J

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF - Agricultural Research A£ Bureau of Entomology and Plant Qufcrac'if

'/Diversity of- California Hawaii Agricultural Escpezdinent

Territorial Board of Agriculture sr,cl Fcres'&ty

Pineapple SeSQarch I^stittite Hawaiian Sugar p-l«atsrsi>' Association Experiment Station.

ORIENTAL FRUIT ELI IH.VS8TIGATI0HS

aiSPQRT

Jamiaiy 1 - March 31, 1950. UII1T5SD STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE .yjGRICULTUR.lL KBS3.iBCH JDMIKISTRATIOH BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND HUNT QUARANTINE

Foreign Parasite Introduction

aH-ililERLY REPORT

PERIOD: January - Marchs 1950 EERSGBIIELs J ticGough

STATION; Nairobi, and Eshowo, South Africa

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL EXPEDITION TO SOUTH .iGRICA. FOR NATURAL JBNSiOES OF DACUS DQRSALXS

Nairobi Area»~~Uine shipments were sent by air-freight to Hawaii from Kenya during January and the first, three days of February. These contained.» approximately, 72,481 pupaeo The bx*eakdown of these shipaaants iss Nairobi area* cucurbits^, 365281| Warburgia, 22,255$ coffee, 6,8355 and Naiix>bi~Monbarsa? mixed, ex cucurbits, 7,110 pupae»

The undersigned loft Nairobi on February 3rd and arrived in Eshowe on ths 17th« The trip included: Arusha and Mbeya, Tanganyika; Lusakaj Northern Rhodesia; Salisbury and Ft. Victoria, Southern Rhodesia; and Beit8's Bridge, Piet Itetief, jind Sshowe, Union- of South Africa* The necessary ponaits to enter the forestry and native reserves were obtained at the last place*

Eahova Area <>—Very Little has bean accomplished, so to speak, since returning to the Union« Rearing cages9 shipping boxes and bags have been inade or bought) and John T« Rennie and Sona^, agents for the air-lines * vjas contacted in regard to the future ohipEi9nt3« Scouting for Chrysophyllum has been continuous, but hardly any fruits have been found* Two natives were hired through the Natives Affairs Department for collecting fruits but they have found very little • Scouting in the Unteneni., Dukuduku., and Sshove Forests has produced very fevi fruits»

The follouing rearings were made:

No© 56, Eshowej E* CtoyaQphylluni* 200 pupae* No. 59, " Ex guava, 3,000 « No. 60, Dukuduku, Ex 12 » Ho. 101? Eshowe $ £bc Carissa ^raiidiflorat 2 pupae out of five gallons <> No. 102* Eshowe, Ex unknown .fruit., 10 pupae*

(Dissection of about three hundred pupae ex ffliava revealed no parasite-) In Kenya* it was observed that the 2§cus larvae started emerging from the fruits and they passed the peak by 7s00 MU (Also, this genus of .Africa probably mates at about this time)*

The cooperation received from the Governments of Kenya and the Union of South Africa has been of the highest type* Everyone contacted has gone out of his -way to be of assistance* In Kenya, the Departments of -igriculture and Forestry, the Railroad Station Master of Nairobi, and the others made it possible to ship the-number of pupa© that vjas sento Without their aid* it is rather certain that little would have been accomplished* In tho Union, on tho first visit, everyone of the many Departments offered all of their facilities« This timsj, it lias been necessary to contact only the Division of Bntoiaology and the Departiaonts of Native Affairs and Forestry* All have given assis tones freely o

Dr» Iiunro of. Pretoria made the following determinations;

63 • Pterandrua rpga (Ksh) 64° (No material received) 65* Dacus brg» (^cutaarius Sack- Dacus cjULo ciliatua Lwo 660 (MissingT 67 • Pardalaspis pedestris 6^° Paous bivo cucuaariua Sacko ^9» Da.cug b|v<. cucumarius Sacka Dacus jpunctatifrons Ksho Dacus olio ciliatus Lw« 70 p (iJo specinens received - HKM) '71° &9^ biv° cuciimarius Sacko Dacus cilo ciliatus Lv« 72 • Pardalaspia coayra (Walk) 73° Dacus (Dagulua/ oleae Graalo 74° Pardalaspis giai Mro« Ceratltig capitata (VJd) 75 • Geratitis capitata (V/d) Pterandrus rosa (Ksh) a 7&* ^SSS bivo cucumarius, Sacko Dacus cil«. cijlatus Lv« 77° Dacus biyP cucumariua Sacko Dacua cile ciliatus Lwo ?8A Dacus cilo ciliatus Luc 6 P^Q^s MX" cucumariua Sack* 79« Pardalaapis (spo ?) teneral 80 o (No specimens raared - McG«) 81 o (No specimens reared « M0G0) S2A Xanthorrhachista alata Becko &3A Dacug ojLea^ Gmel* 84,0 TNo"specimens reared - McG«) 85A Pardalaspia fiosj^ (Walk) Pardalaspis contramedia Hra* Conto determinations *

86© Pardalaspis lobata llro» Geratitis capitata (Wd) Pterandrus curvatus Mro< ???? lobata ISroo 87* Dacug vertebratus Baao 880 Dacua bive cucumarlug Dacug cllo ciliatus Lvo 89 o (No specimens reared ~ KcGo) 90o) 91 •) All pupae sent to Dr<> Clancy - McG< no \ 91A Dacus cucurbitae Coq»ft Dacua cuc\Tmarius Sack* 93A Dacus biv» cucumrius Sacko 94A Pterandrua rosa (Ksh) B Ceratitis capitata (Wd) 95A Dacus biv«» cucuaarius Sacko B Dacus cilc ciliatus Lu» 96A Dacus oleae Gael- 97A Geratitis capitata (Wd) 98A Pterandrus rosa (Ksh) 99A Pardalagpis cosyra (Walk) 100A Xanthorrhachista alata

* Dacus cucurbitae has boen knoun to be in Sast Africa for several years*

* One fly v/as roared froia SQlanug aculaatrup from Nairobi area* Later9 it escaped o This identification was mado by the undersigned after having conpared it to those reared from No» 82« tat 90*4fJ cos

TERRITORIAL BOARD OP AGRICULTURE AMD FORESTRY

iiillHil £ ! £ £ 5 2

PERIOD? January-March 1950 PERSONNEL* Ha Lo Ko Krauss

STATION: Cairns, Queensland, Australia

AUSTRALIAN FRUITFLY PARASITE EXPEDITION

The period January 1st to March 28th was spent in North Queensland, -with headquarters at Cairns * This report will deal entirely with thi«? period and area* On March 28th I flew from Cairns to Sydneyp N<,SftWOj, where I will be working on another biological control problem, and incidentally on fruitfly para si tea if suitable host fruits are available*.

Field work during the quarter waa carried out at Cairn a and vicinity, Atherton Tableland, Fishery Falls, Babindap Ellia Beach, Oak Bsaoh, near Hartley's Creek, Mowbray River and ftossman Gorgeo

The cooky apple (Careya australia, Lecythidaoeae)a a fibrous green fruit borne by a small tree of the open forest near Cairns0 was the "best host fruit miring this periodo It wao in fruit .from early December to ©arly February„ The fruica were heavily infested with Dacua jarviei and tho latter was parasitized by Opjug and Trybliographao

Barringtonist calyptrata (ifyrtaoeao) continued in fruit ia Cairns to ne*r the end of January and was w$!l infested by Dacua (Strumeta)

Guava fruit was rip© alonp the Barron River near Cairn© sarly in February and fruit waa still available -whan I left on March 28th0 It was w«ll infested by Dacus £ and £o bilineatug0

Polyalthia nitidigBiiaia (Anonaceao),, a tnodorately infested reddiah-orangw fruit, 3/8 in» in diameter» waa collectsd in aemi-rain forest near Hartl«yfa Croek on the coast north of Cairne0 It was infested by Dacus melas and Do tryoni?_

Other fruits yielding Dacua pupa© which -wer© shipped to Hawaii were as follows; From Cairns - banana9 carambola, Eugenia oormiflora (Myrtac©ae)? Eugenia tierrnsyan® (river chei'ry, %rtac©ae), papaya, Sarcocephaiuo oordatug (Leiohhardt tree',' ftubioc^ae) and Semecarpus auatraliensis (tar troa, Anacardiaceaa)« From Atherton Tableland « Castanoaporst alphandii (iSapindacoae) and Solanum seaforthianuirt (Bolanaceae)* From Ellie Beach ° Terminal ia catappa (tropical almond, Combretaoeao) n From Moissir^n Gorgo - Kluaa banksii (native »aedy banana, Musaceae) <, Field stationsw©r© set up fpr obtaining pupal parasites, if available* ae followss Careya auatralia - 2 stations, guava - 5 stations, and Polyalthia nitidjgaifna - 1 station©

Tho following- boat recorda of fruitflies supplement those given in previous reports- The fruitflies have, been determined by Dr, Do Elmo Hardy, University of Hawaii, and many of the host plants by Co Ta Whit©,, Queensland Government Botanists

Daoug (Strumeta) .^Qronl Progg* (Queensland Fruitfly), reared from Aglai-n gapindini»' fooorpfaoapermum antilogum, cashew, pallachya vitian'Big, guavs, Wlmusopa parvlfolia* papaya*, peaoh, plum0 Polyglthla nj-tidiagimaj, Terminalia oatappa (tropioal almond), T» nielanocarpa and ilievetia peruviana (bostilTo

Daous (Strumeta) bancrofti Tryon?, reared from papaya.

Pacus (Strumeta) Barringtoniae (Tryon) (Barringtonia Fruitfly), reared ,?rom Barringtonia oalyptrata^ Castanospora alphandii, Eugonia tierneyana (river cherry) haryoyanum.

Dacug (Strumeta) humeralis (Perkins), reared from Cranophyllum falcatum, Capparis l*ucidag Glausena brevistylis and mango 0

Dacue (Strumeta) bilinoa-tu-a(Perkina & May)?, reared from Eugenia branderhorgtii and guava0

Dacue (Strumsta) me lag Porkin a & May?j reared from gtaava and Polyalthi a ni tifli a eima ■

Dacus (Strumeta) n» opo?, raar©d from Capparis lucida»

Daoug (Strumeta) pallidug Perkins & ^ayfl raared from Saroopepha;lu8' oordatuflj, (L©ichhardt tro©)•

Dacua (Afrodftoua) jarvisi Tryon (Jarviei Fruit fly), reared from Careya aurfcralia, (cooky apple)g"~'titgeat» Euggnia cormiflorap guava, papaya0 Semeqarpue australienaig (tar tr©e) and Terminalia oatappa (tropical almond)»

Daoua (Augtrodaoua) cuoumig French (Queensland Cucumber Fly)9 reared from Glochidion"

Daoue (Daculug) ^HE£Mi (Perkins), reared from .^omecarpug augtraliensia (tar tree)

Dacug (Daoulua) to, flp09 reared from Gardinia

Daeua (Daculus) no sp.', reared from Cappario lucida 92

Adrama biseta Malloch, adult collected,,

FaeudoBpheniBCus no ep0, reared from Promna nauaaoga«

Rloxa rauea® Proggo (Spotted Fruitfly)5 reared from Amorphos'perTnum antilogufflo

pornia Walkerp roared from. Planchonella sp, (different from Deeral Planchonellja

Dr. Hardy, after further utudy of the specimens, reports that the trypetid reared from Aglaia forruginea listed in my October~Decemb©r .report aa Dacus (Au8trod;/.CLia)ouQT3mie is a new apeoies and subgenua of Dacugc In February it was rearod from Aglaia aapindini from the Atherton Tableland,,

Th9 trypetid which commonly infosta Solanum aurlculatum fruit8 is Dacus (Strumeta) cacuminatua (H©rinp)<,

Kr. Do T. Fullaway has recently deocribed throe species of braconid paraoiteo from QusenKland species of Dacua: Opiua froggatti, JO. parkin si and 0^. deeralenaico ?/r. ^'eld has examined tha cynipid parasites reared from Dacua jarvioi pupa© from Carqya auatralje fruit, and considers them to be a Trybliographa (Trybliographa) ep« cloee bo the I/alayan species.

Shipments of Parasite Material

Twenty-three airfreight shipmenta of parasite material containing 212,841 Daoua pupa© were 8©nt to Honolulu from Cairns during the quarters

Month Noo Shipments »o Dacua Pupa© 1950 Dispatched Dispatched Host Fruits

January 8 158n821 3 Dacus pupao from Careya auetralls (42p500 field collected) 20e760 from B&rringtonia calyptrata 3,420 " Castanoapora alphandii 1,618 " Eugenia cormiTlora 370 " Semecarpus australiensis

February 51,042 40,4^0 pupae from Careya auotralis (16^671 fiold collected) 3S126 from Terminal!a catappa 1,954 " Barringtonla oalyptrata 10910 " guftva (611 field collected) 1,727 n Polyalthia nitidisaima 1,467 M banana 243 " Eurenia tiernevana 101 " papaya 74 " carambola (23 field collected) Month ¥oo Shipments No« Daoua Pup&a 195° Dispatched Piapatchod Eoeit Fruits

8 223978 17..252 pupae f^orn guava (8,014 fiold collected) 3^208 f:rom Polyal.thi a nitidi s sim& (l^SsFflild collect®!) 199?4 from S&roooaphalu@ cordatus 3^^ ' ^gijanuni sea for thi anum" 159 rt Musa banksii HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS ASSOCIATION * UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION UNITED STATES BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE

(In Cooperation)

S2ARTERLJ fi B J 0 £ X

PERIOD; January - March, 1950 EBRSONHKL; Fo Ao Bianchi No Do Waters STATION: Bareillyj United Provinces, Northern India

EXPEDITION TO NORTHERN INDIA FOR NATURAL ENEMIES OF FRUIT FLIES

V/inter has been somewhat longer and more severe in North India than usual• In consequence, perhaps, Dacus have not reappeared in Bareillyo We saw the last of them early in December of last year* Although tangeriness oranges* lemona, guavas» several species of Picus, tomatoes p and a few cucurbits have been available as hosts? we have found fruit flies only in Zigyphus .jtiiuba and in Ficus, hispida* As both the fruit of £* hlspida and the fly which attacks it are scarce., we have not roared the fly to maturity and, consequently, have not identified it nor determined whether it is attacked by any parasites* In hope that the pupae might harbor a parasite ? and as a trial of a simple method of packing and shipping pupae, 34 were mailed on February 25 to Honolulu by Mr* Waterso

Of flizypfrus \ie have obtained during the quarter about 2,300 pounds? some from Bareilly and some from Agraj and froi* this we have made eight shipments of possibly parasitized pupa© and two shipments of adult parasites*. The fly concerned has been determined by Prof o Mani., of St» John's College* Agra, as Carpomyia vosuvianaj, and the parasite as SsigoJi fletcherio The fly is also parasitized by a eulophid "which has been described by Dr° Mani as a new apeciea^ but uo iiave not been able to obtain enough matorirl of this species i.'or shipment o We are not certain that the pupae we have sent to Hawaii are parasitized, but W8 have observed Opiines resting on tho fruit and suspect that their progeny will shou up in our niaterial°

Little or nothing is known about the life history of Carpomyia vesuviana in Indiaj out from our experience we judga that it produces, ia Zigyjtofi J2Jiub&s *wo definite generations- The first generation gave us our first ""six shipments* The second generation, which followed the first after a period of nearly five yaeks during which ue could find neither grubs nor fliess has given us our last four shipments and will probably give us several more* So far the flies of this generation have been much more abundant in Agra, where all our latest material was obtained| but young grubs are beginning to appear on the Zigyphua which is left in Bareilly, and we expect that most, if not all, future shipments will be from here*

The following table gives the data of our various shipmentss

Shipment No* of Moo Date Fruit Hpqt Adults

17 January 5 Zigyphus .ju.iuba 575 18 9 n 2,044 19 » 13 IT 3,606 20 « 16 w 1,835 21 n 21 n 22 " 28 u 1,020 23 February 25 Ficua 35 24 • March 25 Zizyphus .iu.iuba 79S49 25 « 29 26,840 26 « 29 126 159 27 " 31 362 365

In the interim between the two generations of Carpomyia there was little to occupy us in Bareilly, and I took advantage of the opportunity to visit the regions of Poona and Hagpuro As these places lie eight or nine hundred miles south of us, they enjoy a milder winter and might be expected, I thought, to provide us with a richer field of work at this timo than Bareillya Furthermore, since! both Poona and IJagpur were mentioned by Compere as localities whore he found an egg parasite of fruit flies, it seamed worth while to investigate them from that angle as well* My trip, however, proved quite disappointingo From February 9 to February 21, I spent six days\\ in Hagpur, four in Poona, and two in Khandala, near to Poona, and-in all that tii.e I found not only no fruit flies but no indication whatever of their activityo

In Kagpur, which is a great centor of citrus production, I was cordially received by Dr* Re L«> Gupta, Government jJntomologist, CoPo, and was given an experienced man to guide me through' the citrus orchards in and near the city. But the crop was exceptionally poor this year and approaching exhaustion during my visit, so that I found only about two hundred trees actually bearing fruit, and none of it showed any sign of fly attack© Heithor did I see signs of fly in large quantities of tangerines and oranges which wore being sold wholesale in the markets of the city and which had been brought from orchards as far away as 30 and 40 miles0 Fruits other than citrus were very scarce within the area which I could cover on foot or by neans of the rickety taxis available, in the town5 but I did examine papaya, Achraj ^ajgota, bananas, guavas, and one planting of tomatoes, without finding any sign that they had | been stungo I oust state, however, that Dr« Hani was in Ilagpur at the \ same tine as I and reports that he found fruit fly larvae in Zizypihus. ,.| guavas, and one common wild fruit, in a small enclave not far distant / from the city* I would not, nevertheless, recommend Nagpur for further exploration as, on the whole, the area is very dry and fruits and ' vegetables (with the exception of citrus fruits) are too scarce to be easily obtained0

Poona, a large, pleasant, and relatively modern city about 2,000 feet above sea level and some three hours from Bombay by fast electric train, is a much more promising place from our point of view*' It has extensive and well kept parks and gardens within the township ' limits and ia near to well watered areas which 3hould produce, at the proper season, an abundance of cucurbits and other hosts for fruit flies While I was there I examined, either in the field or in the market or in both, two species of Mojoordica, tomatoes, cucumbers, Poha berries,1 egg plant, marrow, pumpkins, Tamarind, grapes, bananas, papaya, Achras zapotao mandarines, oranges, pomelos, limes, Anonas, melons, water melons figs, and pineapple* It was and had been, perhaps, too cold during those days for fr._.it flies to appear, and I found no sign of them* I was informed, nevertheless, by the director of on© of the local experimental gardens, that later in the year fruit flies would appear on a variety of hosts, particularly, he averred, on

At that time, should fruits and vegetables become unavailable in Bareilly for some reason, Poona could provide an acceptable alternative headquarters for our worko We do not expect, however, that fruits and vegetables will become Bcarcer in Bareilly but, rather, that they will become more and more abundant as the year runs* Presently the guava aX1^ Zizyjohua crops are nearing their ond, but Cgourbitae are being planted again in rather large scale and should provide host material for Daous in the near future * In addition, somewhat later in the season, there will be a great abundance of mangoes, and a more limited supply of pears, Litchee, and other miscellaneous fruits which are presently bearing either young fruit or flowero

In regard to our chances of finding the ©gg parasite of which Compere wrote, my trip showed nothing which would lead me to think that either Poona or Nagpur lie in an ecological aone so different from that of Dareilly that it would not comprise the same fruit flies and the same parasites «> I am convinced, therefore, that if an egg parasite does in fact exist, it is as likely to be found in Bareilly as in Poona, and much more likely to be found tliors than in which is a relatively dry and barren area© In view of the foregoing prospects, it seems unocessary to consider transfer of our headquarters to Poona or anywhere else3 although presently flies are not to be found in Dareilly (excepting the fljgynhus fly) and the place itse3X is beginning to wear thin from the viewpoint of personal comfort and interest*

Curing my absence from headquarters, Mr* Waters spent four days in a more thorough search of Agra and its neighborhood- than we had previously undertaken, and in thiss as always5 he was helped by Dr*. Man! and his staff* He also made a one day trip to the Chini Forest to observe what changes Might have occurred there sines our visit of last quarter* For the rest of my absence he worked our usual range around Bareilly and obtained enough roaterial to make the small shipment of pupae from Ficus hisqida already tabulated <>

Since my return we have made a four day trip to Ranikhet and have gone together to Agra for one day, after which Waters returned there alone for another day<- Our purpose in Agra, on both occasions* was to gather the Ziayphus from which our shipments have been made© \ In Ranikhet the purpose v/as to determine whether the many species of * Trypetid^e which Dr<> Wewell and I found resting ©n folliage of certain gulches had reappeared- But at the time (March 6 to 9) the weather of ;

In addition to the foregoing trips* it vsas necessary for me to make aaother one to Delhi on January 29~3l5 in the first place to obtain cashj, and in the second to see what could be done about extending the time our jeep can remain in India without paying duty© It is gratifying to report that this matter has been taken out of our hands by our Minister and that we shall probably not be bothered with it again°

It is also a pleasure to report a great improvement in our - petrol situationo Uhile we are still officially on a ration totally inadequate to our needs9 we have recently established cordial relations/ with the local Rationing Officer and, with his help., we are now able to obtain almost all the fuel we need<=—-provided it is available in the local pumps when we need ito

Oa torch 25 we enjoyed the pleasure of a short visit from Mr* Herbart Smith, U«, So Department of Agricultures who has been for some time in India, looking for parasites of the citrus black flyo VJe guided him to several orchards s but black fly is scarce here and he found nothing of interest related to his problem* UNBERSITZ OF CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

QUARTS R I, Y R E P 0 ET *u& trurt «*x» ecu* «tu •*&» «**• *«v« *tr. *ttm v%» ■•<*» *■*• *t» -.'.'av

PERIOD; January - iferch, 1950 HSRiSOKTOLs Jo L« Grassitt & Staff STATIONS Lingaan Universit/jr, Canton, China

FRUIT FLT NAT0R4L REMISS W GBBiA

During this quarter and the two preceding,, largs quantities of fruits

^SES. SBS13£&ife§L: thousands of molon flies v?e:ce reared during the tiao preceding* quarters from a fow hundred po^mds of Cujggmig. var« fi.ojsg^n, Ul££& iSSfeSSSSfe* an(^ other uelons, but no paras itoe obtained o

^j£^ 5&M&SSS. karvas oiaergsd from I'otting squashes, Cucurbita masdsta, in DeceEber* Adults vroislrX not oviposit on fruits surJh. as eggplant, cucumbers* .tomatoes, oranges,, etc.-., in cages« Life-cycles Lai'va, 6-9 days5 pupa, 4-7 d&ya$ adialt, 2 w?,©ks or xpx>re»

H^SU&i (Z») fi£sH£ellatu§: One adult was founds host

s n*sp» near dorsal3.ss Reared from fruits of Solanum __^3^ Life-cycles Larva, 6 ^?) days5 iJuppi, 6-9 deysj adult, 2 wseka or'longer* Several • Itiiids of para sites have been reared.., and are being studiede IIo Predators

a« Staph/linidae s Hove booties (unidentified sp«) were collected fro:n soil tinder Dacus-iiifested gourds and r.elons (Luffa &cutanif^ula. & Oucurais melo), about 12-20 adults uadcr about 100 Luffa* During the off-season for nelons, rove beetles v/oro found in all four stages in soil under garbage and garden refuso along with many housefly larvao? 5 square feet of land yielding about 3-15 pupas and 3-7 adult beetles* -dults vore often above £roundf pujae -,.;ere yitiiin 3 inches of the surface*

Adults tiere observed feeding on larvae of Dacus cucurbitae end Oacug spp», as uel3. as on housefly and other fly larvae <• The beotlos seeued to prefer snail larvae to Riaturo ones<> Hiey did not feed on injured earthwon.is or other anizaalao The larvae are also predaceous, and v;e:oe otudied feeding largely on houssfly larvae c

Life-cycle: 3g£, ?| larva, 20-25 daysj pupae3 12-24 days adult 3-3 weeks• Larvae and pupa are subject to short rang© of eoil moisture content..

b« Other predators: oomo carflibids wore collected in small numbers from soil and were observed to feed on welon fly larvae in the insectaryo UHITEB STATES DSPAftTiiSNT OF AGRICULTUKS AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH ADI4INISTKATIO*! BUR1UU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT :

Foreign Parasite Introduction

ftSiSSS-SIsS S S £ Q. R I

PERIOD; January ~ March, 1950 H3KSQWJ3ELs F* So Skinner

STATION: Davao City,, Davao Province, Mindanao^ Ptdlippines

BXP1SP.ITI0IJ TO MINDANAO FOR NATURAL ENEMIES OF FRUIT FLIES

On January 10 s hoadqiiarterg ware* transferred from Del iyfontes Bukidiion Province* to Davao City, capital of Davao Province in southeastern Mindanao• In early February It was possible to rent a house with living quarters unstairs, and an unfinished ground level part consisting of a concrete floor enclosed ty latticed wallss ideal for a temporary laboratory*

A typewriter was purchased January 131 a Willys civilian Jeep with four-whsel drive was obtained by monthly rental beginning January 23j and a binocular dissecting microscope arrived by air express on February 159 it having been carried from Honolulu to Manila by Mr* Becvor and I-Iro Laurence on their way to Indiao

Here, as in other parts of Mindanao5 there are no research tationss no botanical gardens, and no universities or agricuTtural schools which are in any way seriously concerned with entomology^ botany9 or horticulture <, although a few schools and so-called .colleges in and near Davao teach biology and agriculture of a very elementary natureo The local library, a United States Information Service Library operating in cooperation with a branch of the Philippine National Library, has only two- or three books on insects and plants8 and these arc of a, general, non-technical 3ort<>

Ther© are no entomologists* no botanists., and no hobbyists interested in nature who are qualified to provide accurate information concerning the location and fruiting conditions of orchards and vegetable gardens, with the exception of Hro Hugh Mo Gurran, Jr*, iaanagex* of a coconut plantation at Latjayon, near the southsmiBost tip of Mindanaoo Mr* Curran, son of Professor Hugh K» Curraa, 5ro>9 forner «. 101 «• head of the School of Forestry at Los Banoa, Luson, accompanied Dro David Fairchild as botanical collector on tho cruise of the "Cheng Ho" in the southwest Pacific for 3ix months in 1%3? a trip that resulted in Fairchild's book (194-3)? "Garden Islands of the Far East"o IlTo Currant knowledge and interest have been of considerable help, and ten days in mid-£Iarch ware spent in searching the region of his plantation, which* due to a poorly developed road system in Mindanao, is accessible only by ssxill launches and barges° The I-rovincial Agricultural Supervisor and the Provincial Forester are of very limited assistanceo

Before the war, Davao was the center of a large and industrious Japanese population, ijhose main occupation was the production of abaca, known also a3 Manila hemp* The agricultural ability and prosperity of the Japanese is evidenced now only by tho remains of the once extensive and carefully cultivated areas of abaca., fruits, and vegetables* There are no longer any Japanese near Davao 9 but there has been a tremendous incressa in population due to squatters and supposed-guerillas from other islands swarming over tho land,, destroying the abaca and fruit trees and forest, and planting instead corn and a few root crops» Unlike some countries, here most of the people have neither interest in nor knowledge of the plants of tho region, especially the indigenous vegetation, in fact they seldom know the names of even the common cultivated food plants*

The former Japanese Research Station at Bago Qshiro, a few miles west of Davao, once contained an assortment of many fine varieties of tropical and semi-tropical fruits* and must have been an excellent place of research^ but now, under custody of the Philippine Government; neglect and abuse have served to destroy most of the trees- Tho custo::. of the country seems to be that alliruit, whether on government property, on private land, or along a road, belongs to tho first person to pick it, and if too high to roach, the branch is broken off or the tree cut down°

i>Jango trees seldom set fruit in the Davao region (and are of an inferior quality when they do), but this year a few weeks of dry weather in February and March was followed by ratlier widespread fruiting• I have many times seen Filipinos, particularly children, broak off branches which carry dosens of young developing fruit for the sake of obtaining one hard, miserable mango the size of a golf ball* 'The same is true of guavas, and the taste preference of the population for irnmature fruit, together with competition for the small amount available, make it almost impossible to get samples of many types of fruit in a ripe or nearly ripe condition,, excapt by measures too expensive or drastic to be practicalo In a private orchard of Dre Dakadao at Kintal, about nine ss miles west of Davao, is located the largest number of guava trees that, I have been able to find in this region, thirty in all, only half of which are bearing more than a few fruits* After much discussion with the owner and caretakers, it was agreed that the fruit in five trees would be left to ripen, and a fair price was arranged. Many visits were made to this orchard, which has about ADO citrus trees (now out of season), five of carambola (the only ones that I have found), and an asoortraont of other fruits in small numbers, but each visit revealed new enecties of guavas in i,he following sequence;

Before ripening - Filipinos-

During ripaaing - fruit bats and crows, which eat great chunks and knock the fruit to the ground*.

On the ground - ants, chickens, and rats*

In spite of everything, a few fruit £ly larvae manage to survive in tho fallen pieoesj fortunately there are no pigs in the orchard, or none of the piecosiould remain» VJhile at Lawayon, the five guava trees were not seen for two weeks, and at the end of this period only two gallons of fallen fruit fragments could1 be found*. From these, 110 puparia wore obtained, and dissection of all of thei;i at the age of one week revealed no parasites«

In addition to Dr<> Dakadao !s fruit trees at Mintal, there are just two other orchards of any size in Davao Province, both of them citrus, although numerous small plantings of various fruits are presento Hear Mana'aibulan, about fifteen miles west of Davao, ttiere is a block of nearly 100 acres of assorted citrus, but it is in the hands of the Philippine Government and at tho mercy of the / surrounding populace$ -the trees are in pitiful condition.. The other / large (for this country) orchard is at Calian, near Lav/ayon, and contains 500 grapefruit trees, planted and carefully maintained by two .American brothers, George and tfally Pahlo Jxx all places, the number of available citrus fruits was quite limited, except for / pomelo, which is lightly infested with fruit flies,; the main crop of citrus ripens in Septonber and Octobero Ihe Davao Provincial Nursery at I-iiral, soveral horn's drive south of Davao, has but a few fruit trees, acne of which are of any value to the project*

I have eeon no parasites in the field except around tho fruit of Dracontozaelum. and of the puparia retained for rearing, parasites have er/j©rged only from the Dracontomelum and the as yet unidentified fruit of Collection ?Io« 39 o The puparia sent to Honolulu were those which emerged from the fruits during the first -103 «

several days following collection of the fruits, the ones kept by me uere t.iose produced after the fruits were kept in the laboratory for more than a week*

Six shipments fron the following fruits were sent to Honolulu, all from near Davao except the Dracontomelura laaterial, which came from Lawayons

Cultivated cucumbors 3,765 Dracontoneluta dao li« & Ro (:»nacardiaceae) a large conmercial lumber tree . 3,34-7 Cai'anbola - Averrhoa cai'ambola Lo (Oxalidaceae) 1,779 Patola - Luffa acutangula iixb* (Cucurbitaceae) 1,773 Guava ~ Psidium (i^rtacQae) 1,4-70 iioiaprdica cdchinchinensis Sprengp (Gucurbitaceae) 338 Jakfruit - Artocarpus inte^ra Ma (Horaceae) 204. A-Tipalaya - Moraoixlica charantia Lo 174- As yet unidentified fruit. Collection :!oo 39

Total 12,953

Trypetids, all Dacus, uere found in small numbors in the follovring fruits s

Bread fruit Cashew Citrus - pomelo, grapefruit, and crange Cucurbits, cultivated Gliayota - Sechium edule Sw« Patola, smooth - Lufi'a c/lindrica (Lo) lio RoeQo Squash - Cucurbita naxina i)uchesneo Upo - Lagenaria leucantha (Ducho) liusbyo , Cue-orbits, wild Luffa sp« tjoaordica sp<. Star apple or caimito - Chryso phyllugi cainito L» (Sapotacoae) As yet unidentified fruit (Garcinla?7> Collection iioo 22»

The following fruits \ibtg checked, but have not yet been found infoa teds

.ivocado Banana Canistel - Lucmaa nervoaa io DC (Sapotaceae) Cont. ~ fruits chocked, not infested;

zagota L« (SapotaeoaeJ £aafiffiS» jaafigta (Jaoq.) iferr. (Sapotaoeae) 6 several siriaU varietivarieties GoffOQ jjg zibethinus 1-oirr, (BcmicaceeeO

Figs,, several wild species Quonabano » itoaona lusicata L. (xlnnonaoeaa) .vomias « Avorrhoa bil^bi Lo (Qxalldaceae) •tiDolo - Kagfizros decolor tfilldU (3benaceae) j-»ango

PassiTlora - two wild sp Sugar -apple- Amiona sia iamMs ~ SaegaJa agi^a Burn, f Tomato «» 105 -

UNITED STATES DEPARTM3NT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH ADMINISTRATION BUREAU OF SUTQJ-JOLOGY AND PLANT

Oriental Fruit Fly Investigations

2SARTERLY REPORT

PERIOD: January - March, 1950 PERSONHSLs Guy Go Beevor To Co Lawrence STATION; Bangalore, Itysor© Province, India

EXPEDITION TO SOUTIISRIJ HIDIA FOR NATURAL 2H3XIES OF FRUIT FLIES

The leader of this expedition, Guy Go Beevor, arrived in Honolulu on January 16, twelve days after Thompson Co Laurence, his co-worker«

We were provided an intensive program of study and practical work in the field of .fruit fly investigations as a whole and in biological control in particular» The current work on Dacus dorgal3,8n was, of course, emphasized, along with preparation for foreign duty*

Finally, having been innoculated for all the diseases for which thore existed any excuse to innoculate us, we set forth by air on February 8, for India via Manilao After numerous delays because of engine trouble and resulting bad connections we arrived in Bangalore in the State of Itysore, our present headquarters, on February 17 o

Bangalore, elevation 3*000 feet, is indssd a well-planned city, with tiany large parks and stately government buildings • One of the most prominent is the %sore State college^ where we were delighted to find a largo and well staffed agricultural college and research institute, complete with its own entomological department and laboratories We were received with enthusiasm by Dr» B» Krishnamurti, chief entomologist, and Ms assistant, Mr« Bo So Rao, both of whom have been outstanding in their assistance- in research and in obtaining the necessary equipment..

Dr* Lo So Dorasamij the economic botanist of the Mysore State Department of Agriculture, has made all the facilities of the Fruit Research Station at Hesaarghatta available to us» We have also received permission to study and to carry on an experimental program «. 106 «

at the magnificent -600-*cre PaOace Gardens, belonging to the Haharaia of ivysore o "

TmnsP°rtation ^s presented us with Innumerable difficulties- wo nave boon unable to rent a suitable vehicle by the month because of the shortage of such transportation and because of tho very heavy restrictions on petrol, only the registered owner being permitted to make fuel purchases • we are, therefore,, obliged to rely on taxis for field trips into nearby towns or the neighboring countryside* English bicyotes provide our means o* transportation for the city itself and have proved quite satisfactory* We hope in the near future to be able to purchase a used American jeer or its larger British counterpart, the Bedford 15*

The Ilessarghatta fruit garden lies fifteen miles north of uangalore in what might be termed an agricultural district. A few small larms dot this dry area^ the Gain products outside of strictly utilitarian pottery Doing cattle, hay, firewood, tropical fruits, and paddy* The esepariinental fruit farm, however* presents a very different picture- An Zl * i°n systQm silai3Lar to some of our own is employed, water being obtained from the nearby HessargJiatta reservoir* The following fruits grow there in abundances apples* peaches, sapote, papayas, bananas, guava, mangos* pineapple^ and some two acres of watermelons, while lesser numbers oi cashew* lichee., pear, avocado^ grape* pumpkin,, squashes, and oranges complete the assortmento

Although few fruits were yet ripe, those examined showed a low incidence of infestation. One small rotton apple produced a single tepliritid larva• Twenty-one large guavas were carefully examined without finding a single maggot and numerous hard fruit of ilgra saost& wore cut up with the same negative resultso Several ripe papayas were taken from trees and placed on sand after inspection had revealed aossible infestation- Some fifteen saall rotting watermelons and other cucurbits were collected and also placed in sand boxes- A few dacine maggots and larvae of a scavenger fly were found in those melons which wore opened* We have several £ gBSagj&feag and one of another ffjicus, reared from a squash which the natives call kekkerekeekkk hhannu

We ore informed that the peach crop which 'ripens in Iky and June is heavily infested with maggots ot what is known locally aa the poach fly, which should, we believe, prove to be D. dorgaliso V/e have made arrange ments to purchase three hundred pounds^of peaches when they near maturityo The only living J&ius so far observed was .in a ripening papayao This specimen was of greater siae than an/ of tho importations seen in tho Honolulu laboratories and had an ovipositor almost twice the length of that of 0* LQSC&caudatuss Unfortunately it evaded the most painstaking attempts to recaptjre ito Methyl eugonol attracted numsrous snail red raaleo of a-species unknown to us*

Grows and ravens offer a very sorious problon -and no fruit can us left on the trees or stacked under then without continuous protectiono Thousands of these birds of ill omen have been in evidence at all times, some oven following within a fow feat and carrying off all fruits thrown on the ground after opening* It was, therefore9 imperative that crow guarda bo made not or>l;/ for the fruits to b© tree ripened but also for the sand boxes* tie accordingly drew up plans for protective coverings* Wire neon was found to bo very expensive, loading us to enlist the aid of ri2^« Itaju, a technician of the antowolofjy laboratory to whoF: Mr* ilao had introduced us on learning of our* requirements« Mr* Raju in turn employed a local basket weaver and we now have nose elaborate baskets made of split bamboo with one-inch Eosh which will keep the crows out while freely admitting the flies and their parasites- Tho largest of these light protective devices for fruit in situ will "be used to covor a full stalk of bananas and allow noro than the length of a crowds beak between fruit and guard* It is a cylinder .like the rc-icii and i& four foot long- and two wide with a closed base of tJie sane iseshc The cost of this masterpiece as only two i*upoea or about forty-five cants* TVelve sand boxes were :i!I.so made^ of teakvxood vrith six<~inch sided and legs which we placo in oiled water tc discourage antso. /inothor do sen are under construction. To cover those wo havo dovisod with the aid of Messrs* Ilao and il&ju a roughly pyrai^id&l split-bauboo sliiold that v/ill conpletaly cover those trays yet not touch the ground, where ants and termites could roach

The Palace Gardens, -which offer a vegetable garden, a very fine selection of rare tropical trees, and 57 acres of fruiting trees, including a 20-c- ore grove of splendid old mango trees• A few ripe fruits uere found; email unite and seoII red figs from giant native troes, rc-s-3 apple, orange, ponelo, and a vary fovj stipote^ A ciaall wild gplanuia oXso bore some ripa fruit but no -Infootation vjao found in any fruit examined» tbtliyl eugonol placed on raongo loaves again attracted the little red pa_cus aiad five larger males of the s&rao general coloration but of a different species*

An expedition -uaa made to the Indian Coffee Board °s experimental farm at. Balehorinur h^ toain end by the vehicle of a member of tiie Coffee Station5 s staff © .A hvmdred slow and dusty dies by the former i^eans of transport uas follovrad by about s^jcty miles over rough and winding gravelled roads iri a jeep, which its ov/nor? Mr-» Colaco, administrative officer of tho farm had overt-arnecl the week before and \rlth \-A.i±vh ho seeiood dotormined to parfcrui aoia& yet more spectacuiai* raaneuvor«

The country near tho plantation is hilly and principally bamboo fci'ast with occasioiiaL plai'ttinge of iibade "Dress and coffee and, at tirnss^ clearings for rice, fruit, or truck crops* A. good sizeci river wound by ~ 103 « the village of Balehonnur (Banana-Cold) near the Indian Cofroo Board Experimental Station o The station furnished a hard bed, a mosquito bar, a sheet, hot water in buckets or a tubs filtered and allegedly boiled viator for drifting, and good food in a pleasant room with electric light from twilight to eleven at nightq

Situated at a height of only 2,900 fejt9 tho station had finished harvo3tin{j its principal crop, Gpffea arabica* though bearing trees of tho smaller fruited Cc excels^ and £• robuGta wro to be found* Jak fruit, a favorite 3hade plant for coffee was not expected to ripon for two months* Extensive investigation of cucurbitacoous, colanacoous^ raalvaceous, and citrus fruits on a snail truck faro adjoining tho coffee canp yielded nothing nor did cutting open over two hundred coffeo berries of tho species then in fruito A thorough search was also mado on the ground under £ive arabica, bushes which had born heavily in the piat month and a Traction, but only a few empty puparia were found. Methyl eugenol attracted small numbers of throe speciot; of Daeua, one closely resembling Do dqrsali3°

Ibo Thomas, chief of tho plantation afc Balehonnur thought there still might bo a little C«. arabica bearing Ji the plantation of l-fro ilyapa at Merthikhan (Forest Hill)~because of its altitude (4,000 foet)o Since this species of coffee has fruit with more pulp than the others it was considored advisable to investigate, in spite of understandable reluctance on the part of the Station staff to expend tame and precious petrol on the journeyo Mr a Ayapa happened to arrive at the Coffee Board plantation at this tine and promised to try to get a feu pounds of left over arabica even though the harvest uas completely finished«.

iferthildian, readied over about thirteen and a half n13.es of poor and very winding road, turned out to bo in a rain forest with many streamlets furnishing ample water- An English-style mansion overlooks the plantation grounds of 550 acres9 all devoted to tho production of arabica coffee« The buildings are all dwarfed by the grassy and rocky hill, second highoet in Mysore, which leans over them*

About four pounds of Co arabica berries were presented and, on request, about five pounds of Durantia plijneriae wore collectod for future investigationo Coffoe pulp obtained fron near the surfaco of a compost pit contained many fat, jumping maggots, but their red, somewhat spindle-shaped red~brown puparia do not appear to be those of Tophritidae * This compost also contained many shiny insectivorous mites which wore observed to let the uninjured larger larvae alone« A few IIisteridae> Staphylinidaes and Dormaptora were collected with tho pulp alsoo Some of tho conx^ost put into kerosene tin with very small, cracks in tho bottom soon demonstrated that no container wliich leaks liquid can be depended on to hold maggots <> Two hours after putting the tin into tho Government guest house the bedroom floor developed a ceetiling white carpet that j imped and popped underfoot o «• 109 «*

A field trip with Dps* Chokana and liarasumswaQi* tho Station /pN chemist and botanist, resulted in collecting about half a pound of the small v ■•' berries of Solarmn .indicuci and itezyjahus oenoplia» all the ripe berries of those spocies v/hich we were able to find* Tho Solanun has produced 53 pupariao Tvjo male Ogiugj, apparently 0« lon^icaudatusy \;ere found dead* stuck to the honeydei; covered leaf of a jungle vino*

On the long, bumpy journey to tho railroad station in the evening by Government station wagon, precautions against raosquitoes were employed and incomplete screening on the slou train coda the use of a mosquito bar appear advisable while sleepingo

Discovery of infested tangerinos in the warehouse of the Coorg Go-opei'ative Orange Growers3 Association noxt to tho Bangalore City Market led to a trip on March 20 to Follibeiua in the Coorg District of 1-^rsoreo

This village is reached from Bangalore by a journey of eighty miles by rail plu3 sixty znilos hy bus and nine railes on the precious petrol of a private car* the total taking about fourtoon hours;*

Very shortly after the bus had arrived at 3iddaprjr5 its terminal ? 1-lr. Ac L» Hill of the Consolidated Coffee Estates arrivt3d as arranged and proved to be both hospitable and helpful«. The food at his place uas excellent, the lodging as good as could be expected in tfau back country..

That afternoon wo were shown to the plantation of Mr© Bopoiah, who had a late crop* A number" of Dacu§? apparently of two species, came to msthyl-ougenol bait, ono closely resembling Do dorsali£« Tho fenale of this species uas observed ovipositing froely in oranges both in the trees and piled on the groundo IIo hymenopterous paraaites were observed ariyi:herQn No fruit which had been on the ground in tho direct sun lone enough to bscoiae hot contained living caggots though nan;/ contained dead cnes° Similar fruit 5ji shade or cau^it in branches above grjoiuid ofton contained an active infestation c About oighty pounds of frail, showing definite symptoras of fly attack was selected and packed for our uork in Bangaloreo

The next morning ten pounds of raaturo, rip©,, and decomposing Solanun fruits of tlirea species very coimaon in ■Ivtiis area wore collectedo All oi1'these secies were heavily attacked• A apeciss of i)acua probably identical with that seen attacking oranges was 'tqttj active on one of these Solanum species which was just ripening at this time* No tomatoes were found to be injured, even when dead ripe and growing among infested fruits of the sane genuso

The first attempt at large-scale rearing of puparia has mst yith some success tov-ards the ond of the quarter even though locally tree fruits which have been allowed to become dead ripe and rotten in the open have shown no infestation« A shaded and clearad aroa of souse 350 square foot under roango trees uas selected at tho Palace Orchards for setting, out 24- large sand trays9 each covered vjith its woven bamboo crow guard* These - 110 - covers have proved invaluable° Into the trays ue have placed about four hundred pounds of infested tangerines obtained on the trip to Pollibetta and, over a two-week period, in the 13angalore City liarket* The Market fruit also originated in the Coorg District and had been separated from the other orangea because of damage* We wore, therefore, able to obtain it at a reduced priceo Collected in baskets> the fruit was transported ki jeficas or pony carts over the four miles to the Ralace Orchards, where they were placed two deep in the sand boxes•

On March 20 shipment number 1 wa3 oade to Honoluluo It consisted of 152 puparia of jPacus species ex CtalTea robusta from Balehonnur and 208 puparia out of cucurbits from Ilessarghattao On 1-Sarch 27, 555 puparia were obtained fron the various nolons in sand boxes at Hessarj^hattao The next day five ontonology students fror. the %sorc Agricultural College yere employed to sift puparia at the Palace Orchardso 470 puparia wore obtained fror. 10 pounds of Splanum originating in rollibettao 'Hie Goorg tangerines produced 10,200 dacine puparia« 3hi;nnent nunber 2 containing Uioss insects uis dispatclied to Honolulu on March 23 hy air freight from the BancJ&oro Airport c

Forty-five lUcus cucurbitae and D« ciliatua (?) puparia under glass loave produced at least ono fail" sized black clialcid about two weeks after the last fly emerged o ~ ui -

UNITED STATES DSRLRTK3N? OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL RESSAliGH Affi-IBJISTiUTIOK BUH3ATJ OF EIITOLOLOGY «U© FLAHT .JUA.-.-.ANTIH3

Oriental Fruit Fly Investigations

PERIODS Jamaary - March, 1950 PERSOIJjiEL: D«> W. Clancy ?o E* I'kracci STATION; Honolulu, T. H. E= Dresner So Shiraono PROJECT; 1-0-2 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF ffi^ OiiIifiTJT.il.- FRUIT FLY

l»0 «■ Heaejyy^n_j^X^it_Zly. Haftural Energies

•Id - Foreign Shipments^ AuatrgjLia - Twenty-six ship:aenta of fruit fly paparia ware received from 2-ir* Krauss at Cairns in northern Queensland during the quarter, as shown in Table 1, This table also includes tho emergence from December shipments 28 and 29 which were previously incomplete- Collections \*are made at Cai:ms except where othorwi.se speeifiedj tho localities of Atherton, Juli^tten, Fishery Folia* Ellis Beach, ivbssBian3 and Hartley's Creek are In different ecological zones of 'the same general areao

Table I.—Shipraents Received from Queensland, Australia

Ship* Date No* " ' rhi-asi'Sis Reared £§Sl!l— Baa&E^§L~---^--J^JaLi^3^^^^ PeiBale,,. Ifeqe

AU-28 Dec 21 3*551 Castanospora Pj^ilia ^^2i9S 35^ 213 alpliandii(athorton) Qo fiiien-sis var* 52 4.6

£° alp:'iaridii Opiiu? cgnnilQ^. 20 18 2° £iiUL§Ssis var« 33 6

24, 10,900 Co aljAiandli Ogius corroLex 695 54-9 TAth* Tableland) 0. fMienaia var.. 391 580 Oo ngkiiiai 33 35 5,500 Carets. augtrsLlis 2° iPJSgii^^bsa var« 14. 20 S° iliiiA^^iS var» 3 ;?. Oo daeralensis 1 112 Table 1 co/itinued.

Ship* Date Parasites Reared rec'd ruparia Host fruit Species Female i'iale

AU-30 Jano 1 12,000 G. aus-sraj-ls 0o longicaudatus var» 0o filiensis 8,800 Co alphandii Ogius complex 532 125 TAtherton) 0o fijiensis var 44/ 129 Q* perkinsi 12 3 200 Barringtonia 0o deoralensis 3 7 calyptrata 0o loruyjcaudatus 2

AU-31 Jan» 1 9,600 Co australis Co lontticaudatua varo 7 3 0o deeralensis 5 1 Trybliographa sp« (5) 595O0 0. 123 119 0* lonrcicaudatus var<> 7 4 3,600 Co alphandii Ogius complex 288 63 (Ath* Tableland) 0. 187 66 po -perkinsi 1 2 600 Eugenia cprniflpraOo lonreicaudatus varo 11 5

AU-32 6,766 S° calyv>trata 2° deoralensis 17 6 0* lonnicaudatua var» 3 2 3,300 Co australis 80 52 0o longlcaudatua 3 10 Trybliofyanlia sp« (1) m Co alphandii 0i3ius complex 1 TAtherton) £° fi.iiensig 2 89 E« corciiflora Hone

AU-33 Jano 7 *7,200 C. australis 0o longieaudatus 36 46 0o fijiensis. 2 1 0o deeralensis 1 (28) 3,400 C. austrcilis 0o longicaudatus varo 21 21 0o deeralensis 6 2 3,300 Co alphandii Opius coiaplex 271 154 TAtherton) 0o fijiensis varo 132 112 6 800 Bo cal'yrptrata 0o deeralensis. 22 19

AU-34 Jan© U 10,000 Co australis ^° lon^icaudatus 33 45 0o deeralensis 31 5 0o fijiensis var» 1 Trybliographa sp<> (S) Table 1 continued■■

Shipo Date No* f Parasites Reared Noo rec*d Puparia Ho3t fruit Species Female Male

Bo cal?/ptrata po deeralensis 267 244 po longicaudatua varo 6 3 Oo fijiensis varo 666 J3o cormiflora Oo lonracaudatus varo 13 11 170 Semecarpus 0* deeralensis 17 9 aus traliensia Oo lonrdcaudatus var* 7 7 Oo fi.iiensis varo 1 120 Co al»handii 32 9 TAtherton) Oo fi.iiensis var» 2

AU-35 Jano 14 11,000 C. australis Oo lon^icaudatus varo 261 220 Oo fi;jiiensi3 varo 8 2 Oo deeralensis 7 2 Trybliosrapha sp° (13) *5S3OQ Co australis Oo lonpicaudatus var* 80 59 Oo fi.iiensia varo 7 Oo deeralensis 2 Tryblioftrapha spo (759) Spalangia (47) 1,780 B« cal?/ptrata Oo deeralensis 50 37 422 |. c.omiflqra 0° longicau datus varo 1 1

AU«36 Jan. 18 10?453 C. australis 0 o lonpicaudatus var o 163 Oo deeralensis 22 5 10 6 TryblipRrapha spo (172) Spalanp;io. (1) 1*750 Bo calyptrata Oo deeralcnsis 67 33 85 E» corniflora IJone

AU-37 Jano 22 *135000 C. australis Oo longicaudatus varo 515 695 (J» deeralensis BO 11 Oo fijiensis varo 24 10 (2,071) (3) 7,000 Co australis 0« lonr;icaudatus. varo 154 177 Oo dearolezisis. 24 9 Oo fiiiensis var«> 8 3 (44) 1,100 B, calyptrata Oo. desralensia 100 97 Oo lon^icaudatus varo 12 2 corraiflora Oo lon/?icaudatus varo 9 8 Table 1 continued.

Shipo Da-be No« Parasites ifoared Ho o recf d Puparia Host fruit Species Female 1-iale iiU-38 Jan* 26 8,000 C« australis 0» lonfiicaudatus var» 53 99 Oo deeralensia 14 6 (181) 7,000 Bo calyptrata Oo deeralensis 513 486 2 var<> 9 8 0o fi.jiensis var» 1 293 Eo cormiflora 0* longicaudatus var6 4

AU-39 28 *17,000 australis Oo longicaudatus varo 273 295 0o deeralensis 46 17 0» fi.jien3is 17 5 Trybllographa (4,935) (4) 2,000 £° australis 0o lonpticaudatus var« Trybliogray.iba sp« (15) 3,242 Bo calyptrata 0» deeralensis 205 240 0o lonfricaudatus 1 2

AU-40 Febo 1 18,300 C* australis 0o longicaudatus varo 264 460 0o deeralensis Trybliographa sp« (635) la900 Bo calyptrata 0o d&eralensis 125 94 0o longicaudatus varo 4 200 So aiistraliensis 0o longicaudatus var* 10 U . {'Fishery Falls) 2° ^i.iienai3 vare 10 6 0o deeralensis 10

AU-41 Febo 4 14*362 C* australis Iongicaudatu3 388 638 deeralensis 5 4 (402) Spalangia (1) ^14,000 Co australis 0» lougicaudatus vor» 549 766 0o deeralensis 19 11 0o fi.jiensis varo 5 3 Trybliogranha spt> (4,143) (81) 1*750 Bo calyptrata 0o deeralegsip 143 81 0o longicaudatus 5 6 «*» 115JL±*1 «w> i'able 1 continued.

Date Hoo •i'arasltes Reared No o rec'd liiparia Host fruit Species Female 'lale

AU-42 Febo 8 5,479 Go auctralis 0 o lonirica'uda fcus var» 98- 260 po deeralensis 15 4 (345) 204 Bo calyptrata 0o ^eralengis^ 15 7 2,500 Terminalia 0» lonfi;icaiidatus varo 170. 336 catappa pa deeralensis 65 13 (Ellis Beach) 0o fiJiensis var« 1 Tryblio^rapha apo (2)

AU-43 Febo 11 2,700 Co australia 103 177 po deeralensis 2 3 1 Tryblio^raiiha sp* (33) •2,671 Co auctralis Q« lonj^icaudatus var* 122 125 0« deeralensis 4 • 3 . 2 2 TryblioftZ'apha spo (323) Spalaiisia (IS) (3) 1,467 Banana 0o deeralensig 24 35 (Ellis Beach) 626 To catajjjga 0. lotwlcndatna wr. 22 36 (Ellis Beach) 0o deeralensis 9 9

AU-44 Febo 15 BAB Co australis 5 8 0» deeralensis 4 1 243 Eugenia 0o Icngicaudatus var» 1 tierasyana (2)

AU-45 Febo IS 380 C» augtralis 0. lonsicaudato var. 13 15 Trybliofjrapha spo (113) Spalsn^ia (1) Galesus (1) 101 Papaya 0o deeralenais 3 51 Carenbola None Carambola 0» deeralensis 10 1 Qo lonfticau&itus var<> 1

Febo 25 Folyalthia 0o ryiensii var» 22 42 nitidissizna 0o lcriEicaudatu^ var.> 8 45 (Hartley's Creek) 0t. desralenais 4 9 0* perkinsi 1 1 Tiybliof-ratiia (9)

V - H6 Table 1 continued*

Ship-* Date Noo Parasites Reared Puparin Host fruit Species Female i-Me

828 Guava Oo deeralensis 26 11 0* fi.iiensis var. 17 17 2 7 (10) Trv-blio^rablia spo (1) Guava Oo deoralensis 47 32 19 23 0» lon^ieaudatus var^ 13 15 Tryblio^rapha sp«> (23)

Au-47 Mar. x 527 P* re Ltidissima Oo fiiiensis var» 27 33 (Hartley's Creak) 2° lcsglcaudatuo var« 11 32 Oo dearalonsis 24 7 2 1 471 9.° deoralensis 17 25 Oo lonpicaudatus var« 2

AU-43 1 iar o 4 Guava Oo deeralensia. 44 64 Oo lon^icaiidatus var» 38 26 Oo fijiensia var«. 24 110 Tryblio^rapha spo (125) Spalan^ia (1) 1,078 Guava Oo deeralensig, 27 10 .Q° £jjjLen.sisT var*. 7 29 Oo lonRicauddtiis var« 3 2 Trybl io^rapiia sp» (24) Spalanfiia (10) 159 Musa banksli Oo deeralensis 1 (HossLian) 93 0» Tijiensis var* 3 1 "(Hartley's Greok) Oo lorif^icaudabus var« 1 4 Oo deeralenais 1

AU-49 Marc 8 2?867 Guava Oo fi^ionals var« 63 72 0« deeralsnsis 28 10 0 c longicaiidatus vj.r-. 7 31 (3) (1) *951 £° liitidiasioa fffijfSsig var« 48 .12? ^Hartley's Creek) Ot lenfifiGaudatus. var« 47 103 0,. deeralansis 1 Trybliof^ai±^i spo (79) (1) 117 Table 1 continued.

Shipo Date No« Host fruit larasites Reared Mo» recBd Puparia Species Feral« iialQ

Au-50 11 2,236 Guava Oo deeralensis 70 Oo fijiensis varo 21 23 9.° longicaudatua 16 24 Oo perkinsi 1 sp» (53) Spalan^ia (1) Guava 0* fi.jiensis var.. 25 29 Oo longicaudatus var* 16 25 Oo deeralenois 9 21 Trybliofyapha sp» (173) Spalam?ia (4) 800 Po altidisalma. Oo longicaudatus varo 19 44 "(Hartley "s Creek) 13 42 4 5 Oo perkinsi 2 4 TryblioRrapha sp» (3D 650 . Sarcocophalua 0< 10 1 cordatus 0« fijien3i3 varo 5 5 Oo longicaudatus var« 3 4

AU~51 Mar- 15 900 Guava Oo longicaudatus varo 15 14 Oo deeralensis 19 6 var« 3 6 *564 Guava 0- JrOnfticaudatus var< 19 22 Oo deeralensis 12 6 0o fijionsis vara 5 12 Tryblio^rarfia, sp« (17) (1) *lj041 P» nitidi3sima Oo longicaudatus varo 47 127 ^Hartley's Creek) Oo fHiensis var* 29 43 0. perkinsi 2 3 0o deeralensis 2 Trybliographa. spo (77) 193 Po nitldissima 2° longicaudatug var» 1 6 Tfiartley's Creek) 0o fijiensis var«> 3 2 0o dseralensia 2 2

AU-52 13 *l,036 Guava 0o dearalensia 28 9 18 10 0o longicaudatus 12 9 Tryblior;rapha sp* (75) S)>alanffia (5) Table 1 continued,.

Ship* late Woo Parasites Reared Hoc r&c'i! Puparia Host fruit G peciea Fera.'ile Kale

880 Grava 0o 31 18 0o fijiensia varo 11 16 0° longicaudatus. var<> 8 15 sp<> (6) So cordatua So deeralensis ■ 11 3 0o fijlensis, vai'o 2 2 2* lofigicaudatus varo 3 1

AU-53 Mar. 23 445 Guava (Sntergenc© incomplete) 170 it n 261 S« Qordatus £° nitidisaima

AU-54 25 Guava 482 Guava 355 Solanum aeaforthianum 67 Po nitidlssima 66

AU-55 Mar. 28 Guava 350 Guava 612 So cordatua So aeaforbhianum

Totals; 234,747 10,241 (15,673)10,181

23 shipments

kFi©ld collected puparia

Mthough many of these collections\ere of nei; ho3t flies and fruits not obtained previously, they yielded the same species of paraeitea listed and discussed, in last quarterns report» Parasitiaation wxs somewhat higher and emergence of both flies arid parasites earlier than in former shipments siuce tliis is the Australian sumtuaro It \^rill also be noted that the field collected puparia were more heavily parasitized than those obtained from fruit holdings *, isarticularly by the eynipids which work nainly in rotting fruits on the ground" In shipment 39 for example we rearsd nearly 5,000 adult Trybliographa from 17 .,000 field collected puparia ex» Careya austral!^ o ^e Spalanfyia roared fror:: various collections apparently represent several different species* A mixed lot of 34 specimens wore identified as follows; 4 '&.<> milippinensis tMlio and 1 S - 119 «

Incidentally;, iSr. Wold advisoo that ho is unable to distinguish botv/eon the Australian and the lialayan Trvblionrapha*

Tho adult flies from these shipments liavo been identified by Dr- ilardy as follows <> .'hers more than one species was roared fron a single cpocies of host fruit, tho relative abundance of each in indicated by {%) based on the number of flies examined«

Dacus barriiigtoniae Tryon (?) ex. Castanospora alphandii 2.QLcJyS riaryisi Tryon ox° Careya auatralia Dacug, faarringtoniae Tryon ox« Darrin^tonia calyptrata Jacus tryoni Fogg- (38$) and D. jarvisi (12J2) cormiflora pacus prurrayi (Perk«) (72>) and jJ ex» Senocargus australiensis Dacus tar/cmi i?rogg» (99/a) and D» iarvisi GXo Terreinalia cataprxi Dacus musae (Ti7/on) ex« banana and Ilusa banlcsii Bacus tryoni Frogg (7'M) and Do barrin/ytoniae ( OX'. ^uHenia tiornoyana pacus .jarvisi Tryon (71.j) and D» tryoni (29^) ex. papaya Dacus tryoni ITrog^, ox. carambola Dacus tr?/oni Fro-igo var. eje* Polyaltliia nitidissinia Dacua jarvisi (51^)? D« tryoni (47>), D* huneralls (Pork.) (1/5 21* bilJjqeatus (F^rb^Iay) {1^), Dacus. n«sp. (2 specimens)

ex* {juava pacu3 p^llidus (Perko-4-uy) eXo SarcocoTiialus cordatua jjqeus tryoni Frog^« varo cx« Solanura seafortliianun

It vrill be noted that several species of Dacus have a rather wide host range, particularly D> try_oni arid D* ^ai^risi, while tho others are :.\ore specifico Guava is especially subject to attack, yielding 5 different Gpocios of jjacus q iheso data will bo further analysed uhen the .iustralian uorl: is concluded o

1*2 - Foreign Shi^aaents, .tfrica - Thirteen shipaonts of fruit fly puparia v;oro received froia'i-J» IlcGough in Kenya, British :.ast jfrica prior to hir> dopartui-o on February 3> as noted in ^ Table 2 which also includes tho ©mergence fron the last U December shipments* These uer-3 collectod in the vicinity of Nairobi except for several lots obtained at Mombasa, as indicated in the table* OT 120JL<«1 »<

Table 2 • —Shipments Received from Kenya* British East Africa

Ship* Date No Parasites Beared Bo*

AF-23 Dae- 18 3,500 Warburgia 0* chaeostigma T» dacicida (20) 2, 3 50 Cuctraber g 23 8 2 1

ug, app« (81) 450 Mixed 5 4 & Onius 0 2 1 T» dacicida (9)

18 1,850 1 1 (77) 1,300 Cucioabers haeost Tctrastichus (103) 1.010 Cucumbers Bone (Mombasa) Mixed ( None

23 9^521 2 4 (10) Galesus (?) (5) 2 .,472 Gucuinbers & 59 41 man^ows B 3 s spp» (42) 1,130 Cucumbers & Non© marrows (Mombasa) 377 Mixed 0. 4 & cucumbers

Dec 28 4,830 None 2,232 Cucumbers 0. ^ag 8 12. 525 Cucumbers None (Mombasa)

AF-27 X 3,575 None 9 2,232 Cucumbers 0

Tetrastlchus (21) 185 Mixed Warburgia None & cucumbers Table 2 continued<

Ship* Date Parasites Reared rec'd Pumria Host .fruit •Species Female Mate,.

a; ^^^ AF-28 Jan. 1 3,210 &&£&& #3 2

AF-29 Jan* 6 3,625- VI* UEandensis lii*\*l TICS ^"^ X 1 MM ■■>TfllWllMH*M|—IHlClfawplH 1,368 Cucumbers 7 (268) 555 Cucumbers Hone Ofcmbaisa)

AF-30 Jano 6 2,915 VJ» u^ndensis 1 1,395 Gucumbsrs 4 (i^bmba'sa)

AF-31 Jarto 21 4,025 Ml #3 11 (22) 2,125 Cucurbits 1

(13)

AF-32 Jano 21 6,835 Coffee Opius #4 27 8 5,300 Cucurbits 17

Xs£j1&3.*£lStIJ.C'£ll5S S13po (137) Dirhinus (2) 3,675 W» Ugandansis M?i£ #3 43 16 T<> (iacicidf. (53)

AF-33 3,500 Gucurbits 2,090 Gucurbits 0« Phasqsti^a 3 (itombasa Nairobi) 153OO Wa ligaadensis Opius #3

AF-34 5,600 Cucurbits None 3,500 Gucurbits None (Mombasa & Nairobi) 2,340 W. uga B 1

AF-35 Feb. 3 2,380 Gucurbits 1,760 W. ugandensis 870 Cucurbits None? (}bmbasa & Nairobi)

v_ Table 2 continued

Ship* Date Ho* Parasites Reared Noo rec?& PutJaria Host fruit Female Male

AF-36 Feb* 3 4,031 Cucurbits 2

(23) 2,000 V(« ujgyadezigig, Opius #3 800 Cucurbits None (Mombasa & Nairobi)

AF-37 Feb. 396Q0 Cucurbits 2 10 20 9 3. (71) eynipici (1) k u 24

Fab. 9 5*220 Cucurbits 7 5 13 1 SPP (315) 18 4.5 000 VU 20 (5)

AP-39 Fab, 11 4,525 Cucurbits 1 1 oi-as #5 2 1 Xotevutio^jys spp«» (61) None

343 (1,339)224 Totals r 128,793

17 shipments

These puparia irers obtained froa* the saiss sources ss those listed in Table 2 of last quarter's report and produced the same species of parasites, as discussed therein. Additional specimens have recently been examined by Mr* Mueseback who v/as unable to place either Opiujs #3 (ox* V/arburgi&)* O^ug. #4 (ex* coffee), or M&& #5 (esco cucurbits) as any described species„, although one specimen of Opius hunilis Silv« was-found Min the Oioius #4 lot from coffee* He als™confinne*d our teatatiw identification of Opiua. .l^aeosti ttie opii-io most frequently reared from cucurbit-infesting Dacuso The Galesus from Warburgia was identified as G« fflgmificHg Nixon v?i><( and those from last quarter's cucurbit collections as G« jiS^esjirii Kief, var, With regard, to Teti^rbichu^, Mr. Gafcan advises that the cucurbit material contains a mixture of both T* dgg^cidg, and 1* &!££§&!£§£&& although previous lots came back all/dajgicigaj those from J&£d§3£ggi£ contragedia ©as. Warburgia wars T«~ daeicida,, and specimens reared, from Ptj^aadrjja. rogia ex* Str^chnos, sp* ^Ship's #1 were T* gi^s^gima* kast quarter's 'Sss^g^gM ex* cucurbit pupsri& were also Identified as 8» &fra. Silv*

The numerous flies emerging from the roparagitiaed puparis in the quarantine room vere killed and turned over to 0r« .Hardy .for identification" Of some 23,000 specimens ex» cucumbers and other cultivated cucurbits, 48.6^ were Dacug ciliatii^ Loew* 47»8^5 S* M^dii"fel«Bi- Ssi^^tXM Sack»? and only 3.d6$ were D* eu.curbitae Goq» It is tharefors Jiapo3sible to say which of these s^3cis£5 were hosts of the parasites listed in Table 2, although PL« cucurbitag can apparently be ruled out since we were unable to propagate or maintain Jkte&sUchus sfP"> iMM ^ggSSMgS&» Qr &I&S, #5 on melon fly in the laboratoryo The flies from coffee were OfratiUs cjgitata Wied., and those from ga^jbassgia,g^jassg, ugaptoji§,gpj§, werew identifieden as f ^ Kunro (tentatively( placed as P> §i. Besssi last quarter))

activities of Messrs ■» Bioachi and Waters at Baiiei3Lly were considerably limited • by the general scarcity of fruits during the quarter* those of ^SX&1£I ^yyS&§ a"k ^oth Bare illy and Agra being about the only source of material, as shown in Table 3*

Table 3*~«Shipnents Received from- Barailly, Northern India

Ship* Bate Mo* Parasites Reared

1-16 Dec, 16 327 Wild cucurbit Bone

1-17 Jan. 10 575

I-1S Feb. 1 1*522 Z« i 522 Z- jyji^l (Agraj

1-19 >3 • 3,36? Hone 239 None 224

Table 3 continued*

Ship* Date Parasites llsared Female Ifele

1-20 ;j&n* 24 15S35 S, :iu.iuba Mono

1-21 lreb<> 1 1 346 2» ixji: (igrs.) None

1-22 il'-eb- 1 l?020 ^o jjijuba

1-23 34 lione

Totalss 11,334 b-

S shipments

Only 7 adults o.i' Bracon ngtchgri issued from 10.973 puparia of GarDpssyia vesuviiana costa infeating Z&zzrtims mluba, mo flies ?Jr parasites emerged from the 34 E3LS&& puparia in shipment 23, "and the cucurbit material in ahipnent-16 produced only Dacus oucqrbita&«* . However, larger quantities of the Zigg^hug paid cucucux^bit puparia are • exacted iri ..the--near futtsrea " The single female of "Ogius- #6" roared last' quarter (ex<. Laffa sp», shipment 13} was identified by- Mr* ltoe.\sebeek as

1*/* - Foreign Shipments. China - Mr- Kaa yjas unable to obtain sufficient infested fruits on Formosa during the quarter to accumulate material for shipment to Honolulu* His."lost- shiment of 500 D» dorsalijg. puparia ex* guava and sui'inani chorry (Ho» 185 rqc'd December,29) produced the following parasites: Qpius formosaniis 5°^i S^ 4.^5 0* ijQcisi !$•- Kr« Muessbsck also reports that he is unable to distinguish foxgaosarius; from Ipjigicaudatus and arisajros from E^'^sulcatugj although our -observations indicate that the former is at least a biological race of li

From December 19 to- February 23 we received 9 shipments from Mr* Gressitt at Lingnan.University, Canton, containing a total of 102 small "staphylinid pupae reared as predators on melon fly. However, except for 2 adults identified by R« B^ Blackwelder as £kii2Sii3M sp-3 which had emerged and died en route, these pupae vere shriveled sjid dead upon'. receipt* !J3aey are apparently general feeders of the type usually found in ro-Sting fruits and would probably be of little or no value hsre« 125

More reesntly Mro Gressitt has begun sending fruit fly puparia reared from the berries of nightshade., S^^mm gJ^SBSL.51"3- S- torvuBi at Canton, the adults of which ware identified by Br» Hardy as Sagus 1§M££23£ (Hendel)* We are advised th&t this fly is known from Formosa* Borneo, India and Ceylon ex* various species of -§2&angns but had apparently not been previously reported from China» Eighteen puparia were received in 2 shipments on 'March 23 and 30 with larger numbers air riving "early in April 9 but no parasites have issued as yet* These shipments also contained. 22 adult parasites of 2 species (8 received alive) which Hr« Gressitt had reared from Solanum berries infested hy D* Jajjifeojag and a lepidopterous boreff* Mr.* Jftieseibeck has identified onsTof these as Siergfes&goii gglS^d^SsS^i }i?aa5ak'--3 a knoTjn parasite oflepidops,pof'lepidopterous,larvae* It is hoped that later shipments will yield~parasit.ee~ of B* llati£ron§, that can be tested on the Hawaiian fruit, flies«

1..S — T^elg^^±^^s^Sd^^iMiS^S^^i^^ w Although ripe fruits were very scarce and collecting conditions difficult., Mr o Skinner was able" to make 7 shiproants during tlie quarter (also one in December) from a wide variety of host fruits, as shown in Table 4* Shipments #1 and #2 were obtained on north-central Mindanao from headquarters at Del Mont3, the others- on southern Mindanao where new headquarters were established at Dave,o City i

Table 4o—Shipments Received froia Davao, Mindanao

Ship* Dats -No» • -ferasltes d 'ruit le jt&Le

1 M-l Dae* 22 829 ctao G*

231 I sp» ®B&3§. #1 *(30) (Btigo) 197 15

" 2 M-2 Jan* 1 • 438 Do dao (Bugo) o« 439 Cucumber (Del Monte)

Ji-3 Feb» 23 1,494 Cucumber (Davao City) 298 Carambola Hone (Mintal) • 204 Jakfruit Sons -126 Table 4 continued*

Ship» Date Moo • Parasites Reared rec'd Pug^ig^ Host fruit Les Female Kale*

K-4 Mar« 5 1,621 Cucumber Rone (Davao City) • 944 ■Garabola Oigius, (Mintal)' 630 Guava (Mirital) None 320 Luffa, acT^tanj^ula None

18S Homordiea Hone cochincliinensis (Pangi) Momordiea •174 m Jiwuii 11 ■■I. ' (fengi)

H-5 Mar« 8 745 L. acutangula None (Bavao City) 650 Gueumber None (Da-vao City) 215 Garambola None (Mintal) 150

129 Guam {Mintal) None • ffangTf"^" M-6 i-fe.ro 11 713 Lo acutanmala None

711 Guava (Mintal) None- 322 Garambola Opius #2 4

K»7 -Waro 23 4X5 0" Ioii£"i^§i3datu£3 17 17 Opius #2 2 4

M-8 >1ay c 26 2,932 Do dao 3 60 70 (Lawayon) 46 46 1 1

TotaJ.g z 15,137 164 (30) 155

8 shipment's -127

The raost productive host fruit -was that of the Dao tree*

ffj^ dagg which yieldedy 3 species of j>Di£S- 8 Q lpngicaudatu^ 9 and a large black species related to persulcatus which Mr* biuesebeck was unable to identify and that we have designated Ogius #2o This Opiu^ #2 also emerged from puparia ex. caraoibola and the unidentified cucurbit (shipment 5)* pj^iu/^ #1 ex* 2£&fikfi3as$kS& sp is a small, pale apparently undescribed species related to £l§3>2fasrjL* and the single femaie of Qgiug. #3 from Ko^orpilca iM£l£M&. nay represent a dark'foxm of O 3i;t

Dr* Hardy lias supplied the following names for the flies reared from these shipments;

Ifocus cajudatus Fab* ? ex 2&S^ PJSS^Mi^ Coqo, Do figgdatug, ? e2C<. cucumbers Dacua catestrTs (Bezisii) • Dc qcci,g:ltalis. (Beszi) ex.* carambola and guava Dacus uiabrosu.3 Fabo sx» jakfruit : Dacus cucurbitae Coq»3 Do sp« ? (jxjjaaibly new) e^0 Luffa, acutangula and toaordica ch^agtia ^~V ? (probably new) ex* unidentified cucurbit (shipment #1 ) shipment from Messrs* Beevor and Lawrence at Bangalore arrived on March 27« It contained 208 puparia from an unidentified cucurbit and 152 puparia ex« coffee berries* Since emergence is still in progress it will be summarised next quartero

2oO - Brj^yjigJ^tajjij^^

2«1 «=» Introductions,. £rom..., AugtriL.L;ia *» A total of 91 tes'&s were completed with 5 species of Australian parasites during the quarter, as summarized in Table 5* Although ovipositIon was more readily obtained than in previous tests with the same 4 species of Ogias last ' summer and fall, progeny were reared only from Oo Irongieaudatus varo and Oo ^kinsii ^e latter in fairly large numbers- Unfortunately, these were predominantly males and even though Oo .ggrkingi was carried to the'Fg generation, .we were unable to maintain breeding stocks of any of the Australian C&iug* Sacjus^dorsa^is Is obviously highly resistant to parasitiaation by these species• The cynipid lari"al parasite Trybliographa sp<>, however, was successfully propagated in all 3 of the Hawaiiann fruit flies - Do ^>^Q£galis., £Do &££&££&£§£:pucu .5§£§M^£ cagitat^o Numerous additional tests now""in progress should establish the host to which this parasite is best adaptedo I'he relationship between host and pai'asite density, length of exposure period, and type of host medium are also being investigated * 358 Table 5»—Summary of Breeding Tests with Introduced Parasites

No* No. Tests Reared ia Successful

102 (50$) Guavafl Garcenia xanthochymas 1,410 0 0 0 Gpitls deeralensis papaya? date plum dorsal.' Opius lonricaudatus var* 44 2,218 (9672) Guara** date jDlum*, rose 10,513 16 15 52 J gurinam cherra*** SSSga* Garcenia xanthochymas, mountain apple, fig, papaya^ mock orange 0 Gpius fijionsis 1 7 (3§) Guava 865 (2485) Date plum*» mock orange^? gurinam 85659 15 17 641 D* Opius parkins! 20 cherry^ t guava, kamani nut 22 (69) Agar ir>Qdiuia^(Co capitata) 112 2 4 34 e capitate Trybliographa 2 453 1 49 51 « cucurb:' x- ti n 1 100 (ZD2) tJuciffiiber^C^o cucurbitae) 1,674 6 54 67 o dorsali« 7 1059 (462$) Date plum*, g^Hjam guava 975 8 56 102 Do dorsals" 9 1250 (1227$) igar ineaira^tDo dorsalis) flFBIGA 267 (130?) Hock orange, guava* chibula 0 Opius phaeostigma 9 date plum 143 (103$) Gucumber, ;fcomato» 6.428 0 Africa Opius 0 9 nut ? Garcenia xanthdchymas #Same parasites used in successive tests until they died, based on test records instead of individual parasites. *Fruit from which parasite vjas reared. . Underlined host = Fruit in which ovipositioi uas observed. Tablo 5 continuedo -129

Parasites Progeny Reared Hop No. Tests Used Puparia Successful Afica Opius ,r4 19 362 (174$) Coffee*, date plum*, nock orangey 4,270 kamani nut, chibula, guava, 3 26 D« dorsalis 3urinam cherry Afiica Opius 0 ■ 5 42 (30$) Rose apple*0 cucumber« date plum, 1,623 1 0 1 coffee D. dorsails Tetrastichus dacicida 1 45 1 157 C* capitata ENDIA India Opius //5 20 946 (465$) Cucumber*, tomato, guava 9,214 15 544 529 Do cucurbitae • Cratospila sp.(Opius $6) 2 2 (2$) Guava, chibula 190 0 0 0 Bracon fletcheri 2 5 (4?) Surinam cherry 540 0 0 0 JHINA Opius fonnosanus 30 840 (410§) Guava*, papaya^, fi^, kamani nut« 3?214 25 70 134 date pl-um^y roock orange*, mango*, dorsali: mountain &* Opius arisanus 92 (65$) Banan^, cuci guava, orange 1,622 IAUYA Trybliographa (50?) Agar mediuEi*(Do cucurbitae) 149 6 D« cucurbitae

Unaerlined host = Fruit in which oviposition was observed. 230

Table 5 continued «

No* Parasites No* Nbo Tests P Species Tested Tests Used Host Fruits Puparia Successful

NBH GUINEA Opius fijiensis var* 4 26 (115) Guava 259 0 0 0

Qpius longicaudatus var* 3 30 (6?) Guava 278 0 0 0

Opims deeralensis (?)■ 3 22 (18$) Guava, chibula as 0 0 0

*#Same parasites used in successive tests until they died5 based on test records instead of individual parasites

^Fruit from which parasite was roared*

Underlined host " Fruit in which oviposition was observed« 2°2 ~ Introductions,.from Africa - Forty-two breeding tests with the 4 species of Ogius from Kenya listed in Table 5 were generally unsuccessful* Three of these (ppius #35 4 & 5) were observed to oviposit frequently in various fruits infested with both Do dorjsalig and Bo cucurbitae, but only a few progeny were obtained and these were mostly males« These species were also unable to adapt themselves to the Hawaiian fruit flies- The promising results obtained "with dac.icjLda were discussed in last quarter's report*

•2°3 - Introductions from Northern, India - The preliminary work with Oglus #5 ex« Luffa sp« and its propagation in Hawaii as a promising new melon fly parasite were briefly presented in last quarter*s reporto In all, 20 breading tests were conducted, 18 with fi* .ouciarbitae (using mostly laboratory infested cucumbers - Table 5)9 and 2 with D> dpjrsalls in guav&5 both unsuccessful« The original 13 feiEales and 30 males from India produced only .14 female and 9 male progeny, but the F^ generation totaled 562 progeny, of which 261 or 46«4$ were females* *'he great majority of these were from test #344' using newly-emerged adults (discussed last quarter), indicating that this species deposits most of its eggs within the first week of adult lifeo The much lower average yield shown in Table 5 was largely due to the occurrence of partial diapause in succeeding generations5 as discussed in section 3«5« These Iate-»ein8r£ing adults were not included in the table since they are still Issuing°

The recent identification of Ojgius 0 as longicaudatus (de#d by CoF*W* Muessbeck) is an outstanding example of biological differentiation within the taxonomic concept of a single species» Although the adults are apparently inseparable taTconomically* Opius #5 v;ill develop in Bo cucurbitae but not in go dorsalis, while exactly the reverse is true of 0* loARicaudatus.* Ojjius formosanus apparentiiy i^epresents still another "race" of 0<» loj^cjudatus (see 2<>4)O

Tests with ^atoggila sp» (former Ogiug #6) and ^acon fletchgri from northern India on Do dorsajjis were unsuecsssful, though numerous additional tests with the latter species from recent shipments are now underway and will be reported next quarter*

2*4 - fetgp^u^'Gions^imjGMjia. - Reference was made last quarter to the occurrence of larval diapause in Ogiug formpsanus and the consequent decline of breeding stock during the winter• This phenomenon is further discussed in section 3*5* For a time we were reduced to a single breeding .jar containing less than a dozen adult females* but the gradual emergence qf hibernating individuals plus < higher ylald from recent placements are now furnishing considerable numbers of this parasite• Although it too was determined by Muesebeck as CD* ISSSiSS^a^i^j *ne combination of color differences and the 132

diapause characteristic lend weight to the belief .that is at least a distinct biological race of li^lgicaudidiugo Ths fact- that we have maintained for several generations a breeding stock with these characteristics .from field collected infested fruits containing numerous typical ^gngicaudatiig, is further evidence of Its existence« The winter diapause should ra&ka this parasite better suited to California conditions, a.ud eight also enable it to betta1 survive the winter period of host scarcity in. Hawaii»

Sb^JJS agisanus (syn* p^iLsulcatus) failed to reproduce in 6 tests with both Dc dor sails and D» cugurMsaj. although oviposition was observed in infested bananas and cucumbers*

2o6 - ^j^jgdu^JtojQ§

3 el Obgj^ygjj,Tp^ Although preliminary tests with TD£Maograr.iia sp« vs* D. gucurbitee were -unsucce-ssfiil last quarter, we finally obtained 10 adults of this species on maLon .fly (Table 5)5 indicating that Jr^lig^aEjja sp oon occassionally develop as a melon fly parasite«

A detailed study of the immature stag3s of the vai'ious specrles lias been started in an attempt to locate diagnostic morphological characters that might be used to separate the different biological "races" of thoae species which are indistinguishable in the adulb stage-.

3*2 - Ik§§^Ji?.^,S^L^B^J^tei-M^^ry^ - The unsuccessful attempts""to ^ropSgate this Philippine 3taphylinid predator on living housefly aiaggcts vei'Q described in last, quarterns report Subsequent e:;;pei^msnts with housefly puparia and. Inactivated aaggots killod by imnersdon in hot water were squally unsuccessful., and viork wi'fch this insect as a possible host was therefore abai^fionsd-

The possibility of using melon fly larxras in laboratory infested fruits as a food source vkis then iavestiga'Gad, since thi» species is more easily reared than D.» dqrsal;jB wJ.aidi is also diff:-..eult to obtain in quantity during the i/inter iaon*bb.s» For comparative purposes two series? of cultures ye re started, one '«nith Do liorsi in field-infested date plans and surinam cherries, the other U° SJSiffi^^aS ^:i Iaboratory~infe3ted cucumbsrs and sliced kona pumpkin• All fimits waro hsav.D.y infested is. order to supply an Gxceas of food to reduce cannibalism• Sacb 5 pint battery jar contained «■ 333 °°

58 cubic inches of sterile soil covered with 20 owbic inches of dry. pulverised poe.t moss (Soiltex) to absorb excess moisture from the fruits which re&:.zd. thereon« From 10 to 50 Th^goqej^ialaig eggs or 2iaw3^«&at.ched itOTae vjero then placed in each oFthe 19 jars "(4 containing. £,• et^wbltae}, additional food being supplied at weekly intervals Is one group of- jars (1-12) the soil vas sifted .after * 30 days while th& others (13-20) were sifted and changed after only 15 days, the results of this experiment are presented in Table 6»*

It will bs noted that development was ■■severejly limited in neax-ly all -units by predaceous mites ylvlch apparently were introduced with the infested fruit since only sterilised"soil was used 3 they occurred even wh&a laboratory-infested fruits ware the gpnroe of food* This mite i"s a small sessile spocies which at times may almost completely cjver the larval epidermisj it appears to he most damaging to the quiescent or- prapupal stag©« The exporiiaent was therefore inccEci.usi^e though it did indioa,ts that the larvae of Ss. 5fflg£fe^Hi e^ prol®b3y sx^ual to those of Do «io£sali,s as food for' the istaphyiirdds*. " --««.««- .-

Aa attempt 5.s nou being made to propagate this beetle on a larger scale it the standard metal holding box^s (17 inches t. 13 inches: x 6 inches deep) of the Fruit Fly ''Laboratory, using as food iselcn fl>" lanrae in laboratorj-infest©d ooicinabera and an acaricide to control the siiiegu About 3 1/2 iaob©s of* stesr'He soil is placed In uaeh box- and ao*vered with a--1 inch layer of Sclltex eonta:lniiig the specific a.cavleids A-88R-and about 200-AOO Tb^reocephalus eggso i-'ood is added si weekly intervals until the larv«ae have all pupated (about 30 days1,)., when the boxes are disxnantled ajad the pupae removed for ©merg-oiiee* This system elbEinafces the iacuba.tion boxes and greatly siraplifies the entire procedure■ If successful it should provide a ready ir-ethocl of oulturing ft^ggce^kajsjag, with a iBinimum of handling...

y tests with the -aoarieid® A-S8R were-, encouraging yhea a 1^> dust was liberally applied to individual heavily infested la.rvae., but much lighter applications of 29 6, and 10 graias of the -dust aixed witla 350 cc»'of Soiltex shewed little if any aearieidall eff©et« Heavier Goncentrations- are now being used in the holding 'box units in an attempt to prsvent. mites infestation*

11ie.se studies a?© also- furnishing extensive data oh the life history and biology of |« S^bgrtigi ^icia will eventually be rather conijiLate* The adult beetle's are surprisingly hardy and long lived* ocly about -20JS' of those in several of the older stock jars having died in nearly 5-months, the survivors still producing a considerable numbsr of eggs-* The preovipositlon period is quits variable., ranging from- 14 to 71 days in. several jars with an average of about -134

Table 6 > --Culture oi" gl on Dueus dorsglis arid D

Larvae Star Source v-fith of Host Numerous or- no Percent £ruifc _Jiteg_. Ma*_-_. _Mm« >l>Ml»!>W.

I 5 Date plum Field 8

?. ■ " 0 *■• 3 15 0 h n 0 11 rj 0 66,7 5 l';i 0 Guoumbers D^ cucurbitae 0 "s 53 • 3 6 20 10 Surinam- cherry Field 33 °3 7 20 0 5 4.0.0 S 20 0 Date pltsu 10 55,0 tr " ft 9 20 0 60,0 10 20 0 65.0 11 25 0 2A.0 12 25 0 24^0 13 50 0 Data plum 14 40 0 15 -40 0 "74 20 .11*8 16 40 0 It ti 18 40 0 Kona pumpkin & cucurbitae) cucumber 19 /10 0 Hoi?,$ ps73G8pkirj Lab, 0 28. 9 n "j 20 40 0 lab*.

Jars screened ^t 15 ciays and survivors dusted with A--8SR acaricidej those pupating 2 veeks later -were free o ites - _ 35 days- This specios apparently deposits a rather limited number of eggs over-ail sxtezided period after a slow start*

Several specias were approved for liberation during the quarter following the dissection of host material to provi* the primary role or by rearing through at least one generation on jvarasite-free hosts« These were: jMxls spp, (Australia)-, Qj&ua ^-; (India), Tetra^tichu§ £iM (Africa), and Tr^blxo^arfca spo (Australia),

At. the February 20 meeting of the Advisor;/ Committee it was daeid©& chat henceforth all S^mlangia from the various foreign ■shipments could b3 combined in a single^ulture in t\ie quarantine room for subsequent studies on possible hyperpfirasitif,ation«> This has been done and pupal dissections, will bs made in the near future* According to recent identifications this stock should consist mainly °£ IS^1§SSM §£$& and S ^JJLiii

3*5 ~ Diapause in ,Lj^e_Ggnngj0giagj ~ Recent observations have shown that both ®qw& £snmSBS& from Formosa and Qsfofi #5 from northern India exhibit a d©finite winter diapause in the mature larval stage similar to that described by Pemberton and Willard* for 0e tr^oni a^d- £L* &3UMB8& $ov 3xampQ.e3 a sample of 27 unemerged pupaila from 12 I!°^°i3^u§ testa was found to contain 14 mature hibernating larvae, while 53 tmeoergsd puparia from 7 tests witii. Oijius 0 revealed 1A quiescent larvae — all from tests more than 3u oays old (pupated in December and January)» On the basis of adult rearings and sample dissections an estimated 7555 of j>* £ormojasus and about 22^ of Ogils #5 entered diapause daring this perioda

An.attempt was then .made to break the diapause by subjecting half of the unemerged puparia of each species to low temperatures and holding the others as a check at laboratory temperatures* Both lots wes*e first soaked in -water and placed on moist sand to prevent dessication* The low temperature group was conditioned for 8 days at 40° - 50& Po, held for 7 days at 36° - 3Se F* and 3 days at 4-0° « 50° Fc, then back to the 'laboratory•• Since ©mergence is still in progr-oss this experiment will bs summarised later** However^ it is already evident that the cold treatment was more effective in terminating the diapause of &gius #5 than that of 0« £orjno§anus«

Jour, iigrico Res» 15, No* 18 (193.8) - 136 ~

TERRITORIAL BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

PERIOD* January-March 19SO PERSONHELs Q, Go Chock STATION, H0noluau, t. H. ^

4oil and 4O12 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OP PRUITFLIES

During this quarter six additional parasites -were received for pilot breeding, They were TrybUographa op, Australia; Opiua ap, #3, Africa? £" pgrguJ-oatue ? and 0o longioaudetua ?, Philippines; Ogiue apo #5 and Spalangia ep0 India., All era larval parasitea with the exception of the Spalaagia sp.o "which is a pupal para ait© 0

Thos© that havo baon successful in pilot breeding consisted of Opiufi apo #5, Trybliographa gp03 and Spalangia apo Only th© latter is being held in quarantine for testing to determine its habits and th© possibility that it could be a secondary paraaite. The others have continued to increase in numbers and many have been released in the fields, Opiua spo #3 was quite a di a appointment This parasite oviposited oonsistently when placed with cucumbers infested with 2.° c^cu^itae and at the time gave much encouragement. However„ the results ^rere negative8 A similar inoident of this nature a few months ago occurred with Opiua crawfordi from Mexico. It also oviposited readily on infested cucumber8 and failed to produce any progeny» As for the two Opius from the Philippine^ oviposition on guava waa observed by 0a persulcatus ?o

Since Opiua apn #5 has been doing very well on cucumber and pumpkin and due to the economic importance of the melon fly,, a maas production technique has just been put into operation to atep up the production of this parasite.

Parasites in propagation other than those in quarantine is tabulated belows Country Parasite

0Q incisi India 00 incisi 0* sp, #6 Africa Do giffardii To daoicida ■&Ja2sy» ^ssv Trybliographa op- Do giffardii Philippines T, albertisi - 137 -

Production for ■&© first period ia as follows?

Ooiaciai (Malaya) (India) ^Female Mai© Fomal© $Fentale Male January 724 726 1062 1855 February 914 1064 1376 1934 March 757 979 JgO 1062 2375 57 I768i 3068 39 4851

(Africa) Do giffardii (Australia

January 2280 3173 February 2484 4669 March 3088 4557 12399

Trybliographa To dacicida (Africa)

January 2519 1794 February 1544 1600 March 705 1238 4566 4632

Cjgdus #5 (India) Female i

January 373 356 February 1633 2122 March 5599 7605 7605 43 10083

The follomng parasites wore reared from field collected fruita in the course of the propagation of other parasites?

£.* longicaudatua (Malaya) (Malaya)

January 5736 4077 February 3743 1345 March 900 1258 10379 6660

£» incifli (India or Malaya ?)

January 46 238

Liberations for the report period are tabulated below*

0o longioaudatue

Date Locality No.

OAHD Jaru 25 Moiliili 200 25 Kaaawa 130 Fob, 10 Makiki 350 14 Alewa Heights 100 15 Nanakuli 300 27 Palolo 150 Oahu Total-— 1230 1230

MAUI Jan. 7 Wailua,, Hana 13 Spreckleaville 20 Wailuku 27 Paia Feba 5 Kihei 17 Honolua0 Lahaina Maro 31 Lahaina Maui Total -= 2050

HAWAII Jaru 5 Waiakea Homesteads 350 12 Kurtiatomi 550 19 Mto View 400 26 Waimea 400 Pebo 1 Waiakea Homesteads 250 6 Waiakea Homesteads 250 Maro 29 Kurti 8town 100 Hawaii Total 2100 2100

KAUAI Jano 3 600 10 Kalaheo 450 17 Kapahi 200 31 Wairaaa 500 Pebo 14 Hanalei 250 28 Koloa 125 7 Anahola 150 Kauai Total — 2275 2275

MOLOKAI Feb» 20 28 Hoolehua Molokai Total 650

Quarterly Total «'£0 longicaudatua 8305 - 139 -

0p peraulcatus

Date Locality Noc

OAHU Jano 25 Kaaawa 150 Feb, 14 Alewa Heights 200 15 Aiea Heights 150 Oahu Total -— 500 500

MAUI Jan. 7 Honomanu Gulch 300 13 Puunono 300 20 Wailuku 400 Maro 17 Kipahulu 200 31 Lahaina 75 Baul Total -— 1275 1275

HAWAII 12 Kurtistown 250 19 Kurtistown 260 26 Waime© 200 Febo 15 Napoopoo Wauka 200 22 Kamaili, Puna 350 29 Kurtistown 150 Hawaii Total 1400 1400

KAUAI Jane. 3 Mana 200 10 JSakawali 250 17 Kapahi Hmstdso 250 24 ffailua 350 Feb. 14 Hanalei 300 28 Kalaheo 250 Kauai Total 1600 1600

MOLOKAI Maro 28 Hoolohua 50 50

Quarterly total - 0o persulcatua 4825

Opius inclsi - India

150 OAHU Jan, 12 Aiea Heights 31 Makiki Round Top 200 Oahu Total — 350 350

200 HAWAII Feb. 1 Waiakea Homeateado 6 Keaufoaha 200 200 8 Popeokeo 15 Kainaliu, S. Kona 250 Hawaii Total -« 850 850 Opius incisi - India

Dat© Locality No.

MAUI Jan, 27 Kokomo 200 F@bo 24 Konokohau„ Lahaina 350 Maro 24 Kula 240 31 Lah&ina 200 Blaui Total — 990 990

KAUAI Jano 3 Kekaha 200 24 Wailua 200 33. Lihu® 350 F©bo 7 Lihue 200 21 Eapaia 200 Kauai Total —- 1150 1150

Peb, 20 Kalae 250 Mapulehu (HSPA) 250 Molokai Total — 500 500

Quarterly Total - 0o incisi India 3840

Opius inciai - Malaya

OAHU Jan, 31 Nuuanu 240 Pebo 2 Nuuanu 225 6 Nuuanu 250 10 Nuuanu 325 21 Nuuanu 400 Mar, 15 Nuuanu 450 23 Nuuanu 430 29 Nuuanu 250 . Oahu Total »~» 2570 2570

KAUAI Jano 24 Kalaheo 200 200

Quarterlv Total - 0. incisi Malava 2770

Dirhinua giffardii - Africa

OAHU P©b» 14 Punahou 135 Maro 14 Manoa 150 Oahu Total -— 285 285

HAWAII Pebo 15 Kealakekua 250 Bfiar* 2 Waiakea Hmstdso 150 8 Kalaoa, SoHilo 150 15 Eamailip Puna 200 22 Puu Kii 350 Hawaii Total — - 1100 1100 Dirhinus giffardii = Africa

Date Locality Bp.-

MAUI JaBo 6 Wailua 350 13 Iao Valley 350 20 Wailuku 150 Fob. 3 Ulupalakua 200 10 Waihes 200 17 Lahaina 200 24 Kihei 400 ' Mar ,10 Waiakoa 350 17 Hana 300 Maui Total•«.« 2500 2500

EAUAI Jano 10 UhUQ 450 24 Wailua 200 31 Wailua 250 Febc 7 Bet, Kapaa & Wailua 250 Mflr* 7 Anahola 350 ° 14 Kalali©o 250 28 Wairaea 60. Kauai Total --.. 1810 1810

M0L0KAIF©bo27 Pukoo 200 Mar<, 6 Pukoo 400 13 Kilohana 350 Molokai Total .« 950 950

Quarterly Total - Birhinws giffardii Africa 6645

Birhinuo giffardii » Australia

HAWAIIJan, 3 Waiakea Hmatdse 250 25 MpkaulelO', Kilo 300 Feb. 1 Wsdakea Hmatda0 350 6 Waiakea Bnetdso 360 8 Waiakea-uka 300 filar o 8 Kalaoa 350 15 Waikahskah© Kfui, Puna 400 29 Kurtistown 700 Hcrwaii Total—- 3000 3000 mill Jano 7 Haiku 300 F©bo 3 Makena 600 24 Honokohau 750 Maro 3 Paia 500 24 Kula 316 Maui Total --- 2465 2465 Dirhinus giffardii - Australia

Date Locality No.

KAUAI Jano17 Lihue 350 Feb0 7 Wailua 350 14 Hanalei 375 Maro28 Mana 450 Kauai Total— 1525 1525

MOLOKAI Mapulehu 700 700

Quarterly Total - Dirhinue giffardii Australia 7690

Opiue deeralensiB - Australia

OAHU Fab. 4 Makiki 580 Maro 17 Makiki 135 Oahu Total- 713 713

HAWAII Febo 1 Waiakea Hmotda0 270 8 Mokuola, SoHilo 350 Eeaukaha 346 Hawaii Total—* 966 966

MAUI Febo 10 Iao Valley 150 Mar0 24 lao Valley 20 31 Lahaina 10 Maui Total 180 180

KAUAI Jan, 24 Kealia 76 76

MOLOKAI Mar • 22 Mapulehu 34 34

Quarterly Total » Opiuo deeralenois Australia 1969

Opiuc sp0 l°b - Australia

OAHU Febo 10 Makiki 961 15 Nanakuli 306 MMHMk Maro 15 Makiki 61 17 Blakiki 111 Oahu Total 1439 1439

HAWAII Febo 1 Waiakea Hmatdao 281 281

MAUI Febo 10 250 Maro 31 lahaina .10 Maui Total 260 260 - 143 -

Opiue sp* l~b - Australia

MOLOKAI Mar* 22 Mapulehu 140 140 KAUAI Febo 21 Kapaia 105 Jan0 Lihuo 260 Kauai Total 365 365

Quarterly Total - Opiue ap<> l=>b 2485

Trybliographa ap0 ?■ B5alaya

OAHU Febo28 Nuuanu 200 200

HAWAII Waiakea 160 24 Hilo 250 410

MAUI Fabo 24 Honakohau 125 125 KAUAI WaSoa 176 Lihu© 200 375

Quarterly Total - Trybliographa sp0 Malaya 1110

Trybliographa sp. - Auatralia

OAHU Fobo 24 Huuanu 1025 1025

MAUI Febo 24 Kihol 1200 28 Kula 1523 Mar* 12 Haiku 800 3523

Quarterly Total - Trybliographa sp» Australia 4548

Opius fijionsia - Australia

OAHU Mar, 17 Makiki 227 227 MAUI Mar» 24 lao Valley 20 20 MOLOKAI Mar, 22 Mapulehu 92 92 Quarterly Total - Opiue fijiensia Australia 339

Tetrastichus dacicida - Africa

HAWAII Mar0 2 Waiakea Hmatda0 125 29 Kurtistown 250 375 MAUI Fabo 24 Olowalu 150 KAUAI Febo 14 Lihue 150 28 Wailua 150 300 MOLOKAI Mar0 22 BSapulehu 150 Quarterly Total - Tetrastiohua daoicida 975 Opiug op, #5 ~ India

Date Locality Noo

OAHU Febo 1 Makaha Valley 110 24 Released to Glenn Finney for experimental purposea 335- UaT0 n n _577 1022

HAWAII Febo 6 Waiakea Hmstdso 296 296 MAUI Febo 24 Kihei 381 381 KAUAI Febo 23. Wailua 340 340 MOLOKAI Febo 27 Mapulehu 100 Mar, 15 Kilohana 155 22 Pukoo 50 805 Quarterly Total - Opius ap« #5 - India 2304

Thyreocophalu8 albertiai - Philippines

OAHU Feb, 23 Nuuanu 57 57 JanP 31 Nuuanu • 47 47 Quarterly Total - Thyreocephalua albertini 104

RECOVERY OF PARASITES LIBERATED

During the quarter, reports from our represontativea or the ielands of Kaui9 Maui and Hawaii showed that £« longicaudatua and ()• per eu leatug from Malaya have continued to increase in numbers., &« incioi was recovered only on this iolando

There wes only one new parasite recovered in this period. From one lot of wild momcrdica colleoted in Makaha Valley9 Waianae, 1 fenale and 1 male Opiua spo //-5 from India was reared0 This is the first report of the establishment of this paraait© in the field einc© its initial liberation at that locality on February lst0

As a rule, no special efforts are made by this department locally to check on recoveries of parasites0 Occasionally, field collected fruits uaed in pilot breeding and the propagation of other species of parasites yielded .0.0 longr.icaudatu^f 0. peraulcatus and _03 inclgi. From fruits collected for the three raontha a total of 10,379 longlcaudatug. 6,660 perauloatus and 46 Inciai were reared^ Tao percentage of predominence waa longicaudatua 67,,7 pergulcatus 38c9 and inciai «4, The figures for th© last quarter shovred lonpic&iidatuB wibh 64c7%, pergulcatut? 33.3^ and incigi 2?S. 0. longicaudatua

Locality Fruit Date Flies No, ^Parasitism

Kauai Koloa Guava (7) 2/17 4 3 43 Waimea Mango (5) 2/25 78 83 52 Lihu© Roseapple (15) 2/28 140 192 58 Lihue Loquat (3) 2/28 93 111 54 Lihue Mango (8) 3/2 35 6 15 Lihue Tahitian chestnuts (15) 114 15 12 Lihue Surinam cherries (56) 27 38 58 Lihue (25) 18 22 55 Lihue Wi apple (25) 1 1 50 Lihue Avocado (9) None Laurel Guava (13) 37 1 Kalaheo Guava (10) 39 5 11

0. persulcatuo

Koloa Guava (7) 2/17 4 5 56 Lihue Loquat (30) 2/28 93 62 36 Lihue Mango (8) 3/2 35 36 51 Lihue Tahitian chestnut: (15) 114 146 56 Lihue Surinam cherries (56) 27 35 56 !» g H Lihue (25) 18 13 42 Lawai Guava (13) 3$ 4 10 Kalaheo Guava (10) 39 7 15

Haul 00 longicaudatus

Kanaio Loquat (20) 3/10 15 2 12 Haiku Mango (4) 3/15 20 5 20 Kailua Guava (5) 3 Waikemoi Guava (7) 4 Honomanu Guava 2 Wailua Star fruit (5) None Nahilcu Guava (6) 1 Iao Valley Guava (5) 2 0 =, pereulcatue

1'ula Loquat (14) 3/10 7 1 13

0. incisi Hg.iku Surinam cherries(7; 3/15 25

Hawaii - I*rr, Auld reported that he had observed both longicaudatua and pergulcatug in large numbers in Hilo, Pahoa, Puna and alao at Walmea, S. Eohala

Oahu - Recoveries from available fruits reared 2 Opius sp #5 (India) and 109379 longicaudatua, 6660 pergulcatug and 46 incisio « U6 -

PARASIIES FROM AUSTRALIA

Aa a wholee all the Opius specie a have been unsuccessful in rearingB Although time and. again progeny have been obtained from eachs the number was very small and far between and thus a continuous succession could not be maintained. Fruits ueed conaisted of all available varietiea at the time and infected with £. dorsal!b and Do cucurbitae. Since fruits infested with £. capitata are available at present, another attempt is being made to propagate these parasites., Ovipositing by Opius epo l~b and Opiug deoralenaig have been observed but enough time has not elapsed for results. With the approval of the Biological Committee, many of these parasites reared from the shipments have been released directly in the fieldo This is also the case with regard to the Cynipid.

PARASITES FROM INDIA

The pupal parasite, (Spalangia spo) has been reared on £» Dorsalia and D. cucurbitaeo Since its habits are being studied, no attempt is made to Tncreaae the stock beyond the number considered aafe for its continuation* Opius spo #5 which attacko the larva of the melon fly is the only parssite introduced to date that might play an important roll in the control of D< cucurbitae. It breeds readily on inreeted cucumber and pumpkino In January a progeny of 719 was reared and in March the figure jumped to 13,2040 % much higher production of this parasite is anticipated in the succeeding months• UKIVERS1TY OF CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURAL EXFERIKEHT STATION DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

JLi

PERIODS January - ffiarch 1950 PERSOKKfBLg Glann L. Finne'y Kenneth S, HageL Shissuko Maada '!• Maa *J» L» Gres8itt(see ppo 12-13) Earry So Smith

California Project 3So» 1411

MSS-CULTDHE 0? EitSUIES OF DACUS DORSALKS D At© CSRATITIS CAPEFATA

Before a mass-culture program for- a parasite can be undertaken, a method first should have been developed for producing host material in large quantities. During this quarter, the emphasis has been largely directed to the discovery of media favorable both nutritionally and economically for the culture of D6 dorsalis and D, cu^gugbltae under California conditions. Soaa success "has bean achieved in this endeavor« Over this period -nearly 2009000 D* dorsalis and 70,000 D, cgcurbltag have been cultured. Of this production of*^Du dorsalis, over 1259000 flies for test purposes have been donated to the • laboratories of the Federal Bureau of Entomology* Approsimateily 125,000 eggs for fly production have also been turned over to this agency.. Over 20,000 D* itosslis were used by the Insectary of the Territorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry for production st ock.»

A stock of G» c&gitiita is being rapidly expanded using whole,, ripe papayas, as host fruits^ "Attempts will soon be made to find a suitable medium for cultus'iug thijj species.

G altering 5<

The host from which the early production of Do dorsslis originated was whole, unpeeled bananas exposed to gravid9 caged,, files for a period.. The infested fruit was placed on hardware-cloth discs within large funnels over gallon cans partly filled with slightly damp sand* As the feeding larvae developed, the bananas gave up large quantities of iir*ce which was collected in tuna tins placed on top of the sando In order to prevent the drowning of the first dropping larvae, the tins were fitted with fine plastic screen coverings. When the juicing of the fruit diminished, the tins were removed from the cans,,

The degree of Infestation between fruits varied greatly5 those over- infested produced many small senri-starved larvae, and those under-infested yielded a few large larvse leaving a surplus of food material. Tho following method was inaugurated to overcome theso faultss

A household ricer was obtained through which rips, peeled bananas were run, forming a medium, thick and grt\vy~lika3 whieh was poured into a glass, refrigerator dish 7;k7 inches square s»d about 2-1/2 inches high* About seven fair-sised bananas were required to fill the dilsh to a depth of one incho

Free eggs were obtained ftyoai orange -poel H>sections11« About 3500 eggs were allotted to each dish of asd-ima* Although there was «om© increase "of labor in securing the free eggs, several definite advantages were gained* The troublesome "juicing" was eliminated, and the space consuming .funnels . were discarded,, The larva© developed sTc-aly and auch more uniformly making it possible to remove them from the medium all a% once at s definite timea These factors srs of vital importance to \i iBasss-cult-ure program.

Bananas sre relatively inexpensive in the Island^ 'out prise would prohibit their use in California, The use of other rasLinlazad products, therefore >, were explored*

The laedi'iffl prepared from dried orange meal has, to date, failed to produce high yields of sizeable flies. It is in some ways quite difficult to work w:Vfch, especially so in the removal of the mature larvae0 The only- means found by which this could easily be aoooaplisJied was by squeesihg the free liquid from the medium and -quickly paBcing the odmi-dzy meal in a saturated salt solution, Vio&t of the partlclsa of m&a'l would gradually sinlc go that the floating Xarv&e could be skimraad ffom the surface* These were given a rinse before p.la«ing them on sand to form p

Pumpkins were currently being shippfid in from the Ifona district in Hawaii^ A puree was siade up frosi cooked puvapkiiij, but the yield did not come up tc the standard of that made from bananas„

.Sj£B5. JSHlM1 can foo ^o^oscl to oviposit 'only IXgatly ia raw sections of pumpkin birPthe^solid^ dry tissue is apparently not to the liking of the larvae and few successfully developed* ^SEBBM^ 1&fvs« seeia to prefer and thrive best In a softer9 juicier E©Liiumo

In order to reduce the physical property of raw pnnipklo. to s-itamlate that cf a banana reediua, it was necessary to use a vegetable shredder and a high-speed blender & The shredded pumpkin was fed im>o the1 blender with added water so that the blender would function properly snd the medium would be of the right consistency. The blender reduced the pumpkin to a rather thick„ gravy-like consistency completely i'res of sny large particles

medium cultured excellent yields of larvae as vigorous and healthy &s any obtained from banana* This nedium was used :!n cnlturlng the bulk of the flies produced in the laboratory during the month of March

Whole* punctured carrots were expose*?, to the- fliejj which eagerly oviposited*in the punctures. Here again the physical property of the host was resistant to a good hatch of eggs and gocdfeveloputtmt of. larvae. Some siaall lai*va& would succeed in maturing and seemed to do so more 're if the host material was held in a humid environmentB

However, when the raw carrots were run through tiae blunder* with a little water added, an excellent nuadium was obtained yielding larvae comparable in size and quantity to those from pnjRpkin. Carrots may well be used* in season, as a wstand-by'* source of culture Medium for Do a lig«

Cabbag®,' when rsduced by the blender to a suitable consistency^ produced an excellent yield of larvae that were slightly uudereiae but otherwise normals producing active., functional flies« 1'he strong odor generated by this medium web.somewhat offensive to ths workers and visitors at the laboratory,:

Blercled Chinese melon was triad as a medium* This material seemed low in nutritional value but high in crater content, oom© ilfcrva© were carried to Maturity, but were very small, about tne sis© or normal second- stage larvaec Others migrated from the medium two days sihoad of the regular maturity

As esr3.y as January9 Russet potatoes were tested as a host for D» dgrjaliso These were first punctured with a dintseetiiig needle and then exposed to the flies which oviposited very eagerly In the puncture holes• Dissapointment wes keen when it was found that the property of "self- healing1*, possessed by this host in high degree, K»3eal©d-ontn the oviposited clutches of eggs into pocketsa or cyst«lik« cavities* Because of the drj envlcoament there '^aa practically no hatching of eggsf those larvas that did ha,tch found it virtually impossible to penetrate the cavity walls<»

An attempt was made to prevent this enzymatic action by flash-cooking the potatoes in boiling water from 10 seconds, to one ruinate. This was successfully done but. strangely, all the eggs oviposited :m the softened tissue failed to hatch„ Several eggs were removed on the fourth day and held on wet .filter paper* On the following cissy three, were observed to have hatc':aed9

!tew IVhite Hose potatoes; a variety ratioss flenh is more moist than that of Russots, were tested. Out of the twenty tube-s 'bested, three wc?re founcl to coiriain raature larvae working in gravy-like pockets wail towarcJ the csnts:? e:? the potato» These yielded a total of 7:3 large puparia,

The acasll Ia3.'vae invading the tuber *a&u®13y i'ors sma:J3., winding b?irroi!?t3 leading toward the heart of the potato« These larvaa usually Deriah unless they ai-e able to congregate in which ease 'they seem to nmtusiliy .-assist ons another in breaking do^Ti th& tissue to form the gravy- like cavity mentionoc; above o - 250 -

Blended potstoss produced no mature larvae* All seemed to peris!? in the first stage cf development s In contrast to most media, the potato medium turned highly alkaline, approaching t\ pH of &?•* Bansna* pumpkin* and carrot media quie&ly turn decidedly to the acid side* The odor generated by the medium was mest vile*

The following is si description of the technique8 now surrently used to culture stock© of D

The free* fly eggs are attained in the traditional raa;raaer commonly eiaployed fry local agencies, that is, by introducing into the cages of gravid flies tangential orange sections about 1-1/2 inches in diameter from which has bemi removed all the pulp and rag leaving only the thin outer rizido These concave discs are punctured many t:liae« with a heavy needle and &©ale<3. to a glass plate 2 .inches square with a ring of paraffin applied with a medicine dropper or small brush,. The flies deposit free eggs through, -the punctured rind into the cavity balers

The sections are left in the cages for 2A .hoars* ftost of the eggs will be found on the glass surface bat a fovj will adhere to the under-side of the rind,, To reaove the eggs the orange sections are lifted and laid down egg-side up» A small amount of water is deposited in the

A pi»3ce of batiste cloth :1s stretched over the mouth of a small jar and secured with a rubber band* The cloth is dep-assod forming a concave strainer,, The sggs' are strained out by pouring the water from the beaker through the cloth. The oggs are divided up during the straining process into batches of roughiy 3000 to 3500 each- as each group is strained out, the "paddy11 of eggs is cut out of the cloth and laid ;la s mt9 covered petri disk for hatching* At temperature averaging 75°F. the eggs should be well hatched in another 24 hours and ready to be transferred to the medium*

Both common yellow pumpkin and green pumpkin with dark yellow flesh similar to Hubbard squash are well suited for media. Ths Banana squashy is not desirable as the medium is very prone to support heavy growths of undesirable moldso About 400 ec. of raw shredded pumpkin and 350 so of water (depending on the moisture content of the piimpkin used) are bleadea together forming sufficient medium for on© "padc3.y« of eggs. The modium 5.b poured into a refrigerator dish seven inches square to a depth of not more than one inch. The surface'is leveled off and a section of cloth supporting the «paddy" of e«-"s is transferred from, the petri dish to the surface of the medium, egg~eide up« Aay larvae which may have wandered from tho cloth may be washed out" of the dish into the mediuiaa - 151 -

The dishes are placed in a cage covered with fine-mesh screen to exclude drosophila and other undesirable insects„ The dishes are covered with their glass lids for the first 48 hours*

After seven days of feeding the larvae should be mature and ready for removing from the medium. To accomplish this* the contents of the dish are emptied into a large battery jar which is then filled with water at full faucet pressurea The fine, blended medium is mixed thoroughly with the water by this action and may be poured out carefully leaving the larvae which have sunk to the bottom of the jar* After two rinses and decantingsp the larvae are clean and ready to be strained out, using a small, fine-meshed, kitchen strainer,, and emptied into tuna tins about 2/3 full of slightly damp sand. The larvae will immediately burrow into the sand to form pupariaa The tins are covered with cloth tops secured by rubber bands*

On the eleventh day, the flies should begin their emergence which usually continues for two or three days»

The adult flies are supplied with water in narrow reservoirs cut in paraffin blocks. Honey is supplied in the form of droplets on waxed sheets• Cube sugar is being tested in many cages to take the place of honey, No discernible injurious effects have been noted to date. If sugar proves usable, much of the labor of feeding can be eliminated. An enzymatic protein of yeast is used to supplement the diet. It is fed in a dry state either in powder or granular form. Being very hygroscopic it soon becomes readily available to the adult flies•

The female D* dorsalis begin ovipositing on the tenth day of feeding* The first eggs tend to lack fa-eat, fertility but in four or five days fecundity increases and fertility is quite satisfactory„

The percentage of emergence of adult flies from the puparia in the tuna tins is very high. If the larvae are allowed to enter the damp unpacked sand and left without being disturbed until pupation has been acconrolished, any number up to at least one thousand may be placed in a single can without impairing their development. The following is an emergence record of several cans containing various numbers of puparias Per Cent Total Puparia Number Number Failing Mortality Per Can Emerged to Emerge 8 39 36 3 4 177 170 7 15 248 210 38 2 296 289 7 2 377 368 9 450 34 7 484 s 6 503 475 28 3 688 670 18 2 817 800 17 11 1146 1018 128 - 152

Now that the mass-culturing of D. dorsalis has been shown to be a possibility, the next major problem is discovering a means by which the larvae raay be parasitized,, The two parasites involved, Ofiius persulcatus and Opius lonfficaudatusu refuse to oviposite in the medium used for culturing the stock flies* In the following quarter, the investigations will be directed chiefly toward attempting to solve this problem,,

Culturing D« cucurbitgg -

The host first used in laboratory cultures of D. cucurbitae was the cucumber. Thi3 had been the generally accepted medium in most of the laboratories of the Territory* While the insectary stock was being amplified., other California products were being tested as possible hosts.

The water content of the cucumber is very high. As soon as an infesta^ tion begins breaking down the tissues, great quantities cf liquid leave the host creating somewhat of a disposal problem„ The cucumber is a seasonal crop that cannot be held long in storage and coxisequently quite expensive at times.

Punctured potatoes proved to be a more favorable host for D* cucurbitae than for D, dorsalis but still would not qualify as a prime host. On occasion as many as a hundred large, vigorous larvae would mature in one gravy-like pocket in a tuber but this development was erratic and undependable.

Sections of pumpkin with seeds and fiber removed we:?e exposed* shell- side downP to D. cucurbitae for 24 hours then removed to a protective, screen cage. The eggs hatched in about 24 hours. Four days later the sections were each a writhing mass of larvae. It was necessary to provide additional pieces to bring them to maturity. The first sections were largely reduced to a gravy-like consistency., but the supplementary pieces were not so thoroughly fed upon. The mature larvae tunnelling in the solid flesh were very difficult to remove using the washing-and decanting tech nique as applied to D. dorsalis. This difficulty was largely overcome by adding supplementery"food in the form of blended pumpkin from which the larvae could easily be removedo

Stocks of Ogius #5, a parasite of D. cucurbitae recently introduced into the Territory from India, but as yet uneval'jated in the field, ?/as obtained from the* Territorial Board's insectary. These vigorously attacked the larvae feeding in the pumpkin sections. They would :.ln doing so traverse the soft, wet surface of the pumpkin and even wade through Juicy areas'as if the going was not at all distasteful to them*

The first parasitism was on larvae one and two days old. About 50 to 65 per cent of the host larvae were parasitized. About 30 to 35 per cent of the parasites were females. "*» X53 "*

Detailed studies will be undertaken to ascertain the optimum stage of larvae to the parasitized — a factor which may influence the sex ratio — and to devise and evaluate various methods of exposing the host to the flies and also to the parasites so as to obtain a high percentage of parasitizationo

^Studies of Adult Fruit Ply Nutrition As it Affects Fecundity and Longevity

The following data are from experiments designed to determine the effect of various diets on the length of the preoviposition period^ fecundity and longevity of Dacus dorsalig Hendel, D* cucurbi&ae Coquillet Ceratitis eapitata (Wiedemann)« ~^^

All experiments were carried out at room temperatures fluctuating between 70°*- 82CF« with an average of about 75°F* The relative humidity varied from 4.0-70 per cent with an average of about 56 per cent9 and the flies were exposed to the regular diurnal fluctuations of lighto

The ovipositional cages utilized were 5-inch cubea with glass fronts and plastic screen on the 3 sides and top. A small dish with water-soaked absorbent cotton was placed in each cage* and distilled water was added every day«

All foods were supplied to the flies in droplet form on pieces of wax paper measuring roughly 1 by 1-1/2 incheso In the majority of experi ments each trial food was exposed to 5 females and 5 males and given three replications,,

It was necessary to use orange rind sections sealed to a slip of glass by ringing with paraffin as the method for obtaining eggs from D. dorsalis and C. eapitatao For D. cucurbitae pumpkin rind sections were used* These sections were exposed~to the flies for about 24 hours9 and then removed and replaced by new sections so that the eggs could be lifted and placed on damp filter paper for counting,.

All the adult flies utilized were reared on a banana medium,, Each comparative series of experiments involved flies with the same emergence date, and were from the s&rae batch of medium- Daily counts were made of the number of dead flies*

*by Kenneth S. Hagen 154

JPabl©_j.e - Influence of water on longevity of Do dorsalis without food*

Mean number of dsys survival Mean number of days survival Female ftials 4.7 ""5.8

Since the flies excreta a rather liquid fecal material, they must have water frequently if they sre to survive. Carbohydrates that are hygroscopic are preferable when they are to be dissolved in. watey fox- feeding. Of course when feeding solid foods, a separate source of water has to bo available at all timeso

Influence of some carbohydrates on longevity and fecundity, Minimum NorDsys ieanNaToF T of Prsovipositioii Eggs Deposited' Days Survival Period per Female Female Male

D. dorsalis Honey 0 0 18 «Q 25 O7

BQ% sucrose 2* dorsali^ solution 0 0 19 IS »0

2° cucgrbitae Honey 63 24. 0 43

.£• £SEiL£§£S Money 11

Sucrose 11 6*6

TheT mean no* of days survival of the 70$ dead over a period of 70 days* mean no« of days survival of the 76$ dead over a period of 70 days* mean no0 of days survival of the 80% dead ove3* a period of 70 days-

The data in Table 2 indicate that the longevity of D, dorsalig is distinctly shorter than in the other two species* Although it appears from the data that EU cu_curbitae has a shorter life than C. jrard&ata, this is probably not the case, for in the former species the total mortality is 70 per cent as compared to 76 per cent in the latter specie3. As for fecundity, Do dorsalis did not deposit any sggs when fe.d either honey or sucrose, nor d5.d they obtain any effective protein from the orange sections, used ao the ovipositional attractantj, as indicated by the absence of egg production,, Dacua jo_ucjarMtae in one cage out of three produced a trace of eggs* This was perplexing until it was observed that the flies were feeding - 155 -

on the excrement of the flies contained in an adjacent cage separated only by a plastic screen* The flies which were excreting the potent fecal material were being fed a mixture of a 80 per cent sucrose solution to an equal part of 4.0 per cent yeast hydrolysate solution. This is interesting for it shows that not all the protein was utilized by the flies feeding on the fixed concentration of protein, Ceratitis eagitata. did deposit a few eggs as indicated in Table 2, The source of protein for the egg production apparently was derived from the immature stages. Here again the orange sections can be eliminated as a possible source of protein, for dissections of flies with a same history, but never exposed to orange sections, revealed gravid ovaries*

Table 3o Influence of various diets containing yeast hydrolysate and carbohydrates on fecundity and longevity of D. dorsalis

Diet Minimum No.Days of fifteen tfo0 of Mean No* of and Preoviposition Eggs Deposited Days Survival Concentration Period Per Female Female Male

A. Yeast hydrolysate (MRT) 40% solution 0 0

B. *Honey, 40% Hydrolysate (MRT) 10 738 06 43.1 27o4

C. Honey ■§• (1:1) 40% hydrolysate (MRT) 9 726*9 32 »3 13,0

Do 80% sucrose £ (Isl) 40% hydrolysate (MRT) 11 812O8 33.6 21.2

Eo *Honey, 20% hydrolysate (MRT) . 9 782.3 47.8 37.0

F. *50% Honey9 20% hydrolysate 10 735-0 41.1 32.3

G. *80% sucrose, 20% hydrolysate (MRT) 11 554-2 35*2 37.2

*The carbohydrate was supplied on separate slips of wax paper from the yeast hydrolysate«

The data exhibited in Table 3 show the length of the preoviposition period not to vary significantly at the concentrations of foods tested. The fecundity did not differ considerably between the various diets excepting diet nGB. Perhaps this low level of egg production resulted from the -156-

. flies taking more time trying to obtain the sucrose which becomes crystallized through evaporation, and consequently somewhat neglecting the hydrolysate which was furnished separately. The longevity of D» dorsali3 is decidedly shortened when fed a fixeci hydrolysate concentra tion as shown by the data in Table 3 under diets "C" and "It0 as compared to separate protein and carbohydrate feeding, .Although the females died in a relatively short time, their ovaries in most cases were depleted, and their total fecundity was not affected, for they deposited more eggs in a shorter period* However, the premature mortality in the maL'.es was a detrimental factor, for the egg fertility was apparently affected as reflected in a reduced percentage of egg fertility obtained, au.d was probably caused by insufficient mating*

Table L* - Influence of yeast hydrolysate on the fecundity longevity of P. cucurbitaa over a 70-day period Minimum No. of Mean No, of Mortality that Preoviposition Eggs deposited Occurred over Diet Dags Per Female 70 daya

Honey, - ,tf hydrolysate separate 10 292•8 oft

8056 sucrose 4- (1:1) n^ t 1,0% hydrolysate (HRT) 10 230*4.

The egg potential of D. cucurbitag is probably as great if not greater than Do dorsalis, but the rapidity of egg production appears to be much slower thaTTiiTthe latter species* The data in Table 4 show only the eggs deposited over a period of 70 days and very little mortality had occurred during this period.

Table 5. - Influence of yeast hydrolysata and honey diet on the longevity and fecundity of Gera/fcitis capitata over a period of 7Q_da.YS Minimum "No*,, of Mean Noo of Mortality Diet Preoviposition Eggs deposited in JPll 70 Days

Honey 9 Ji.0% hydrolysate . ,,, (MRT) separate 8 2%e2 66°6 The level of egg production iB probably not as great in C„ capitata as is found in the two Dacus sPPc, discussed, but in Table 5, the number of eggs is based on the oviposition of the flies over a period of 70 days, - 157 -

and since some females still remain alive and are producing eggsp the egg potential will be at least 300 based on the diet indicated in the tabl®.

Table 6. « Comparative affects of different protein hydrolysates on fecundity and longevity of D* dorsalis over a period of 30 days0 ~~~ " Minimum'No. of Mean Wo. of Mortality Diet Preoviposition Eggs deposited at end of per female , ,,30., days,,,,.,,,

A. &0% sucrose

40% casein hydrolysat© 0 0 100#

Bo 80$ sucrose

Lactalbumin hydrolysate 18 51 8;$aJ5

C. 80% sucrose 4.0% yeast hydrolysate1 8 ■ 276.2 60.0%

Do 80% sucrose * (lsl> O o,o » An n€ 4.0% yeast hydrolysate^ 11 !___

1Product of Nutritional Bioehemicals Corp.s Cleveland9 Ohio. ^Product of Marvin R« Thompson Inc., Stamford9 Conn.

Since the enzymatic yeast hydroiiysate is effective in producing high fecundity in the flies concerned, other enzymatic protein hydrolysates were tested. The results are shown in Table 6o *he enzymatic hydrolysate of casein which contains 12.7 per cent total nitrogen did not work at the concentration attempted. No eggs were deposited, and the flies lived only a few days* Apparently even though the casein was mixed with sucrose, it did not appeal to them5 thus they probably died from starvation. The enzymatic*lactalbumin hydrolysate which contains 12 per cent total nitrogen was another compound which appeared to be rather unattractive to £, dorsaligo However9 several females did finally consume some and produced a few eggs. Another brand of an enzymatic yeast hydrolysate containing the same amount of total nitrogen 11.2 per cent as found in the «MRT« brand was just as effective as the latter product. - 158 -

Preovipos ition Period

The length of the preoviposition period apparently depends largely upon the concentration and quantity of the protein ingested and how readily it can be assimilated. From the time of emergence of D« dorsalis» it was found that it takes at least 8 days before eggs are deposited. Th® diet involved in this short period was a (Isl) mixture of a 80 per cent sucrose solution and a 4-0 per cent yeast hydrolysate.solution* When Do dorsalis was fed a mixture of a' 5 psr cent yeast hydrolysate mixed with honey, 23 days elapsed before egg deposition began,,

D, dorsalis and £„ cucurbitae which had been fed pure honey for 27 .days,"since emergence, began ovipositing 6 days after exposing them to a (Isl) mixture of 80 per cent sucrose solution and J+0 per cent yeast hydrolysate solutiono Evidently there is a two or three day period just after emergence in which the female reproductive system is not capable of utilizing the effective nutrient elements for egg production as possibly indicated by the shorter preoviposition period in older flies as compared to the newly emerged flies•

Fertility

In the- majority of experiments described above, the ©gg fertility varied between 40 and 85 per cent of the total eggs deposited• The infertility was apparently in most cases the result of insufficient mating. Another factor which added to infertility was the deposition of unripe or malformed eggs. And there is evidence of a small percentage of infertility in mated females due to the apparent lack of impregnation of the egg by the spermatozoa0

Food, at least the various diets tested, did not seem to affect fertility significantly as no correlation could be made to the variability of egg fertility obtained. However, infertility 3-esulting from the production of malformed eggs was definitely associated to diets where a high fixed concentration of yeast hydrolysate was ingested• This may be explained on the assumption that since a constant intake of protein was causing an abnormal rapid production of eggs, that the pressure exerted liy the forming ova forced deposition of unripe eggs0

When the preoviposition period, has ended in D, dorsalis the eggs deposited from 1 to 5 days are frequently infertile. Perhaps the males do not mature as fast as the females. Needless to say that impregnation of the egg by the spermatozoa is not necessary before oviposition can occur.

. Since D. dorsalis.is crepuscular in its mating habits9 attempts to modify the light intensity were madep but regardless of the time artificial darkening occurred, the flies would not begin pairing until 3 po in. This was tried in the latter part of March. -159-

Dissections of a few Do dorsalis females made one hour after copula tion showed the ovaries to be gravid and the spermatozoa had not entered the spermatheca at that time, but were present in the spermathecal duct awaiting entrance into the spermathecs*

Incidentally the spermathecae of D, dorgalig differs in structure as compared to the retort or sac-like spermathecae of D, cucurbitae and £• cajgitatg» The D. dorsalis spermatheca is made up of a series of connecting concha-like pigmented structures, and are arranged in a sinuately curled9 compact mass.,

»THE RELATION OF MICRO-ORGANISMS TO THE TEPHRIT.^ LAgVAL DEVELOPMENT

A suitable medium was necessary for the successful culturing of fruit fly larvae* Fruits and fruit by-products$ agricultural residues and chemical compounds were utilized in or as a medium to study the nuti'itional require ments of the fruit fly larvae. D. dorsalis larvae developed very well in whole fruits or in fruit pulp blended to the right consistency! however, the use of fruits is not desirable for economic reasons. The larger part of the work done during the past quarter has been with D«, dorsalis onj

(1) Surface sterilization of eggs (2) Culture medium (3) The role of micro-organisms in a medium

Surface Sterilization of Eggs

The method of sterilizing the surface of the te*phritid eggs is the same as formerly reported9 but with the following changess The eggs were washed off from the orange sections into a beaker with water from an eye dropper, strained through a thin white material and then transferred into a centrifuge tube containing a mercuric chloride solution (1:1000)• ^his washing step breaks up the clusters of eggs, thus shortening the sterili zation timeo Thirty minutes sterilisation proved non-injurious to the eggs as is shown in the following table:

*by Shizuko Maeda 160 ~

Sterilization Eggs Average % Time of Eggs Into Hatching Results Nutrient broth 20$ Negative* 5 fflino " agar slant ut% n

w broth 15% ft 10 » n agar slant 29$ One Tube was con

n broth 23$ Negative 15 n tt agar slant W% n

ii broth 1556 n 20 « tt agar slant 32$ n

M broth 23% ii 25 " ii agar slant 2%% n

n broth 21% M 30 " it agar slant i£% it

*No bacterial growth* Test was repeated two times.

The difficulty of keeping the larval culture sterile made it neces sary to investigate the possibility that micro-organisms may be trans ferred onto a medium through the egg... The surface-sterilized eggs were aseptically transferred into a bacteriological tube and tlje eggs were mascerated with a smaller tube or a glass rod (sterile)* Nutrient broth was added to the tube and incubated at room temperature (25° c») forty-eight hours. The results weres

Sterilization Method of Time of Eggs Medium Crushing Result

8 min. Nutrient broth tubes) rod Negative Nutrient broth (3 tubes) rod . Negative n n H ) tube One tube was contami 12 » u nated with gram positive micrococci Nutrient broth (3 tubes) rod One tytbe was contami nated with gram 15 n positive bacilli tt a (2 tubes) tube Negative ti « uncrushed eggs Negative

Control n agar slant « ° 161-

In most of the tuplesp the larvae were alive for as long as seven days. It is shown in this experiment that it is improbable that micro-organisms are transmitted within an egg from the adult fly to the medium.

Cultural Medium for Do dorsalis Larvae

Natural Food: Fruits

•Blended uanana pulp is a good medium for jD. dorsalis larvae. A series of tests were run to find out the maximum number of larvae that can develop normally in a given amount of medium„ Banana pulp was blended in an electric mixer and prepared in pjrex baking dishes* three-inch square. Instead of eggs* recently-hatched larvae were used. These were counted^ strained through a thin, white material and placed on the medium. The results are tabulated belows .

Experiment 1 - Amount Medium of No. of larvae introduced 50 100 150. 200 250 300 350 Mediujft™,

I 35 cc. Mature larvae recovered 3 1 3 22 Mr 58 67 Firm, ripe banana pulp II 70 cc. «

Experiment 2 Amount Medium of No* of larvae introduced 1C0 200 300 350 400 450 50C 60C 700 Medium

Overripe„ soft,skin I 35 cco Wature larvae recovered 74 161 249 281 320 358 426 447 flecked with dark II 70 cc. 69 L47 211 233 274 341 443 388 spots9 banana III 100 cc, 52 136 195 222 312 288 357 333 386 blended

The marked differences in results between experiment 1 and 2 can be accounted for in the variations of fruits. The degree of ripeness of the fruit is very important when used as a medium. In the firmly ripe stage in banana, most of the carbohydrates were in a form of starch thereby require- ing hydrolytic agent to make it available to the larvae5 however, in the «» 162 «> very ripe soft banana the starch and other p0ly3accharid.es were in the form of available simple sugars. In experiment 1 the final medium,, that is, after the full grown larvae were removedP was very dry as compared to the watery exhausted final medium in experiment 2- The consistency of the medium and the availability of nutrients in the medium are very important considerations in making up a medium„

When whole banana and papaya were used for eulturing larvaes the surface of the fruit was washed with mercuric chloride (1:1000). The inner portion of the fruit can be considered relatively free from micro organisms even if not sterile• A small surface area was seared with a heated blade where a short length of large sterile tubing, cotton plugged at one end9 was inserted and the inner plug of pulp removed. The tube was sealsd to the fruit by hot paraffin. Eggs treated with the mercuric chloride method were introduced aseptically through the tube and into the fruit. The fruits were enclosed in a steam-treated cabinet to eliminate contamination. Eight days after the introduction of eggs, a sample was taken to test for sterility. Out of four bananas, only two gave negative sterility tests which meant that 3.arvae developed under sterile conditions• All of the papaya tests were ruined. The larvae broke through the thin skin and crawled out of the. fruit, thus exposing the inner portion of the fruit to contaminstionc

Sterility tests were done where possible to ascertain whether or not larvae did develop under sterile conditions. A loopful of a sample of a medium was transferred aseptical3y into nutrient^broth, Brewer's medium and was streaked across an agar plate. Some of the cultures 7/ere incubated at 25°C, and others at 30°Co If the tubas showed positive results, sub-cultures and microscopic examinations were made.,

Papaya and banana pulps were prepared separately in 500 ml, Erlenmeyer flasks and large pyrex culture dishssP 250 mm. in diameter. Banana pulp in culture dish was sterilised in an Arnold Sterilizer (100° C.3 a 20-minute period on three consecutive days). Sterilization rendered the consistency of the medium unfit for larval growth.

Papaya flasks were autoclaved at 15 lbs. pressure for eight minutes. Sterilized eggs (on an egg carrier - thin white material) were trans ferred aseptically into the medium., All of the flasks were contaminated with yeast*, gram positive cocci and mold.

Potatoes

Irish potatoes were used as substrate. Potatoes were peeled and cut into four~inch5 cylindrical pieces with a cork borer. These pieces were cut in half to obtain a flat surface, then washed in running water 163 for an hour and placed in tubes which were then plugged and autoclaved**

Development of 0O dorsails larvae on potato medium

Tubes of Potato Eggs Results Medium Introduced

1 Sterile eggs Negative sterility test

2 n n ii n n

3 n n n w n

U n w Contaminated with mierococcus

5 w n Negative sterility test

6 n n Contaminated with mierococcus

7 Unsterile n it n yeast

8 n 9 gi*am negative bacilli

n « negative bacilli

*A11 medium autoclaved at 15 lbs* pressure for twenty minutes unless stated otherwise•

The larvae that developed in sterile medium were smaller in size than those developed in contaminated medium <> Micro-organisms isolated from the above experiment were used as inocula in the following tests. Whole uncooked9 and partially cooked potatoes were inoculated with micro-organisms before and after qviposition by female fruit flies (D. dorsalis and Do cucurjba^ae)' Both ovipositional scars, and the sites of°*inoculation were sealed^ thereby preventing the hatching of the eggSo

Partially cooked potatoes and a small amount of water were blended to soft consistency in an electric mixer, then placed in Mason jars and autoelavedo Sterile eggs were introduced. The eggs hatched, however the larvae could not survive the- vigorous fermentation (contamination) that developed in the medium*. 164

Artificial Medium

Bacteriological media were used without much success« Liver-yeast medium (Trager1), Bacto-Sabouraud-dextrose medium* dextrose agar and modified medium using tryptose or peptone, sucrose or maltose or dextrose9 soy fl'our and miso in all proportions were tried. The results were not encouraging. These experiments were carried out in Ix6j, 1x8 test tubes and ?etri dishes. The 'medium dried out too fast. Both sterile and uns*!ierile materials were used. Raymond Pearl's medium*» modified, gave satisfactory results0

Agricultural residues and fruit-cannery by-products

Orange meal was soaked for an hour or so and then used as medium with out any further treatment. Also, it was used either boiled, Arnold sterilized, or autoclaved. Sterilized orange meal supplemented with Bacto-yeast, bacteria (Bacillus and Alcaligenesu both isolated from orange meal medium supporting good larval development), yeast and Aspergillus. The larval growth was little better in supplemented media than in plain orange meal medium, except in media inoculated with yeast and Alcaligeneso The only disadvantage was that water had to be added regularly in order to maintain the fluid content of the medium, The pupae and emerged flies were smaller than those cultured from fruit.

Pineapple bran is like orange meal in that water had to be added to avoid dehydration of medium and can be improved by adding nutrients.

Five per cent molasses-agar medium supports larval growth but can be improved by the addition of nutrients«

Dog food contains carbohydrates, protein, vitamins and minerals» D. dorsalis larvae grew very well in this medium. Sterility of this medium was not considered. Here, again like orange meal, water had to be added from time to time. The emerged adults were normal.

Two sets of tests were run, one under aerobic conditions and another under anaerobic conditions using the same medium and technique. The results of the first test under aerobic condition were satisfactory,, Anaerobic conditions proved detrimental to the development of the larvae„

Summary

Test tubes and Petri dishes were not ideal containers. TA'hen small containers were used high mortality of larvae resulted. It may have been due either to the rapid dehydration of the medium or in cases where sterility was not considered, it may have baen due to the accumulation of by-products of the micro-organisms which was toxic to the larval growth, or both. !w. Trager, "Amer. Jour. Hyg.n, 22 (1935) 2ro Pearl, "Jour. Gen. Physiol0% U9 513-519 (1926) «* 165 •»

The larvae were very sensitive to the consistency of the medium* If the consistency of the medium was too thick, the activity of the larvae was stagnant and in a case where sterility was not considered, the surface of the medium was heavily coated with contamination thus making it impossible for the larvae to survive,,

Larvae developed better in a more acid medium, than in alkaline - medium*

In using bananas as medium, overripe soft banana made a better medium than firm, ripe bananas. This., as stated previously, was largely due to the availability of nutrients in the fruit.

Larvae can ba cultured equally as well in a blended pumpkin pulp medium as in a banana pulp medium*

Observation of the Role of Micro-organisms in a Larval Culture

It is expected that no normal development is possible under un favorable conditions as in nutritionally deficient substrate. However, in order to observe to what extent micro-organisms serve as a source of food, if required to do so, plain agar plates were streaked with eleven different micro-organisms isolated from various fruits and larval cultures and sterile eggs were introduced aseptically into each plate- The eggs hatched and larvae were alive for few days but no marked de velopment took place. It seems that micro-organisms do not serve as a direct source of food for larvae*

Sterile conditions have been most difficult to maintain. In many cases in a series of flasks with the same medium, the larvae developed faster in the contaminated flask, whether contaminated by yeast, mold, gram positive bacilli or gram positive raicrocoeci* Full grown larvae were recovered from sterile flasks if kept in the medium a day or two longer than the usual'seven to eight day larval period. Micro-organisms may'have been present as catalytic agents decomposing or synthesizing essential substances in the medium to forms more available to the larvae, ? Hawaii experiment station

PERIOD: January - March8 1950 PERSONNEL: Do E3uio Hardy Bo Lo Pelot (TODA) STATION: Honolulu, To He 22. Adachi lo Mo Newell *,<, Co Mitchell Ho van den Bosch Fo Haramofco Ho Ao Bess

S60,l TAJLONOMT AKD GEOGRAPHIC DISTRI3T3TICS5 OF THB FRUIT FLIES OF THE SUB-FAi&LY lMCEiAfi, WITH SPECIAL EKeHftSIS UPON THOSE RHJIONS VJH351E PziRiiSITli EXPLORATION : ORK lo BKING CiiRRIED ON PSLOT, AMCHI).

Work accomplished during period ooveseji bj;

A large share of the tiro© during this period v;as spent in routine handling and classifying of the great numbers of specimens which have been sent in« Seventeen collections of fruit flies have been studied. These consisted of approximately one hundred and fifteen thousand specimens,, They contained about fifty~slx species8 and eleven of these appear to be undeseribed. There are also two new subgenera in these collections* The collections have been received from the workers in the field and from specimens reared In the quarantine laboratory and were from Africa, Australia. Foriaosa,, China> the Philippines and India c

Due to the pressure of the bulls: of the Identification work this quarter, little progress has been made on the generic reclassificatlon of the Dacinae and on the studies of the dorsalis and inoisjis complexes of 3pecieSo

Considerable progress has been made on a report of the Australian fruit flies which have been collected by Mro N* Lo Ho Krauss* This will cover approximately thirty-five species, will contain keys to the generap subgenera and species of all of the kaoxm Australian Dacinae and descriptions and figures of the species in the Krausa collectiono The report will correct the homonymy and synonymy which has come to light during this study and should be of considerable importance in straightening up the taxonomy of the Australian species*

Work to be emphasized during April and June:

Completion of the report on the Australian fruit flies and progress on the other taxononical studieso ~ 167 -

930*5 ESTABLISHMENT AH.O SPJREaD OF PiAKASlTES, i'ttmTGRS /ttiD DISEASES INTO HAWAII, /iND THEIR IMPGftTiiNCE IN REDUCBIG THE ANJ) DAMAGE BY #EUIT FLIES

^-ubprojeet; Establishment and spread Ivan den Bosch, Earamoto)

During the past three months collections have been made at the permanent collecting sites first established on Oahu during the fall of 1949,, In addi tion i, a few collections of other types of fruits were iaade8 especially in light of the decreased abundance of guavas over the greater part of the island, AlsoB during this tiiaa an extended field trip was made to the islands of Molofcai, Lanai0 Mauip and Hawaii» Collections of various fruits were sent from these islands to Honolulu and held in the insQCtsry* Data obtained from the latter collections reveal some significant developments relative to the status of (Ash«). and Ogius ^ersulcjatus (SilVo) on the outside islandso The appended tables summarize the results obtained -rrom all collections&

As indicated above, during the first quarter of 1950 there was a great reduction in abundance of guava fruits on the island of Oahu* This development naturally played an important role in the results obtained from the collections„ In our field observations an attempt is made to rate the abundance of host fruits (guavas) at each of the permanent collecting stations and for the island as a while* Fruits have been so- scarce during the past three months that at socie stations few or no guavas were obtained and in some districts none were obtainable over relatively wlds areas. This condition has probably influenced the movements of flies and parasites B the rate of infestation per fruit9 and rates of parasitism* During the early part of the quarter low rates of infestation were general in the guava fruits. Because of this condition many of thsse collections produced small numbers of flies and parasites even where large numbers of fruits were involved» In the latter part of the quarterB however, thsro was, in general, a sharp increase in the average number of larvae per fruit. Despite these conditions Oahu guava collections continue to shov; rates of parasitism similar to those found during October, November and December of 1949* Also reflected is the continued trend toward dominance by £c persulcatus.a

The most encouraging information obtained during the past three monthsf however„ is the record of increased abundance of £• ffersulcatua on Bewail* This 3peoies was very rara in the collections made on that island during the summer of 1949 and it appeared in substantial numbers at only one place» Sfoulua, on the Uamakua coasto It parasitized 50o? per cent of the host larvae in a sample of guava fruits taken at this place,, Only 19 of the 45 Hawaii collections from which D, dorsalla emerged produced parasites» &<, ^qn^caudatus, appeared in 18 of those and 0u gws^lSaJius. in 3O 'J?he highest rate of parasitism was 50«7 per cent at 2;jauluaf the case cited above. In marked contrast to these figures are the data obtained during February and &arch of this year* It can be seen from the tables that at many of the stations parasitism is above 30 per centB that £° persulcatus predominates in most of the collections in which both parasite species occura and that parasites appear in the majority of the collections* The maximum rate of parasitism obtained was 72O9 per cent from a Hilo collection with another collection from the same area producing 70a7 per cent parasitism^ This reflects g tremendous increase In the abundance of parasites in general and of Oo persulc.vtus la particular on this island* - 168 -

£able I** Summary of parasite reooveries from Dae us in guava* fruits collected on Oahu during December, January February and March*

GAJ&J J~ ^Number of'Number of* Total f dumber Emergent 6 Per cent ^Collection' puparia * larvae 'per cent e *f para- locality Date * recoveredg per fr uitg emergence^ odor sal la *Qolongl« * ? sitized Remarks

fcanoa Valley 0 1-10-50 * 11 • 0,62 63*6 6 85.? c? it 5 2-8-50 e 18 f 0,96 87*5 13

flanoa Valley tfi 12 1.27 91.7 8 81.8 w n ft ' 2-8-50 fruits available- 4anoa Valley ft± and $2 E 2-8-50 116 4,03 3 85^3 28 62

ilanoa Valley 7 1-10-50 39 * 87O2 12 19 64 aV rr rt T 2-8-50 383 n 9560 236 121 35o2

iianoa Valley #4 * 2-8-50 142 : 97o9 55 84 60,4 3A small 3ample of scattered fruits» * l-3«50 126 1 3*24 5 92,9 46 17 54 6Oo7 * 2-6«50 52 8 4*9 21 5

^oodlawn $ 3 1-3-50 89 « 3*36 14 31 55.6 * 9 .-^~ sKo fruits available.

Soodlawn ^ -3-50 10S 2,54 92 25 31 44 75c0 • 16 11*0 81 1 2 10 92o3 ^Sample composed of only 2 fruitso Kalihi Valley 0 1-13-50 94 2,77 5 91 26 55 71cl * fl 2-21-50 fruits available<>

Kalihi Valley #2 81 • S.31 9 9; 26 46 65*8 * 1 Oplus inclsi ft n « e 2-^1-50 « -««,«. QNo fruits available

Kalihi Valley 9 2-21-50 * DB dor sails in 5 rip¥ guava fruits,.

iror tne most part fruit was taken ftom the ground but because of fruit scarcity during the period some guavas vjere taken froa the 369

*$usaber of^Number of9 Total % »©*■ cent * '• Collection9 puparia * larvae • per1 cent-' para- 3 Sate *recovered*per frttit^©meygenceflPodorsalls0\Q«loafft,» sitized * Remarks

Klpapa 62 23 38 62.* tt 19 3-14-50 406 16,1 .96-6 ■129-

#1 •■ 1-18-50 ° 100*0 0 9 0 100.0 e o n * " 9 2-16-5G 5 5*88 aioO go 12 * Al P 0

Ed, Top -Tantalus #2 f 1~! 54 MA 47 92,-2 c WZ * 2-16-50 34 Go 6?

16 0o83 9 100, 10 6 2-16-50 0 0*0 0 in 20 3?lp© fruits TopoTaatalus #4 18 0*68 100,0 IS 5 27.fi 37 1*68 86.5 7 84 78*1

f5 2«16-^50 fl 46 ' 0,73 9 36 80.0 9 A large sample of scattered rip© fruits, 1-16-50 fi 15 ! 0.81 80 1 9 ? 91 o7 3-9-50 ° ?* 9 Ho fafuits available*

80 4c 5S 1? IS 44 3-9-50 * ■77 9,0 22 10

#1 1-X6-50 •« Ho fruits available

Keilua l-16«50 * XQ 1.55 4 3-9-60 e 99 19 41 63*8 9

18,1 100*0 7 2S 40=5 e Small sample of tree frulte-a ~ 170

OAHff "^ Kusibsr of 9Ntimi>er of^k Total ° Number eniOTgent • Per cent ^Collection* puperia 1 larvae 1*per oent • $ para- •e sitized ' Remarks Locality 5 Date ^recovered ^^er_ fruit'J emergence5!) odorsa Us9 0olongifl * Oejoers

c 0 Ho fruits eirallablvr. S&fcaluu #1 * 1-19-50 3 3-9-50 ^ «— 5 .Wiur

« «-.^ 6 No fruits available K&haluu $2 0 1-19-50 9 tt H Ct S — —«, ? * ~~— » 5w9~S0 — ••■»•

* * Ho Dft dorselis in Waikane • 1-19-50 0 ^ 0 0 OoO 24 fruits 5 11 ? 0*52 s 100o0 ° 7 ? 0 8 4 * 56 o4 s Only 11 larvae in 57 fruitso o ^t * 75 * 82.0 9. Kiahaaa * 56 89w3 Q 9 15 3 81*8 5 n 'v S-9-50 * 11 * US- 0 IOOoO ^ 2 * Q s 9

5 48c98 Malcaua ffl >J 56 .. 25 ? 18 6 * 3-9-50 •j Q ? 2*0 5 IOOoO ' S 15 0 * 0 5 0o0 8Tery small sample »• • - only 1 fruit 6 11 125 9 46*4 Makaua jfS 3 4S8 807 •• 54 9 ^ h * ~-« 9 Ho fruits availabletf

r 54,2 ^uusnu Tailay ,fl f| 1-17-50 2 1*69 5 9g.«5 3 11 • 7 ? A small sample « it m n 9 S-Sl-50 9- 0 •' OoO 0 6 fruits uuinfeste-5 6

h .. 1 fi^ 5 Ho fruit available. N-uttanu Valley $2 5 -»«.. * GiatStf **' 0 0 * Very small fruit a. u rt ' 2-21-50 ■ 11. 'f lOQeO C 11 * 0 ! G sample \5}c Huuanu Vallsy $3 1 1-17-50 29 a 2C4S 'j 86-a2 * 10 «• 0 ' 15 H 66-0-0 0 2*31*50 8 ♦ 88o9 » 0" f 0 5 e 0 100,0 0 Very ssnall frui*s sample v5}« Huuanu Valley #4 * 1-17-50 i} 55 1 Io95 9 81,8 r 10 '; 6 * 89 77,8

ialaraa Heights * 1-S4-50- r' 191 • • 4,41 •» 98«95 s 100 * IS * 47*1 * 3-3,4-50 5 138 3 S1.7 * 95.7 s 48 ' 8 ' 82 5 68a2 * Small sample of ty.-s

_ fruits. 9 161 * 3.2 0 98.1 < 105 % 3 ' 50 6 33.5 f? f} fl ^ 3~14~50 - 650 ' 20o9 * 97,1 9 470 ■ '» 23 ; 143 ' 9 S6«.l Numberemergent Per cent QAECT 'Numberof*Numberof1Total\

''Collection'puparia9 lcrvaa*percant* para

Locality sitized Remarks

0 * O *X * 5,8 ; S4.4 ° 139 48 54 * 1-•51-50

52 3 40 ' 45.5 94el fi .14.-50 101 * 10,8 JJ

t J 8,97* 85*0 •' 161 7S 9 41,9 51aRoad]f[ »31^-50 326

ti — * S 23 Terysmall.fruit - Q~■14-50 S3 31 sampleUK

5 176 10 18 8 13,,7 ■31-50 211 11.1 * 96.7 5 Roadifc • 1- '

5 • •) 0 —* 3«.14-50 * * No fruitsavailable<,

97,9 427 20 « 13 c Scatteredsample Burma ? 3--14-50 476 18,2 3 takesalongthe road,

o 8 9 0 6 24,2. • 1.>3ln50 35 1 100,0 25

aHo fruitsavailedl*s * 3-.14-50

-31-50 c, ? "85,6 150 22 89 • 1- 305

3 85 e 3-14-50 182 70 15 6 5sl8

5 O/I »? 131 57 33 9 40.7 ield#1 5 12-437-49? S61 80,0 S.24 21 7 * - -*2-g-SO ■ 44

5"» 53 49 * 44*2 5 91,7 135

2-S-50 84. 17 55 45.5 6 Incl.4Med.flies * 162 tJ95.1

8 ? Iolo'2 M&a.flies„ 5 12»S7« 386 " 89«4 31

50 57 5 40.5 3 2-2-50 £46 ? 87,4 128

17 78 * 55*5 a Scatteredsaraple h-of5-eld,7=4 6 g-2-50 386 9,86 5 9:?i50 177

betweenif2and.#3

inel.11Had..flies

8. 65 85 9 49O8 Wiiipio# ' 1-4-50 5S0 149

ioo=o 0 0 7 ' 87,5 5 3-14-50 8 s3o '■■

10 13 s" 27.4 9 l~4-50 89 5*6 94c3 61

• Ho goavasa'«ai 172

*Collection'puparia?larvae'percent* ~« * Locality. i*D*dorselis*Oelon^i.?

1-4*50 300 8,7

87 8608 'Verysmallsample(S)

gl&lanaefopestries.^l9 12*29-499 399 96c5 * 15.1 '' 332 52 0 14.1 "Including2 Med.flrk;sv 11• " R 4S-14-509 149 * 4,1? 3 85

£> Parasite recoveries .from Ifo In miscellaneous fruits collected on Osbu tor-Ing January - March

OftHCJ pnparia *pes» ooa.1;

50 60 3 56 o? ? 1 •0

5C rj 100,0 * C 100.0

- .. _.,.. ~ »"fV V :. *' !•■'£••'- <•_?'.-' zo 100.0 3 r SO 'j 0 0.0 " A sins

Q * mnso • 136 '■ 34a 9 14 ss -r. etu4

50 91,5 ' 142 156 9 54,2 ' Tfnvits fyriTa both suriaam and tr * S-14^ 50 148 79.6 2 39 69 .5 65,5 from ground Surinam fj .3-14- 50 ,* che^rrjr s 185 89 c 7 v' 1SS 4S 0 a r-roni tree 0 1=27- 50 101 GO 4 '1 £4 S3 :? ■60.7 *

23uua-rxtL Valley Poke's 1-24-50 18 ■2 18 6 . 174

3 Si^raasy of parasite recoveries from dorsals in guava aad other fruits collected on Molokai and Lanai during February*

-yrYfyr*MOLOKAI vqj>jl6c«> ■ 'wuraoer or'jwuraoer ofor **Ttotalw xotal * flumber emergent 9Per cent e tion * Host 5 puparia * larvae «per cent s flacus 9Oplus ?Qpius « para- ° tocality * Date * fruit ^rQ00^9^6^9^6^, flgg^tL.^oniergence^orsalis^on^l^perso ^sitiaed5sitiaed5 Kemarks

S fill* E of E5FA statioa 3 ' opuma Mapulehu • 2-S1-506 (legume) 18 * 94 c4 * 14 • 3 5 17,6 8

sta. tfapulefeu v2-21«50 * guava 8 8 8 c lOOcO 9 8 • 0 9 OoO cOnly a sinrrle fruit in sample ■ °2-21~50 false icaxaani 55 9 9 98oO 9 411 • 137 * 25a0 9Very ripe

s2-21-50 b " « 9 205 1 95S4 9 283 • 8 « 2.7 °Hature green frui;:s«

of 52-21-50 •■guava ' 81 8 ' 97O5 Li 4.1 T 6 1«3 °Most fruits from © single tree*

2-21-50 8 guava 229 9,3 ' 97.4 5 101 / * S 9 2*2 *Most fruits taken 117 C.eep.

Si <- Worth of 02-21-50 10fr6 ^ ^1.5 ^ 201 ^ * ' IE ? 5eO vMost fruits taken 29 G.cap, from tree4

1 iai» ^E of Lanai City * 2-22-50 174 uO 136 16 e ? 14,5

3 ialo E of Lanai City }2o2&=50 s guava ° 21? • ^a3 a 96«2 7 19 ♦ 1 < 9,8 5

Lsmai City ^^SE^DO ^ ^ua^va * && 9 14oO 9 80^8 16 « 5 * 0 .•» 2308 97ery small sample, only 2 fruits. -175-

4« Summary of parasite recoveries from %cu3 dgpsalla in guaTO and other fruits collected on Maui during February<,

MUI * Collection T!I unbar of %umber of* Total B Number emergent cent 9 Date * i-'uparia ' larvae 'per cent * ' para- Remarks Locality 0 9 sltized

1 mil© East of Kaupo * 2~23«50 * 668 16«2 96.0 558 0 83 0

6,4 mio East of Kaupo 8 2-23-50 * 641 15.S 96d 425 * 125 66 s 51,0

3 mi« Southeast of Hana 2«23-50 ? 869 96,5 796 3 22 21 5 5,i

2 mio Horthwest of Hana 2-S4-50 5 628 17.5 89.8 500 * 64 0 9 11,3

?,1 mi- " ff n 2-24-50 ° 254 235 * • 5 0 • 2*1

Ilc4 mio n f1 fl 2*24^50 * 0 0.06 * 0.0 * *0nly a single larva in 15 fruits. K^anae Point * 2*24-50 q 182 16 o7 * 93.4 156 * 12 2 9 8*2

3 nia East of Haiku 5 2-24-50 8 246 7*4 ? 82,5 139 5 9 55 5 31*5

Sunnyslde (B^uce) r 2-24-50 fJ 286 15.7 ■ 92.0 209 '' 12 43 13 20,5

2 mi^ ^est of Kaxiaio fi 2-25-50 * 643 21.7 ' 93.2 440 * 132 27

^?'"" P ceftt J Jiost puparia sPer cent * para- f :rult sitiaed - * Remarks

6,4 mic NW of KJaupo 2-23*00 a xnango 5 56 100o0 e 53 0 *

S mi, SW of 2-23--50 e i;-uago * 158 113 14 0 a

fruits in this part of table wei o guanas from vtrhiefc. lanrae v;qvq dissected • 176

dumber of* Total *

^Collection* Host puparia "Per cent para-

S-£4«50 • mango EOS 71.9 85 0 17,1

'/ of Hsa 2-34-50 ! inango 85^3 18 0 82,1

{BruceBs5 2-24-50 * loqust 52 53*8 11 16 1 60*7

2-S4-5Q 5 loquat 64<,8 4£ 3? 0 45<,8

5 loquat -805 82<,1 388 20

sou;? sop* 105 100*0 103 1

s 2-25-50 VcoJfe© f 74 100e0 65 7 0 8 £ 'J 2-35-50 5 loquat ° 819 93P2 65 I

* 3-35-SO 5 loquat 9 158 86 Q4 6 0 5*3

° 5 5 .138 88*? (ifiaul) 5o Summary of Parasite recoveries from 2§£B§, dorsalis in guava fruits collected during February and March oa Hawaii

HftSSAH •

Hilo (Salsicea) * 2-37-50 • 10*66 9 97*6 ° • 45 * 4 * 117 * 72*9 «

HiloCnr-Hainbovsi Falls 3-4-50 ? 145 * 5.1 »: 91c7 9 39 ' « 1 « 92 / 70,7 •• incl. 1 0oinci3i;

Hawaii So, 2 {Puna e 2-27.50 • 45 6 88,0 3 100.0 a 4S t? 0 fi 0 ;060 3 two tree fruits* district) Between Olen^ood & 9 2-27*50 ft 85 0 96.0 ' 2S 9 0 9 1 * 4e2 v 2900c elev« Volcano House Between Glenwood & 5 2-27-50. 4 fl 0^5 ? 100,0 ■» 4 3 0 a 0 8 0&0 a 290011 elev<> Yoleano House 8,6 mi a EM of IJahala* 2-28-50 r* 95 5 2,8 45 fl n * 25

daiohinu 8-88^0 • . 472 f; 1809 • 94,? ' 12 « 112 • 27.8 -

2,5 mi, 4.. V.aiohinu. • 2-28-50 • 17 ^ lal g 100o0 * 17 ■•■ 0 9 0 9 0,0 c

16 mi. MK. tiaioliinu p 2^28-50 69 iJ * 95 o7 •*■ 54 ' 5 * 7 9 - 18#8 8

Papa 9 2.28-50 3 148 s 4,1 s 98,6 9 136 fi 0 9 10

Holualaa ' a-3^50- 99 5 3c 6 88,9 5 52 » ' 23 1 . 40c9 «

Kaai 1000V! slev* * 3^50 17 162 * 4,5 • 94,4 • X36 5 15 9 2 9 11*1 9 incl* 4 Med. flies.

Gaptc Cook 1800sel©TrJ ' 3-6-50 fl -28 g 1.3 5 .89c3 9 20 * 0 e a 5 20*0 «■ ■«• g » « ,

Oaptp Cook £500$ * * 3-6-50 § 55 • 2.8 e 94.5 v 44 * 2 • 6, * -15*4

Kbhala * 3-3*50 ■« 337 * 11« 3 * 95 8 ° 53 B 117 9 52,6 ♦■ w of55 Total T Per cent "c para- vuparia ' larvae "per cent Remarks ■ Locality ^ 96OO 9 80 ^ 7 • -81

101 6 ' 77 45,1 4,1 mi, 3B or Honolcaa 195

0 * 13 10 C4 LaupaUoehoe vicinity 3-4-50 • 94.7 ' 112

7 9 8S 51,1 fibnohina- 1 mi. KW " S-4-50 3 £05 91

9 ' 30 12*3 Kaakxni stream s 3=4-50 <; 96,1 ' 879

5 5 0 * An isolates clump 61 10.6 94 o4 * 147 of trees* - 179

Table 6* Summary of parasite r

-

EftKAII 'Collection' Ptost dumber of0 Total Number onierggnt 7 ^Qj? cent g Date 5 Reiiit 9 puparia 9]per cent ' para- ' Ksmarks Locality o * uers*>* sitised

Kapoho orange 5 « 40,0 » 1 • ' 0 X 9 50,0

Sapoho « 2-27-50 * j?a?.olo 9 1 5 100,0 3 1 o « 0 7 0,0 3Only.4 fruits :^' eollectioa* tJ 2-28*50 ' orange 5 00.0 4 ' ' 0 * 0 *. Ov 0 i

Waiohi&u * s S-28-50 e - £09 9 75.S '' w • 56 a so U

XJ ? S» J&qiuei £?ts t> papaya * 159 * 67.5 103 / 3 0 1 Melon fly Capt* Cook 2500* s 3-6-50 f z 109 !: 85.5 82 / ti 5 * 2 6 Medo flies Puuwaswaa Hina* s » 3»1«5Q 5 Xoaoa 50,0 0 1 * 0 r> lOOoO V Bsnch

Puuwaawaa loquat * 57 40 i 7 D ' 0 ?From several i^ola 4 Med, fliss fcroes: ele-v* appi" £50.0°, s 3-5-50 ? mango * IS 100 «0 13 » 0 3 0 'Single fruit.

Kofcala lenion 8 « 62.5 o 5 ' 0 ? 0 9 0,0 «■

Jialaula . swmm y^iirinam ^ ' 26 * 88c 5 7 5 4. * IS ' £9,6 ??a^y small sample cherry (9 fruits).

to Goolc 1800* 55 33 8 10 - ISO «.

Tiie information obtained from Maui Is not so speetaeuler,, Here the rates of parasitism areD in general u not so high ss on Hawaii and £„ £££sulga|^B Is not yet as wide spread or .abundant<, However, this species' is spreading and increasing in numbers on this island* £o £€£sulcatu3 appears in 10 of the 21 infested fruit collections and predominates in 'two of them,. In the summer of 1949 this species' was recovered from only one collection of 90 known to be infested by oriental fruit fly* In this case* it was the only parasite species recovered. In gen©ral8 rates of parasitism on Maul were lowa Several small samples showed slightly hi sixer than 60 per cent parasitism bat many of the collections were less than 20 per cent parasitized. However, with £a ElE^iS-i^ apparently increasing rapidly in many localities> it is possibly only a matter of time until this species becomes generally abundant on Maui too*

Because.of scarcity of fruits on Molokai and Lanaiv only a few collections were made on these .islands* On both islands rates of parasitism were also quite lotto Howeverlr sine© very few liberations have besn ms&e at these places it is very encouraging to know that pairasfites a?« actually well established there., Of special interest Is the recovery of £0 SSSSSQS^SS, from parasitized oriental fruit fly larvae collected on Lanai, Since there* is no record of release cf this species on Lanai it apparently became established through accident or by moving across the channels which separate the island from others of the Hawaiian groupe Perodoxically, £» £®SSJdgsS3|g. wes not recovered from the Moioicai collections even though it has been released on the island. However, this species Is probably established on Molokai and will possibly appear in future collections* On both these islands increased spread and abundance of parasites should be expected in the future and may well follow'the pattern established on Oahu and Hawaii* It Is also of interest that in the Molokai guava collections relatively large numbers of the Mediterranean fruit fly were recovered• Since all guava fruits were taken from elevations of about 1300 feet to 1500 feet, it la some what puaaling why this fly should be 30 abundant while on the other islands much different results are obtained from collections taken at similar altitudes* This is perhaps^ the result of ecological conditions peculiar to this part of 2Joloka:U

Continued attempts have bsen made to recover the other introduced insect enemies of oriental fruit fly. However0 with the exception of several specimens . °% 9j$££. ?,-MMk (si3.v«} reared from Oahu and Hawaii collections none of these species has been recovered.) S-(rery effort is being made bo determine whether any of these Insects have become established and it is hoped that some light will be thrown on their status in the near future. ISie newly released melon fly parasite, Ogrus 0t is being close3.y studied by JDr. Newell in his evaluation vjork and vjill b© reported on by hi-ru

rie have iaed© no collections on Kauai.. However, various reports from that island indicate that both 0* loaglcaudatus and Oo nersulcatus are established th©r3* A field trip to ftauai is planned for the near future to obtain a comprehensive picture of the status of the parasites on that islando A follo\*j up tilip to Hawaii and Maui is also contemplated*

In r.onjusictiosi v/ith the laboratox*y holding of field aollected iaatarial tb.o method or dissecting larvae frani the iiost fruits has proved to be vary satisfactory, Roferen.ce to the appended tables will show that per Gam, emergence of. flies end parasites from puparia produced by larvae dissected from fruits is consistently 90 per oeiLn osr higgler« in aatfitionp by using this method, space is saved, th© collections are more easily handled, and the host lai*vae develop sioce uniformly and rapid3.y0 resulting in an actual induction In. man hours involved in handling the collections as contrasted to the bulk holding method* To further' improve the efficiency of our holding techniques we arc converting a room in the inseetary into a controlled temperature and humidity chamber «> Under standard conditions of temperature and humidity we hope to further increfeis© the survival rate of held specimens and to speed their rate of development o The holding of field collected fruits in large containers has given us highly erratic rates of survival0 Not only is the bullc holding method time and space consuming$ but it is also possible that along with the erratic emergences there may be a difference in mortality between parasitized and non-purasrfcized host larvae* *n improved U*£SJio*a holding technique has resulted in quite favorable percentages of emergence^ however* this method has other disadvantages that make it relatively undesirab3.(2 for our

oubprojecti Evaluation of effectiveness of natural enemies of fruit flies (Wewell, Liitcliell) <,

if or convenience in planning the work ond preparing; reports„ the following divisions of the subproject have been made* tihile the objectives of thes© various units overlap, the procedures are more distinct,, end this provides the chief basis for the division..

lo Studies on the effect of experimentally induced changes in relative abundance of flies and parasites in the fie3il«

2o Kxperiaental studies on the effect of predators, pupal parasites and other pupal mortality, factors on fly mortality in the field*

15* Measurement of changes in population density of JDac^^ dOTBalls^Q

4O Measurement of changes in population density of jPagus cucurbitae relative to the introduction and establishment of new parasites„

5O ■ Studies on laboratory populations of tiles and parasites»

la studies on the effect of experimentally iaduced changes in relative abundance of flics and parasites in the field;

One of the chief objectives hero is the search for a compound or spray formula which will produce a jenrkeci differential loorfcality of flies and parasites- A fevi possibilities are being considered., and facilities for laboratory testing are being developed by Martin Sherman, At presentB throe areas amenable t.o treatment vrj.th ground equipment have been located., one iaOOU'ii fci iiU.il' L'lXxO x'X'Oul Vifculi.&iWCs Oil "Uilfcs l'G

2c Experimental studies on the effect of predators9 pupal parasites and other mortality factors in the fields

JFrames to be used in those studies have been designed and are no:1:1 b3ing constructed, cages for rearing larvae to be released in frames have been built, and cultures are being established,, Field worJs will be carried out as soon as there is an assured supply of infested guavas in the field* 3c Measurement of changes Ln population density of Daeus dor sails;

Measurements alons this line are now being roada by several investigators in connection with various' special studies, but the techniques rary considerably with the nature of the study,, Likewise f. the applicability *of the results to the problem, or getting an index to the ganeral population .differs considerably*, l.ork is now being carried out with a view to developing a standardized trapping procedure for obtaining a measure of both, seasonal and long-range changes in population level of .Jjajeo^ florgall£, employing methyl eugenol as a lure* ©xe most serious difficulty W"be overcome here is the time required %o run an intensive trapping program that ?»ould sive a reliable picture, The primary objective, tHerefore, has been the development of a trap which would" jnaiatain a high level of efficiency, if not uniform efficiency over periods as long ae four to five weeks without attention* "McPhall traps are eliminated by their small capacity and _'the'difficulties involved la dispensing a uniform dosage of lure over long periods,,

Testa of three principal modifications of trap design were mades employing bottomless glass ox screen cages set over a five gallon can*, Tht- three types of cage were (1} a cage made with sheets of glass errsnged in the form of louvres, (.li) a cage ia vihlch the walls were of solid glassP with access through-a 1/4l: space between the bottom of the cage and the top of the receptacle, (s) a screen cage with four cones converging toward the centc-or* In all cases the lure was suspended in the center of the cage*

The cage'ibbde of twelve glass plates arranged to form louvres allowed easy entry of the flies, but these fed efc the lure awhiles and then most of• thes £le® cut* Tests with various toxicants mixed v«itli the lure vjere made,, but ell v:ers unsuccessful for one reason or another« DDT an.fi benzene hexachloride (gamma) . rcere too alow in ection and stimulated the flies excessively'with the result that they fed only briefly and then loft the cage in at least nine eases out of taru The majority undoubtedly died outside the case* Mercuric cyanidee aug^sstfe by J^uul Gov; on the basis of observations oa nulck knockdown of flies following ingest ion of aaueous solutioxxs, proved ineffective when applied in. solid form vjith methyl eu^eaol« 'Che flies vjere repelled upon contact with the lure& and would not return, to it* Totraethyl pyrophosphate produced almost instant kill ■&h3 first day or two but gradually declined ia e£fecti%reness even though it was applied by wick from, a sealed bottle., In some esses the flies died before contacting the lure* Xt is likely that some means of applying this from a nearly air-tight and dark container over a pex'iod of a month could be devolopsd^ but it is no*tf hoped that a mechanical method of keeping the flies ii- the crags can he devised, and further studies on the ass of toxicants have been temporarily suspended«

Comparative teats of the solid ^lass cjago and screen cage are now undervlay... and'indications ere that one of these will lasct-the needs, Other problemss including the method of dispensing the lure, and prevention of putrefaction x-i the receptacle, ere being Investigatedc

4« l^easurensni; of changes in population density of Dagos relative to the introduction aad establlshjaeat of n.ev* parasites*

^ unlike D, dogsalJla, has been established in Hawaii for many years and can be'assumed to have readied a more o? less stable level witl* respect to its parasites and predators, Should the establishment of neiv parasites be-followed by a marked permanent decline .In abuaclaaee of this flye this would be strong circumstantial evidence for the assumption that the new parasites wore responsible for tiie decline»

The spect&eular success in breeding the nevj Indian Opiug. #5 (near j in the laboratories of the IT* tfo L'epartuaent of Agriculture and the Territorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry has raised the hope thr.-fc it might be equally successful in the £ialdc If this proves to bo the case, it imy bo possible to provide a simple statistical demonstration of the effect of the parasites on "the population of D* cucuiebitae by developing and continuing a uniform method of sampling tiie population of flies at intervals prior to and after the establishment of parasites»

For this purpose, three areas havs been selected in i.'hich there ia a s growth of wild ^ojagrdica« These are the v.aiante^ Kahukufl and .Vaimanalo areas9 in each of wMch several stations have been establishedP from which monthly collections are being made. The fruits are returned to the laboratory,, weigh'sia examined for stings,, and dissected. The visible larvae are transferred to pieces of squash In Syracuse dishes, and held in the rearing jars described in the writer's previous report* The fruits are kept in dishes or jars and examined daily for three days, or until no more larvae are found* At s temperature of 28° G*e the larvae*of £• cjisurbtijaig develop in as little as 5g clays, considerably faster than !>„ dcj^ajy^ v:ith nothing more than plain squash for food. Larval and pupal survival is lii$i* 3228 flies or parasites developing from 3753 larvae from the first sis collections (8S£) 8 Of all larvae collected,, 92 per cent produced puparia, end 94 per cent of all puparia produced flies or parasiteso The data acquired thus far are presented in tho following table with only partial acalysis, and a more complete analysis w.i.11 be made when further informa tion has beea

opiine parasites recovered to date have bean OgiMfi. f3jstchgri.g no specimens of Indian Ogius ^5 having; appeared9 evsn at the release point ( Valley9 ^aijnanalo) < "So special effort has been made to recover the species, however„ in view of the small quantity of fruit available, since there ia a possibility of overpicklng with. ivesultcint detriinontal effect on the data bein;3 accumulated to determi&e infestation norms for SaJBord^SS." One °"fcIler Parasite has been recovered on two occasions from the same station in V;aimanalo0 a s:nall black cynipid (see footnotes to table) which energed from D« cucjffibitae pupario

Tv;o collections of v.'ild MojOTfiica v;ere made on Hawaii8 the results of v.-hicii are also given in the table* "No count; of the number of stings was made in either case,, but the fruit was remarkably clean and much larger than any fruits found on Oahui? as is evident from the overage weights per fruit« JPly infestation and parasitism were also unusually low*" The situation here was uniqueB however, and the writer feels that this ia largely responsible for the picture obtained,, The plants were growing within a mile of the coast on the south slope of IJauna Loa where they are probably exposed to strong onshore winds most days of the year» The surrounding countryside is covered with cy^itia and no truck crops are grown in the area. Therefore, the low infestation could be due to a high rate of loss of fliesp with no recruitment from the surrounding areap and the writer feels that this is the ease,

^a\ 5* Studies ©n laboratory populations of flies and parasites:

Mo work on this has been undertaken as yet8 except for the construction of rearing cages and establishment of cultures in connection with the other phases of the subproject* One interesting and perhaps valuable observation on the maintenance of fly stocks was made& relative to the dispensing of protein which the work of G-lenn Jfinney and Kenneth Hagen h&'S shown to be essential to the diet 3 3 0 ;:• ~~ ftQP0I9 !, VL ., ~~ 383 °OA*f, 3 6 ^X-0 OS"O » o ~~ u —— oA"£68 b ^8 f.. -— c82 "Wj^^Xj 9X-0

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.Sample' Average' Average ?Tarva q~**1j% in^s dumber 9i-iunber' Koo *"garasitQS * Per cent*Wot.es number *ivt. per'larvae *per 100*ser 100" pu- *Q2:>ergo* flies5 5 J para 5 fruit * removed* grains 'grams sparia sitised 6 * * fruit ?fruit •

0-1 48 14 • 7 « 10 e 45 25 • 44*4 G-3 19 8 • 0 (J 0 * 0,0

G-18 • 135 2 126o7 B ■ 90-5 125 9 125 99 14 9 18o7 • 0-19 ' 135 ' 96o2 130 1 12V 94 27 4 24.4 1? 0-20 * 144 n 101o4 131 9 125 76 2? 39.2 *

0 4.7 a 26 '■■ S 5 4 • 0-5 US I 3.13.8 s 50 3,9 164 9 141.4 » 115 ' 104 ' S4 * 9 • 11 Q 0-7 170 125 * 118 ' 96 • 13' 9 f 18*5 • 4,1 85.5 246 f 230 s 168 * 29 ' 51 ' 26*1 ' S9

-1 «"! •/, "I 3,3 28 11 121,7 ' £5 20 0 » 3 0-22 192 3 179B4 ' 188 * 182 ' 143 17 • 22 1.4 C~£3 143 9 151.2 ' 131 * 126 9 96 14 * 16 122 c 67,4 J 115 3 105 3 55 21 s 19 42 ■ 140.0 ' f 29 ' 15 8 * 8 55,

C-10 J.4B " 45 o 6 136.8 f' 131 I'oO 91 25 14 * C-ll 43 208,? 104.3 ' 48 48 45 3 0 * # C«12 8.6 107 181.7 159.8 ° 107 103 68 23 12 * 24.0 0-13 3,1 244 135,1 c 244 89 25 51 s 24; 9 0^14 2.7 137.1 38.6 * 96 92 41 30 21 9 55,4 0-15 112 104.6 s 127.9 e 112 102 57 26 10 8 a/

} 450 187.5 126,4 9 402 ? 392 ? S09 43 45 22,1 c-a? 2.9 144.0 146.6 9 291 8 376 9 £61 2 5 4,3 1 217 45.2 191 1 185 * 3.70 4 11 8.1 0 185 76n9 94c2 « 175 0 163 * 3.42 9 12 12,9

Hawaii, T. H. C-16 e I0o69 « 42 '' 4-67' 59 39 0*000° 0-17 c 8o25 ? 181 3 S 172 165 155 4.908' of fruit flies., .;3t.and&rG procedure has been to provide the .flies with a solution of. protein yeast hydrolysis ts painted on vjox paper, "D^ ^he frequency v-lth v&lch this has to be repeated presents an imposing item- la the time budget for any v;02k involving maintenance of large stocks of flies and psraisitea, Preliminary stadisa have shown thai; flies are capable of utilizing the ytast hydrolysate in solid form* A stock, of Do £Ugj2rbitaje obtained from tho University of California fruit fly laboratory on March 82 has been provided with yeast hydrolysate in pellet form sine© that date, and appears to be in excellent condition at present (April 17) a These flies ©merged March 17 and had "been fad on honey and yeast hydrolysata solutions for five days* On Sto-sh £L they t;ere provided with c siiiclJ. quantity of yeast hydrolysate mixed with nosey, which they ate avidlyP Ignoring pu?e honey nearbyo a small dish of hydrolysate pellets mks then placed in the cage and quickly dree a large crowd of crawlingt putihing flies fevo and three deep in the center* The flies fed like this for several hours, and subsequently have never again fed in this manner9 returning only occasionally«. On ilareh Z7 (flies 10 days old) a piece of squash \ma proyided and ovlposition began inimediately*, These eggs hatched and subsequently produced flies0 No tssts of comparative fecundj.ty of flics fed on dry and dissolved hydrolysate have been riiades hovaeverj, but ahonld this prove favorable,, dispensing of the in pellet form would save ifluch time in mttinteanjacs of fly stocks*

iy, this stock of flies has been provided with (l) a dish of honey and dry hydri/lysete In- the ratio of 10:1*. {Z) pare honeyf (5) dry hydrolysateB {4} wster^ Constunptlon of the pin*a honey has been nearly three times at> rapid as of the honey-hydrolysata. mixture, and the dry hydrolysat© has been consumed also*

J?ootnQ'fc6s to table.

&/ J?rults collficted at- l-simanalo on Feb., 16 vresa piaceo. ia snail hoppers over roarlag ;jare ar.d the larvae- alloxvad to drop into .sand after completing developmeat;«. after two Cays,, the remaining 3a5vae ivere resiovcd and re in thfe standard manner« The "Mumbsr of las-vas reaftovedj1 therefore» was taken as equal to the number of puparia,, except in C-10, where 142 larvae dlsaeoted out,, but only 151 puparla were foimd.,

b/ In this sample 49 small black cyaipids appeared, but since drosophiliiis and other insects v;©re also present because of she holding method used (see a/ above) 9 the origin of these was uncertain* .But aine jaore of these appeared in the March 22 collection (C-27J under conditions v&ich made it appear mora lively that they had emerged from pupuria of D. cugjffibltae* Speciriiens of this parasite were sent to the National liuseum for identification,

c/ Stations 1 and S were destroyed "by weed, killer aj"piled sometime between Feb. 16 and Liar, 22,

a/ The-samples from Hawaii were not handled :ir, bhe same way as those from Oaliu because the fruits were broken, dovai by the -biioo i±iey reached Honolulu^ further discuss-ion ia text*