Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 6 Issue 02, February-2017 The Evaluation of the Physicochemical Quality of Ground Water in the Region of -

Naima Bentoutou1,2* ,Omar El Rhaouat1, Fatima Raibi2, Abdelaziz Chaouch1 1Laboratory of Biotechnology, Quality and Environment. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Ibn Tofail PB 133 1400- Kénitra, Morocco. 2National Center of Energy, Science and Nuclear Techniques B.P.1382 R.P.10001--Morocco.

Abstract - 1. INTRODUCTION Background: Groundwater pollution is becoming more and more In Morocco, groundwater is an important part of the important and concerns about its use for food represent a health hazard [1].In view of this degradation of the quality of these waters, hydraulic heritage of the country [4], due to its relatively we proposed to conduct a study to evaluate the physico-chemical easy operation. However, it is faced with quantity and quality of the waters of twenty-one representative wells located in the quality problems. It became threatened by various sources Sidi Taibi region. The latter is known for its important agricultural of contamination (domestic, industrial, agricultural ...). In potential exploiting these underground waters of the Maâmora aquifer. fact, the pollution of groundwater is one of the most disturbing aspects and the use of these waters for food is a Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and danger against health [1].Faced with this worrying situation chemical quality of groundwater including twenty-one representative of the quality of the water, a contribution was aimed to wells in the rural commune of Sidi Taibi (province of Kénitra) during a sampling campaign in 2015. evaluate the physical and chemical quality of 21 representative wells in the rural commune of Sidi Taibi Methods: The physical parameters, in situ and laboratory which is characterized by a significant agricultural measurements allowed to characterize the groundwater enveloping potential nurseries by exploiting these underground water. Sidi Taibi. SO, facts of pH, temperature, electrical conductivity by integrated mobile hardware measurements and analysis of non-type HANNA pH-meter (HI98150) thermometer and connectivity The groundwater in the region of Sidi Taibi is used for (HI9033), so that the parameters of other analyzes were carried out drinking and agriculture which induce a physicochemical within the Radiation Laboratory of the National Center for Energy, health problem due to the ammonium ions and the full Nuclear Measurement Science and Technology. alkalinity and turbidity that has proven to be abnormal in

The statistical analysis of the results obtained is based on the almost all wells and could therefore affect the health of comparison of the averages of the various parameters measured. We people who draw water from these wells. used maxima and minima to evaluate changes in these parameters for selected sites and for well-defined periods. We also carried out a Environmental Study principal component analysis of the different values obtained through The rural commune of Sidi Taibi is part of the province of the XLStat software (2014), in order to highlight the possible relationships between the evolution of the parameters. . It is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean in the west, the urban agglomeration of Kenitra in the north, the rural Results: The results obtained show that most of the physicochemical commune of Haddada in the east and the rural commune of parameters involved in determining the quality of these waters Bouknadel (prefecture Salé Al Jadida) in the south (Fig.1). comply with the standards of Morocco [2]and those of the WHO [3]. However, we obtained non-conformance values for ammonium It occupies, therefore, an intermediate space between two analysis, complete alkalimetric titer and turbidity. These parameters large cities particularly dynamic (Rabat-Sale and Kénitra) can be considered as indicators of the degree of pollution of this .The area of this municipality covers 145 km2, of which groundwater originating from the domestic and agricultural activities about 2/3 are covered by Maâmora forest. This area is part of the population of the region. of the aquifer of the Maamora which represents a very Conclusions: In the light of these results, as well as those described important hydraulic potential across the country and above, we advocate continuous monitoring of the parameters studied contributes to the development of economic, industrial and for wells with abnormal values, in particular P16, until the competent authorities connect the villages Region of Sidi Taibi to the drinking agricultural activities. Similarly, the catchment area of Sidi water network and the sewerage network. Also, a campaign to Taibi contributes to the production of drinking water for sensitize the population on the basic means and techniques of the ASP Kenitra Mehdia, Bouknadel and Salé [5].The treatment of water intended for human consumption. climate in Sidi Taibi is warm and temperate with a winter characterized by more precipitation in summer. This Keywords: Groundwater, Quality, Physical Chemistry, ACP. locality has an annual average temperature of 18.0°C and average annual rainfall of 558 mm.

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Figure 1: Location of study sites in Sidi Taibi (Rabat-Sale and Kenitra)

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted on water samples from some type Model 2100AN, chlorides and alkalinity were rural wells in the Sidi Taibi region during a sampling determined by titration [8], the ammonium ions and the campaign in 2015. dissolved organic material were determined by using a V- 530 spectrophotometer Jasco [6]. The physicochemical parameters measured in situ and in laboratory were used for the characterization of these The statistical analysis of our results is based on the waters. The collection, transportation and storage of water comparison of the average of the different parameters samples refer to the protocol defined by the French Agency measured. We used the maxima and minima to evaluate the for Standardization [6, 7].The physicochemical analyzes changes in these parameters to certain sites and for specific were measured in situ (pH, temperature, electrical periods. conductivity) by a type of portable analysing devices HANNA "pH meter (HI98150) and conductivity 3. RESULTS (HI9033)."Analyses of other parameters were performed in The physicochemical results represent the average values the laboratory of chemical monitoring unit of the of 21 study sites in the rural commune of Sidi Taibi, environment within the National Centre of Energy, Science operated by a statistical principal component analysis and Nuclear Techniques by using some techniques and the (PCA) thatwe do explore the correlation between the following apparatus: Salinity and Sediment dissolved rate different variables. were measured by conductivity meter laboratory inoLab Cond Level2. The material in to cellulosic suspension by filtration of 0.45 mm in diameter, the turbidity was measured by nephelometry by using a HACH turbidimeter-

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Table1: Overview of the physicochemical results of groundwater in Sidi Taibi, Morocco

- + Puits pH T CE Sal TDS Turb. MES TA TAC Cl MO NH4

P1 6,96 18,60 763 0,20 755 3,63 0,40 0 655 92,30 0,003 0,0061

P2 7,10 18,80 700 0,10 694 4,42 0,40 0 571 99,40 0,003 0,0052

P3 7,00 18,80 748 0,20 741 3,38 0,40 0 555 85.20 0,007 0,0046

P4 7,11 18,60 660 0,10 655 1,02 0,80 0 555 99,40 0,006 0,0090

P5 6,99 17,80 1119 0,40 1109 1,05 0,80 0 655 134,90 0,014 0,0020

P6 6,72 17,50 867 0,20 860 5,97 0,40 0 703 106,50 0,012 0,0005

P7 7,00 11,00 859 0,20 854 2,02 0,80 0 255 106,50 0,010 0,0241

P8 6,98 10,40 894 0,30 886 4,96 1,60 0 315 99,40 0,016 0,0042 P9 6,94 10,20 817 0,20 809 9,02 2,00 0 655 78,10 0,017 0,0006

P10 6,88 10,20 1033 0,30 1023 6,68 0,40 0 855 113,60 0,026 0,0056

P11 6,95 10,40 906 0,30 898 12,9 1,60 0 715 106,50 0,011 0,0098 P12 6,90 10,10 1089 0,40 1080 5,03 1,20 0 735 120,70 0,017 0,0079

P13 6,96 10,50 1097 0,40 1088 12,00 1,20 0 795 131,30 0,031 0,0063

P14 6,90 10,90 1047 0,30 1038 4,90 1,20 0 675 113,60 0,002 0,0071 P15 6,93 11,70 1249 0,50 1238 13,30 0,80 0 835 156,20 0,028 0,0046

P16 6,90 11,80 939 0,30 931 1,80 1,60 0 1487 106,50 0,001 0,6540

P17 6,98 12,30 873 0,20 866 8,14 2,00 0 695 85,20 0,022 0,0078

P18 6,95 12,00 849 0,20 841 1,80 0,80 0 691 78,10 0,001 0,00105

P19 6,31 13,50 386 0,20 821 1,01 1,60 0 115 106,50 0,008 0,0063

P20 6,27 21,30 644 0,10 671 3,57 0,80 0 615 71,00 0,01 0,0196

P21 7,24 14,70 814 0,20 807 0,56 1,60 0 683 99,40 0,006 0,0019

T (° C):Temperature; pH: Hydrogen Potential ;EC (µS/cm): Electrical conductivity; TDS (mg / l): Levels of Dissolved Salts; Sal (‰) Salinity; MES (mg/l): Suspended matter TA (mg / l): Titlealkaline; TAC (mg/l): FullTitlealkaline; Cl-(mg / l) Chloride; + NH4 (mg/l): ammonium compounds; Turb: Turbidity (NTU); MO: organic matter(mg/l).

Descriptive statistics The following table presents descriptive statistics characterized by the minima and maxima of the physicochemical parameters with standard deviations between study sites.

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Table 2: Descriptive statistics of physical and chemical parameters of groundwater in Sidi Taibi, Variables Observations Minimum Maximum Mean SD T 21 10,10 21,30 13,86 3,78

CE 21 386,00 1249,00 873,95 195,01 Sal 21 0,10 0,50 0,25 0,11 TDS 21 655,00 1238,00 888,81 156,70

Turb 21 0,56 13,30 5,10 3,96 MES 21 0,40 2,00 1,06 0,54 TA 21 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00

TAC 21 115,00 1487,00 657,86 264,22 Cl- 21 71,00 156,20 104,30 20,34 MO 21 0,001 0,03 0,01 0,01

+ NH4 21 0,0005 0,65 0,04 0,14

4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The average value of the temperatures of the order of 13.86°C oscillating between 10, 1°C and 21.3°C (Table.1). Variables (axes F1 et F2 : 66,69 %) 1 NH4+ These values remain acceptable according to the current TAC French regulations retaining the value of 25°C [9], and the 0.75 average value of pH is about 6.9, which complies with the 0.5 study done by [10]. 0.25 MES Similarly the average values of electrical conductivity CE 0 SAL (873,95μS /cm) and chloride (104.3 mg /l) are respectively T TA TDS Cl- conform to Moroccan standards to 2700 µS / cm and 750 %) F2(18,27 -0.25 mg/l [11].The suspended matter contents recorded ranged TUR -0.5 MO from 0.4 mg / l and 2.0 mg / l with an average value of about 1.07 mg / l which conforms to the standard of 1000 -0.75 mg/l[12].The organic matter concentration is negligible of -1 average value of 0.01 mg / l. Likewise, the TDS has a -1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 variation in concentration between 655 and 1238 mg / l F1 (48,42 %) with an average value of about 888.81 mg / l with a salinity Figure 2: Projection of variables on the factorial plane F1 x F2 (61.22%) of 0.25 ‰.On average, the values of turbidity wells (P6, P9, P , P , P , P , P and P ) are above the norm for human 10 11 12 13 15 17 This projection shows that the following variables: salinity, consumption that is 5 NTU which is set by the [13] with chlorides, TDS, turbidity, electrical conductivity and the the exception of the remaining wells. Then the values of organic material are positively correlated to the axis F1,but ammonium ions, oscillating between 0.0005 mg / l and the opposite temperature is negatively correlated to this 0.65 mg / l, are lower than the Moroccan standards with 0.5 axis. However, both TAC and NH + are positively mg / l of ammonianitrogen [12] and those of the WHO [3] 4 correlated variables on the axis F2. with the exception of wellP16 (0.5 <0.65 mg / l).The alkalimetric contents are zero in all the treated water wells Observations (axes F1 et F2 : 66,69 %) while the values in full alkalinity range from 115 mg /l to 6 P16 1,487 mg /l exceeding the Moroccan standard for drinking water 200 mg /l[12],which makes these groundwater of 5 poor quality. 4 Application of principal component analysis 3

Table 3: proper values 2 1%) (18,27 F2 P21 F1 F2 P18 P14 0 P1 P12 P20P4P2P3 P6P9 P17 P11P5P10 proper values 4,84 1,8 3 -1 P19 P7 P8 P13 P15 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Variability (%) 48,42 18,26 F1 (48,42 %)

Cumulative% 48,42 66,69 Figure3.Projection of individuals on the factorial plane F1 x F2 (61.22%)

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REFERENCES Biplot (axes F1 et F2 : 66,69 %) [1] Mr. Laferriere,J. Minville, J. Lavoie and P. Payment, 1996. 8 NH4+ The swine industry and risks related to human health, Bull. 6 P16TAC Information Health Environment, Quebec, 1-4. Ministry of Land, Water and the Environment Dunod, Paris, 1350 p 4 [2] Moroccan Standard, 1991. Water quality of human power developed by the Technical Committee for Standardization 2 MES of the waters of human power edited and broadcast by the P18P21 P14 CE 0 TA SAL service of standardization Moroccan industrial (SNIMA),

F2 (18,27 %) F2(18,27 P20 P4 P1 P9 P17P5P12 TDS TP2P19P3 P7P6 P8P11P10ClP13- P15 14p. -2 TUR [3] WHO, 1994.Quality Guidelines for the waters of drink; Volume 1- Recommendation. World Health Organization, -4 MO -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 2nd edition [4] ABHS, 2007.Agency of the Hydraulic Basin of SebouFès; F1 (48,42 %) Report (presentation of hydraulic basins of Morocco, 53 P). [5] PA, 2000.plan of development center of Sidi Taibi. Prime Figure4.Projection of variables and individuals on the factorial F1 x F2 Minister, Ministry of the Interior, Department delegates load (61.22%) of the habitat and the Town Planning Urban Agency of Kenitra-SidiKacem - Kingdom of Morocco [6] AFNOR, 1997.Quality of the water.Compendium of French We notice that on the axis F2, at the P16 well the + standards environment.Volumes 1, 2, 3 and 4. 1372P. concentrations of ammonium NH4 and the TAC are too [7] Rodier, 2009. The analysis of the water - natural waters, high in relation to the other wells in the area of Sidi Taibi. waste water, sea water, 9th edition, Paris, Dunod, 1475 p. On the other side of the F1 axis, there is a high [8] Rodier, 1996. The analysis of the water, natural waters, concentration in terms of salinity, conductivity, TDS, waste water, sea water. 7° edition, turbidity, chloride and organic matter at the wells P15, P13 [9] French Standards, 1999. Decree N°1639CM laying down and P12 in relation to the rest of wells till the well P20. Thus, standards for potability of water intended for human there is a change up from left to right concentrations of consumption distributed by the networks, fountains and tanks for collective use. these physicochemical parameters from the P20 well to the P well. [10] Chapman and Kimstachv, 1996.Selection of water quality 15 variables. Water quality assessments: a guide to the use of biota, sediments and water in environment monitoring, The values of the ammonium ions are in compliance with Chapman edition, 2nd ed. E & FN Spon, London, pp. 59- drinking water standards except the P16 well which does not 126. meet these standards, and the turbidity is sometimes [11] Moroccan standards, 2006.Moroccan standard relating to the compliant with the norms and exceeds sometimes the min quality of the waters of human food. Official Bulletin No. some wells and finally the TAC exceeds enormously the 5404of 16 March 2006. designed standards. [12] Moroccan standards, 2002.Official Bulletin No. 5062 of 30 Ramadan 1423 laying down standards for potability for To avoid the possibility of any health risk, it is human consumption. recommended to consider: [13] WHO, 1996. The world health report, Summary of orientation - The extension of the network of drinking water in rural areas,

- The design of the sewerage system for sewage,

- The garbage collection,

- The toxicology cal level control of pesticides and fertilizers.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere thanks to all those who have contributed to this work in particular: my colleague El-Mehdi HAMZAOUI, Head of the Technical and Logistics Division at the National Energy Science and technology (CNESTEN) de Rabat, Morocco

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