The Second the Ampere the Kilogram the Kelvin the Candela the Metre The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

The Second the Ampere the Kilogram the Kelvin the Candela the Metre The

Base units t h e s e c o n d t h e k e l v i n The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by caesium frequency , the unperturbed taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the constant k to be 1.380 649 10 - 2 3 when caesium-133 atom, to be 9 192 631 770 when expressed in the unit J K - 1 , which is equal to expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s - 1 . kg m 2 s- 2 K- 1 , where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and . t h e m e t r e t h e m o l e The metre, symbol m, is the SI unit of length. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount speed of light in vacuum c to be 299 792 458 of substance. One mole contains exactly when expressed in the unit m s - 1 , where the 6.022 140 76 10 2 3 elementary entities. This second is defined in terms of the caesium number is the fixed numerical value of the frequency . Avogadro constant, NA , when expressed in the unit mol - 1 and is called the Avogadro number. t h e k i l o g r a m The amount of substance, symbol n, of a system is a measure of the number of The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of specified elementary entities. An elementary mass. It is defined by taking the fixed entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an numerical value of the Planck constant h to electron, any other particle or specified group be 6.626 070 15 10 - 3 4 when expressed in of particles. the unit J s, which is equal to kg m 2 s - 1 , where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and . t h e c a n d e l a t h e a m p e r e The candela, symbol cd, is the SI unit of luminous intensity in a given direction. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric the luminous efficacy of monochromatic 12 current. It is defined by taking the fixed radiation of frequency 540 10 Hz, K c d , to be numerical value of the elementary charge e to 683 when expressed in the unit lm W- 1 , which be 1.602 176 634 10 - 1 9 when expressed in is equal to cd sr W - 1 , or cd sr kg - 1 m -2 s 3 , where the unit C, which is equal to A s, where the the kilogram, metre and second are defined in second is defined in terms of . terms of h, c and ..

Copy Link

Recommended publications

An Atomic Physics Perspective on the New Kilogram Defined by Planck's Constant
An atomic physics perspective on the new kilogram defined by Planck’s constant (Wolfgang Ketterle and Alan O. Jamison, MIT) (Manuscript submitted to Physics Today) On May 20, the kilogram will no longer be defined by the artefact in Paris, but through the definition1 of Planck’s constant h=6.626 070 15*10-34 kg m2/s. This is the result of advances in metrology: The best two measurements of h, the Watt balance and the silicon spheres, have now reached an accuracy similar to the mass drift of the ur-kilogram in Paris over 130 years. At this point, the General Conference on Weights and Measures decided to use the precisely measured numerical value of h as the definition of h, which then defines the unit of the kilogram. But how can we now explain in simple terms what exactly one kilogram is? How do fixed numerical values of h, the speed of light c and the Cs hyperfine frequency νCs define the kilogram? In this article we give a simple conceptual picture of the new kilogram and relate it to the practical realizations of the kilogram. A similar change occurred in 1983 for the definition of the meter when the speed of light was defined to be 299 792 458 m/s. Since the second was the time required for 9 192 631 770 oscillations of hyperfine radiation from a cesium atom, defining the speed of light defined the meter as the distance travelled by light in 1/9192631770 of a second, or equivalently, as 9192631770/299792458 times the wavelength of the cesium hyperfine radiation.
[Show full text]
Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth.Pdf
ME201/MTH281/ME400/CHE400 Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth Lord Kelvin (1824 - 1907) 1. About Lord Kelvin Lord Kelvin was born William Thomson in Belfast Ireland in 1824. He attended Glasgow University from the age of 10, and later took his BA at Cambridge. He was appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy at Glasgow in 1846, a position he retained the rest of his life. He worked on a broad range of topics in physics, including thermody- namics, electricity and magnetism, hydrodynamics, atomic physics, and earth science. He also had a strong interest in practical problems, and in 1866 he was knighted for his work on the transtlantic cable. In 1892 he became Baron Kelvin, and this name survives as the name of the absolute temperature scale which he proposed in 1848. During his long career, Kelvin published more than 600 papers. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1851, and served as president of that organization from 1890 to 1895. The information in this section and the picture above were taken from a very useful web site called the MacTu- tor History of Mathematics Archive, sponsored by St. Andrews University. The web address is http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/ 2 kelvin.nb 2. The Age of the Earth The earth shows it age in many ways. Some techniques for estimating this age require us to observe the present state of a time-dependent process, and from that observation infer the time at which the process started. If we believe that the process started when the earth was formed, we get an estimate of the earth's age.
[Show full text]
2.1 Definition of the SI
CCPR/16-53 Modifications to the Draft of the ninth SI Brochure dated 16 September 2016 recommended by the CCPR to the CCU via the CCPR president Takashi Usuda, Wednesday 14 December 2016. The text in black is a selection of paragraphs from the brochure with the section title for indication. The sentences to be modified appear in red. 2.1 Definition of the SI Like for any value of a quantity, the value of a fundamental constant can be expressed as the product of a number and a unit as Q = {Q} [Q]. The definitions below specify the exact numerical value of each constant when its value is expressed in the corresponding SI unit. By fixing the exact numerical value the unit becomes defined, since the product of the numerical value {Q} and the unit [Q] has to equal the value Q of the constant, which is postulated to be invariant. The seven constants are chosen in such a way that any unit of the SI can be written either through a defining constant itself or through products or ratios of defining constants. The International System of Units, the SI, is the system of units in which the unperturbed ground state hyperfine splitting frequency of the caesium 133 atom Cs is 9 192 631 770 Hz, the speed of light in vacuum c is 299 792 458 m/s, the Planck constant h is 6.626 070 040 ×1034 J s, the elementary charge e is 1.602 176 620 8 ×1019 C, the Boltzmann constant k is 1.380 648 52 ×1023 J/K, 23 -1 the Avogadro constant NA is 6.022 140 857 ×10 mol , 12 the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 ×10 hertz Kcd is 683 lm/W.
[Show full text]
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) m kg s cd SI mol K A NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Ambler Thompson Technology Services and Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, April 1995) March 2008 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology James M. Turner, Acting Director National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811, 2008 Edition (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, April 1995 Edition) Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 811, 2008 Ed., 85 pages (March 2008; 2nd printing November 2008) CODEN: NSPUE3 Note on 2nd printing: This 2nd printing dated November 2008 of NIST SP811 corrects a number of minor typographical errors present in the 1st printing dated March 2008. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Preface The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Système International d’Unités), is the modern metric system of measurement. Long the dominant measurement system used in science, the SI is becoming the dominant measurement system used in international commerce. The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of August 1988 [Public Law (PL) 100-418] changed the name of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and gave to NIST the added task of helping U.S.
[Show full text]
2019 Redefinition of SI Base Units
2019 redefinition of SI base units A redefinition of SI base units is scheduled to come into force on 20 May 2019.[1][2] The kilogram, ampere, kelvin, and mole will then be defined by setting exact numerical values for the Planck constant (h), the elementary electric charge (e), the Boltzmann constant (k), and the Avogadro constant (NA), respectively. The metre and candela are already defined by physical constants, subject to correction to their present definitions. The new definitions aim to improve the SI without changing the size of any units, thus ensuring continuity with existing measurements.[3][4] In November 2018, the 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) unanimously approved these changes,[5][6] which the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) had proposed earlier that year.[7]:23 The previous major change of the metric system was in 1960 when the International System of Units (SI) was formally published. The SI is a coherent system structured around seven base units whose definitions are unconstrained by that of any other unit and another twenty-two named units derived from these base units. The metre was redefined in terms of the wavelength of a spectral line of a The SI system after the 2019 redefinition: krypton-86 radiation,[Note 1] making it derivable from universal natural Dependence of base unit definitions onphysical constants with fixed numerical values and on other phenomena, but the kilogram remained defined in terms of a physical prototype, base units. leaving it the only artefact upon which the SI unit definitions depend. The metric system was originally conceived as a system of measurement that was derivable from unchanging phenomena,[8] but practical limitations necessitated the use of artefacts (the prototype metre and prototype kilogram) when the metric system was first introduced in France in 1799.
[Show full text]
Topic 0991 Electrochemical Units Electric Current the SI Base
Topic 0991 Electrochemical Units Electric Current The SI base electrical unit is the AMPERE which is that constant electric current which if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length and of negligible circular cross section and placed a metre apart in a vacuum would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7 newton per metre length. It is interesting to note that definition of the Ampere involves a derived SI unit, the newton. Except in certain specialised applications, electric currents of the order ‘amperes’ are rare. Starter motors in cars require for a short time a current of several amperes. When a current of one ampere passes through a wire about 6.2 x 1018 electrons pass a given point in one second [1,2]. The coulomb (symbol C) is the electric charge which passes through an electrical conductor when an electric current of one A flows for one second. Thus [C] = [A s] (a) Electric Potential In order to pass an electric current thorough an electrical conductor a difference in electric potential must exist across the electrical conductor. If the energy expended by a flow of one ampere for one second equals one Joule the electric potential difference across the electrical conductor is one volt [3]. Electrical Resistance and Conductance If the electric potential difference across an electrical conductor is one volt when the electrical current is one ampere, the electrical resistance is one ohm, symbol Ω [4]. The inverse of electrical resistance , the conductance, is measured using the unit siemens, symbol [S].
[Show full text]
Maths Objectives – Measurement
Maths Objectives – Measurement Key Stage Objective Child Speak Target KS 1 Y1 Compare, describe and solve practical problems for lengths and I use words such as long/short, longer/shorter, tall/short, double/half to heights [for example, long/short, longer/shorter, tall/short, describe my maths work when I am measuring. double/half]. KS 1 Y1 Compare, describe and solve practical problems for mass/weight When weighing, I use the words heavy/light, heavier than, lighter than [for example, heavy/light, heavier than, lighter than]. to explain my work. KS 1 Y1 Compare, describe and solve practical problems for capacity and When working with capacity, I use the words full/empty, more than, volume [for example, full/empty, more than, less than, half, half full, less than, half, half full and quarter to explain my work. quarter]. KS 1 Y1 Compare, describe and solve practical problems for time [for I can answer questions about time, such as Who is quicker? or What example, quicker, slower, earlier, later]. is earlier? KS 1 Y1 Measure and begin to record lengths and heights. I can measure the length or height of something and write down what measure. KS 1 Y1 Measure and begin to record mass/weight. I can measure how heavy an object is and write down what I find. KS 1 Y1 Measure and begin to record capacity and volume. I can measure the capacity of jugs of water and write down what I measure. KS 1 Y1 Measure and begin to record time (hours, minutes, seconds). I can measure how long something takes to happen - such as how long it takes me to run around the playground.
[Show full text]
Measuring in Metric Units BEFORE Now WHY? You Used Metric Units
Measuring in Metric Units BEFORE Now WHY? You used metric units. You’ll measure and estimate So you can estimate the mass using metric units. of a bike, as in Ex. 20. Themetric system is a decimal system of measurement. The metric Word Watch system has units for length, mass, and capacity. metric system, p. 80 Length Themeter (m) is the basic unit of length in the metric system. length: meter, millimeter, centimeter, kilometer, Three other metric units of length are themillimeter (mm) , p. 80 centimeter (cm) , andkilometer (km) . mass: gram, milligram, kilogram, p. 81 You can use the following benchmarks to estimate length. capacity: liter, milliliter, kiloliter, p. 82 1 millimeter 1 centimeter 1 meter thickness of width of a large height of the a dime paper clip back of a chair 1 kilometer combined length of 9 football fields EXAMPLE 1 Using Metric Units of Length Estimate the length of the bandage by imagining paper clips laid next to it. Then measure the bandage with a metric ruler to check your estimate. 1 Estimate using paper clips. About 5 large paper clips fit next to the bandage, so it is about 5 centimeters long. ch O at ut! W 2 Measure using a ruler. A typical metric ruler allows you to measure Each centimeter is divided only to the nearest tenth of into tenths, so the bandage cm 12345 a centimeter. is 4.8 centimeters long. 80 Chapter 2 Decimal Operations Mass Mass is the amount of matter that an object has. The gram (g) is the basic metric unit of mass.
[Show full text]
UNITS This Appendix Explains Some of the Abbreviations1•2 Used For
APPENDIX: UNITS This appendix explains some of the abbreviations1•2 used for units in this book and gives conversion factors to SI units and atomic units: length 1 a0 = 1 bohr = 0.5291771 X 10-10 m 1 A= 1 Angstrom= lo-10 m = 1.889727 ao mass 1 me = 1 atomic unit of mass = mass of an electron 9.109534 X 10-31 kg = 5.485803 X 10-4 U 1 u 1 universal atomic mass unit = one twelfth the mass of a 12c atom 1.6605655 x lo-27 kg = 1822.887 me time 1 t Eh 1 = 1 atomic unit of time = 2.418884 x l0-17 s 1 s = 1 second = 4.134137 x 1016 t/Eh temperature 1 K = 1 Kelvin amount of substance 1 mol = 1 mole 6.022045 x 1023 atoms, molecules, or formula units energy 1 cm-1 = 1 wavenumber 1 kayser 1.986477 x lo-23 J 4.556335 x 10-6 Eh 857 858 APPENDIX: UNITS 1 kcal/mol = 1 kilocalorie per mole 4.184 kJ/mol = 1.593601 x 10-3 Eh 1 eV 1 electron volt = 1.602189 x lo-19 J 3.674902 X 10-2 Eh 1 Eh 1 hartree = 4.359814 x lo-18 J Since so many different energy units are used in the book, it is helpful to have a conversion table. Such a table was calculated from the recommended values of Cohen and Taylor3 for the physical censtants and is given in Table 1. REFERENCES 1. "Standard for Metric Practice", American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia (1976).
[Show full text]
Indoor Selectable- Output Horns, Strobes, and Horn Strobes for Wall Applications
Indoor Selectable- Output Horns, Strobes, and Horn Strobes for Wall Applications SpectrAlert® Advance audible visible notification products are rich with features guaranteed to cut installation times and maximize profits. Features The SpectrAlert Advance series offers the most versatile and easy-to-use line of horns, strobes, and horn strobes in the industry. • Plug-in design with minimal intrusion into the back box With white and red plastic housings, wall and ceiling mounting • Tamper-resistant construction options, and plain and FIRE-printed devices, SpectrAlert Advance • Automatic selection of 12- or 24-volt operation at can meet virtually any application requirement. 15 and 15/75 candela Like the entire SpectrAlert Advance product line, wall-mount horns, • Field-selectable candela settings on wall units: 15, 15/75, strobes, and horn strobes include a variety of features that increase 30, 75, 95, 110, 115, 135, 150, 177, and 185 their application versatility while simplifying installation. All devices • Horn rated at 88+ dBA at 16 volts feature plug-in designs with minimal intrusion into the back box, • Rotary switch for horn tone and three volume selections making installations fast and foolproof while virtually eliminating costly and time-consuming ground faults. • Universal mounting plate for wall units • Mounting plate shorting spring checks wiring continuity before To further simplify installation and protect devices from construction device installation damage, SpectrAlert Advance utilizes a universal mounting plate • Electrically Compatible with legacy SpectrAlert devices with an onboard shorting spring, so installers can test wiring continuity before the device is installed. • Compatible with MDL3 sync module • Listed for ceiling or wall mounting Installers can also easily adapt devices to a suit a wide range of application requirements using field-selectable candela settings, automatic selection of 12- or 24-volt operation, and a rotary switch for horn tones with three volume selections.
[Show full text]
Standard Caption Abberaviation
TECHNICAL SHEET Page 1 of 2 STANDARD CAPTION ABBREVIATIONS Ref: T120 – Rev 10 – March 02 The abbreviated captions listed are used on all instruments except those made to ANSI C39. 1-19. Captions for special scales to customers’ requirements must comply with BS EN 60051, unless otherwise specified at time of ordering. * DENOTES captions applied at no extra cost. Other captions on request. ELECTRICAL UNITS UNIT SYMBOL UNIT SYMBOL Direct Current dc Watt W * Alternating current ac Milliwatts mW * Amps A * Kilowatts kW * Microamps µA * Megawatts MW * Milliamps mA * Vars VAr * Kiloamps kA * Kilovars kVAr * Millivolts mV * Voltamperes VA * Kilovolts kV * Kilovoltamperes kVA * Cycles Hz * Megavoltamperes MVA * Power factor cos∅ * Ohms Ω * Synchroscope SYNCHROSCOPE * Siemens S Micromhos µmho MECHANICAL UNITS Inches in Micrometre (micron) µm Square inches in2 Millimetre mm Cubic inches in3 Square millimetres mm2 Inches per second in/s * Cubic millimetres mm3 Inches per minute in/min * Millimetres per second mm/s * Inches per hour in/h * Millimetres per minute mm/min * Inches of mercury in hg Millimetres per hour mm/h * Feet ft Millimetres of mercury mm Hg Square feet ft2 Centimetre cm Cubic feet ft3 Square centimetres cm2 Feet per second ft/s * Cubic centimetres cm3 Feet per minute ft/min * Cubic centimetres per min cm3/min Feet per hour ft/h * Centimetres per second cm/s * Foot pound ft lb Centimetres per minute cm/min * Foot pound force ft lbf Centimetres per hour cm/h * Hours h Decimetre dm Yards yd Square decimetre dm2 Square yards yd2 Cubic
[Show full text]
The Kelvin and Temperature Measurements
Volume 106, Number 1, January–February 2001 Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology [J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 106, 105–149 (2001)] The Kelvin and Temperature Measurements Volume 106 Number 1 January–February 2001 B. W. Mangum, G. T. Furukawa, The International Temperature Scale of are available to the thermometry commu- K. G. Kreider, C. W. Meyer, D. C. 1990 (ITS-90) is defined from 0.65 K nity are described. Part II of the paper Ripple, G. F. Strouse, W. L. Tew, upwards to the highest temperature measur- describes the realization of temperature able by spectral radiation thermometry, above 1234.93 K for which the ITS-90 is M. R. Moldover, B. Carol Johnson, the radiation thermometry being based on defined in terms of the calibration of spec- H. W. Yoon, C. E. Gibson, and the Planck radiation law. When it was troradiometers using reference blackbody R. D. Saunders developed, the ITS-90 represented thermo- sources that are at the temperature of the dynamic temperatures as closely as pos- equilibrium liquid-solid phase transition National Institute of Standards and sible. Part I of this paper describes the real- of pure silver, gold, or copper. The realiza- Technology, ization of contact thermometry up to tion of temperature from absolute spec- 1234.93 K, the temperature range in which tral or total radiometry over the tempera- Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001 the ITS-90 is defined in terms of calibra- ture range from about 60 K to 3000 K is [email protected] tion of thermometers at 15 fixed points and also described.
[Show full text]