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Adapted by the Author, with the Help of Barbara Borzuchowska Andersen, Ph.D., From Adapted by the author, with the help of Barbara Borzuchowska Andersen, Ph.D., from http://www.pszczew.mserwer.pl/cms_foto/20090427120446_plan_miasta.jpg Stop Thief! The True Story of Abraham Greenthal, King of the Pickpockets in 19th Century New York City, as Revealed from Contemporary Sources by Edward David Luft Washington, DC 2015 © 2015 by Edward David Luft, Washington, DC Also available at http://www.lbi.org/digibaeck/results/?qtype=pid&term=2928280 Table of Contents Chapter Title Page Map of Pszczew today on inside front cover Introduction iii 1 Before Coming to America (1788-1850) 1 2 The Land of Opportunity (1851-1864) 13 3 Dishonest Abe, or Moral Indignation Due to Bribery (1865-1870) 39 4 The Chief of the Light-Fingered Artillery (1870-1871) 53 5 The Greatest of the Pickpockets in the Tombs and State Prison (1871-1872) 63 6 In Prison and Up to His Old Tricks (1873-1875) 77 7 “I Am a Bad Man” (1876-1880) 91 8 The Father of the Thieving Fraternity (1882-1889) 105 9 A Word about Surviving Descendants and Other Relatives 123 10 Genealogical Tables 131 Afterword 141 Archives, Microfilm Collections, and Bibliography 147 Map of West Hoboken in 1903 on inside back cover -i- Introduction The story of Abraham Greenthal is a cracking good adventure and all true. I am amazed that no one has written a biography of The General before. His story deserves to be published, and I have brought the man to life. Many readers are likely to be fascinated with this slice of 19th century New York City life and a criminal’s exploits along with their consequences. Abraham Greenthal was the greatest pickpocket of the 19th century in the United States and perhaps in the world at that time. His exploits were eagerly followed by many newspapers, not only in New York City but also elsewhere in order to satisfy public interest in his adventures and trials. The extensive footnotes in this work amply demonstrates how closely the newspapers followed his exploits. He was a kind of Mafia don before there was a Mafia in the United States. He demanded respect and could not understand how anyone could disrespect him with impunity even while he was in prison. This study examines his parents from the earliest data available about them through Abraham’s burial. The newspaper record ends almost immediately after his death in 1889. Thus, the study ends shortly after his burial. As perusal of the Bibliography will show, criminal undertakings in Posen among Jews had a long history. Many Jews and non-Jews operated in gangs. However, the distinguishing factor was that Jews were seen as a group apart, prone to crime. The Jews did not neatly fit into what rulers saw as a Christian state and were often, not only despised but also discriminated against as a group. They labored under many disabilities and thus, to earn a living, felt that in some cases, they had to resort to crime. The man discussed in this work and his family fit that model, coming from a criminal family; he brought up his daughters, or at least some of them, to also engage in crime as a profession. While the discriminatory burdens in Europe placed upon Jews in a few cases caused them to look to crime, most Jews simply wanted to get on in life and were not engaged in what we would regard today as criminal pursuits. The additional stigmas placed upon Jews by the rise of anti-Semitism did not help in life and so, rejected by many of their Christian neighbors, some Jews, following a tradition in Europe, felt that if they were to be treated as rejected, would also reject the values of the society in which they lived, the outsiders, from their viewpoint. Nevertheless, they were part of the Jewish community and so viewed themselves as part of that in-group. That insularity did nothing to promote good relations with their Christian neighbors, of course. Just as Jews associated together to bond as a community, there was a sub-community of Jewish criminal gangs, often not respected by the larger Jewish community, which was, however, loathe to expose them to Christian justice for fear of unleashing a greater tide of anti-Semitism upon the whole Jewish community. Frequently, criminal families, at least among the Jews, sought to marry among themselves. Such was Abraham’s case, where he married a woman from one of the finest criminal families in Breslau, now Wroc »aw, Poland. Abraham was very inventive in his early career, first out of necessity, and later out of a desire to increase his income. It was he who invented pickpocketing on trains when trains were a new form -iii- Introduction of passenger transportation in Prussia. Earlier would-be criminals could not manage to find a way to pick pockets while navigating the narrow aisles on trains. Abraham worked with his brother and later also with his father to crowd the victim and detain the latter while picking his pocket. He also mastered the technique of dropping cigar boxes in front of the victim to make movement difficult when boarding or descending from a train. When writing about a place, I have used the name given to that place by the administering power. Thus, I have used German names for a place during the period when the area was under Prussian administration and Polish names when that same location was under Polish rule. I wish to thank many people for help in researching the manuscript, including, but not limited, to Dr. Dariusz Rymar, Director, The State Archive in Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland, and his staff; Dr. Andrzej Kirmiel, Director, The State Archive in Mi “dzyrzecz, Poland, and his staff; The United States National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC; Dr. Iêda Siqueira Wiarda and Francisco Rogido of the Hispanic Division, Library of Congress; Roberta Saltzman of the Dorot Jewish Division of the New York Public Library; Fundação Joaquim Nabuco, Recife, Brazil; the Library of the Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Bette Epstein of the New Jersey State Archives, Trenton, NJ; The New York State Library and the New York State Archives. Albany, NY; Monica McMullin, Liverpool, UK; Bruce Abrams of the New York County Clerk's Office, New York City; Angelika Ellmann-Krüger of Berlin; The Greene County Room, Greene County Public Library, and Joan Donovan and Catherine Wilson, all of Xenia, OH; The New City Public Library, Jersey City, NJ; Rina Banerjee, Mercer County Library, Lawrenceville, NJ; Mary Lovell of Seymour Public Library District, Auburn, NY; M’Lissa Y. Kesterman of the Cincinnati History Library and Archives, Cincinnati, OH; Jackson District Library, Jackson, MI; Marco Fiaccadori, Ph.D.; Barbara Borzuchowska Andersen, Ph.D., of Washington, DC; Lucia Wolf of the Library of Congress, Deputy Director Dr. Uwe Spiekermann of the German Historical Institute and J. Douglas Leith of Newton, MA. Edward David Luft January 2014 -iv- Chapter 1 Before Coming to America (1788-1850) In a “tell all” newspaper interview with a senior reporter of one of the most influential newspapers of the era in New York City, Abraham related his career until the date of the interview. He either had a prodigious memory or kept of diary, which he would have had in jail at the time of the interview. As we shall see, the interview was the cause of much trouble for Abraham and for his family, and we must wonder why Abraham gave it in the first place. Abraham stated incorrectly in the interview that he was born in Prussia in 1827. The article indicates that he was a Jew of Polish parents. 1 He was of medium height, with small black eyes, and jet black hair and beard. In 1871 he weighed nearly 200 pounds and had a peculiar, gambling gait. 2 Although no record has been found in which Abraham Greenthal stated his exact birthdate, 3 the register of the Jewish Community of Betsche, 4 Kreis Meseritz, vital records, 5 shows that Isaak Hirsch, master tailor, became the father of a legitimate male child, Abraham Isaak, on 9 January 1822, 6 which is Wednesday, 16 Tevet 5582. Abraham was the second child and first male child. His parents had been married after the first child was conceived but before she was born. Itzig Hirsch 1 “A Most Influential Thief: What It Has Cost a Scoundrel to Keep Out of Prison,” Saturday, 7 October 1871, The Sun , New York, p. 3, cols. 1-2. Much of what is known about Abraham’s early life comes from this interview. The statement that he was of Polish parents probably says more about the prejudices of the reporter and his readership than the truth about Abraham. 2 Ibid . 3 Abraham did not state his correct age in the ship manifest when he left Recife, Brazil, for New York City, listing himself as age 47 in 1865. He would have given that age personally to the captain or purser. 4 See Kaplan, Marion A., ed ., Jewish Daily Life in Germany, 1618-1945 , Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2005, including (notes in German, pp. 473-574) bibliographical references, pp. 477-505; German bibliography, pp. 580-611; and index of persons, pp. 613-619, index of places, pp. 628-624, and subject index, pp. 625-638. Betsche discussed at pp. 46, 217, and 561. See also p. 166 and p. 415, n. 46. See also “Strauss, I., “Happy childhood,” pp. 36, 39, and other locations. 5 Register of Jewish births, marriages, and deaths, 1817-1847, for Betsche, Posen, Germany; now Pszczew, Zielona Góra, Poland, held in the Zentralstelle für Genealogie, Leipzig, Germany, and on Family History Library [Mormon] microfilm 1335040, item 3, pp.
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