvas nubladas cercanas, hallando 66 especies entre las Los gradientes altitudinales permiten estudios compara- altitudes de 1 225 m y 1 450 m de la vertiente sur (Lattke & tivos de la diversidad de una biota local ante diversas condi- Riera, 2012). Esta cadena montañosa sin embargo está ubica- ciones ambientales, no solo correlacionados a la geografía da en una zona del país donde se concentra la mayor parte de 295 su población humana, implicando serios retos en la conserva- Bursera simaruba. Su aspecto se ajusta más a selva semi- ción de los diversos ecosistemas presentes. Sus selvas nubla- decidua (Beebe & Crane, 1947) considerándose como un das son fuente de numerosos cursos fluviales los cuales son bosque transicional entre bosque seco y bosque nublado. El vitales para las comunidades en ambas vertientes de la cordi- muestreo se realizó el día 3.ix.2003, registrándose una llera. Recientes modelos de cambio climático para Venezuela temperatura a nivel del suelo de 21°C y la humedad relativa señalan un aumento de temperatura y disminución general de de 89%. precipitación para su zona norte central (Ministerio del Am- Localidad III. Denominado “El Platanal” situada a biente, 2005). 1100m y coordenadas 10°21'26"N 67°49'32"W. Es un bosque Con el objetivo de obtener información de base sobre la nublado con muy poca o ninguna perturbación humana. El riqueza y distribución de especies de hormigas en el Parque dosel es bastante continuo y tiene una altura de aproxi- Nacional Henri Pittier y establecer un punto de referencia madamente entre 20-30m, con la salvedad de árboles para muestreos en el futuro, se llevó a cabo un estudio donde emergentes como Gyranthera caribensis Pittier, 1921cuya se caracteriza la riqueza e incidencia de especies en tres sitios altura puede superar 50m. Otras especies de vegetación diferentes, cada uno con condiciones ambientales diferentes y consideradas típicas de selva nublada, como Socratea sp., ubicados a través de un gradiente altitudinal. También se Cyclanthus bipartitus Poiteau ex A. Richard 1824, y Bactris caracteriza la tasa de reemplazo de especies entre los tres setulosa, fueron observadas. Esta localidad es considerada sitios y se definen cuatro grupos funcionales para estudiar como bosque nublado tanto por Beebe & Crane (1947) como cambios en su composición entre las localidades muestreadas. por Hüber (1986), o bosque muy húmedo premontano por Es nuestro deseo que este estudio pueda aportar conocimien- Ewel & Madriz (1968). El muestreo se efectuó el día tos que eventualmente apoyasen la conservación y toma de 25.viii.2003, registrándose una temperatura a nivel del suelo decisiones en el Parque Nacional Henri Pittier. de 20°C y la humedad relativa de 93%. Actividades de campo: Se siguió el protocolo de Bestelmeyer et al. (2000) con la salvedad de excluir las Materiales y Métodos trampas de caída. En cada localidad de muestreo trazamos un Descripción de la zona: Este estudio se realizó a finales del transecto lineal de 220 m donde se ubicaron 20 cuadrículas de mes de agosto y comienzos de septiembre del 2003, hacia el 1m2, separadas 10m entre sí. De cada cuadrícula se recogió la final de la parte más intensa de la época lluviosa. El área hojarasca hasta su interfase con el suelo mineral, previamente muestreada fue el Valle de Santa María, ubicado en la vertien- golpeando la misma repetidas veces con un machete para te norte de la Cordillera de la Costa, Parque Nacional Henri perturbar hormigas anidando y provocar la salida de sus Pittier, Estado Aragua, Venezuela. Como campamento base
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