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Sharjah Museums As Case Study Thesis Submitted for The Rethinking Visitors Studies for the United Arab Emirates: Sharjah Museums as Case Study Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Mona Rashid Saeed Ali Bin Hussain Al Ali School of Museum Studies University of Leicester March 2015 Acknowledgment I am indebted to numerous thoughtful and dedicated individuals who have shared their expertise and wisdom to help finish this thesis. Very special thanks to the Emirates Foundation for their funding and for believing in me. This research would not been possible without the funding of the Emirates Foundation, and I am deeply grateful to HH Shaikh Abdullah Bin Zayed Al Nahayan, UAE minister of Foreign Affairs and Chairman of the Emirates Foundation. I would like to thank in person Dr. Salwa Mikdadi, who used to be the Head of the Art and Culture programme at the Emirates Foundation. I would also like to thank Sharjah Museum Department (SMD) and the government of Sharjah for giving me a study break, and access to museums and resources to carry out this research, as it would not have been possible without their combined support. I would like to thank in person Manal Ataya, the Director-General of the SMD, and Alya Burhaima, Manager of the Education and Interpretation Department, and all my colleagues at the Education and Interpretation Department and SMD. I would like to thank all the supportive community and academics at the School of Museums Studies, University of Leicester: specifically, Dr. Sheila Watson, my supervisor, who has been very supportive and patient, and Dr Lisanne Gibson and Dr Viv Golding, who gave me valuable comments about my work. I would also like to thank my friends and colleagues for listening with empathy and providing encouragement. In particular, I would like to thank Dr. Jennifer Walklate for proof-reading my thesis. This thesis would never have been possible without the love and support of my family. Finally, I would to thank His Highness Sheikh Dr. Sultan Bin Mohammad Al Qassimi, a member of the Supreme Council, and Ruler of Sharjah for his vision and being a role model. i Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to understand the reasons why some people visit museums and why others do not in the Emirate of Sharjah, the United Arab Emirates. There are no pieces of visitor or audience research in the United Arab Emirates, therefore this research will examine Western theories on visitor studies and whether they can be applied in Sharjah or not. This study explores the psychological and external factors that influence a person‟s decision whether or not to visit a museum. The methodology which was used to collect data was qualitative and the researcher used case studies and semi-structured interviews. In total, 55 interviews were conducted with UAE nationals and residents in three museums and three different coffee shops around Sharjah. These interviews investigated how people determine their leisure activities and whether museums are an option for that activity. The research focused on museum visitors and their motivations to visit a museum. Moreover, it identified the barriers to visiting a museum. The main outcomes of this study suggest that there are internal factors that influence a person‟s decision to visit a museum, and these include learning, socializing and identity related reasons. There are also external factors, which are outside forces that lead people to visit a museum, such as a university assignment, weather, the location of the museum and its architecture. Moreover, barriers were identified for people who do not visit museums, which are personal, cultural, institutional, environmental and structural. These outcomes and barriers arose from the analysis of the interviews and finding general common themes which emerged throughout them. Understanding the factors that attract visitors to come to museums, and the barriers that hinder their visits, helps museologists and museum makers to understand their perception of Sharjah Museums. This will encourage the Museums to enhance their services and what they provide to the public. Moreover, it will encourage repeat visitations and create new audiences. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................................. i Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... ii Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Thesis Argument ................................................................................................ 5 1.3 Research Questions ............................................................................................ 6 1.4 Significance of the Research .............................................................................. 7 1.5 Structure of the Thesis ........................................................................................ 7 1.6 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2 Emirati Culture and Society ....................................................................................... 10 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Country Overview ............................................................................................ 11 2.3 Geography and Location .................................................................................. 15 2.4 Economic Prosperity and its Effect on Society ................................................ 17 2.5 Social Change ................................................................................................... 21 2.6 Family in the UAE............................................................................................ 24 2.7 Cultural development ....................................................................................... 26 2.8 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 28 Chapter 3 Background to Sharjah Museums .............................................................................. 29 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 29 3.2 Historical Overview of Sharjah Museums ....................................................... 30 3.3 Sharjah Museums and Their Visitors ............................................................... 38 3.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 45 Chapter 4 Literature Review ....................................................................................................... 46 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 46 4.2 Museums and Visitors Studies ......................................................................... 47 4.3 Leisure Time Choice ........................................................................................ 52 4.4 Psychological Factors ....................................................................................... 57 4.5 Socio-cultural Factors ....................................................................................... 63 4.6 External Factors ................................................................................................ 66 4.7 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 67 iii Chapter 5 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 69 5.1 Research Philosophies ...................................................................................... 69 5.2 Ontology and Epistemology ............................................................................. 69 5.2.1 Philosophical Position of this Study ........................................................70 5.3 Methodology..................................................................................................... 71 5.3.1 Case studies ..............................................................................................72 5.3.2 Ethics ........................................................................................................81 5.4 Research Methods ............................................................................................ 82 5.4.1 Personal Experience .................................................................................82 5.4.2 Interviews .................................................................................................84 5.4.3 Sample of museum visitors and non-visitors in the Emirate of Sharjah .....................................................................................................86 5.4.4 Pilot Interviews ........................................................................................88 5.4.5 Secondary Data ........................................................................................89 5.5 Data Analysis for the Main Interviews ............................................................
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