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For Treatment / Destruction of Healthcare Waste R O G R a M M E P N V I R O N M E N T E

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For Treatment / Destruction of Healthcare Waste R O G R a M M E P N V I R O N M E N T E www.unep.org United Nations Environment Programme P.O. Box 30552 Nairobi, 00100 Kenya Tel: (254 20) 7621234 Fax: (254 20) 7623927 E-mail: [email protected] web: www.unep.org COMPENDIUM OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR TREATMENT / DESTRucTION OF EALTHCARE ASTE H W ROGRAMME P NVIRONMENT E ATIONS N NITED U Copyright © United Nations Environment Programme, 2012 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educa- tional or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiv- ing a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Na- tions Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundar- ies. Moreover, the views expressed do not necessarily represent the decision or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement. Acknowledgement This document was written by Dr. JORGE EMMANUEL, Consultant, under the overall guidance and supervision of Surya Prakash Chandak, Senior Programme Officer, International Environmental Technology Centre, Division of Technology, Industry & Economics, United Nations Environment Programme. It was peer reviewed and tested for applicability in the field during an International Experts’ Workshop that was participated by the following: 1. Dr. Edith CLARKE, Program Manager, Occupational and Environmental Health Unit, Ghana Health Service, Ministry of Health PMB, Government of Ghana 2. Mr. Mohammad-Ali HAMANDI, Assistant CEO, Makassed Hospital, Syndicate of Hospitals in Lebanon 3. Mr. Yoshihiko HORI, Senior Executive Corporate Officer, Plantec Inc., Japan 4. Prof. Babacar NDOYE, Coordonnateur du PRONALIN, Ministry of Health and Social Action (Ministère de la Santé et l'Action Sociale), Senegal 5. Dr. Arturo M. PESIGAN, Technical Officer, Team Leader, Urban Health Emergency Management, WHO Centre for Health Development (WHO Kobe Centre), Japan 6. Dr. Megha RATHI, Consultant, UNDP GEF Project HCWM, India 7. Ms. Ruth STRINGER, International Science and Policy Coordinator, Healthcare without Harm, United Kingdom 8. Ms. Susan WILBURN, Technical Officer, Department of Health and Environment, World Health Organization, Switzerland 9. Mr. Makoto IWAKAWA, Waste Management and Recycling Department, Ministry of Environment, Government of Japan 10. Dr. Osamu YAMAMOTO, Director, Nutrition College, Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Japan Compendium of Technologies for Treatment/Destruction of Healthcare Waste Compiled by United Nations Environment Programme Division of Technology, Industry and Economics International Environmental Technology Centre Osaka, Japan COmpendium of Technologies for the Treatment/Destruction of Healthcare Waste Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................. 1 I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................... 3 1 Introduction to Healthcare Waste ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Definitions......................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Sources of Healthcare Waste.......................................................................................................................... 3 2 Health and Environmental Impacts of Healthcare Waste .................................................................................... 5 3 Purpose of the Compendium .................................................................................................................................... 9 II. BASIC DATA ON HEALTHCARE WASTE ........................................................................................................ 10 4 Constituents and Other Basic Properties of Healthcare Waste ......................................................................... 10 4.1 Material Constituents of Healthcare Waste ............................................................................................... 10 4.2 Moisture Content of Healthcare Waste ...................................................................................................... 12 4.3 Percent Incombustibles in Healthcare Waste ............................................................................................ 13 4.4 Heating Value of Healthcare Waste ............................................................................................................ 13 4.5 Chemical Composition of Healthcare Waste ............................................................................................ 14 4.6 Bulk Density of Healthcare Waste .............................................................................................................. 15 5 Classifications and Composition of Healthcare Waste ........................................................................................ 16 6 Healthcare Waste Generation Rates ....................................................................................................................... 20 7 Summary of Estimation Factors for Healthcare Waste ....................................................................................... 26 8 Overview of Healthcare Waste Management........................................................................................................ 28 9 Process of Technology Selection ............................................................................................................................ 33 10 Waste Generation Data Gathering ......................................................................................................................... 38 III. GENERIC TECHNOLOGIES ................................................................................................................................ 40 11 Treatment Technologies for Healthcare Waste .................................................................................................... 40 11.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................................................... 40 11.2 Types of Treatment Technologies .............................................................................................................. 40 11.2.1 Thermal processes ................................................................................................................................. 40 11.2.2 Chemical processes ................................................................................................................................ 41 11.2.3 Irradiative Processes.............................................................................................................................. 42 11.2.4 Biological processes ................................................................................................................................ 42 11.2.5 Mechanical processes ............................................................................................................................. 42 11.3 Detailed Description of Generic Treatment Technologies ..................................................................... 45 11.3.1 Autoclaves ........................................................................................................................................... 45 11.3.2 Hybrid autoclave systems ...................................................................................................................... 50 11.3.3 Continuous steam treatment systems...................................................................................................... 56 11.3.4 Batch microwave technologies ................................................................................................................. 58 11.3.5 Continuous microwave technologies ........................................................................................................ 61 11.3.6 Frictional heat treatment systems .......................................................................................................... 64 11.3.7 Dry heat treatment systems ................................................................................................................... 66 11.3.8 Incinerators and related technologies ...................................................................................................... 68 11.3.9 Alkaline hydrolysis technologies ............................................................................................................ 78 11.3.10 Chemical treatment systems..................................................................................................................
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