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Towson University Office of Graduate Studies Analyzing the Urban Heat Island Effect in the City of Westminster, Maryland, With

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Towson University Office of Graduate Studies Analyzing the Urban Heat Island Effect in the City of Westminster, Maryland, With TOWSON UNIVERSITY OFFICE OF GRADUATE STUDIES ANALYZING THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT IN THE CITY OF WESTMINSTER, MARYLAND, WITH ATTENTION TO MITIGATIVE AND ADAPTIVE MEASURES by Andrew Raymond Gray A thesis Presented to the faculty of Towson University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Department of Geography and Environmental Planning Towson University Towson, Maryland 21252 (May, 2019) ii Acknowledgements My parents: August Gray and Jane Gray William A. Mackey, AICP City of Westminster, Maryland Dr. Todd Moore Dr. Nathan Burtch Dr. Kent Barnes iii Abstract ANALYSING THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT IN THE CITY OF WESTMINSTER, MARYLAND, WITH ATTENTION TO MITIGATIVE AND ADAPTIVE MEASURES Andrew Raymond Gray Urban Heat Islands (UHI) have many negative health effects on vulnerable populations in urban areas. This research investigates the UHI hazard in the City of Westminster, Maryland by documenting the UHI effect and social vulnerability of the City of Westminster. 312 near surface air temperature measurements for 17 measurement locations were analyzed to determine if there is a UHI in Westminster. Additionally, land surface temperature maps and demographic information were collected to visually determine where the highly vulnerable populations are located, in relation to the heat hazard locations in Westminster. This information indicates where UHI mitigative measures should be located to help those that are most vulnerable in Westminster. iv Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... x List of Figures .................................................................................................................... xi Chapter One: Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research purpose and questions ................................................................................ 3 Chapter Two: Literature Review ........................................................................................ 5 2.1 City of Westminster .................................................................................................. 5 2.2 Definition and causes of the UHI .............................................................................. 5 2.2.1 Surface energy balance ....................................................................................... 6 2.2.2 Anthropogenic heat ............................................................................................. 9 2.2.3 Urban form and the UHI ..................................................................................... 9 2.3 Ways to identify the UHI ........................................................................................ 10 2.4 Where have UHI’s been reported ............................................................................ 11 2.5 Negative effects of the UHI .................................................................................... 14 2.5.1 Social vulnerability to extreme heat ................................................................. 15 2.6 Ways to mitigate the UHI........................................................................................ 17 Chapter Three: Data and Methods .................................................................................... 19 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 19 v 3.2 Question #1 - Is there a surface and canopy layer heat island present in the City of Westminster? ................................................................................................................. 19 3.2.1 Data ................................................................................................................... 19 3.2.2 Methods ............................................................................................................ 23 3.3 Question #2 - Where in Westminster are its most highly vulnerable residents located?.......................................................................................................................... 24 3.3.1 Data ................................................................................................................... 24 3.3.2 Methods ............................................................................................................ 24 3.4 Question #3 - Where are highly vulnerable residents located in relation to potential extreme heat hazard locations? ..................................................................................... 25 3.4.1 Data ................................................................................................................... 25 3.4.2 Methods ............................................................................................................ 25 Chapter Four: Results ....................................................................................................... 26 4.1 Question #1 - Is there a surface and canopy layer heat island present in the City of Westminster? ................................................................................................................. 26 4.1.1 Canopy Layer Heat Island ................................................................................ 26 4.1.2 Surface heat island ............................................................................................ 27 4.2 Question #2 - where in Westminster are its most highly vulnerable residents located?.......................................................................................................................... 30 4.2.1 Highest percentage of children under five years old ........................................ 30 4.2.2 Highest percentage of the population over 65 years old .................................. 33 vi 4.2.3 Highest percentage of the population below poverty ....................................... 33 4.2.4 Income (per capita income in past 12 months) ................................................. 36 4.2.5 Highest percentage of the population with less than a high school diploma .... 36 4.3 Question #3 - Where are the highly vulnerable residents located in relation to the potential extreme heat hazard locations? ...................................................................... 39 Chapter Five: Discussion .................................................................................................. 42 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 42 5.2 Question #1 - Is there a surface and canopy layer heat island present in the city of Westminster? ................................................................................................................. 42 5.2.1 Canopy layer heat island ................................................................................... 42 5.2.2 Surface heat island ............................................................................................ 44 5.3 Question #2 - Where in Westminster are its most highly vulnerable residents located?.......................................................................................................................... 50 5.4 Question #3 - Where are the most highly vulnerable residents located in relation to the potential heat hazard locations? .............................................................................. 51 5.5 UHI mitigation in Maryland Municipal comprehensive plans................................ 52 5.6 Current land use laws and policies in Westminster related to UHI mitigation ....... 53 5.7 Recommended UHI mitigation practices into current Westminster law and policy 57 Chapter Six: Conclusion ................................................................................................... 61 Appendix A: Descriptions of Sampling Locations ........................................................... 63 Sample location #1 ........................................................................................................ 63 vii Sample location #2 ........................................................................................................ 64 Sample location #3 ........................................................................................................ 65 Sample location #4 ........................................................................................................ 66 Sample location #5 ........................................................................................................ 67 Sample location #6 ........................................................................................................ 68 Sample location #7 ........................................................................................................ 69 Sample location #8 ........................................................................................................ 70 Sample location #9 ........................................................................................................ 71 Sample location #10 .....................................................................................................
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