Major Events in European and Chinese International Development 1947–2013, Zchinr 2015

Phelan, Major Events in European and Chinese International Development 1947–2013, ZChinR 2015

Major Events in European and Chinese International Development 1947–2013

Diarmuid Rossa Phelan 1

Introductory remarks 1 7 May 1948 At the Congress of Europe at the Hague, nearly 800 European politicians meet to The purpose of this chronology is to present the discuss the formation of the Council of Eu- most detailed chronology of state and international rope. A resolution urges European nations to “transfer and merge some portion of organisation actions in the international relations their sovereign rights“. of the European Union and China. The purpose of presenting a chronology of events without narra- 27 Sep 1948 27–28 September: The parties to the Treaty tive theme is to provide a resource for scholars to of Brussels decide to create the Western Un- ion Defence Organisation. It has a perma- trace their own themes. An effort has been made nent military committee in London, a joint to be neutral in the selection of events. Of course, headquarters at Fontainebleau, and three this is not wholly possible, as there must be some subordinate commands for land, sea and assessment of importance in deciding what to lea- naval forces. A Western Union Chief of Staff ve out. However, the author hopes that bringing is formed, with Field Marshall Montgom- these events together from many disparate sources ery being appointed as its first chairman. will provide a platform for scholars in the identifi- The aim of the organisation is to standard- cation and development of themes – in short, that ise weaponry amongst the member states. The organisation is later integrated into the by eschewing a current international relations or North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. The national policy goal oriented revision of the past Western Union Defence Organisation was to present what now seems important, the neutral formally established on 27–28 September presentation of organised information will be useful 1948. for open minded enquiry. The EU and China have developed bilateral relations only in the recent past. 1949 The chronology starts largely with European events with Chinese international relations activity incre- 31 Mar 1949 The Soviet Union announces that the proposed Treaty establishing the North Atlan- asing as the years progress. Readers are invited to tic Treaty Organisation is contrary to the contact the author to suggest events which merit in- Charter of the United Nations. The govern- clusion or, even, deletion. ments concerned subsequently repudiate Soviet assertions. 4 Apr 1949 In Washington, the treaties forming the 1947 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation are signed by Belgium, Canada, Denmark, 5 Oct 1947 At the Warsaw Communist conference, the France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Soviet Union and its satellite states – Hun- Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United gary, Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, Czecho- Kingdom and the United States. slovakia, Yugoslavia – and representatives 5 May 1949 The Treaty of London, or Statute of the from France and Italy, form the Cominform Council of Europe, establishing the Coun- Organisation after rejecting the Marshall cil of Europe, is signed by Belgium, Den- Plan. Cominform is an information bureau mark, France, the United Kingdom, Ire- which is to co-ordinate the activities of Eu- land, Italy, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, ropean Communist and Workers Parties. Norway and Sweden. Its aim is political cooperation. A Consultative Assembly is set 1948 up with Strasbourg as its headquarters; a Committee of Ministers is also established. 17 Mar 1948 Belgium, France, Luxemburg, the Nether Defence matters are excluded. The inaugu- lands and the United Kingdom sign the ral meeting of the Council of Europe is held Treaty of Brussels pledging mutual de- in Strasbourg. 135 members of the Consul- fence. tative Assembly meet for the first time to discuss ‘necessary changes in the political structure of Europe’. 1 Diarmuid Rossa Phelan ([email protected]), Fellow, Trinity College Dublin.

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3 Aug 1949 The Treaty of London, or the Statute of the States formally proposes West German re- Council of Europe, enters into force. armament within the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. 24 Aug 1949 The North Atlantic Treaty comes into force. October The Chinese People’s Volunteer Army en- 17 Sep 1949 The North Atlantic Council holds its first ters the Korean Peninsula supporting their session in Washington. North Korean allies against the USA. 20 Sep 1949 The first courses are given at the College of 24 Oct 1950 French Prime Minister Pléven presents a Europe, Bruges. The College emerged from plan for a European Defence Community the 1948 Hague Congress and begins teach- to the French National Assembly. The plan ing full-time courses on European integra- seeks to integrate the Federal Republic of tion in 1950. Germany into the defence of Western Eu- 28 Sep 1949 United States Congress approves a Mutual rope and to establish a European Army. Defence Aid Programme to the North At- 27 Oct 1950 France opposes German rearmament under lantic Treaty Organisation. the North Atlantic Treaty. October West Germany is admitted into the Organi- November The People’s Republic of China takes con- sation for European Economic Coopera- trol of Tibet. tion. 20 Dec 1950 The Consultative Council of the Brussels 1 Oct 1949 Mao Zedong proclaims foundation of Peo- Treaty Powers decides to merge the mili- ple’s Republic of China. tary organisation of the Western Union and December Mao Zedong travels to Moscow to negoti- the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. ate a friendship treaty with Joseph Stalin. 1951 1950 12 Feb 1951 The United Kingdom Prime Minister, 1950–1955 Mao Zedong favours a pro-natalistic popu- Clement Atlee, states four conditions for a lation policy encouraging traditional prac- West German contribution to the defence of tices of having many children. This was Europe: the rearmament of North Atlantic influenced by the high demand for manual Treaty Organisation members is to precede labour. that of the Federal Republic of Germany; allied forces have to be sufficiently strength- 6 Jan 1950 A Franco-German parliamentary confer- ened before West German units could be ence opens in Basel, Switzerland, to discuss raised; West German units have to be as- the economic and political relations of the sociated with other North Atlantic Treaty two countries within a united Europe. Organisation forces in such a manner as February China and the Soviet Union sign the “Sino- not to constitute a threat; there has to be Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and an agreement with the Federal Republic of Mutual Assistance“. Germany on the level of its contribution. 6 Mar 1950 The West German Bundestag votes to join 2 Apr 1951 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Allied the Council of Europe. Command in Europe becomes operational. Supreme Headquarters Allied Command 2 Jun 1950 The United Kingdom refuses to join the Europe, SHAPE, opens in Paris, with Gen- proposed European Coal and Steel Com- eral Eisenhower as Supreme Commander. munity. 18 Apr 1951 The Treaty establishing the European Coal 13 Jun 1950 The Federal Republic of Germany is admit- and Steel Community is signed in Paris by ted to the Council of Europe. Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxem- 14 Jun 1950 At the second Benelux meeting on coop- bourg and the Netherlands. France signs eration in coal and steel, the Dutch delega- on behalf of the Saar. Four institutions – tion proposes that a ‘Council of Ministers’ the High Authority, the Court of Justice, a should be created to control the political Council of Ministers and an Assembly – are decisions of the High Authority. established. The Treaty is subsequently ratified by national Parliaments. 11 Aug 1950 The Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe approves Churchill’s motion to 21 Jun 1951 The United Nations places a global arms create a European army. embargo on China because of China’s in- volvement in the Korean War. September The North Alantic Treaty Organisation decides to adopt unified defence force in 10 Sep 1951 The Vatican and China break off diplomatic Europe, including the Federal Republic of relations following a complicated series of Germany. events that led to accusations of a conspir- acy involving the Holy See to assassinate 15 Sep 1950 In a meeting with the United Kingdom, Mao Zedong. France and other North Atlantic Treaty Or- ganisation states in New York, the United

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1952 1956

30 May 1952 The Consultative Assembly of the Council 1956–1957 The “Hundred Flowers” campaign in Chi- of Europe resolves that the principles of a na instigated by Mao Zedong invites criti- ‘European supranational political author- cism of the regime. ity’ should be agreed upon without wait- 21 Apr 1956 The intergovernmental Spaak Committee ing for the entry into force of the European publishes its report in Brussels. This out- Defence Community. lined proposals for the creation of a com- 11 Sep 1952 Paul-Henri Spaak is elected President of mon market and the establishment of a Eu- the ECSC Common Assembly. The Foreign ropean Community for the peaceful use of Ministers of the six member states invite atomic energy. the Assembly to produce a draft treaty for 29 May 1956 The Foreign Ministers of the Member States the European Political Community. The Eu- of the European Coal and Steel Communi- ropean Political Community subsequently ty, meeting in Venice, approve the Spaak re- fails with the demise of the European De- port, clearing the way for the creation of the fence Community in August 1954. European Ecomomic Community, the EEC, 15 Sep 1952 The ECSC Common Assembly officially and the European Atomic Energy Commit- transforms itself into the Ad Hoc Assembly tee, Euratom. for the express purpose of constructing a 26 Jun 1956 Negotiations for the creation of the Euro- European Political Community. This new pean Economic Community and the Euro- entity in turn appoints a special Constitu- pean Atomic Energy Committee begin in tional Committee of 26 members to draft Brussels. the treaty. September The Sino-Soviet agreement on technologi- 1953 cal aid in the field of nuclear industry is signed in Moscow. 14 Jan 1953 The Consultative Assembly of the Coun- 9 Sep 1956 Tibet becomes an autonomous region with- cil of Europe meets in Strasbourg to draft in China under the structure of a Chairman a constitution for the European Political who is subordinate to the Branch Secretary Community. of the Communist Party of China. 28 Nov 1953 An Intergovernmental Committee is cre- 3 Oct 1956 Harold Macmillan, the United Kingdom ated to oversee the setting up of the Euro- Chancellor of the Exchequer, announces pean Political Community. the government’s readiness to join a limited December In France, parliament supports member- European Free Trade Area. ship of the North Atlantic Treaty Organi- sation and the rearmament of the Federal 1957 Republic of Germany. 1957–1958 The “Anti-Rightist” Campaign is used by 11 Dec 1953 The Council of Europe adopts a convention Mao Zedong to remove critical intellectu- on the equivalence of diplomas leading to als. Those who are critical of the collectivi- admission to universities. sation policy or seen to possess capitalist 1954 sympathies are sent to labour camps as part of the ‘re-education through labour’ programme. 31 Mar 1954 The Soviet Union proposes that it be allowed to join the North Atlantic Treaty Or- 25 Mar 1957 The Treaty Establishing a European Eco- ganisation. This is rejected by the Western nomic Community and the Treaty Establish- powers on 7 May. ing a European Atomic Energy Community are signed in Rome by France, Belgium, the 1955 Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and Italy. The Treaty is ratified by the six coun- 6 May 1955 The Federal Republic of Germany officially tries involved between July and November joins the North Atlantic Treaty Organisa- but there is large parliamentary opposition. tion from the communist parties in France (342 for, 239 against) and Italy (311 for, 144 18 Jul 1955 18–23 July: the first conference of Atlantic against) compared to Luxembourg (46 for, 3 Treaty Organisation Parliamentarians takes against). The Council of the European Eco- place in Paris. nomic Community and Euratom is created. 13 Oct 1955 Jean Monnet establishes the Action Com- COREPER (Comité de répresantants per- mittee for the United States of Europe, manents) is established. On the same date, which became known as the Monnet Com- the Contracting Parties sign a Convention mittee. He serves as its President from 1956 on Certain Institutions Common to the Eu- to 1957. ropean Communities in order to “limit the

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number of institutions responsible for car- 29 Dec 1959 29 December 1959 – 4 January 1960: the rying out similar tasks“. The Convention Stockholm Convention is signed establish- establishes a single Assembly and a single ing the European Free Trade Association. Economic and Social Committee. It creates a single Court of Justice. 1960 13 Dec 1957 The European Convention on Extradition is 9 Jun 1960 The six members of the European Economic opened for signature on the initiative of the Communities refuse to negotiate accession Council of Europe. to the European Free Trade Association. 1958 July Kruschev recalls Soviet advisors and technical experts from China. 1958 In China all land is collectivised and and 1 Nov 1960 The Benelux Union comes into force. farmers are organized into People’s Com- munes. 13 Dec 1960 New Zealand announces that it will set up a trade mission in Brussels, accredited to 1958 The ‘Great Leap Forward’ campaign be- the European Economic Community. gins. This aimed to use China’s vast population to rapidly transform the country 14 Dec 1960 The Organisation for Economic Coop- from an agrarian economy into a modern eration and Development subsumes and communist society through rapid industri- expands the role and membership of the alisation and collectivisation. Organisation for European Economic Co- operation. The United States, Canada and 19 Mar 1958 The Assembly of the European Economic the European Economic Community join. Community and the European Atomic En- Its main function is to assist developing ergy Community meets in the Council of countries and to develop international eco- Europe chamber in Strasbourg for the first nomic strategy. time, calling itself the European Parliamen- tary Assembly and electing Robert Schu- man to the Presidency. 1961

1959 10 Feb 1961 The first summit of the six Member States takes place in Paris and pushes the idea of greater political cooperation. President of 1959 Sino-Soviet relations deteriorate dramati- France, Charles De Gaulle, launches the cally. The Soviet Union restricts transfer of Fouchet plan for an intergovernmental Eu- scientific research and technology to China. ropean political union. This decline in relations was partly due to Mao Zedong’s disagreement with Kru 1 Mar 1961 France rejects a proposal made by the Unit- shchev’s reversal of Stalinist policies and ed Kingdom whereby the United Kingdom the perception that the USSR was seeking would retain its agricultural arrangements “peaceful cooexistence” with the Western and commonwealth preference upon acces- powers. sion. 1959–1961 The Great Leap Forward campaign triggers 11 May 1961 Denmark announces that it will apply for the largest famine in history with an esti- membership of the European Economic mated 14–30 million deaths. Community if the United Kingdom does. March The revolts of the Tibetan population 26 Jun 1961 Finland becomes a full member of the Euro- against Chinese occupation are suppressed. pean Free Trade Association. 8 Jun 1959 Greece applies for association status with 4 Jul 1961 Ireland announces its intention to join the the European Economic Community. European Economic Community. The Irish economy is dependant on the United King- 31 Jul 1959 Turkey applies for association with the dom for the majority of its trade. EEC. The assocation agreement is concluded in December 1963. 9 Jul 1961 Greece and the European Economic Com- munity sign an Agreement on Association. 10 Sep 1959 Negotiations for the association of Greece Greek tariffs are to be brought in line with to the EEC begin. the European Economic Community and 27 Sep 1959 Negotiations for the association of Turkey full membership is promised within twenty to the EEC begin. two years. 20 Nov 1959 20–29 November: Finance Ministers of 31 Jul 1961 Ireland formally applies to join the Euro- Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Swe- pean Economic Community. den, Switzerland and the United Kingdom 31 Jul 1961 Harold MacMillan, Prime Minister of the meet in Stockholm to initialise the conven- United Kingdom, announces his intention tion establishing the European Free Trade to apply for membership of the European Association. Economic Community. The other members

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of the European Free Trade Association de- Kingdom becomes a member of the Euro- cide to examine closer links with the Euro- pean Economic Community. pean Economic Community. 30 Apr 1962 Norway formally applies for membership 1 Aug 1961 Austria announces its intention to seek of the European Economic Community. some form of participation in the European 9 May 1962 The European Parliament adopts a plan for Economic Community. political union. 9 Aug 1961 The United Kingdom formally applies for 28 May 1962 Portugal announces its intention to apply membership of the European Economic for membership of the European Economic Community. Community. 10 Aug 1961 Denmark formally applies to join the Euro- 4 Jul 1962 In his Independence Day speech, United pean Economic Community. States President John F. Kennedy calls for 30 Sep 1961 The Convention on the Organisation for Euro-American ‘interdependence’. Economic Cooperation and Development 20 Oct 1962 Border conflict between China and India comes into force. over areas in the Himalayas 13 Nov 1961 Harold MacMillan, Prime Minister of the 1 Nov 1962 The Treaty of Association between the Eu- United Kingdom, declares that member- ropean Economic Community and Greece ship of the European Economic Com- enters into force. munity does not mean abandoning the Commonwealth, which is necessary “to 15 Dec 1962 The Benelux Union countries sign a trade preserve the power and strength of Britain agreement with Hungary. in the world“. 29 Nov 1961 The Fouchet Plan is published. It provides 1963 for a ‘European Political Union’, which would be intergovernmental in structure 14 Jan 1963 French President Charles de Gaulle an- and would encompass both foreign policy nounces at a press conference that France and defence. will veto the accession of the United King- dom to the European Communities follow- 15 Dec 1961 Austria, Finland, Sweden and Switzerland ing British acceptance of Polaris missiles apply for associate membership of the Eu- from the United States. Irish, Danish and ropean Economic Community. Norwegian applications for membership are suspended. 18 Dec 1961 The International Monetary Fund ratifies the ‘General Arrangement to Borrow’. This 22 Jan 1963 The Treaty of Elysée or the Franco-German is an agreement that member countries’ Cooperation Treaty is signed by France and central banks will make funds available the Federal Republic of Germany in Paris to the IMF for other members to borrow. providing for collaboration in defence, for- The ‘Group of 10’ is formed (G-10) , con- eign affairs, culture and education. sisting of Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, 20 Jul 1963 The Yaoundé Convention, an association the United Kingdom, Canada, Japan, the agreement valid for five years, is signed by United States and Sweden. Switzerland is the European Economic Community and an associate member. 17 African states in Yaoundé, Cameroon. It provides for reciprocal preferences in 1962 trade except where this conflicts with the Common Agricultural Policy and it offers associated partners access to the European 9 Feb 1962 Spain applies for an association agreement Development Fund and the European In- with the European Economic Community. vestment Bank. 7 Mar 1962 The European Economic Community and 15 Aug 1963 The Benelux Union concludes a trade the United States sign a tariff agreement. agreement with Paraguay. 29 Mar 1962 The European Organisation for the Devel- 11 Sep 1963 The Benelux Union concludes a trade opment and Construction of Space Vehicle agreement with Poland. Launchers is established by Australia, Bel- gium, the Federal Republic of Germany, 12 Sep 1963 The European Economic Community and France, Italy, Netherlands and the United Turkey sign an association agreement with Kingdom. a transitional phase to membership to begin in December 1964 and to last up to 10 Apr 1962 The Benelux Union signs a trade agreement twenty-two years. with Japan 8 Nov 1963 The Benelux Union concludes a trade 17 Apr 1962 The Fouchet negotiations on European in- agreement with Czechoslovakia. tegration break down. The Netherlands and Belgium declare their unwillingness to continue negotiations until the United

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1 Dec 1963 Bilateral trade agreements between the 14 Dec 1965 Ireland and the United Kingdom sign the European Economic Community and Iran Anglo-Irish Free Trade Agreement, which take effect. establishes a free trade area and links Ire- land into the European Free Trade Area. It 1964 will come into effect on 1 July 1966. 31 Dec 1965 The executives of the European Economic January China and France establish diplomatic rela- Community, the European Coal and Steel tions. Taiwan’s embassy in Paris is closed. Community and the European Atomic En- 25 Feb 1964 The Council adopts Directive 64/221 on the ergy Community merge to become one ex- co-ordination of special measures concern- ecutive authority. ing the movement and residence of foreign nationals which are justified on grounds 1966 of public policy, public security or public health. 30 Jan 1966 France ends its boycott of meetings of the European Economic Community. 15 Apr 1964 The Council decides to establish a Commit- tee on Medium-Term Economic Policy. 24 Feb 1966 At a press conference, Charles de Gaulle, President of France, announces France’s 16 May 1964 The Kennedy Round of Negotiations on the withdrawal from the integrated command General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. opens in Geneva with the aim of reducing tariffs between the European Economic 14 Dec 1966 Willy Brandt, Vice-Chancellor and Foreign Community and the United States. For the Minister of the Federal Republic of Ger- first time, the European Economic- Com many, asks the United Kingdom to join the munity takes part in the negotiations as the European Economic Community. representative of its Member States. 31 Dec 1966 The European Free Trade Association abol- 1 Jun 1964 The Yaoundé Convention comes into force. ishes tariffs on industrial goods.

1 Oct 1964 The European Commission sets out a plan, 1967 ‘Initiative 1964’, which will accelerate the completion of the customs union. The plan 15 Jan 1967 Harold Wilson, Prime Minister of the Unit- states that the ultimate objective of the pro- ed Kingdom, tours European capitals to cess of integration is political union. campaign for British membership of the 16 Oct 1964 China tests its first nuclear bomb (the Chic- European Economic Communities. 1) at the Lop Nur test site. The bomb had a 8 Feb 1967 8–9 February: The Council of the EEC ac- yield of 22 kilotons. cepts the first five-year programme outlin- 4 Nov 1964 The Federal Republic of Germany submits ing economic development and agrees to a proposal to the Council detailing its vi- introduce a uniform system of value-added sion of European integration which aims tax across all six Member States. for political union and includes integration 17 Mar 1967 The Benelux Union concludes a trade of defence and cultural policy. agreement with Hungary. 24 Nov 1964 The Benelux Union concludes a trade 31 Mar 1967 The Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers agreement with Bulgaria. Europe, SHAPE, is officially opened at Cas- 1965 teau, near Mons, Belgium. 10 May 1967 Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom 6 Jul 1965 France decides to boycott all meetings of re-apply for membership of the European the European Economic Community, apart Communities. from meetings concerned with day-to-day 17 May 1967 The Benelux Union concludes a trade management of existing problems, in an es- agreement with Czechoslovakia. calation of the ‘Empty Chair’ crisis. France also recalls its permament representative to 24 Jul 1967 Norway formally applies to join the Euro- Paris. French President Charles de Gaulle pean Economic Community. warns of the dangers of a European Federa- tion where national identities give way to 16 Oct 1967 The new North Atlantic Treaty Organisa- technocratic rule. tion headquarters in Brussels are officially opened. 14 Dec 1965 14–16 December: The North Atlantic Coun- cil meets in Paris and accepts new proce- 27 Oct 1967 The Benelux Union concludes a trade dures designed to improve the annual agreement with Romania. process of reviewing the defence efforts of 27 Nov 1967 France President Charles de Gaulle vetoes member countries and agreeing upon their United Kingdom membership of the Eu- force contributions. ropean Economic Community. The United

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Kingdom does not withdraw its applica- 29 Jul 1969 The Second Yaoundé Convention on as- tion. sociation between the European Economic Community and African States is signed. 13 Dec 1967 13–14 December: the Harmel Report is adopted by the North Atlantic Treaty Or- 1 Sep 1969 The European Communities signs partial ganisation. It specifies that alongside mili- Association Agreements with Morocco and tary defence, the Atlantic Alliance should Tunisia. work towards the solving of basic politi- 24 Sep 1969 Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania renew their cal questions. The Defence Planning Com- association agreements with the European mittee adopts the concept of ‘flexible re- Economic Community. sponse’, which allows that, in the event of war, the Western strategy would begin with 12 Nov 1969 The Court of Justice of the European Com- conventional defence and then, if neces- munities hands down judgment in the sary, escalate to a full scale strategic strike. Stauder case (Case 29-69), commenting for The Committee also approves the establish- the first time that the general principles of ment of a Standing Naval Force Atlantic. Community law include the fundamental rights of the individual. 15 Dec 1967 The Benelux Union concludes a trade agreement with Bulgaria. 1 Dec 1969 1–2 December: the Hague Summit of the Member States of the European Commu- 19 Dec 1967 Negotiations on the enlargment of Euro- nity takes place: pean Communities break down once again. 1. Heads of State or Government decide 1968 to adopt definitive arrangements for the financing of the Common Agricultural Pol- 26 Apr 1968 The United Kingdom says it will reject any icy; arrangements falling short of full member- 2. They decide in principle to give the Euro- ship of the European Economic Communi- pean Communities their own resources; ties. 3. They decide to increase the budgetary 27 Sep 1968 The Brussels Convention on jurisdiction powers of the Assembly; and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters is signed. 4. They decide in principle on monetary union to be completed by 1980 and com- 10 Nov 1968 The Vatican establishes diplomatic rela- mission Pierre Werner, the Prime Minister tions with the European Communities. of Luxembourg, to head a committee on 13 Nov 1968 The Eurogroup is formed. monetary union.

1969 5. They decide to establish a committee on closer political co-ordination, headed by Etienne Davignon, the Belgian diplomat 28 Jan 1969 Finland becomes a member of the Organi- and a future Commissioner. sation for Economic Cooperation and De- velopment. 6. They decide in principle on enlargement, with France having withdrawn its opposi- March Chinese troops clash with Soviet Troops tion. at Damanskii Island (Zhen Bao) of the Us- suri river (Wusuli Jiang). Tensions were 5 Dec 1969 The European Communities and Malta reduced through a meeting between Soviet sign an Association Agreement. Prime Minister Kosygin and Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai at Beijing airport on 1970 the way back from Ho Chi Min’s funeral in Vietnam. The two premiers agreed to re- 1 Mar 1970 Iceland joins the European Free Trade As- turn ambassadors previously recalled and sociation. begin border negotiations. 19 Mar 1970 The European Communities and Yugo- 31 May 1969 The Yaoundé Convention between the EC slavia sign a three-year non-preferential and a number of African states expires. agreement. 30 Jun 1969 Negotiations relating to the entry of Den- 20 Mar 1970 The first North Atlantic Treaty Organisa- mark, Ireland, Norway and the United tion communications satellite is launched Kingdom into the European Economic from Cape Kennedy. Community commence in Luxembourg. 24 Apr 1970 China launches its first satellite “Long 10 Jul 1969 Georges Pompidou succeeds Charles de March“. Gaulle as President of France on 15 June 1969. On 10 July he declares that he does 29 Jun 1970 The European Communities and Israel sign not oppose the United Kingdom’s acces- a preferential trade agreement. sion to the European Communities. 29 Jun 1970 The European Communities and Spain sign a preferential trade agreement.

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30 Jun 1970 Negotiations open in Luxembourg between 13 Sep 1971 September: Lin Biao (a major Chinese Com- the European Communities and Ireland, munist military leader who played a fun- Denmark, Norway and the United King- damental role in the Chinese Civil War) is dom on accession to membership. killed in an airplane crash whilst fleeing after an attempted military coup on Sep- 19 Oct 1970 The European Communities and Bangla- tember 11. Lin Biao had ordered his subor- desh sign a preferential trade agreement. dinates to assasinate Mao Zedong by sabo- 27 Oct 1970 The Davignon Report on European Politi- taging his train before it returned to Beijing. cal Cooperation is endorsed by the Coun- 4 Oct 1971 The British Labour Party Conference passes cil. It seeks to promote political cooperation a resolution against European Communi- and to develop common external policy on ties membership. major international problems. The Report recommends that co-ordination of foreign 13 Oct 1971 The British Conservative Party Conference policy should be the first area in which con- votes in favour of membership of the Euro- crete efforts could show Europe’s political pean Communities. vocation. A regular consultation process 25 Oct 1971 The People’s Republic of China replaces the among the Foreign Ministers with quarter- Republic of China (Taiwan) in the UN Secu- ly meetings commences from November. rity Council. 1971 28 Oct 1971 The House of Commons votes in support of membership of the European Economic 1 Jan 1971 The second Yaoundé Convention and the Community, despite Labour opposition. Arusha Agreement come into force. The Arusha Agreement was an agreement be- 1972 tween the EC and Kenya, Uganda and Tan- zania with the aim of establishing better 19 Jan 1972 In its favourable opinion on the accession economic relations. of the four applicants, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark and Norway, the Euro- 14 Feb 1971 Agreement is reached in Tehran between pean Commission refers specifically to the the oil-producing countries of the Persian applicant States’ acceptance of the political Gulf and a cartel of 23 oil companies. The objectives of the Treaties. agreement contains an increase in the price of oil. 22 Jan 1972 The first Treaty of Accession is signed in Brussels by Member States and Ireland, 18 Mar 1971 An announcement by the Swedish govern- Denmark, Norway and the United King- ment reveals its view that Swedish neutral- dom. There are two Council Decisions on ity and membership of the European Com- the accession of the new Member States. munities are irreconcilable. The first states the Council’s acceptance of 31 Mar 1971 The Court of Justice of the European Com- the applications for accession. The second munities hands down judgment in Case mirrors the Treaty of Accession, which is 22/70, European Commission v. Council, annexed and forms an integral part of the the European Agreement on Road Trans- decision. port Case, on the limits of the competence 12 Apr 1972 The House of Commons approves a motion of the Community and of the Member in favour of Britain holding a referendum States respectively to negotiate agreements on accession to the European Communi- with non-member states. ties. 1 Apr 1971 The Association Agreement between the 23 Apr 1972 France approves enlargement of the Euro- European Economic Communities and pean Communities by a 68% majority in a Malta comes into effect. referendum. 23 Jun 1971 The European Communities and the Unit- 10 May 1972 An Irish referendum approves membership ed Kingdom agree on terms for the acces- of the European Economic Community sion of the United Kingdom. with 83.09% voting yes. 7 Jul 1971 Australia joins the Organisation for Eco- 12 May 1972 The European Economic Community and nomic Cooperation and Development. Mauritius sign an Association Agreement. 9 Jul 1971 Whilst serving as US National Security Ad- 22 Jul 1972 An agreement on special relations between visor, Henry Kissinger secretly visits China. the European Communities and the mem- This was part of Nixon’s plan to establish ber states of the European Free Trade As- relations with China as a useful counterbal- sociation is concluded. This establishes a ance to the Soviet Union. The secret visit free trade area of sixteen countries cover- produced an agreement that Nixon would ing both the enlarged European Economic visit China in the future. Nixon’s first pub- Community and the European Free Trade lic visit then occurred in February 1972. Association region. The agreement envis- ages gradual progress towards free trade

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in most industrial goods over a transitional 30 Sep 1973 30 September – 9 October: European Com- period of four and a half years. mission President Francois-Xavier Ortoli visits Washington at the invitation of Unit- 25 Sep 1972 Norway withdraws from negotiations to ed States President Richard Nixon. join the European Communities, following a referendum in which 53.5% vote against 5 Oct 1973 The European Communities sign a free compared to 46.5% voting for accession. trade agreement with Finland. It differs This leads to the Labour government, led from other European Free Trade Associa- by Trygve Bratteli, to resign. tion agreements in that there is no ‘evolu- tionary’ clause. 1 Oct 1972 A referendum is held in Denmark. 63% vote in favour of accession to the European 14 Dec 1973 14–15 December: A summit meeting of Eu- Communities. ropean Community Member State leaders takes place in Copenhagen agreeing that 24 Oct 1972 The Organisation of Economic Cooperation the Heads of State or Government should and Development decides to end the Euro- meet whenever justified by the circum- pean Monetary Agreement from 31 Decem- stances, to introduce a common energy ber 1972. policy. 22 Nov 1972 Rebel Conservative Members of Parliament defeat the Government on new immigra- 1974 tion rules favouring European Community citizens over white Commonwealth citi- 1 Jan 1974 The Association Agreement between the zens. European Communities and Finland comes into force. December The European Communities signs a trade agreement with Brazil and India. 6 Jun 1974 The Council adopts a resolution on the mutual recognition of diplomas, certificates 8 Dec 1972 A Special Relations Agreement with the Eu- and other formal qualifications. ropean Free Trade Association is passed in a Swiss referendum. It is also approved by December An Association Agreement with Greece, is the Liechtenstein Parliament. restored, after the coming to power of a ci- vilian government in July. 18 Dec 1972 The European Economic Community signs trade agreements with Egypt and the Leba- 1975 non. 19 Dec 1972 The European Communities and Cyprus 28 Feb 1975 The First Lomé Convention between forty- sign an Association Agreement. six states in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific and the European Economic Com- 31 Dec 1972 Denmark and the United Kingdom leave munity (CAPC) is signed in Lomé. A Con- the European Free Trade Association. sultative Assembly of the African, Carrib- bean and Pacific States as well as Member 1973 States of the European Communities is established on a basis of parity comprising 26 Feb 1973 The Belgian Deputy Prime Minister Willy Members of the European Parliament and de Clercq proposes that the Community representatives designated by the African, should negotiate with the United States en Carribbean and Pacific States. The Lomé bloc to end the US Dollar’s dominance as a Convention replaces the Yaoundé Conven- reserve currency. tion. 2 Apr 1973 The European Economic Community and 4 May 1975 The first European Commissioner, Christo- Uruguay sign a trade agreement. pher Soames, visits China with the aim of 14 May 1973 Norway and the European Economic Com- establishing diplomatic relations. Initially munity sign a Free Trade Agreement. the host of the meeting was the quasi-governmental organisation the Chinese Peo- 21 May 1973 The Council adopts a general directive on ple’s Institute of Foreign Affairs but after es- the abolition of restrictions on movement tablishing that the EEC recognised the PRC and residence within the European Com- government as opposed to the Taiwanese munity Member States of nationals for es- government a heavy political programme tablishment and provision of services. The was arranged where Soames met with the Directive introduces a Residence Permit. Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai. China and the 29 May 1973 New Zealand becomes a member of the Or- EU established diplomatic relations based ganisation for Economic Development and on the condition that the EEC maintained Cooperation. no trade agreements with Taiwan. As a result any trade agreements with Taiwan had 26 Jun 1973 The European Communities and Yugosla- to be conducted on an autonomous basis. via sign a five-year trade agreement, due to In practice this was through the medium of come into effect on 1 October 1973.

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a private company based in Rotterdam that plied competence even before it acts inter- represented Taiwan. nally (or externally) and that the Member States have concurrent competence until 11 May 1975 The European Economic Community and the Community acts. Israel sign a new agreement providing for cooperation as well as trade. 27 Jul 1976 The European Community formally opens negotiations with Greece regarding future 12 Jun 1975 Greece officially applies for membership of membership of the European Communi- the European Economic Community. ties. July The Conference on Security and Co-opera- September Chairman Mao Zedong dies at the age of tion in Europe is held in Helsinki, Finland. 82. “Gang of Four” with Mao’s widow seek 33 States sign a declaration that aims to im- power. prove relations between the West and the Communist bloc. These are later referred to 20 Sep 1976 The European Economic Community signs as the Helsinki Accords. an interim agreement and two Protocols with Portugal, providing for the expansion 15 Jul 1975 The European Economic Community and of the 1972 free trade agreement and open- Mexico sign a trade agreement. ing the way to Portugal’s future member- 22 Jul 1975 The European Economic Community and ship of the European Economic Commu- Sri Lanka sign a commercial cooperation nity. agreement. 1 Dec 1976 A Commercial Cooperation Agreement between Bangladesh and the European Com- 1976 munities comes into force.

7 Jan 1976 The Tindemans Report is published. It pro- 10 Dec 1976 The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation re- poses regular meetings of head of govern- jects a proposal by the Warsaw Treaty Or- ment as “European Council” and co-ordi- ganisation to first renounce the use of nu- nation of foreign policy outside areas of clear weapons. Community competence. The Commission of the European Communities expresses its 1977 opposition to recommendation in Tinde- mans report for a two-tier Europe. 1977 Deng Xiaoping wins the power stuggle after Mao’s death by criticising the Cultural 20 Jan 1976 The Council decides that relations between Revolution to gain support and carefully the European Economic Community and mobilising his supporters within the party Spain should be resumed. to outmaneuver Hua Guofeng and oust 4 Mar 1976 The European Economic Community signs him from his leadership positions. Deng al- two Protocols with Malta, incorporating lows Hua to retire peacefully helping to set cooperation and agriculture along with the the precedent that losing a high level lead- original 1970 trade agreement. ership struggle would not result in physical harm. 1 Apr 1976 The First Lomé Convention enters into force. 18 Jan 1977 The European Economic Community and Egypt, Jordan, and Syria, complete the 14 Apr 1976 The Council for Mutual Economic Assis- signing of Cooperation Agreements. tance suggests a preliminary meeting with the European Communities for a second 28 Mar 1977 Portugal makes a formal application for time. membership of the European Communi- ties. 25 Apr 1976 25–27 April: the European Economic Com- munity signs cooperation agreements with 26 Apr 1977 The Court of Justice of the European Com- the Maghreb countries: with Tunisia on 25 munities hands down judgment in Opin- April, Algeria on 26 April, and Morocco on ion 1/76, the Laying-Up Fund Opinion, 27 April. deciding that where the Community has adopted common rules the Member States 1 Jun 1976 The European Economic Community and are pre-empted from making treaties with Pakistan sign a trade cooperation agree- Third States in those fields. ment. 3 May 1977 The European Economic Community and 6 Jul 1976 Canada and the European Economic Com- the Lebanon sign a cooperation agreement. munity sign a framework agreement in Ot- tawa, providing for economic and commer- 28 Jul 1977 Spain officially applies for membership of cial cooperation. European Communities. 14 Jul 1976 The Court of Justice of the European Com- 21 Sep 1977 Talks between an European Economic munities in Joined Cases 3, 4 and 6/76 Community delegation, led by Commis- rules on international treaty competence. sion Vice-President Haferkampf, and the Kramer holds that the Community has im- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance,

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led by Marinescu of Romania, take place 7 Dec 1978 Spain and the European Free Trade Asso- in Brussels. They result in a communique, ciation sign a multilateral free trade agree- which looks forward to “planning the start ment. of negotiations for an agreement for early 20 Dec 1978 The European Communities and Greece 1978“. conclude detailed negotiation on Greece’s 4 Oct 1977 4 October – 9 March 1989: the Belgrade accession to the Communities. Conference of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe is held as a ‘fol- 1979 low up’ to the 1975 Helsinki Accords. 1979 Diplomatic relations are established be- 1978 tween the US and China. February China invades Vietnam (for 29 days) after 1978 The 1978 Constitution of the PRC guaran- Vietnamese troops ousted the pro-Beijing tees freedom of religion with a number of Pol-Pot regime in Cambodia. Both sides restrictions. The Constitution was a com- claimed military victory. China claims to promise between Hua Guofeng’s desire have crushed the Vietnamese resistance to consolidate power using Mao’s moral and Vietnam claims that China had fought authority whilst responding to popular de- only against border militias. mands to reverse the Leftist extremes of the previous period. It was later replaced by 24 Feb 1979 EC President Roy Jenkins visits China and the 1982 Constitution. meets with Deng Xiaoping on the eve of the textile trade negotiations to reaffirm 1 Feb 1978 Further negotiations on Greece’s accession and underline the economic and political to the European Communities take place. importance attached by the EC to the PRC. 3 Feb 1978 The European Economic Community and This is the first visit to China by an EC Pres- the People’s Republic of China conclude ident. their first trade agreement. 28 May 1979 The Treaty of Accession between Greece 28 Mar 1978 Portugal applies for accession to the Euro- and the European Economic Community pean Communities. is signed in Athens. Greece is to become a Member State of the European Communi- 3 Apr 1978 The trade agreement between the Europe- ties on 1 January 1981. an Economic Community and the People’s Republic of China is signed. It will take ef- 6 Jun 1979 6–27 June: the 65th International Labour fect in June 1978. Conference is attended by representatives of the European Commission. 2 May 1978 EEC-China trade agreement is signed. It establishes the Joint Committee for Trade to 26 Jun 1979 Spain and the European Free Trade Asso- aid trade between the countries. ciation conclude an agreement. 29 May 1978 The Secretary-General of the Council for 28 Jun 1979 The Treaty on Accession of Greece to the Mutual Economic Assistance and the Eu- European Communities is ratified by the ropean Commission Vice-President meet Greek Parliament. in Moscow. An ‘experts’ meeting follows in July The EU-China Joint Committee hold their Brussels, between 25 and 28 July, but with- first meeting in Beijing. out a successful conclusion. July New Criminal Code becomes effective in September E-mail link is established between Germa- China banning torture and physical pun- ny and China (CSNET protocol). First mes- ishment of suspects. sage from China on 20 September. 18 Jul 1979 The first EU-China agreement on textile 17 Oct 1978 Negotiations open for Portugal’s accession trade within the context of the Multifibre to the European Communities. Arrangement. Textiles accounted for ¹⁄³ of 1 Nov 1978 Cooperation treaties between the European China’s exports to the EC in 1977. Economic Community with North African 31 Oct 1979 The Second Lomé Convention, between the countries Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and European Economic Community and fifty- Middle Eastern countries Egypt, Lebanon, eight African, Caribbean and Pacific States, Syria, Jordan, come into force. is signed. Additional Financial Protocols with Israel, 29 Nov 1979 The Committee of Three Wise Men – Portugal, Malta also come into force. Barend Biesheuvel, Edmund Dell, Robert December Deng Xiaoping introduces stepwise eco- Marjolin – presents its Report on the Euro- nomic reforms: “The Four Modernizations” pean Institutions, which lists the failures in to strengthen the fields of agriculture, in- implementing original policies of the Eu- dustry, national defense, science and tech- ropean Communities and suggests specific nology. proposals to bring the various institutions

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in line with the provisions of the Treaties, 20 Jan 1981 Foreign Ministers of the Member States of advising against a “two-speed Europe“. the European Communities release a statement at a meeting on political cooperation 29 Nov 1979 29–30 November: The European Eco- on the release of United States hostages in nomic Community and the Association of Iran and the lifting of sanctions. Southeast Asian Nations conclude a trade agreement. The cooperation agreement is 17 Feb 1981 Foreign Ministers of the Member States of approved on 17 December and comes into the European Communities hold a meeting force on 1 October 1980. At this time ASE- on political cooperation, releasing a state- AN was comprised of Indonesia, Malaysia, ment on the failure of the attempted coup Phillipines, Singapore and Thailand. in Spain. 17 Dec 1979 The European Economic Community signs 23 Jun 1981 The European Economic Community and to the Tokyo Round of the General Agree- India sign an agreement on commercial ment on Tariffs and Trade. and economic cooperation. 21 Dec 1979 The transitional protocol between Europe- 21 Sep 1981 The European Atomic Energy Community an Communities and Cyprus is initialled. and Australia sign an agreement on trans- fers of nuclear products. 1980 13 Oct 1981 13–14 October: Foreign Ministers from the European Economic Community and the 1980 Special Economic Zones are designated in Association of Southeast East Asian Na- Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou (Guangdong), tions hold a summit meeting in London. Xiamen (Fujian) and the entire province of Hainan. Restrictions are removed to allow 14 Dec 1981 Foreign Ministers of the Member States of these areas to become more free market- the European Communities meet to discuss oriented with special economic policies and political cooperation and issue statements flexible governmental measures. on the situation in Poland and the Golan Heights. 1 Jan 1980 The European Economic Community cuts the Common Customs Tariff duties on all 18 Dec 1981 Canada and the European Atomic Energy products for the first time. Community sign an agreement on safe- guard measures to be taken in the transport 7 Mar 1980 7–8 March: the European Economic Com- and handling of nuclear materials. munity and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations nations of Brunei, Indone- 1982 sia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand, formally sign cooperation 1982 China’s population surpasses 1 billion peo- agreements and approve a joint statement ple. on political matters. 23 Feb 1982 A majority in a referendum in Greenland 2 Apr 1980 The European Economic Community and votes in favour of withdrawal from the Yugoslavia sign a trade agreement. They European Economic Community having also adopt an interim agreement and finan- previously joined as part of Denmark. Ne- cial protocol. gotiations are re-opened. 16 Jun 1980 The delegations of the European Parlia- 2 Apr 1982 Argentina invades the Falkland Islands, ment and the National Peoples Congress known to the Argentinians as the Malvinas. (China) meet in Strasbourg. The is the first The European Economic Community con- inter-parliamentary meeting (IPM) of the demns the invasion, places sanctions on all two bodies. After this event the IPM be- Argentinian imports and imposes an arms tween the two countries has occurred at embargo on Argentina. least biannually and is the second largest delegation sent out by the EU (39 mem- 30 May 1982 Spain joins the North Atlantic Treaty Or- bers). ganisation. 28 Jul 1980 The European Economic Community and 28 Jun 1982 28–29 June: the European Council discusses Romania sign agreements on trade in in- the negotiations with Portugal and Spain dustrial products. on accession. 23 Sep 1980 The European Communities take a com- December The Fifth National People’s Congress mon position on the Iran-Iraq conflict. adopts a new constitution for China. This Consitution reflected Deng Xiaoping’s de- 1981 termination to lay a lasting institutional foundation for domestic stability and mod- 1 Jan 1981 The second Lomé Convention comes into ernization. Its primary difference from the force. 1978 Constitution was the de-emphasiza- tion of class struggle and placing top prior- 2 Jan 1981 Spain applies to join the North Atlantic ity on incorporating the contributions and Treaty Organisation.

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interests of non-party groups who could 26 Sep 1984 The European Economic Community and play a role in modernization. It provided an China initial a new commercial and eco- extensive legal framework for the economic nomic cooperation agremeent. liberalization. 9 Oct 1984 The European Economic Community and 1983 Yemen Arab Republic sign a Development Cooperation Agreement. 1983 Launch of the first China-European science 8 Dec 1984 The Third Lomé Convention between sixty and technology cooperation programme. five African, Caribbean and Pacific states and the European Economic Community is 17 Jun 1983 The European Council meets in Stuttgart. signed. A Solemn Declaration on European Union is signed by Heads of State and Foreign 1985 Ministers of the Member States of the Euro- pean Communities. Agreement is reached 1 Feb 1985 Greenland leaves the European Economic on the principle of budgetary reform and Community, remaining linked to it by as- reform of the Common Agricultural Policy. sociation as an overseas territory. A Solemn Declaration further clarifies the European Council’s status and confirms 21 May 1985 The agreement on trade and economic co- and enhances the European Parliament’s operation between the EC and the PRC is powers, granting its enlarged Bureau con- signed. It comes into force on 16 September sultative rights over the appointment of the 1985 as Council Regulation 2616/85 with President of the European Commission. It the aim of encouraging the steady expan- also concludes that the European Political sion of economic cooperation in the mutual Community (EPC), while outside of the interest of both parties. Community, can also cover the econmic and social aspects of security. 12 Jun 1985 The European Communities and Spain and Portugal sign Treaties of Accession. December The European Economic Community lifts the economic sanctions imposed on the So- 14 Jun 1985 European Commission President Jacques viet Union in March 1982. Delors receives letter from the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Secretary- 8 Dec 1983 The Third Lomé Convention is signed. General Vyacheslav Sychov again, propos- ing the establishment of relations between 17 Dec 1983 The European Economic Community and the European Economic Community and Andean Pact countries (Bolivia, Columbia, the Council for Mutual Economic Assis- Ecuador and Peru) sign an economic coop- tance. eration agreement in Cartagena, Colombia. 14 Jun 1985 The European Commission publishes its 1984 White Paper on the completion of the internal market. The White Paper contains 1984 First Chinese-European political consulta- details of measures to be taken to remove tions at ministerial level in the context of all physical, technical and tax barriers be- European Political Cooperation. tween the Member States by 1992 and a detailed seven-year timetable for adopt- 1984 14 Coastal cities are opened to foreign in- ing them. Belgium, France, the Federal Re- vestment in China as a part of Deng Xiaop- public of Germany, Luxembourg and the ing’s policy to modernize China. Netherlands sign an Accord in Schengen in 1984 Management training and rural develop- Luxembourg to open their borders for the ment programmes are launched in China free movement of persons by the beginning with the cooperation of the EU. of 1990. Its goal is the gradual abolition of controls at the Member States’ frontiers. 1 Jan 1984 The European Economic Community-Eu- This is achieved by the abolition of system- ropean Free Trade Association free trade atic checks, the harmonisation of visa regu- area is established. lations, the relaxation of customs and other 12 Mar 1984 The Council signs an agreement on Green- formalities and closer cooperation between land’s withdrawal from the European the border police forces. However, it be- Economic Community and on future Eu- comes practically important only with the ropean Economic Community-Greenland Second Accord in 1990. relations, following the 1982 Greenland ref- 29 Jul 1985 De Clercq, for the European Commission, erendum. replies to the letter of the Council of Mutual May In a speech to the European Parliament, Economic Assistance’s Secretary-General Francois Mitterand expresses enthusiasm Sychov – to European Commission Presi- for a Treaty on European Union. dent Delors, 14 June – indicating the Euro- pean Community’s willingness to continue European Economic Community-Council

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of Mutual Economic Assistance dialogue under Spanish command instead of a uni- which had been broken off in 1981. fied NATO command except in times of emergency. 19 Sep 1985 European Economic Community Foreign Ministers agree on sanctions against South 12 Apr 1986 The Sixth National People’s Congress of Africa. China adopts new Civil Law Code. The aim of the code is to create a consistent le- 1 Oct 1985 The European Economic Community and gal framework for civil law interpretation the Gulf Cooperation Council (Bahrain, which previously had not existed. Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE) hold their first meeting at ministerial level. 28 Apr 1986 Western European Union foreign and defence ministers, meeting in Venice, review 12 Nov 1985 The European Economic Community and the revitalisation of the organisation. Mem- the Panama signatories to General Treaty ber States decide to cooperate on immigra- for Central American Economic Integration tion policy. (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nica- ragua) sign a cooperation agreement. 1 May 1986 The third Lomé Convention between the European Economic Community and the 1986 African, Carribbean and Pacific nations comes into force. 1 Jan 1986 Spain and Portugal become Member States 15 Sep 1986 15–20 September: at Punta del Este, minis- of the European Communities. ters of 92 countries agree on the establish- 1 Jan 1986 Finland becomes a full member of the Euro- ment of a new Uruguay Round of multilat- pean Free Trade Association. eral trade negotiations.

21 Jan 1986 The Danish Parliament passes a resolution 1987 which states that the Single European Act is unacceptable in its current form. 15 Feb 1987 The European Commission adopts an ac- 17 Feb 1986 17–28 February: the Single European Act is tion programme entitled ‘The Single Eu- signed at Luxembourg and the Hague by ropean Act: A new frontier for Europe’ for the Heads of State and Government of the the implementation of the Single European Member States of the European Economic Act and the internal market. The reform of Communities: Belgium, France, United Community’s Common Agricultural Policy Kingdom, Luxembourg, Netherlands, and financial institutions is central to the Spain, Portugal and Ireland sign on 17–18 programme. February; Italy, Denmark and Greece sign 18 Mar 1987 The European Communities and the Coun- on 28 February. This gives additional legal cil for Mutual Economic Assistance hold impetus to the internal market programme talks in Geneva. and puts European Political Cooperation on an intergovernmental Treaty basis, giving 14 Apr 1987 Turkey applies to join the European Com- the European Council a basis in the Treaty munities. and making it a Community body. It also 1 Jul 1987 The Single European Act enters into force. makes it a requirement that the European Parliament agree to any accessions to the 8 Jul 1987 Morocco applies to join the European Eco- Community or to Association Agreements. nomic Community. Subsequent Commission discussions result in internal reforms and the establishment of 16 Nov 1987 The European Commission signs the Pro- new inter-institutional mechanisms. tocol Amending the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in relation to Government The Single European Act inserts the Euro- Procurement on behalf of the European pean Monetary System (EMS) into the Trea- Economic Community. ty of Rome and establishes the Communi- ty’s monetary capacity. The Treaty commits 1988 signatories to the eventual achievement of a single currency. It establishes the goal March China successfully launches the DFH-2A of a single market by 1992. It commits the fully operational communication satellite Community to creating an internal market into earth’s orbit. comprising an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, 15 Jun 1988 Member States of the European Commu- persons, services and capital is ensured. nities and member states of the Coopera- tion Council for the Arab States of the Gulf 12 Mar 1986 Spain’s continued membership of the North (Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Ara- Atlantic Treaty Organisation is confirmed bia, UAE) sign a cooperation agreement by referendum in Spain with a majority of and issue a joint political declaration. 56.85%, However the agreement contains a number of reservations including a provi- 25 Jun 1988 A Joint Declaration is signed in Luxem- sion that allows Spainish forces to operate burg on the establishment of relations

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and cooperation between the European December Stock markets are opened in Shanghai and Communities and the Council for Mutual Shenzhen and allowed to operate indepen- Economic Assistance. The Council of Mu- dently. This is part of Deng Xiaoping’s at- tual Economic Assistance recognises the tempts to develop a social market economy. authority of the European Communities to 15 Dec 1989 The European Community and sixty nine negotiate on behalf of the Member States. African, Caribbean and Pacific States sign 1 Jul 1988 Manfred Wörner, former Minister of De- the fourth Lomé Convention, Lomé IV. fence of the Federal Republic of Germany, 18 Dec 1989 The European Community rejects Turkey’s succeeds Lord Carrington as Secretary- application for membership. General of the North Atlantic Treaty Or- ganisation. 18 Dec 1989 The European Community and the Soviet Union sign a trade, economic and commer- 16 Sep 1988 The Lugano Convention on Jurisdiction cial cooperation agreement. and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial matters is held by the Euro- 19 Dec 1989 Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevard- pean Community and the European Free nadze visits the North Atlantic Treaty Or- Trade Association States. ganisation Headquarters for talks with North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Secre- 26 Sep 1988 The European Community and Hungary tary-General Manfred Wörner and the Per- sign trade and economic cooperation agree- manent Representatives of Alliance coun- ment. tries. This is the first such visit by a Minister 4 Oct 1988 The delegation of the European Commis- of a Central or Eastern European govern- sion in Beijing is opened. ment to the Alliance’s Headquarters.

14 Nov 1988 Portugal and Spain sign the Treaty of Ac- 1990 cession to the Western European Union.

1989 17 Jan 1990 European Commission President, Jacques Delors, sets out the European Commis- sion’s 1990 Programme to the European June The EC enforces sanctions, including an Parliament, discussing the new situation in arms embargo, and suspends relations with Central Europe and the implications for the China following the Tiananmen incidents European Community. of June 4th 1989. 5 Feb 1990 The Council defines the approach for the June In Madrid (Spain), the European Council of development of relations with the states of Ministers agrees to an EU-wide arms em- Central and Eastern Europe. bargo against China. 11 Feb 1990 11–13 February: Foreign Ministers of the 4 Jun 1989 Student-led demonstrations in Tiananmen North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and Square calling for liberty, human rights and the Warsaw Treaty Organisation countries, a separation of powers, following the death with observers from other CSCE states, of former Communist Party General Secre- meet in Ottawa for the opening of the tary Hu Yaobang, are broken up by the use “Open Skies” Conference, which proposes of military force (official death toll: 200). unarmed surveillance flights over NATO 24 Jun 1989 Jiang Zemin replaces Zhao Ziyang as Com- territory to improve mutual trust. On the munist Party Secretary after Zhao shows margins of the Conference, the Foreign sympathy to Tiananmin protestors. He is Ministers reach agreements to hold discus- placed under house arrest for 15 years. sions on external aspects of the establishment of German unity. 14 Jul 1989 14–16 July: the Western Economic Summit is held in Paris. The Poland and Hungary 20 Feb 1990 The Conference of European Community Assistance for Economic Restructuring Pro- Foreign Ministers takes place in Dublin, gramme, known as PHARE, is established establishing an action plan on the develop- to support reforms undertaken in Eastern ment of relation with the states of Eastern European countries and to co-ordinate aid Europe. for the economic restructuring of Poland 19 Mar 1990 19 March – 11 April: the Conference on Se- and Hungary. The European Commission curity and Cooperation in Europe takes is requested to co-ordinate the aid for finan- place in Bonn. cial restructuring in Poland and Hungary. 2 Apr 1990 The European Community and Argentina 17 Jul 1989 Austria applies to join the European Com- sign a framework agreement for trade and munities. economic cooperation in Luxemburg, con- 19 Sep 1989 The European Community and Poland sign taining a clause which stipulates respect for a trade, commerce and economic agree- democratic principles and human rights to ment in Warsaw. be the basis of all cooperation between the parties.

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28 Apr 1990 An Extraordinary European Council meet- 9 Jul 1990 The Interim Report of the European Parlia- ing in Dublin frames a common approach ment’s Donnelly Committee considers the to relations with Central and Eastern Eu- impact of the process of German unifica- ropean countries, German unification, and tion on the European Community. the Conference of Security and Coopera- 16 Jul 1990 Malta applies to join the European Com- tion in Europe. munities. 7 May 1990 The Council of the European Communi- 8 Aug 1990 The Council of the European Communities ties’ Decision on a trans-European mobil- adopts an embargo on all trade with Iraq ity scheme for university studies, named and Kuwait, except for products intended Tempus, to provide training assistance for for humanitarian purposes. Central and Eastern European countries. 10 Aug 1990 At the Bund-Länder-Besprechung in West 8 May 1990 The European Community signs trade, Germany, the Federal Government accepts commercial and economic cooperation three of four demands of the Länder with agreements with Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia regard to the Federal government’s Euro- and the German Democratic Republic. pean Communities policy: 1. The right of 29 May 1990 An agreement establishing the European sub-national entities to bring legal action in Bank for Reconstruction and Development the courts of the European Community; is signed in Paris. The Bank is to foster the 2. The establishment of principle of subsidi- transition towards market economy and to arity in the European Community treaties; promote private and entrepreneurial initiative in Central and Eastern European coun- 3. The creation of an European Community tries by financing investment by granting regional chamber; or guaranteeing loans. The federal government rejects a fourth 15 Jun 1990 The Member States of the European Com- demand that Länder representatives be in- munities sign the Convention on the Right cluded in the German national delegation to Asylum. in the Council of Ministers. 19 Jun 1990 The Schengen Accord supplementary October The European Council and European Par- agreement is signed by France, Germany, liament begin to re-establish bilateral rela- Belgium, Luxembourg and the Nether- tions with China. lands, providing for unchecked movement of people between signatories and forming 22 Oct 1990 The European Community signs a trade the basis for the Schengen Group, an infor- and economic agreement with Romania. mal intergovernmental grouping of signa- 27 Oct 1990 It was agreed that the European Central tories. Bank would co-ordinate monetary and ex- 20 Jun 1990 Uzbekistan declares independence from change rate policy, develop the necessary the Soviet Union. instruments and supervise the development of the European Currency Unit. 1 Jul 1990 German economic unification takes place on the basis of the West German Deutsch- 27 Oct 1990 The fourth Lomé Convention enters into mark. The Federal Republic of Germany force. and the Soviet Union agree that a united 1 Nov 1990 The cooperation agreement between the Germany will have full sovereignty includ- European Community and Czechoslovakia ing the right to join the North Atlantic Trea- enters into force. ty Organisation. The Soviet Union agrees to withdraw troops from the German Demo- 7 Nov 1990 The European Commission proposes di- cratic Republic within three to four years. rectives to the Council to authorise it to negotiate Association or European Agree- 4 Jul 1990 Cyprus applies to join the European Com- ments with Czechoslovakia, Hungary and munities. Poland. 5 Jul 1990 5–6 July: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation 19 Nov 1990 The member states of the North Atlan- Heads of State and Government, meeting tic Treaty Organisation and the Warsaw in London, publish the London Declaration Treaty Organisation sign the the Treaty on on a Transformed North Atlantic Alliance. Conventional Forces in Europe after sev- The Declaration outlines proposals for de- enteen years of negotiation. It fixes equal veloping cooperation with the countries of maximums on non-nuclear heavy weapons Central and Eastern Europe across a wide deployed by the North Atlantic Treaty Or- spectrum of political and military activ- ganisation and by the Warsaw Treaty Or- ity, including the establishment of regular ganisation to the Urals. It does not include diplomatic liaison between those countries submarines. Excess equipment, mostly of and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. the Warsaw Treaty Organisation, is to be Force structures and nuclear strategy are destroyed. reviewed.

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21 Nov 1990 Thirty-four Heads of State or Government the customs union, but does not participate sign the Paris Charter on a New Europe as in any other European Community institu- an initiative of the Conference on Security tions. and Cooperation in Europe. It signifies the 1 Jul 1991 European Community Ministers order a to- relaunch of the Conference and establishes tal arms embargo on Yugoslavia and agree a number of institutions, including a Secre- to send monitoring mission. The conflict in- tariat, a Conflict Prevention Centre, a Par- tensifies. liamentary Assembly and an Office for Free Elections. 15 Jul 1991 The Council endorses a regulation to provide technical assistance to the Soviet Un- 22 Nov 1990 The European Community’s Transatlan- ion. tic Declaration with the United States and its Joint Declaration with Canada confirm 22 Jul 1991 The Council agrees to provide financial aid North American political support for Eu- for the population of the Occupied Territo- rope. ries, both Israeli and Palestinian. 27 Nov 1990 Italy signs the Schengen agreement. Spain 18 Aug 1991 18–19 August: Soviet President Mikhail and Portugal sign as observers. Gorbachev is deposed in a coup d‘État and is replaced by an eight-man Emergency 14 Dec 1990 14–15 December: the European Council, Committee. Russian Federation President meeting in Rome, opens the intergovern- Boris Yeltsin calls for a general strike while mental conferences on political union and loyalist tanks flying Russian flags position on economic and monetary union. It also themselves near the Russian parliament grants aid to the independent states for- building. merly of the Soviet Union and sets guidelines for supporting reform. 26 Aug 1991 Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev indicates that the demands of secession- 1991 minded republics for independence can no longer be resisted. European Community 13 Mar 1991 The European Community establishes a Member States agree to establish diplomat- support framework for structural assis- ic ties with the three Baltic states of Estonia, tance to the five new German Länder and Latvia and Lithuania. eastern Berlin. 27 Aug 1991 The Baltic states become the independent 18 Mar 1991 The San José VII conference on political di- States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The alogue and economic cooperation between European Communities recognises their in- the European Communities and the mem- dependence. ber states of Central and South America 1 Sep 1991 The fourth Lomé Convention comes into opens in Managua. force. April Member States of European Community 26 Oct 1991 The European Community accedes to the agree to the lifting of sanctions against United Nations Food and Agriculture Or- South Africa. ganisation, making it the first regional eco- 5 Apr 1991 The European Bank for Reconstruction and nomic organisation to join a specialised Development is inaugurated in London. It agency of the United Nations. is established to assist Eastern European 8 Nov 1991 The Council of Ministers imposes economic countries and the Soviet Union in develop- and trade sanctions on Yugoslavia. ing democracy and a market economy. 2 Dec 1991 The European Community drops its sanc- 15 Apr 1991 Luxemburg presents a draft document on tions against Yugoslavia, except in relation European Commission decision-making at to Serbia and Montenegro. the fourth intergovernmental conference on European Political Union. It proposes 14 Dec 1991 The Court of Justice of the European Com- that the European Commission would have munities hands down its Opinion 1/91, a joint decision-making function in relation declaring the Agreement Establishing a to those areas which could now be decided European Economic Area to be contrary to by the Council of Ministers by a qualified European Community law. majority vote. 16 Dec 1991 The European Communities and Czecho- 19 Jun 1991 19–20 June: the first meeting of the Council slovakia, Hungary and Poland, sign Eu- of the Conference on Security and Coopera- rope Agreements, which contain provisions tion in Europe, which takes place in Berlin, on the free movement of workers, services officially admits Albania as a member. and capital, the approximation of laws and the granting of financial assistance. 25 Jun 1991 Spain and Portugal sign the Schengen Agreement. 16 Dec 1991 Member States and the European Commu- nities adopt a common position on recogni- 1 Jul 1991 1. Sweden applies for membership of the tion of the Yugoslav Republics. European Communities. 2. Andorra joins

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20 Dec 1991 The North Atlantic Cooperation Council The Treaty also includes a new protocol on holds its inaugural meeting. It is founded social policy signed by the social partners; on the initiative of the North Atlantic Treaty the United Kingdom opts out of this proto- Organisation and composed of the sixteen col. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation mem- 5 Mar 1992 5–6 March: Foreign Ministers of Denmark, bers, fifteen former Soviet republics, which Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithu- are all former Warsaw Treaty Organisation ania, Norway, Poland, Russia and Sweden, members, and also Albania. Foreign Minis- along with representatives of the European ters meet with the purpose being dialogue. Commission, meeting in Copenhagen, 1992 sign the Copenhagen Declaration, establishing the Council of Baltic Sea States to serve as a forum for guidance and overall 1992 Deng Xiaoping accelerates market reforms co-ordination among participating states. to establish a “socialist market economy“. Subjects for cooperation include: assistance 1992 China ratifies the Nuclear Non-Prolifera- for new democratic institutions; economic tion Treaty. The treaties objective is to pre- and technological assistance and coopera- vent the spread of nuclear weapons and tion; humanitarian matters and health; en- weapons technology, to promote coopera- vironment and energy; culture, education, tion in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy tourism and information; transport and and to further the goal of achieving nuclear communication. The Council is to comprise disarmament. the Foreign Ministers of Member States and a European Commissioner. 1992 EU-China relations largely recovered after Tiananmen Square incident although arms 18 Mar 1992 Finland formally applies for membership embargo remains in place. of the European Communities. 15 Jan 1992 The European Community recognises Cro- 5 Apr 1992 The European Union and the United States atia and Slovenia as independent republics. recognise the independence of Bosnia-Her- zegovina. 26 Jan 1992 The European Community lifts economic sanctions on South Africa. 10 Apr 1992 The Court of Justice of the European Com- munities gives its Opinion 1/92, affirming 3 Feb 1992 The Council adopts measures to aid Croa- the legality of the revised European Eco- tia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Hercego- nomic Area agreement between the Euro- vina and Macedonia. pean Community and the European Free 7 Feb 1992 The Treaty on European Union is signed Trade Association. in Maastricht by the Foreign and Finance 2 May 1992 The European Communities, their Member Ministers of the Member States of the Euro- States and Austria, Finland, Iceland, Liech- pean Communities. It sets out a programme tenstein, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland leading to a single currency in Stage Three, sign the Agreement on the European Eco- starting on 1 January 1997 at the earli- nomic Area in Oporto. This establishes the est or on 1 January 1999 at the latest. The world’s biggest integrated economic area, United Kingdom secures opt-out clauses with 19 countries and 380 million people. over Economic and Monetary Union and The bodies responsible for its functioning the European Social Charter. The European are the European Economic Area Council, Council is given an overall role in fixing the the European Economic Area Joint Com- European Union’s political and economic mittee, the European Economic Area Joint guidelines. The Treaty on European Union Parliamentary Committee and the Europe- includes a Common Foreign and Security an Economic Area Consultative Commit- Policy. Four areas of security policy are in- tee. The European Economic Area Coun- cluded, as agreed in a Joint Declaration by cil comprises the members of the Council the European Council: arms control, arms of the European Union and the European exports, nuclear non-proliferation and the Commission and a member of the govern- Conference on Security and Cooperation in ment of each of the European Free Trade Europe. Defence issues are sub-contracted Association countries. Its role is a political to the Western European Union, which is one. The Joint Committee consists of repre- given the tasks of ‘elaborating and imple- sentatives of the contracting parties to de- menting’ actions on the Union’s behalf in cide on Community rules. The Parliamen- Title V, Article J.4.2. Article J.4 of the Treaty tary Committee consists of 66 members, 33 states that the Common Foreign and Secu- Members of the European Parliament and rity Policy will include ‘the eventual fram- 33 members of the parliaments of the Eu- ing of a common defence policy, which ropean Free Trade Association countries. A might in time lead to a common defence’. Surveillance Authority and Court are also The Treaty grants citizens of member states established. ‘citizenship’ of the European Union, which is consolidated in Article 8 of the Treaty.

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11 May 1992 11–12 May: the General Affairs Council in 27 Nov 1992 The European Community and the Repub- Brussels results in the European Communi- lic of San Marino sign an interim agreement ty recalling its ambassadors from Belgrade. on trade and customs. 11 May 1992 Albania, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia sign 1 Dec 1992 The European Community’s agreement on Trade Commercial and Economic Coopera- cooperation and trade with Albania enters tion Agreements with the European Com- into force. munity for a ten-year period. 6 Dec 1992 A referendum in Switzerland rejects ratifi- 20 May 1992 Switzerland formally applies for accession cation of the Agreement establishing a Eu- to the European Communities. ropean Economic Area by 50.3% to 49.7%. As a result, the Treaty cannot enter into June Establishment of a new bilateral political force on 1 January 1993 and negotiations dialogue between the EC and China on en- commence to amend it. vironmental cooperation. 11 Dec 1992 11–12 December: the European Council, 1 Jun 1992 The European Communities implement meeting in Edinburgh, decides on special United Nations Security Council Resolu- arrangements offered to Denmark in order tion 757 imposing a total trade embargo that it might hold another referendum on with Serbia and Montenegro through the ratification of the Treaty on the Euro- Council Regulations and Decisions. pean Union. It decides that Denmark will 2 Jun 1992 In a referendum in Denmark, a majority retain its existing powers in the field of votes against ratification of the Treaty on monetary policy according to its national European Union (50.7%). laws and regulations, including the powers of the Danish central bank in the field of 3 Jun 1992 3–14 June: the United Nations Conference monetary policy. The Council endorses the on Environment and Development takes Delors II package and agrees to begin nego- place in Rio de Janeiro. A Climate Change tiations with Austria, Sweden and Finland Convention and the Convention on Bio- on future membership on 1 January 1993. logical Diversity are signed and the following are adopted: Agenda 21, an action Pro- The Council follows the European Parlia- gramme for sustainable development by ment’s recommendations in increasing the the year 2000; the Rio Declaration, a twen- number of seats so as to allow for the five ty-seven point statement of principles; and new Länder. With a view to the coming en- a non-binding Declaration of Principles on largements, the Council decides that France Forests. Both the European Communities and Spain will preside in the two halves of and China participate as a full members of 1995 and that thereafter, the Presidency will the Conference. rotate according to the following order: It- aly, Ireland, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, 18 Jun 1992 Majority in referendum in Ireland amend the United Kingdom, Austria, Norway, the Constitution to allow ratification of Germany, Finland, Portugal, France, Swe- the Treaty on European Union (69.05% to den, Belgium, Spain, Denmark, Greece. 30.95%). 13 Dec 1992 Liechtenstein votes by referendum in fa- 12 Oct 1992 The Council adopts a Regulation establish- vour of ratifying the European Economic ing the Community Customs Code on the Area agreement. surveillance and procedures applicable to trade in goods with third countries. The 1993 Code is designed to make Community customs legislation more transparent and to 1 Feb 1993 The European Community signs an Associ- eliminate the dangers of differing interpre- ation Agreement with Romania. Accession tations and legal uncertainty. negotiations between the European Com- 5 Nov 1992 The European Community signs a coop- mission and Austria, Finland and Sweden eration agreement with Slovenia, marking commence. the first European Community cooperation 8 Mar 1993 The United Kingdom government is de- agreement with a former Yugoslav state. feated in the House of Commons when a 6 Nov 1992 Greece joins the Schengen Agreement. small amendment to the Bill to ratify the Maastricht Treaty is approved by a major- 20 Nov 1992 The European Community and the United ity of opposition Members of Parliament States settle their long-running row over as well as rebel Euro-sceptics in the ruling farm subsidies and pave the way for an Conservative Party. The implementation overall settlement of the Uruguay Round of amendment delays rather than prevents trade talks. the ratification. 25 Nov 1992 Norway applies to accede to the European 8 Mar 1993 The European Community signs an Asso- Communities. ciation Agreement with Bulgaria. 11 Mar 1993 Belgium ratifies the SchengenAccord.

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17 Mar 1993 An additional protocol is signed by the par- October European Commission office opens in ticipating countires enabling the European Hong Kong. Economic Area Treaty to enter into force 4 Oct 1993 The European Community signs Europe following the withdrawal of Switzerland, Agreements with the Czech Republic and which may nevertheless participate in the the Republic of Slovakia. These agreements European Economic Area at a later date if covered the development of political, trade, it so wishes. Special arrangements are pro- social, cultural and security links. vided for Liechtenstein. The European Free Trade Association Court’s protocol is also 7 Oct 1993 Romania enters the Council of Europe. signed by the European Free Trade Asso- ciation states adjusting the 1992 Agreement 1 Nov 1993 The Treaty on European Union, or the establishing a European Surveillance Au- Maastrict Treaty, enters into force. The trea- thority and a Court of Justice. ty created the ‘three pillars’ of the European Union: The Justice and Home Affairs Pillar, 19 Mar 1993 The Court of Justice of the European Com- The Common Foreign and Security Policy munities delivers Opinion 2/91, relating Pillar, and the European Community Pillar. to the International Labour Organisation’s It also paves the way for a monetary union, Convention on Chemicals at Work. It de- a European Central Bank and the creation cides that the existence of an internal power of the Euro currency. which has not been exercised can result in external power for the European Commu- 8 Nov 1993 The Council endorses future relations with nities. Switzerland subsequent to Swiss referendum results opposing accession. 29 Mar 1993 The European Free Trade Association signs free trade agreements with Bulgaria and 16 Dec 1993 Denmark, France, Germany, the Nether- Hungary. lands and the United Kingdom give full diplomatic recognition to the Former Yugo- 30 Mar 1993 The Danish Parliament approves the Treaty slav Republic of Macedonia. on European Union. 5 Apr 1993 The European Community and Slovenia 1994 sign an economic cooperation agreement. 1994 China connects to NSFNET (National Sci- 12 Apr 1993 The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation’s ence Foundation Network), the early back- operation to enforce the no-fly zone over bone network of the internet. Bosnia-Herzegovina, under the authority of United Nations Security Council Resolu- 1 Jan 1994 The agreement establishing the European tion 816, begins. Fighter and surveillance Economic Area enters into force. aircraft from several allied nations partici- 4 Jan 1994 The European Free Trade Association Court pate, as well as aircraft from the North At- is opened in Geneva. lantic Treaty Organisation’s Airborne Early Warning Force. 10 Jan 1994 The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation launches the Partnership for Peace Pro- 19 Apr 1993 The European Free Trade Association signs gramme to provide for military cooperation free trade agreements with the Czech Re- between the Organisation and the states of public and the Republica of Slovakia. Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Un- 26 May 1993 The General Agreement on Trade and ion. Tariffs’ Arbitration Board finds European 1 Feb 1994 Association agreements between the Eu- Community measures to control banana ropean Union, Poland and Hungary come imports unfair to Latin American countries into effect. which export the fruit. 1 Mar 1994 Talks concerning forthcoming European 21 Jun 1993 21–22 June: the European Council, meeting Union membership for Sweden, Finland in Copenhagen, assures associated coun- and Austria are successfully completed, all tries of Eastern and Central Europe that three agreeing terms to join the European they will be admitted to full membership Union. of the European Communities as soon as they satisfy conditions of institutional and 1 Mar 1994 In Portugal and Spain, the Schengen Agree- economic stability and capacity. The Eu- ment enters into force. ropean Commission is asked to develop a 23 Mar 1994 The European Community and Ukraine long-term strategy for encouragement of sign a Partnership and Cooperation Agree- growth, competitiveness and employment. ment. 30 Jun 1993 The European Community gives a negative 28 Mar 1994 The Commissioner for External Affairs, opinion to Malta’s application for member- Hans Van den Broek, warns that the Euro- ship. Cyprus’ application is also rejected. pean Commission will take Greece to court 1 Sep 1993 The Schengen Application Convention en- if it does not lift its trade ban on Macedo- ters into force. nia.

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30 Mar 1994 The European Union concludes accession 22 Jun 1994 Russia joins the North Atlantic Treaty Or- negotiations with Austria, Sweden, Finland ganisation’s Partnership for Peace pro- and Norway. gramme. 1 Apr 1994 Hungary applies for membership of the 24 Jun 1994 24–25 June: the European Union Accession European Union. Treaty for Austria, Finland and Sweden is signed. 1 Apr 1994 Hungary becomes the first former communist state to apply to join the North Atlan- 24 Jun 1994 24–25 June: the European Council meets at tic Treaty Organisation’s Partnership for Corfu. Russian President Boris Yeltsin signs Peace. a Partnership and Cooperation Agreement with the European Community. The United 8 Apr 1994 Poland applies for membership of the Eu- Kingdom blocks the candidacy of Jean-Luc ropean Union. Dehaene for the Presidency of the Euro- 15 Apr 1994 The Final Act of Uruguay Round of Gen- pean Commission on account of his “inter- eral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ne- ventionist” policies. The Prime Ministers of gotiations is signed in Marrakesh by 117 Austria, Sweden, Finland and Norway sign nations. The President of the Council and treaties of accession to the European Union. Commissioner Sir Leon Britton signs on be- A ” Reflection Group” set up in preparation half of the European Community. The Act for 1996 Intergovernmental Conference. provides for the creation of the World Trade 29 Jun 1994 The Court of Justice of the European Com- Organisation and the reduction of industri- munities rules that the European Commis- al tariffs. It also provides for the establish- sion has failed to prove the urgency of the ment of a permanent Dispute Settlement case for interim measures against Greece’s Body to provide a formalised structure for trade ban against Macedonia (Case the resolution of trade disputes. Interim C-120/94). arrangements are adopted for agriculture and textiles and the European Community 5 Jul 1994 The European Court of Justice rules that all agrees to gradually dismantle the restric- exports from Cyprus must be authorised by tions imposed under the Multifibre -Ar the Greek Cypriot government, effectively rangement on textile and clothing imports banning trade between the European Un- from developing countries. ion and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. 18 Apr 1994 The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development meets in St. Petersburg. 18 Jul 1994 The European Community, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania sign free trade agreements in 19 May 1994 The European Community and the United Brussels. The agreements are scheduled to States hold General Agreement on Tariffs enter into force on 1 January 1995. and Trade talks regarding civil aircraft. 26 Jul 1994 The European Union signs a partnership 26 May 1994 26–27 May: The Inaugural Conference on a and cooperation agreement with Moldova. Pact on Stability in Europe is held in Paris. European Foreign Ministers discuss a new 10 Oct 1994 The European Community and South Af- initiative aimed at averting conflicts over rica sign a cooperation agreement. borders and the rights of minorities, pro- 16 Oct 1994 A Finnish referendum approves accession moting good neighbourly relations in Cen- to the European Union. 56.9% vote in fa- tral and Eastern Europe and strengthening vour. regional cooperation and democratic institutions. 13 Nov 1994 A referendum in Sweden approves accession to the European Union. 52.3% in fa- 1 Jun 1994 The Schengen Agreement enters into force vour. in Italy. 15 Nov 1994 The Court of Justice of the European Com- 12 Jun 1994 A referendum in Austria is favourable to munities delivers its Opinion 1/94 on the membership of the European Union. 66.6% international treaty competence of the EU voted yes. in the Uruguay Round of international 14 Jun 1994 The European Communities, the Member trade negotiations, determining that while States and the Ukraine sign a partnership the European Community had exclusive and cooperation agreement in Luxem- competence to conclude the Multilateral bourg. Agreement on Trade in Goods, the Com- munity and the Member States were jointly 16 Jun 1994 The Turkish government bans the pro- competent to conclude both the General Kurdish DEP party. The European Com- Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and missioner for Foreign Affairs, Hans Van the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of den Broek, expresses concern at this devel- Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). opment. 28 Nov 1994 Norway rejects accession to the European Union in a referendum. Norway stays

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within the European Economic Area frame- 15 Feb 1995 The Russian application for membership of work. the Council of Europe is suspended due to war in Chechenya. 30 Nov 1994 The Council of Ministers adopts the first joint action in the fields of justice and home 6 Mar 1995 European Union Foreign Ministers sign an affairs under the Treaty on European Un- agreement with Turkey to introduce a cus- ion. toms union from January 1996. 11 Dec 1994 Rebels in the breakaway Russian republic 10 Mar 1995 Justice and Internal Affairs Ministers of of Chechnya resist an offensive by Rus- the Member States sign the Convention on sian troops and aircraft against the capital, simplified extradition procedure between Grozny. the Member States of the European Union. This is the first Convention adopted under 14 Dec 1994 The European Free Trade Association de- the Justice and Home Affairs Title to the cides to move its Court from Geneva to Treaty on European Union. The Conven- Luxemburg. tion shortens procedures where the extra- 19 Dec 1994 19–20 December: the Council adopts de- dited person consents and the requested cisions concluding Europe Association State agrees. Agreements between the European Com- 26 Mar 1995 The Schengen Accord comes into force munity and Romania, Bulgaria, the Czech between Belgium, France, Germany, Lux- Republic and Slovakia: these provide for a embourg, Portugal, Spain and the Neth- gradual creation of a free trade area, govern erlands. Frontier, passport, customs and political, economic and commercial rela- immigration controls are removed in these tions, including the movement of workers, States. France is given a three-month tran- and provide for the approximation of laws. stitional period. 22 Dec 1994 Member States within the Schengen Group 4 Apr 1995 The European Commission adopts Cus- agree that they will remove remaining fron- toms 2000 to strengthen the European Un- tier controls on 26 March 1995. ion’s borders and make customs controls 31 Dec 1994 Russian troops commence their offensive more effective. against the Chechen capital, Grozny. 9 Apr 1995 A referendum in the Principality of Liech- tenstein results in a favourable vote to par- 1995 ticipation in the European Economic Area with 55.9% voting yes. 1995 In China a massive programme to rebuild Buddhist temples is started in the mid-90s, 19 Apr 1995 Russians capture the last Chechen town in the government having expressed support rebel hands. Guerrilla war continues. for Buddhism and Taoism as religions that 28 Apr 1995 Austria accedes to the Schengen Agree- form an integral part of Chinese culture. ment. 1995 Launch of a specific EU dialogue on human 1 May 1995 Liechtenstein becomes a full member of the rights issues in China. Two rounds of dia- European Economic Area. This brings the logue are to be held each year, one under European Economic Area membership to each EU Presidency. 18: the 15 Member States and Norway, Ice- 1 Jan 1995 The World Trade Organisation is estab- land and Liechtenstein. lished to administrate the 28 agreements 29 May 1995 The Council concludes that all treaties be- contained in the Final Act of the Uruguay tween the European Communities and Round, plurilateral agreements on govern- third states will include a reference to hu- ment procurement and civil aircraft, tariff man rights in the preamble, a human rights cuts, and reductions of non-tariff measures. clause and a suspension clause mechanism 1 Jan 1995 The date of accession of Austria, Finland in the event of breach of the human rights and Sweden to the EC. Only Iceland, Liech- clause. tenstein, Norway and Switzerland remain 12 Jun 1995 The European Community signs Associa- in the European Free Trade Association. tion Agreements with the Baltic states, Es- 1 Feb 1995 The European Association Agreements tonia, Latvia and Lithuania. between the European Communities, the 15 Jun 1995 An Association Agreement between the Member States, and Bulgaria, Romania, European Union and Slovenia is initialled the Czech Republic and Slovakia enter into in Brussels, Belgium. force, providing for the gradual establishment of a free trade zone. 22 Jun 1995 Romania applies to join the European Un- ion. 8 Feb 1995 In Chechenya, the fall of Grozny to the Russian Army is conceded by President of 27 Jun 1995 Slovakia applies to join the European Un- Chechenya, Dzhoklov Dudayev. ion.

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15 Jul 1995 Publication of EC communication “A long- to the expansion of world trade and eco- term policy for China-Europe relations“. nomic relations. This publication outlined the importance of 4 Dec 1995 A joint European Commission and Council the relationship between the EC and China Decision concludes an additional proto- to encourage human rights reform, to im- col signed by the European Communities prove China’s integration with the interna- and their Member States on the one hand tional community and to enhance business and the Eastern European countries on links. the other which extends the participation 17 Jul 1995 The European Community signs an interim of the Associated Country in Community agreement with Russia, a Euro-Mediterra- Programmes, for example environment, nean agreement with Tunisia and a coop- education, social policy, health, consumer eration agreement with Vietnam. protection, energy and transport. The signatories of the protocol with the European 26 Jul 1995 European Union Member States sign the Community are Romania, 30 June 1995; Europol Convention, the Convention on Hungary, 13 July 1995; Poland, 17 July 1995; Customs Information System and the Con- Bulgaria, 20 July 1995; Czech Republic, 24 vention for the Protection of the European August 1995. Community’s Financial Interests. 4 Dec 1995 The Council adopts Regulation 2815/95 30 Aug 1995 The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation be- which ends trade sanctions against ter- gins large-scale bombing of Bosnian Serbs ritories of the former Yugoslavia, except in ‘Operation Deliberate Force’. for parts of Bosnia-Herzegovina under 24 Sep 1995 The European Council, meeting at Majorca, Bosnian Serb control. The Council decides opens negotiations with Malta, Cyprus, to continue sending humanitarian aid to and central and eastern European countries Bosnia-Herzegovina by convoy, and to con- on future membership. France offers a nu- tinue European Union administration of clear umbrella for the European Union. the town of Mostar. 27 Oct 1995 Latvia applies to join the European Union. 7 Dec 1995 The European Free Trade Association signs free trade agreements with Estonia, Latvia 30 Oct 1995 A cooperation agreement between the Eu- and Lithuania, effective from 1 June 1996 ropean Community and Brazil, signed in and also cooperation agreements with 1992, is formally concluded. Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia. 20 Nov 1995 The European Community signs a Euro- 12 Dec 1995 Lithuania applies to join the European Un- Mediterranean Association Agreement ion. with Israel, replacing the agreement of 11 May 1975. 16 Dec 1995 Bulgaria applies to join the European Un- ion. 20 Nov 1995 The European Community signs a cooperation agreement with Nepal. 20 Dec 1995 The United Nations ends its mission in Bosnia and a 60,000 strong North Atlantic 27 Nov 1995 The Euro-Mediterranean Conference be- Treaty Organisation force takes over its gins in Barcelona. The Euro-Mediterranean peace-keeping role. Partnership, or Barcelona Process, emerged from this meeting, laying a framework of 31 Dec 1995 A customs union with Turkey enters into political, economic and social relations force by 1 January 1996. According to the between EU Member States and Southern European Union, this completes the pro- Mediterranean partners (Cyprus, Malta, cess begun by the Ankara Treaty in 1963. Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority, Syria, 1996 Tunisia and Turkey. Libya has observer status.) The main objectives of this process are 17 Jan 1996 The Czech Republic applies to join the Eu- the eventual creation of a common area of ropean Union. peace and stability and of a free trade area 1 Feb 1996 The interim agreement between the Euro- (by 2010), and the promotion of social dia- pean Union and Russia enters into force. logue. This gives effect to the trade clauses of the 28 Nov 1995 Estonia applies to join the European Union. partnership and cooperation agreements between the European Union and Russia 3 Dec 1995 At a European Union-United States Summit pending the entry into force of the latter. A in Madre, the New Transatlantic Agenda is similar interim agreement between the Eu- signed by Felipe Gonzales in his capacity ropean Union and Ukraine also enters into as President of the Council and European force. Commission President Jacques Santer on the one hand and United States President 26 Feb 1996 The European Union signs a Euro-Mediter- Bill Clinton on the other. The Agenda out- ranean Association Agreement and fisher- lines joint initiatives including contributing ies agreement with Morocco.

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1 Mar 1996 First Asia-Europe meeting (ASEM) at a 1 Sep 1996 The Court of the European Free Trade As- summit in Bangkok. The aim of the meeting sociation moves officially to Luxembourg is to strengthen the relationship between from Geneva. the two regions and aid a cultural, political 27 Sep 1996 The fifteen European Union Member States and economic relationship between the two sign an extradition convention and a proto- regions. col on protection of the European Union’s 11 Mar 1996 The Council adopts a regulation including financial interests. The Council adopts cor- the Former YugoslavRepublic of Macedo- responding acts. nia in the PHARE Programme. 29 Sep 1996 A cooperation agreement is signed between 26 Mar 1996 The Schengen agreement – incorporating the European Union and MERCORSUR Belgium, Germany, France Luxembourg, – the South American Common Market the Netherlands, Spain and Portugal – en- which includes Argentina, Barzil, Paraguay ters into force. and Uruguay. 28 Mar 1996 The Court of Justice of the European Com- 1 Oct 1996 The Council authorises the European Com- munities delivers its Opinion 2/94, declar- mission to negotiate the accession of Eur- ing that the European Union lacks compe- atom to the Korean Peninsula Energy De- tence to adhere to the European Convention velopment Organisation. on Human Rights. 28 Oct 1996 The European Union and the Republic of 22 Apr 1996 Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan sign Korea sign a cooperation agreement. partnership and cooperation agreements 16 Dec 1996 The European Union and the United States with the European Union. hold a transatlantic summit in Washington. 1 Jun 1996 Cooperation agreements between the Euro- 19 Dec 1996 Denmark, Sweden and Finland accede to pean Union and Vietnam and Nepal enter the Schengen Agreement. into force. 3 Jun 1996 The North Atlantic Council meets in Berlin. 1997 France accepts a compromise over the CJFT concept. The North Atlantic Treaty Organi- 1997 The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council su- sation will remain “one system capable of persedes the North Atlantic Cooperation performing multiple functions“, thereby Council, aimed at providing a framework avoiding the creation of separate command for closer political and security-related con- arrangements for European-only opera- sultations and cooperation. tions. The conduct of a Western European Union operation, drawing upon Alliance 24 Feb 1997 The European Community and the Pales- resources, will necessitate the approval of tinian Liberation Organisation adopt a joint the North Atlantic Council. In deference statement establishing regular political dia- to French pressure, it is agreed that there logue and sign the Euro-Mediterranean in- will be exercises to practise how Western terim association agreement for five years. European Union-led operations could be 6 Apr 1997 France blocks a resolution of the United detached from the North Atlantic Treaty Nations Commission of Human Rights Organisation’s structure. The North Atlan- condemning China for its human rights tic Treaty Organisation and the Western Eu- record, despite the European Union Com- ropean Union agree on the sharing of mate- mon Foreign and Security Policy. This was rial with a ‘secret’ classification. the seventh consecutive year that such a 10 Jun 1996 European Union signs Europe Agreement resolution had been blocked. with Slovenia; Slovenian Prime Minister 24 Apr 1997 The African, Carribbean and Pacific States presents formal application for Slovenia’s and the Council of Ministers adopt a deci- accession to the European Union. sion approving a protocol governing the 21 Jun 1996 The European Community signs coop- accession of South Africa to the Lomé Con- eration agreements with Uzbekistan and vention. Chile. 29 Apr 1997 The European Union signs its first coopera- 25 Jun 1996 The Council adopts a new TACIS regulation tion agreements with Cambodia and Laos. on assistance to New Independent States of 29 Apr 1997 The European Community signs a trade the Former Soviet Union and Mongolia un- and cooperation agreement with Former til 1999. Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. 8 Aug 1996 The European Union issues a statement 27 May 1997 The Russia-North Atlantic Treaty Organi- protesting against the introdution by the sation Founding Act, governing relations United States of legislation providing for between the two parties, is signed. penalties against European countries in- vesting in Iraq, Libya and Cuba.

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29 May 1997 The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation- 8 Jul 1997 8–9 July: the North Atlantic Treaty Organi- Ukraine Charter is signed in Sintra, Portu- sation invites the Czech Republic, Hungary gal. and Poland to join at its Madrid summit. 2 Jun 1997 The European Council meets in Amster- 26 Oct 1997 Italy accedes to the Schengen Agreement. dam to revise the Treaty on European Un- 1 Dec 1997 The Schengen Agreement becomes opera- ion. It approves various provisions facili- tive in Austria. tating smooth passage to the Third Stage of Economic and Monetary Union and adopts 8 Dec 1997 The European Union and Mexico sign an a resolution on growth and employment. Economic Partnership, Political Coopera- tion and Cooperation Agreement. 1. A provision stating that ‘the Union is founded on the principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and 1998 fundamental freedoms and the rule of law, principles which are common to the 1998 Microsoft and Intel establish high-tech re- Member States’ is added to the Treaty and search facilities in Beijing. a reference to fundamental social rights is 23 Feb 1998 Foreign ministers of the European Union included in its preamble. agree that no member state of the European 2. Free movement of persons, asylum, im- Union will sponsor a resolution condemn- migration, the crossing of external borders ing China at the United Nations Human and judicial cooperation are integrated into Rights Committee in Geneva. the Community framework during a tran- 25 Mar 1998 Publication of European Commission com- sitional period of five years. Community munication “Building a Comprehensive competence is extended to the Justice and Partnership with China”. The communica- Home Affairs pillar of the TEU, bringing tion focuses on supporting China’s integra- asylum, immigration, and judicial cooperation into the WTO, social reform, promotion into the Community legislative frame- tion of human rights and raising the profie work. of the EU within China. 3. A new title on employment is incorpo- 31 Mar 1998 The European Union opens accession nego- rated into the Treaty. tiations with Poland, Hungary, the Czech 4. A Protocol integrates the Schengen ac- Republic, Estonia, Slovenia and Cyprus. quis into the framework of the European 2 Apr 1998 First EU-China summit held in London. Union. Ever since they have been held on an an- 5. A Protocol on subsidiarity and propor- nual basis alternating between Beijing and tionality is added to the Treaty. the country hosting the EU Presidency. The summits are attended by the Chinese Prime 6. The Council adopts a resolution con- Minister, the President of the European firming the Stability and Growth Pact.The Commission and High Representative for Council adopts a regulation providing for Common Foreign and Security Policy, as the replacement of the ECU with the euro well at other relevant Ministers from each at the rate of one to one from 1 January 1999 country. and for continuity of contracts, and laying down rules for conversion between nation- 19 May 1998 The European Union accuses Israel of tens al currencies and the euro. of millions of dollars worth of customs fraud by obtaining reduced customs rates 7. A Franco-German defence proposal to on exports from Jewish settlements. integrate the Western European Union into the European Union is resisted by an alli- 28 May 1998 Denmark votes to ratify the Amsterdam ance of the United Kingdom, Denmark, Treaty in a referendum. 55.1% vote for rati- Finland, Ireland and Sweden. fication. 1 Jul 1997 Hong Kong returned by UK to China to be 22 Dec 1998 China and the EC sign an agreement on governed as a special administrative region scientific and technological cooperation. (SAR) with a high degree of autonomy in This leads to European Council Decision all matters except foreign relations and 2000/16/EC which outlines the aim of pur- military defence. This was the result of suing specific development programmes in extensive negotiations between the British areas of common interest. government and the PRC which culminat- ed in the Sino-British Joint Agreement. Pre- 1999 viously Hong Kong had been leased to the United Kingdom by the Treaty of Nanking 18 Feb 1999 Russia and the European Union hold a in 1842, the Treaty of Beijing in 1860 and summit meeting in Moscow. the Convention for the Extension of Hong 1 Mar 1999 The framework cooperation agreement be- Kong Territory in 1898. tween the European Union and the coun-

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tries of the San Jose Group – Costa Rica, El 10 Jun 1999 The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicara- suspends air campaign following confirma- gua and Panama – enters into force. tion of Serbian withdrawal from Kosovo. 12 Mar 1999 The Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland 12 Jun 1999 First KFOR troops are deployed in Kosovo. are formally admitted to the North Atlantic The province is divided into zones of re- Treaty Organisation. sponsibilities. 12 Mar 1999 The Council adopts a regulation determin- 20 Jun 1999 The eighth European Union-Japan summit ing the third countries whose nationals takes place in Bonn. must be in possession of visas when cross- 21 Jun 1999 The European Union-United States Summit ing external borders of the Member States. takes place in Bonn. 23 Mar 1999 The North Atlantic Council authorises 21 Jun 1999 The European Community and its Member North Atlantic Treaty Organisation air States sign seven bilateral sectoral agree- strikes against Yugoslavia. ments (free movement of people, public 20 Apr 1999 The Council adopts a regulation suspend- procurement, transport, agriculture, re- ing restrictive economic measures taken search, and mutual recognition of conform- against Libya. ity assessment) with Switzerland. 25 Apr 1999 The Falun Gong movement (a spiritual dis- 22 Jun 1999 The European Union holds a summit meet- cipline derived from Buddhism and Tao- ing with Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia ism, and combining meditation with slow- in Luxembourg. moving qigong exercises introduced in 1 Jul 1999 The European Union’s partnership and co- China in 1992 through the public lectures of operation agreements with Armenia, Azer- its founder Li Hongzhi.) is declared illegal baijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan in China and a threat to national security by and Uzbekistan, enter in force. Chairman Jiang Zemin. 1 Jul 1999 The European Union’s interregional frame- 7 May 1999 Cooling of US-China relations after NATO work cooperation agreement with MER- bombs Chinese embassy in Belgrade, For- COSUR – whose member countries are mer Yugoslavia. NATO claim the intended Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay target had been the Yugoslav Federal Direc- – enters into force. torate for Supply and Procurement. Three Chinese reporters are killed. President 15 Jul 1999 China develops technology to build a neu- Clinton issues an apology. Protests occur tron bomb, a small thermonuclear weapon outside the US Embassy in Beijing. which releases a higher radiation dose than conventional warheads. The Cox report 25 May 1999 The US Cox-Dicks Committee accuses published in May claims that China had China of using espionage to steal neutron stolen US nuclear secrets. bomb and other thermonucleartechnology. 23 Jul 1999 The third summit meeting between the Eu- 3 Jun 1999 3–4 June: the European Council meet in Co- ropean Union and Ukraine takes place in logne. It adopts the first European Union Kiev. common strategy on Russia. It concludes that partnership between the EU and Rus- 1 Nov 1999 The European Union’s cooperation agree- sia should be strengthened as it is crucial ment with Cambodia enters into force. to maintaining peace and security in Eu- rope and for meeting common European 10 Dec 1999 An declaration is made by the European challenges. The Presidency also concluded Council in Helsinki that it aims to establish that “It wholeheartedly ensorses the ef- an European Rapid Reaction Force to allow forts made by China and Russia to date European capability for autonomous action to achieve WTO accession and urges the backed up by credible military forces. Council and Commission to support early 10 Dec 1999 The European Council meets in Helsinki. It accession by China on the basis of a fair bal- decides to open accession negotiations with ance of interests and to encourage Russia’s Romania, Slovakia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bul- endeadours to adapt to the requirements of garia and Malta and to recognise Turkey WTO accession“. as an applicant country. It agrees to call an 9 Jun 1999 The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the intergovernmental conference to revise the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation sign a Treaties in February 2000. It takes various Military Technical Agreement. decisions aimed at stepping up the Euro- pean common security and defence policy, 10 Jun 1999 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Sec- adopts a common strategy with regard to retary-General Javier Solana announces a Ukraine, a millennium declaration and a formal halt to the bombing campaign in declaration on Chechnya, and approves Kosovo. guidelines for employment for 2000.

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16 Dec 1999 The European Union-Canada summit is 14 Nov 2000 The Committee of Regions holds a Con- held in Ottawa. ference on enlargement, globalisation and new forms of governance in Brussels. 17 Dec 1999 The European Union-United States of America summit is held in Washington. 15 Nov 2000 15–16 November: the Euro-Mediterranean Conference takes place in Marseilles. 21 Dec 1999 Second EU-China summit held in Beijing. 20 Nov 2000 The Council adopts a regulation extending 2000 exceptional trade measures for countries participating in or linked to the stabilisa- 1 Jan 2000 The Schengen Information System (SIS) tion and association process to the Fed- comes into force, a governmental database eral Republic of Yugoslavia and the For- used by European counties to maintain and mer Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. It distribute information on individuals and also adopts negotiating brief with a view property. The intended purposes are na- to reaching a stabilisation and association tional security, border control and law en- agreement with Croatia. forcement. 23 Nov 2000 23–24 November: the European Union/ 9 Apr 2000 The European Community and the Former Balkans Summit takes place in Zagreb. The Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia sign their Stabilisation and Association Process be- first stabilisation and association agree- tween the EU and the Balkan States is of- ment. ficially endorsed by all participants. 2 May 2000 2–4 May: a European Union troika visits 7 Dec 2000 7–9 December: A European Council is held the Korean peninsula, visiting the capitals in Nice and reaches political agreement of North and South Korea, namely Pyong- on a new Treaty amending the constitu- yang and Seoul. ent treaties to provide for the participation of new members in the institutions (to be 19 May 2000 Bilateral agreement on China’s WTO acces- known as the Nice Treaty). sion signed by EU in Beijing. This was after lengthy negotiations focusing on EU de- 7 Dec 2000 The Presidents of the European Parliament, mands that China allow 51% foreign own- the European Council and the European ership of telecoms and insurance firms. The Commission formally proclaim the Char- final agreement was on the condition that ter of Fundamental Rights of the European China agree to 25% foreign ownership on Union in Nice. accession, 35% after 1 year and 49% after 3 years. 2001 23 Jun 2000 The European Community and the Afri- 1 Jan 2001 EU parliament releases the “EU Strategy can, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP) Towards China: Implementation of the sign, in Cotonou, Benin, a new Convention, 1998 Communication and Future Steps for replacing those signed in Lomé. This agree- a More Effective EU Policy.” ment gives ACP exports preferential access to the EU market. 1 Jan 2001 Sweden assumes Presidency of the Council of the European Union. 28 Jun 2000 The first European Union-India Summit meeting is held in Lisbon. 15 Jan 2001 Italian Prime Minister Giuliano Amato and Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji discuss 11 Jul 2000 Chinese Prime Minister Zhu Rongji visits Sino-Italian relations and international and Brussels. This is the first visit of a Chinese regional issues of common concern at the Premier to the Commission. Great Hall of the People, China. 1 Oct 2000 October: The Vatican canonizes 120 saints 8 Feb 2001 The European Commission adopts a Green who were martyred in China. Paper on Integrated Product Policy (IPP). 24 Oct 2000 Third EU-China summit held in Beijing. 26 Feb 2001 The Treaty of Nice is signed by leaders of 8 Nov 2000 The European Commission adopts a pro- the member States of the EU. posal for a regulation laying down the gen- 1 Apr 2001 China and Italy sign an agreement on scien- eral principles of food law and establishing tific and technological co-operation. the European Food Authority. 9 Apr 2001 An EU delegation travels to Chin to discuss 8 Nov 2000 The European Commission delivers to the the Kyoto Protocol on global warming. Council its overall report on enlargement, consisting of progress reports assessing the 15 May 2001 The European Commission releases its preparation of the candidate countries and strategy towards China “Implementation an “Accession Partnership” proposal iden- of the 1998 Communication and Future tifying the key issues Turkey must address Steps for a more Effective EU Policy”. before starting accession negotiations.

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16 May 2001 Chinese President Jiang Zemin meets vis- European Union, and the European Com- iting Austrian President Thomas Klestil at missioner for External Relations) meet in the Great Hall of the People, China. New York. 17 May 2001 Chinese Vice-Premier Qian Qichen discuss- 30 Nov 2001 Political Directors Troika meeting, Beijing. es bilateral relations with Austrian Federal 8 Dec 2001 EU-China Human Rights Seminar, Brus- President Thomas Klestil at Diaoyutai State sels. Guesthouse, China. 11 Dec 2001 The People’s Republic of China is officially 1 Jul 2001 Belgium takes over the Presidency of the admitted to the World Trade Organization Council of the European Union. WTO as the 143rd member. 13 Jul 2001 The IOC executive committee elects Beijing to host of the 2008 Olympic Games. 2002 1 Sep 2001 China organises a successful “Chinese 1 Jan 2002 Spain takes over the Presidency of the Week” in Germany. Council of the European Union. Euro coins 2 Sep 2001 Ireland and China sign a Memorandum of and notes enter into circulation in the Understanding on Cultural Co-operation twelve participating Member States; Aus- agreeing that a Chinese Cultural Festival tria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, will be held in Ireland and an Irish Cultural Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Festival, China. Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. 3 Sep 2001 Premier Zhu Rongji meets Irish Prime 15 Jan 2002 Chinese Foreign Minister Tang Jiaxuan Minister Ahern and Irish President Mary meets visiting British Secretary of Foreign McAleese to discuss the continued devel- Affairs Jack Straw to discuss bilateral ties opment of bilateral relations between Ire- and international and regional issues. 2002 land and China. marks the 30th anniversary of the establishment of ambassador-level diplomatic ties 5 Sep 2001 Fourth China-EU summit, Brussels. between China and the UK and the fifth an- 17 Sep 2001 China and the EU launch a bi-lateral Infor- niversary of Hong Kong’s return to China. mation Society Working Group. 23 Jan 2002 Foreign Minister Tang Jiaxuan meets visit- 25 Oct 2001 25–26 October: 1. EU-China Human Rights ing Irish Foreign Minister Brian Cowen at Dialogue, Beijing. (academic ‘Dialogue the Great Hall of the People to discuss anti- Seminars’ on human rights topics between terrorism efforts and other international representatives of the EU (drawn from Eu- and regional issues of mutual concern. Ire- ropean Commission, Presidency of the Eu- land seeks to expand economic exchanges ropean Union, and the EU-China network) and cooperation with China. and the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Af- 30 Jan 2002 30–31 January: EU-China Joint Committee fairs.) 2. EU Director General for Enterprise Meeting on the Agreement on Trade and and AQSIQ (the General Administration of Economic Cooperation between the Euro- Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quar- pean Economic Community and the Peo- antine of the People’s Republic of China) ple’s Republic of China of 1985 (EU-China launch a Dialogue on Enterprise, Industrial Joint Committee Meeting), Brussels. Policy and Regulation 1 Mar 2002 The EU Commission releases the EU-China 29 Oct 2001 Vice-President Hu Jintao pays an official Country Strategy Paper 2002–2006. visit to the UK and meets Lord Derry Ir- vine, the British Lord High Chancellor of 5 Mar 2002 5–6 March: China-EU Human Rights Dia- the Upper House and Chief Justice. logue, Madrid. 30 Oct 2001 British Queen Elizabeth II meets Vice-Presi- 15 Mar 2002 15–16 March: At a European Council meet- dent Hu Jintao and his wife in Buckingham ing in Barcelona, Spain, EU leaders urge the Palace. speedy adoption of legislation for the opening of markets. 31 Oct 2001 Vice-President Hu Jintao meets British Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott and 1 Apr 2002 European Commissioner for External Re- Scotland’s First Minister Henrry McLeish lations, Chris Patten, pays his first official in Edinburgh. visit to China. 1 Nov 2001 The Chinese Minister of Cultural Affairs, 3 Apr 2002 Patten and Chinese Minister of Foreign Sun Jiazheng visits Germany to discuss the Trade and Economic Cooperation Shi development of the cultural relations be- Guangsheng sign (i) the Sino-EU energy tween the two countries. and environment programme agreement and (ii) the Sino-EU Agreement on the Eu- 13 Nov 2001 China – EU Ministerial Troika (Foreign Af- ropean Study Centre programme. fairs Minister of the Member State holding the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, 8 Apr 2002 Chinese President Jiang Zemin visits the the Secretary-General of the Council of the Federal Republic of Germany.

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16 May 2002 China and the EU begin negotiations on Germany and uses the world’s fastest train Chinese participation in the GALILEO pro- technology. ject (world’s first global satellite position- ing system for civil use). 2003 31 May 2002 The European Union ratifies the Kyoto Pro- 1 Jan 2003 Greece takes over the Presidency of the tocol. Council of the European Union. The EU 26 Jun 2002 The German Foreign Office presents its celebrates 10 years of the Single Market. new East Asia regional plan focusing on the 14 Feb 2003 EU–China Ministerial Troika, Beijing. “integration of China”. March Hu Jintao is elected as President by Nation- 23 Jul 2002 The Treaty establishing the European Coal al People’s Congress in China. and Steel Community (ECSC) expires after fifty years. 5 Mar 2003 EU-China Human Rights Dialogue, Ath- ens, Greece. 1 Aug 2002 China and France sign Sino-French agreement on cultural cooperation. 10 Mar 2003 EU opens the European Economic and Trade Office in Taiwan. 2 Sep 2002 Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji and Italian Prime Minister Silvio Burlesconi launch the 9 Apr 2003 The European Parliament gives its assent Sino-Italian Environmental Cooperation to the accession of the Czech Republic, Es- Project at the World Summit on Sustainable tonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg. Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia to the European Union. 20 Sep 2002 Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji meets both Austrian Federal Chancellor Wolfgang 16 Apr 2003 The Treaty of Accession between the EU Schuessel, Austrian Federal President and the Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Thomas Klestil in Vienna. Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia is signed in Athens, 22 Sep 2002 Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) IV and the Greece. fifth EU-China summit, (Annual meeting attended by the Chinese Prime Minister and 3 Jun 2003 China requests market economy status un- other relevant Ministers and, for the EU, by der the EU’s anti-dumping instrument. the President of the Council of Ministers, the President of the European Commission 10 Jun 2003 China and India reach de facto agreement and the High Representative for Common over status of Tibet and Sikkim in a land- Foreign and Security Policy, as well as other mark cross-border trade agreement. relevant Ministers and European Commis- 25 Jun 2003 UK Prime Minister Tony Blair meets Chi- sioners) Copenhagen, Demark. nese Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing in Lon- 26 Sep 2002 France and China sign an agreement on don. cultural cooperation between the two na- 30 Jun 2003 EU-China Ministerial Troika, Athens, tions. Greece. 9 Oct 2002 The European Commission recommends 20 Jul 2003 UK Prime Minister Tony Blair begins an of- the conclusion of accession negotiations by ficial visit to China. the end of 2002 with the following countries: Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, 10 Sep 2003 European Commission adopts policy paper Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, “A maturing partnership: shared interests the Slovak Republic and Slovenia. and challenges in EU-China relations”. 13 Nov 2002 EU-China Human Rights Dialogue, Beijing. 10 Sep 2003 German President Johannes Rau makes his first official visit to China and visits the 15 Nov 2002 Chinese Vice-President Hu Jintao is named Chinese-German Centre for the Promotion head of the ruling Communist Party, re- of Science in Beijing -a joint institution of placing Jiang Zemin, the outgoing presi- the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and dent. Jiang is elected as head of the Central the Chinese Science Foundation. Military Commission. October China’s first manned spacecraft is launched. 1 Dec 2002 The European and Chinese authorities cre- Astronaut Yang Liwei is sent into space by ate an “EU-China Working Group on Digi- a Long March 2F rocket. tal Olympics”, co-chaired by the European Commission and the Chinese Ministry of 6 Oct 2003 The Chinese Year in France starts as the first Science and Technology. of two years of two-way cultural exchanges between France and China. 6 Dec 2002 The EU and China sign the EU-China Mari- time Transport Agreement. 9 Oct 2003 Chinese President Hu Jintao meets visiting Irish President Mary McAleese at the 31 Dec 2002 German Chancellor Schröder participates Great Hall of the People, China. McAleese in the maiden voyage of the Transrapid in praises the achievements in modernization Shanghai, China which was constructed in of the Chinese and notes that bilateral trade

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between China and Ireland has increased 2004 seven-fold in the past five years. 1 Jan 2004 Ireland takes over the Presidency of the 10 Oct 2003 Premier Wen Jiabao Meets Irish President Council of the European Union. Mary McAleese. 1 Jan 2004 The European Year of Education through 13 Oct 2003 The EU updates its strategy on China and Sport, EYES 2004, is launched in Garmisch- lanches the paper “A Maturing Partner- Partenkirchen, Germany. ship: Shared Interests and Challenges in EU-China Relations”. 10 Feb 2004 China and the EU sign “Guidelines for Common Action” at the EU-China Ministe- 13 Oct 2003 The first Chinese policy paper on the EU is rial Troika. released. 12 Feb 2004 China and the EU sign a Memorandum of 15 Oct 2003 Chinese Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing and Understanding, under which the EU will British Secretary of State for Foreign and enjoy an “Approved Destination Status” Commonwealth Affairs Jack Straw and US (ADS) (the “Tourism Agreement”). Secretary of State Colin Powell discuss the UN Security Council’s draft resolution on 26 Feb 2004 EU-China Human Rights Dialogue, Dub- Iraq. lin, Ireland. 30 Oct 2003 At the sixth EU-China summit in Beijing, 26 Feb 2004 Political Directors Troika, Beijing, China. China and the European Union agree to launch a structured dialogue on intellectual 10 Mar 2004 10–11 March: Deputy Prime Minister and property rights. European Union leaders Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom sign an agreement to lessen visa restric- meets Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs of tions for Chinese tourists and China agrees China Zhang Yesui. to support the EU’s satellite navigation sys- 12 Mar 2004 Vice Foreign Minister Zhang Yesui meets tem. Foreign Ministry of Ireland to discuss Chi- 31 Oct 2003 Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao and Prime na-Ireland bilateral relations and China-EU Minister Berlusconi sign a memorandum relations. on the mutual establishment of cultural 25 Mar 2004 25–26 March: Fourth Annual Spring Euro- centers between the two countries. pean Council, Brussels, Belgium. 3 Nov 2003 Chinese Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing 16 Apr 2004 EU Commission President Romano Prodi meets Austrian Foreign Minister Benita visits China. Ferrero-Waldner at the Chinese foreign ministry building. 1 May 2004 The EU Accession Treaty comes into force. 10 new countries -Cyprus, the Czech Re- 4 Nov 2003 Premier Wen Jiabao meets Austrian For- public, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithu- eign Minister Benita Ferrero-Waldner at ania, Malta, Poland, the Slovak Republic, Ziguangge, Zhongnanhai. and Slovenia -together representing more 18 Nov 2003 Meeting of the European Union Ministers than 100 million citizens -join the European of Foreign Affairs Intergovernmental Con- Union. ference (formal procedure for negotiating 6 May 2004 Chinese PM Wen Jiabao visits European amendments to the founding treaties of the Commission Headquarters and signs new European Union) Brussels, Belgium. dialogue initiatives and the ‘Customs Co- 21 Nov 2003 Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing extends sym- operation’ agreement. pathies to British Foreign Secretary Jack 6 May 2004 6–9 March: While visiting Italy, Chinese Straw over the casualties of British diplo- Premier Wen Jiabao attends a symposium matic personnel in the terrorist bombings on bilateral investment between China and in Istanbul. Italy in Rome, meets Italian Prime Minister 26 Nov 2003 EU-China Human Rights Dialogue, Beijing, Silvio Berlusconi, the Italian President and China. Speakers of the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives, and visits some key industrial 1 Dec 2003 German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder vis- enterprises in the Toscana Region. its China. 10 May 2004 Premier Wen Jiabao meets British Prime 3 Dec 2003 3–4 December: Asia-Europe Meeting Minister Tony Blair and the Speakers of the (ASEM) on ‘Cultures and Civilizations’, House of Lords and the House of Commons Beijing, China. Chinese Minister of Culture and addresses the China-Britain Business acknowledges the prominent role of culture Council. in Asia-Europe relations. 11 May 2004 Premier Wen Jiabao meets Irish Prime Min- 30 Dec 2003 China and the European Union launch a ister Bertie Ahern to discuss China-EU rela- space mission to study the Earth’s magnetic tions. fields.

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12 May 2004 Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao meets Irish 11 May 2005 Ministerial Troika Beijing, China. President Mary McAleesse, Chairman of 8 Jun 2005 Chairman Wu Bangguo of the Standing Dáil Éireann (Irish House of Representa- Committee of the National People’s Con- tives) Rory O’Hanlon and Chairman of the gress (NPC) meets Rory O’Hanlon, Chair- Senate Rory Kiely. man of the Irish House of Representatives, 1 Jul 2004 The Netherlands takes over the Presidency and Rory Kiely, Chairman of the Irish Sen- of the Council of the European Union. ate, at the Great Hall of the People. 24 Sep 2004 EU-China Human Rights dialogue, Beijing, 30 Jun 2005 EU-China Civil Aviation Summit, Beijing, China. China. 8 Oct 2004 EU-China Ministerial Troika, Hanoi, Viet- 7 Jul 2005 First meeting on the EU-China new Tour- nam. ism Agreement (Approved Destination Sta- tus Agreement – ADS). 9 Oct 2004 Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao Meets Swed- ish, Polish and Irish State Leaders. 14 Jul 2005 14–18 July: newly elected European Com- mission President Jose Manuel Barroso 14 Oct 2004 China and Russia sign an agreement to pays an official visit to China. settle their border conflicts. The Yinlong Island (Tarabarov Island) and half of the 16 Aug 2005 16–24 August: Chinese Foreign Minister Li Heixiazi Island (Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island) Zhaoxing visits Lithuania, Serbia, Macedo- are transferred to China. nia, Estonia, Latvia and Cyprus. 29 Oct 2004 EU Heads of State, government leaders and 28 Aug 2005 EU and Chinese officials meet to discuss Foreign ministers sign the Treaty establish- the new limits on Chinese clothing imports ing a Constitution for Europe. to the EU. 12 Nov 2004 Geographical Directors’ Troika Beijing, 5 Sep 2005 Eighth EU-China Summit, Beijing. The EU China. and China sign a Memorandum of Under- standing on labour, employment and social 16 Nov 2004 Vice Premier of the Chinese State Coun- affairs; a joint statement on cooperation in cil Huang Ju meets Irish President Mary space exploitation, science and technology McAleese and Irish Prime Minister Bertie development and a joint declaration on cli- Ahern. mate change. 29 Nov 2004 China signs a landmark trade agreement 6 Sep 2005 UK Prime Minister Tony Blair visits China. with 10 South-East Asian countries. 8 Sep 2005 8–9 September: At the invitation of Premier 6 Dec 2004 Premier Wen Jiabao of the State Council Wen Jiabao, Prime Minister of the Republic and Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi of Hungary Gyurcsany Ferenc visits China. meet in Ziguangge, Zhongnanhai. 3 Oct 2005 European Union accession negotiations 8 Dec 2004 Seventh EU-China Summit, The Hague. open with Turkey and Croatia. The EU and China sign: 1. Joint declaration on Non-proliferations and Arms Control; 24 Oct 2005 24–25 October: Foreign Minister of the Re- 2. EU-China Customs Cooperation Agree- public of Hungary Somogyi Ferenc visits ment; 3. Agreement on R&D cooperation China. on the peaceful use of nuclear energy. 25 Oct 2005 25–27 October: Human Rights Dialogue, 2005 Beijing, China. 27 Oct 2005 Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Dai Bingguo 19 Jan 2005 Chairman Wu Bangguo of the Standing and Andreas Khol, Speaker of the Austrian Committee of the National People’s Con- National Parliament meet to discuss Sino- gress (NPC) meets Ireland’s Prime Minister Austrian relations. Bertie Ahern in the Great Hall of the Peo- 4 Nov 2005 EU-China Joint Committee, Brussels. ple, China. 8 Nov 2005 8–17 November: Chinese President Hu Jin- 24 Feb 2005 EU-China Human Rights Dialogue, Lux- tao visits the UK, Germany and Spain. emburg. 26 Nov 2005 26–17 November: Foreign Minister Mihai 20 Apr 2005 Austrian Prime Minister Wolfgang Schues- Razvan Ungureanu of Romania pays an of- sel meets Premier Wen Jiabao and Vice- ficial visit to China. President Zeng Qinghong at the Great Hall of the People, China. 4 Dec 2005 4–15 December: Premier Wen Jiabao visits France, Slovakia, Czech, Portugal & Ma- May Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao proposes laysia and attends the ASEAN Plus China, strengthening China-EU leader strategic Japan and Republic of Korea Summit. dialogue and expanding bilateral economic and technological cooperation at a visit to 20 Dec 2005 First EU-China Strategic Dialogue, London, the European Parliament. UK.

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2006 17 Jul 2006 Chinese Premier Hu Jintao and Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi meet in St. 1 Jan 2006 The EU and China sign the EU-China Petersburg, Russia to discuss Sino-Italian Memorandum of Understanding on food relations. safety in Beijing, China. 20 Jul 2006 20–21 July: Foreign Minister Philippe 1 Jan 2006 Austria takes over the Presidency of the Douste-Blazy of the Republic of France Council of the European Union. pays an official visit to China. 31 Jan 2006 Chinese Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing at- 9 Sep 2006 Ninth China-EU summit, Helsinki, Fin- tends the London Conference on Afghani- land. stan. 13 Sep 2006 13–18 Sep: At the invitation of Premier Wen 3 Feb 2006 EU-China Ministerial Troika, Vienna, Aus- Jiabao of the State Council, Prime Minister tria. Romano Prodi of Italy pays an official visit to China. 20 Feb 2006 EU Commission and Chinese Government sign a Memorandum of Understanding on 18 Sep 2006 Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi meets cooperation on near-zero emissions power Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao. generation technology. 19 Sep 2006 19–28 September: Chinese Vice Premier 22 Feb 2006 22–23 Feb: German Foreign Minister Frank- Zeng Peiyan pays official visits Ireland, Walter Steinmeier pays an official visit to Belgium, Hungary and Norway. China. 26 Sep 2006 Vice Premier of the State Council of China, 12 Apr 2006 60th anniversary of the International Court Zeng, meets Irish entrepreneurs in Dublin. of Justice. 11 Oct 2006 Official launch of China-EU Science and 11 May 2006 11–13 May: Minister for Foreign Affairs Technology Year. of Ireland, Dermot Ahern, pays an official 19 Oct 2006 Human Rights Dialogue, Beijing, China. visit to China and meets Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing. 24 Oct 2006 EU Commission issues the communication “EU-China: Closer Partners, Growing re- 20 Mar 2006 Spanish Foreign Minister Miguel Angel sponsibilities”. Moratinos visits China. 25 Oct 2006 25–28 October: President Jacques Chirac 27 Mar 2006 Political Directors Troika, Beijing, China. of the French Republic pays a state visit to 27 Mar 2006 Romanian President Traian Basescu pays a China. state visit to China. 7 Nov 2006 EU-China Joint Committee, Beijing. 28 Mar 2006 Foreign Minister Stefan Meller of Poland 12 Nov 2006 12–15 November: Deputy Prime Minister pays an official visit to China. and Foreign Minister of Italy pays an of- 30 Mar 2006 EU and China hold bilateral consultations ficial visit to China to attends the second under the Climate Change Partnership, in joint meeting of China-Italy Inter-Govern- Vienna, Austria. mental Committee. 6 Apr 2006 Geographical Directors Troika, Brussels. 13 Nov 2006 Chinese Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing meets visiting Italian Deputy Prime Minis- 12 Apr 2006 12–25 April: Chinese Vice Premier Hui Li- ter and Foreign Minister Massimo D’Alema angyu pays official visits to Albania,- Po in Diaoyutai State Guesthouse. land and the Czech Republic. 7 Dec 2006 The European Commission and the Chi- 12 May 2006 Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing meets visit- nese National Development and Reform ing Irish Foreign Minister Dermot Ahern in Commission hold the first EU-China mac- the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse. roeconomic dialogue. 15 May 2006 The EU Commission and the Chinese Na- 19 Dec 2006 19–21 December: Minister of Foreign Af- tional Development and Reform Commis- fairs Jan Kubis of Slovakia visits China sion sign a Memorandum of Understand- ing on regional policy cooperation. 2007 25 May 2006 Human Rights Dialogue, Vienna. 1 Jan 2007 Bulgaria and Romania join the EU. This 6 Jun 2006 Second EU-China Strategic Dialogue, Lon- raises the number of EU Member States don. to 27 and the population within the Union 12 Jul 2006 12–14 July: Spanish Prince Felipe De Bor- to 492.8 million inhabitants. Germany as- bony Grecia pays an official visit to China. sumes presidency of the EU. 17 Jul 2006 17–22 July: King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden 16 Jan 2007 16–18 January: EU Commissioner for Exter- pays a state visit to China. nal Relations Ferrero-Waldner visits Beijing and launches negotiations on a Partnership and Cooperation Agreement.

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24 Jan 2007 24 January – 2 February: Chinese State 19 Jun 2007 Assistant Chinese Foreign Minister Kong Councilor Hua Jianmin attends the 2007 urges progress on the ‘China-Italy Inter- World Economic Forum Meeting in Swit- Governmental Committee’ at a meeting zerland and visits Austria and Greece. with Italian Deputy Foreign Minister Ver- netti. 30 Jan 2007 30 January – 3 February: Jose Socrates, Prime Minister of the Republic of Portugal 21 Jun 2007 Fourth ministerial-level meeting on energy pays an official visit to China. between the European Union (EU) and the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting 5 Feb 2007 5–9 February: Prime Minister Robert Fico of Countries (OPEC), Vienna, Austria. the Slovak Republic visits China. 22 Jun 2007 First meeting of the ‘EU-China Civil Society 13 Feb 2007 Assistant Chinese Foreign Minister Kong Round Table’, Beijing, China. Quan meets the Director of the Chinese Af- fairs Office in Salzburg. 24 Jun 2007 24–29 June: King Juan Carlos I of Spain pays a state visit to China. 28 Feb 2007 28 February – 1 March: French Foreign Min- ister Philippe Douste-Blazy pays an official 1 Jul 2007 Portugal takes over the Presidency of the visit to China. Council of the European Union. 5 Mar 2007 Geographical Directors Troika, Beijing. 30 Jul 2007 11th EU-China Human Rights, Beijing. 24 Mar 2007 50th anniversary of the Treaties of Rome. 26 Aug 2007 26–29 August: Chancellor Angela Merkel of the Federal Republic of Germany pays an 25 Mar 2007 25–28 March: Prime Minister of the King- official visit to China. dom of Norway Stoltenberg visits China. 12 Sep 2007 Chinese Assistant Foreign Minister Kong 2 Apr 2007 2–8 April: María Teresa Fernández de la Quan attends a meeting of the China-Italy Vega, the First Vice President and Minister Governmental Committee and meets Ital- of the Presidency of Spain pays an official ian Deputy Foreign Minister Vernetti. visit to China. 15 Oct 2007 The EU and Montenegro sign a stabiliza- 3 Apr 2007 The European Community becomes the tion and association agreement (SAA) in first organisation to accede to the Hague Luxemburg. Conference on Private International Law. 17 Oct 2007 Human Rights Dialogue, Beijing, China. 3 May 2007 EU Commission and the European Central Bank discuss economic policy issues with 18 Oct 2007 18–19 October: Key EU summit on the Re- Chinese counterparts, Beijing, China. form Treaty takes place in Lisbon. Text is agreed for the new ‘Lisbon Treaty’ which is 8 May 2007 Political Directors Troika, Brussels. formally signed by all European leaders in 8 May 2007 8–13 May: Foreign Minister Dora Bakoyan- Lisbon on 13 December 2007. nis of Greece pays an official visit to China. 21 Sep 2007 A new Roman Catholic bishop of Beijing 15 May 2007 15–16 May: Human Rights Dialogue, Ber- is consecrated the first for over 50 years to lin, Germany. have the approval of the Pope. 15 May 2007 15–17 May: Foreign Minister Maxime Ver- 25 Oct 2007 The third EU-China Strategic Dialogue, Lis- hagen of the Kingdom of the Netherlands bon. pays an official visit to China. 31 Oct 2007 French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner 16 May 2007 Margaret Beckett, UK Secretary of State for pays an official visit to China. Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs pays 14 Nov 2007 Second meeting of the EU-China Civil Soci- an official visit to China. ety Round Table, Brussels. 20 May 2007 20–23 May: Minister of Foreign Affairs and 25 Nov 2007 25–27 November: President of the Republic European Integration of Croatia Kolinda of France pays a state visit to China. Grabar-Kitarovic pays an official visit to China. 26 Nov 2007 China and the European Union discuss China’s solar panel exports at the annual 23 May 2007 23–26 May: President of Federal Republic Joint Committee Talks on trade. of Germany Horst Koehler pays a state visit to China. 27 Nov 2007 27–29 November: President of the Euro group, Prime Minister and Minister of Fi- 8 Jun 2007 Chinese President Hu Jintao meets Italian nance of Luxemburg, Mr. Trichet, President Prime Minister Romano Prodi in Germany of the European Central Bank and Mr. Alu- to discuss strengthening Chinese-Italian mina, EU Commissioner for Economic and and Chinese-European ties. Monetary Affairs visit Beijing to discuss 11 Jun 2007 11–12 June: EU-China Joint Committee, China-EU economic and financial coopera- Brussels. tion. 28 Nov 2007 Euro-zone Troika and Chinese counterparts, Beijing, China.

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28 Nov 2007 10th EU-China Summit, Beijing. The EU 12 Jun 2008 In a referendum in Ireland, 53.4% of the and China (i) establish a High Level Eco- electorate vote against the Treaty of Lisbon. nomic and Trade Dialogue and (ii) agree to 13 Jun 2008 13–15 June: Vice Chancellor and Foreign enhance cooperation on climate change. Minister Steinmeier of the Federal Republic 12 Dec 2007 European Parliament President, Jose Ma- of Germany pays an official visit to China. nuel Barroso and Jose Socrates, Portuguese 18 Jun 2008 18–19 June: The European Council decides Prime Minister and President-in-office of to continue the ratification process of the the EU Council, sign the Charter of Funda- Lisbon Treaty. EU leaders urge internation- mental Rights in Strasbourg. al cooperation to deal with rising food and 13 Dec 2007 EU leaders sign the Treaty of Lisbon at fuel prices. Mosteiro dos Jeronimos, Lisbon. 23 Jun 2008 23–26 June: Third meeting of the EU-China 21 Dec 2007 The Schengen area is enlarged to include Civil Society Roundtable, Beijing, China. Estonia, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, 23 Jun 2008 23–27 June: Greek President Karolos Pa- Hungary, Latvia, Malta, Poland, Slovakia poulias visits China. and Slovenia. 1 Jul 2008 France assumes Presidency of the Council 2008 of the EU. 21 Jul 2008 The former Bosnian Serb leader Radovan 1 Jan 2008 Slovenia takes over the Presidency of the Karadzic is arrested after 13 years on the Council of the European Union. Cyprus run. He is sent to the International Criminal and Malta adopt the euro, bringing euro- Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) area membership to 15 EU countries and a at The Hague for trial. population of around 320 million. 7 Sep 2008 Third China-Europe Forum, Hamburg, 18 Jan 2008 18–20 January: Gordon Brown, UK Prime Germany. Minister pays an official visit to China. 24 Sep 2008 24–25 September: EU-China Joint Commit- 28 Jan 2008 EU approves the launch of a military op- tee, Beijing. eration in eastern Chad and north eastern Central African Republic – EUFOR Tchad/ 23 Oct 2008 One of China’s most prominent human RCA – within the framework of the Euro- rights activists, Hu Jia, wins the European pean Security and Defence Policy (ESDP), Parliament’s prestigious Sakharov Prize for and in accordance with UN Security Coun- Freedom of Thought. cil Resolution 1778 (2007). 24 Oct 2008 Seventh Asia-EU meeting (ASEM7), China. 16 Feb 2008 The Council of the European Union establishes the European Union Rule of Law 6 Nov 2008 Fourth meeting of the EU-China Civil Soci- Mission in Kosovo -”EULEX Kosovo”. ety Roundtable, Paris, France. 24 Feb 2008 24–29 February: David Miliband, UK Sec- 16 Nov 2008 16–26 November: Chinese State Councilor retary of State for Foreign and Common- Liu Yandong attends the 48th Session of wealth Affairs pays an official visit to Chi- UNESCO International Education Confer- na. ence, Geneva. 11 Mar 2008 Geographical Directors’ Troika, Brussels 28 Nov 2008 EU-China Human Rights Dialogue, Beijing. 15 Apr 2008 The EU and Montenegro sign a bilateral 12 Dec 2008 Brussels summit – EU leaders reach agree- WTO accession agreement. ment on climate action, a response to financial crisis and on a plan for Ireland to ratify 24 Apr 2008 24–25 April: President José Manuel Barroso the Lisbon Treaty. and nine EU Commissioners meet their counterparts in Beijing. 12 Dec 2008 The EU admits Switzerland to its ‘Schen- gen area’, which allows people to travel 25 Apr 2008 First EU-China High Level Economic and between countries without border checks. Trade Dialogue, Beijing, China. 15 May 2008 Political Directors’ Troika, Beijing. 2009

15 May 2008 Human Rights Dialogue, Brdo, Slovenia. 1 Jan 2009 The euro becomes legal tender in Slovakia. 9 Jun 2008 EU-China Ministerial Troika, Ljubljana. 1 Jan 2009 The Czech Republic assumes the rotating Presidency of the Council of the European 10 Jun 2008 Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi Union for the first time. Presidency priori- meets visiting Chinese Foreign Minister ties include the economy and energy. Yang Jiechi in Rome. 19 Jan 2009 19–22 January: President Heinz Fischer of 11 Jun 2008 Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi visits the Republic of Austria pays a state visit to Brussels. China.

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19 Jan 2009 Fourth round of China-EU Strategic Dia- for Hubei Xinye Steel and Shangdong Lux- logue, Beijing. ing Steel Pipe and 24.2 % for the general imports from other Chinese steel companies. 30 Jan 2009 Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao visits Brussels to discuss China-EU relations. 11 Apr 2009 Scotland’s First Minister Alex Salmond pledges Scotland’s cooperation with the 8 Feb 2009 Switzerland votes to extend the agreement Chinese National Development and Re- on the free movement of persons between form Commission on renewable energy the EU and Switzerland. sources. 22 Feb 2009 European members of the G20 group meet 13 Apr 2009 Li Yuanchao, member of the Chinese Po- in Berlin. Leaders agree on the need for a litical Bureau and Secretariat of the CCP common approach to combat the financial Central Committee and a German Chris- crisis. tian Democratic Union (CDU) delegation 1 Mar 2009 1–3 March: Mr. Carl Bildt, Minister for For- attend a meeting at the Great Hall of the eign Affairs of Sweden pays an official visit People, China. to China. 13 Apr 2009 Wang Shengjun, President of the Supreme 29 Mar 2009 29–30 March: European Commissioner B. People’s Court of China, meets Lasar Geor- Ferrero-Waldner visits China. giev Gruev, President of Bulgarian Su- preme Court of Cassation. 31 Mar 2009 Chinese Deputy Foreign Minister Wu Da- weio attends an international conference on 16 Apr 2009 Chinese Vice Foreign Minister He Yafei and Afghanistan in the Netherlands. visiting Italian Foreign Minister Sherpa Gi- ampiero Massolo meet to discuss the up- 1 Apr 2009 Chinese President Hu Jintao meets British coming G8 Outreach Session. Prime Minister Gordon Brown in London to discuss bilateral relations. 21 Apr 2009 Chinese Vice-Premier Wang Qishan meets Dieter Zetsche, Chairman of the board of 1 Apr 2009 Chinese President Hu Jintao and US Presi- management of the German automaker dent Barack Obama meet in London to dis- Daimler AG. Wang expresses desire to fur- cuss China-US ties and the financial crisis. ther cooperation between Daimler AG and They agree to establish the “China-US Stra- China. tegic and Economic Dialogue”. 21 Apr 2009 The China Atomic Energy Author- 1 Apr 2009 China and France release a press statement ity (CAEA) and the French Atomic Energy in both Beijing and Paris on the formation Commission sign the 10th agreement for of a new strategic dialogue between France continued cooperation in the peaceful use and China. of nuclear power. 2 Apr 2009 President Hu Jintao participates in the 22 Apr 2009 At the China Tianjin International Busi- second G-20 Leaders Summit on Financial ness Convention for Aerospace Industries, Markets and the Global Economy in Lon- French Minister of State for Foreign Trade don. Anne-Marie Idrac expresses French interest 2 Apr 2009 Chinese Commerce Minister Chen Deming in co-operating with China on its large-jet meets World Trade Organization (WTO) industry and invites the Commercial Air- Director General Pascal Lamy. China com- craft Corporation of China Ltd (CACC), to mits to resist trade protectionism. attend the Paris aerospace convention in June for further talks. 2 Apr 2009 In response to the Democratic People’s Re- public of Korea’s (DPRK) planned satellite 24 Apr 2009 Chinese Premier Hu Jintao and Speaker launch, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokes- of the French National Assembly Bernard man Qin Gang makes an appeal for peace Accoyer marks the 45th anniversary of the and stability on the peninsula. establishment of Sino-French diplomatic relations at a meeting in China. 3 Apr 2009 Defence Minister Liang Guanglie indicates to visiting Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff 27 Apr 2009 China and Germany sign the Chinese-Ger- of the British Armed Forces, Timothy John man Memorandum of Understanding on Granville-Chapman that Chinese armed Cooperation in the Legal Field under which forces would be open to military exchanges Germany commits to provide 8 million with Britain. euro for training of judges, social insurance and law enforcement. 7 Apr 2009 Chinese Vice-Premier Li Keqiang meets former French Prime Minister Jean-Pierre 28 Apr 2009 Former French President Jacques Chirac Raffarin to discuss the development of Si- visits Beijing at the invitation of the Chi- no-French relations. nese People’s Institute of Foreign Affairs and meets Chinese President Hu Jintao. 8 Apr 2009 The European Commission announces anti-dumping duties on Chinese seamless 28 Apr 2009 28–29 April: 8th Euro-China Forum in Tian- steel pipes. Duties are set at a rate of 15 % jin, China.

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29 Apr 2009 Chinese Ambassador to the EU, Song Zhe presented by the capital’s mayor, Bertrand visits Brussels. Delanoe. 7 May 2009 7–8 May: Second EU-China High Level 8 Jun 2009 Third round of EU-China strategic dia- Economic and Trade Dialogue, Brussels, logue, Beijing. Co-chaired by Vice Foreign Belgium co-chaired by Chinese Vice Pre- Minister Li Hui and German Secretary of mier Wang Qishan and EU Trade Commis- State for Foreign Affairs Reinhard Silber- sioner Ashton. China urges the EU to relax berg. restrictions on Chinese technology imports. 9 Jun 2009 Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Qin 9 May 2009 Chinese Vice Premier Wang Qishan meets Gang protests the awarding of “honorary Alex Salmond, First Minister of Scotland in citizen” to the Dalai Lama by Paris. Edinburgh. 13 Jun 2009 13–27 June: He Guoqiang, member of the 9 May 2009 Guo Boxiong, Chinese Vice Chairman of Standing Committee of the Political Bureau the Central Military Commission visits to of the CCP Central Committee visits Egypt, Turkey, Germany and Finland. Spain, Jordan and Mongolia. 11 May 2009 British Prime Minister Gordon Brown 17 Jun 2009 In a speech at the International Atomic En- meets visiting Chinese Vice Premier Wang ergy Agency, the Permanent Representa- Qishan to seek China’s cooperation on tive of China to the United Nations, Tang the Copenhagen Conference on climate Guoqiang, stresses that the nuclear issues change. of Korea and Iran should be solved in a peaceful way through diplomacy. 14 May 2009 Human Rights Dialogue, Prague, Czech Republic. 18 Jun 2009 The Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries 16 May 2009 Wu Bangguo, Chairman of the Standing (CPAFFC) and the Irish Embassy in China Committee of the Chinese National Peo- co-host a reception in Beijing to mark the ple’s Congress (NPC), and Austrian Vice 30th anniversary of the establishment of Chancellor and Federal Minister of Finance diplomatic ties between China and Ireland. Josef Proll meet in Vienna and agree to expand trade and technology transfer. 18 Jun 2009 Spanish Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodri- guez Zapatero reveals Spain’s new Asia- 17 May 2009 Wang Gang, President of the China Eco- Pacific action programme to CCP Central nomic and Social Council meets Mario Committee Political Bureau Standing Com- Sepi, President of the European Economic mittee member He Guoqian which focuses and Social Committee. on China. 18 May 2009 Wu Bangguo, Chairman of the Standing 19 Jun 2009 19–20 June: He Guoqiang and Spanish For- Committee of the NPC, visits Italy at the in- eign Minister Miguel Angel Moratinos sign vitation of Italian Senate President Renato Spanish-Chinese trade deals. Schifani. Wu also meets Italian President Giorgio Napolitano and Prime Minister Sil- 22 Jun 2009 Chinese President Hu Jintao and Irish Pres- vio Berlusconi. ident Mary McAleese exchange congratula- tory messages to mark the 30th anniversary 18 May 2009 18–19 May: The fifth meeting of the EU- of the establishment of diplomatic ties be- China Civil Society Round Table, Tianjin, tween the two countries. China. 22 Jun 2009 He Guoqiang and Greek President Karolos 19 May 2009 11th EU-China Summit, Prague. The EU Papoulias and Prime Minister Kostas Kara- and China sign agreements to enhance manlis in Athens discuss a comprehensive cooperation in (i) clean energy, (ii) sci- strategic partnership between the two na- ence and technology, and (iii) small and tions. He Guoqiang also meets a number medium-sized enterprises. Meeting had of other foreign dignitaries including Eu- been postponed due a meeting between the ropean Commission President Jose Manuel Dalai Lama and French President Nicolas Barroso and UNESCO Director-General Sarkozy in Poland. Koichiro Matsuura. 20 May 2009 China and the EU sign the “China-EU Pro- 23 Jun 2009 Wu Bangguo, Chairman of the Standing gramme on Scientific and Technological Committee of the NPC in Beijing, meets Partnership”. Mircea Geoana, visiting president of Roma- 20 May 2009 Wu Bangguo, Chairman of the Standing nia’s senate. Committee of the NPC, meets Italian Pre- 25 Jun 2009 On a visit to Finland, Chinese Vice Premier mier Silvio Berlusconi in Rome. Li Keqiang commits to send a large group 27 May 2009 EU-China Ministerial Troika, Phnom Penh, of entrepreneurs to Finland to make major Cambodia. purchases of Finnish goods. 7 Jun 2009 The Dalai Lama receives the title of honor- 1 Jul 2009 Sweden takes over the rotating presidency ary citizen of the city of Paris, a distinction of the Council of the European Union for

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the second time. Presidency priorities are Nations Framework Convention on Cli- economic recovery and climate change. mate Change. 5 Jul 2009 Chinese Premier Hu Jintao attends the out- 20 Dec 2009 20–22 December: French Prime Minister reach session of the G8 summit with lead- Fillon visits China. ers from India, Brazil, South Africa and 22 Dec 2009 Serbia applies for EU membership. Mexico. 6 Jul 2009 Chinese Premier Hu Jintao meets Italian 2010 President Giorgio Napolitano in Rome, Italy. 1 Jan 2010 Spain assumes presidency of the European Council. 6 Jul 2009 Chinese Premier Hu Jintao and Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi attend 14 Jan 2010 Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Zhang Zhi- China-Italy Business Forum and Business jun meets Giuliano Urbani, Italian coordi- Matching Event in Rome. nator for the Chinese Culture Year in Italy. 7 Jul 2009 Chinese Premier Hu Jintao meets President 14 Jan 2010 Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Zhang Zhi- of the Regional Government of Veneto Gi- jun and Slovenian State Secretary, Dragolju- ancarlo Galan in Venice and Italian Culture ba Bencˇina discuss the Balkans and future Minister Bondi. bilateral cooperation between Slovenia and China. 23 Jul 2009 Iceland applies for EU membership. 21 Jan 2010 Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao meets visiting 7 Aug 2009 Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Zhang Zhi- Austrian President Heinz Fischer in Diao jun meets Cesare Romiti, Chairman of Ita- yutai State Guesthouse. ly-China Foundation. 28 Jan 2010 EU High Representative Catherine Ashton 3 Oct 2009 Referendum required to ratify the Lisbon meets Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi Treaty is passed in Ireland after rejection on to discuss Afghanistan. 12 June 2008. 11 Feb 2010 EU Heads of State and governments agree 7 Oct 2009 7–21 Oct: Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping to support the Greek government in its ef- visits Belgium, Germany, Bulgaria, Hun- forts to meet the Stability Programme tar- gary and Romania. gets for 2010. 28 Oct 2009 The 6th meeting of the EU-China Civil Soci- 24 Feb 2010 24–27 February: Discussion between EU ety Round Table, Stockholm, Sweden. and Chinese officials on the commence- 12 Nov 2009 Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Zhang Zhi- ment of the EU-China Partnership and Co- jun meets a delegation of the Italy-China operation Agreement (PCA). Cooperation Commission. 14 Mar 2010 14–17 March: David Miliband, UK Sec- 18 Nov 2009 Political Directors’ Troika, Stockholm, Swe- retary of State for Foreign and Common- den. wealth Affairs pays an official visit to Chi- na. 20 Nov 2009 Human Rights Dialogue, Beijing, China. 16 Mar 2010 Regional Directors’ Troika, Brussels, Bel- 20 Nov 2009 Herman Van Rompuy is appointed first gium. permanent President of the EU Council. British Trade Commissioner Catherine 20 Mar 2010 20–30 March: Chinese, Vice President Xi Ashton is appointed as High Representa- pays official visits to Belarus, Finland and tive of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Sweden. Security Policy. 5 Apr 2010 5–7 April: Vanackere, Deputy Prime Min- 29 Nov 2009 EU-China Ministerial Troika, Nanjing, Chi- ister and Minister of Foreign Affairs and na. Institutional Reform of Belgium pays an official visit to China. 30 Nov 2009 12th China-EU summit, Nanjing, China. China and the EU sign five cooperative 8 Apr 2010 8–10 April: Luis Amado, Minister of State documents covering technological coop- and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Portugal eration, near-zero emission coal utilization pays an official visit to China. project, energy efficiency and quality on 12 Apr 2010 President of the European Council, Van buildings, the sustainable development of Rimpuy and Preisdent Hu of China meet at China’s trade and investment, and environ- the Nuclear Security Summit in Washing- mental management. ton. 1 Dec 2009 The Lisbon Treaty enters into force. 28 Apr 2010 28–30 April: President Nicolas Sarkozy of 17 Dec 2009 The fifth EU-China Strategic Dialogue, France pays a state visit to China. Stockholm, Sweden. 29 Apr 2010 29 April – 1 May: President Barroso of the 19 Dec 2009 The non-binding Copenhagen Climate Ac- European Commission pays an official visit cord is signed by delegates to the United to China.

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6 May 2010 Celebration of the 35th anniversary of the 14 Sep 2010 EU-China Partnership & Cooperation establishment of diplomatic relations be- Agreement negotiations, Brussels. tween the EU and China. 2 Oct 2010 2–9 October: Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao 17 May 2010 17–21 May: President Horst Köhler of the pays official visits to Belgium, Italy Turkey Federal Republic of Germany pays a state and the Hellenic republic. visit to China. 4 Oct 2010 4–5 October: Eighth Asia-Europe Meeting 21 May 2010 The 24th EU-China Joint Committee, Bei- (ASEM), Brussels. jing. 6 Oct 2010 The 13th EU-China Summit, Brussels. 21 May 2010 EU institutions reach a political agreement 7 Oct 2010 Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao attends and on the structure of the European External addresses the Opening Ceremony of Chi- Action Service. nese Cultural Year in Italy and Celebration 24 May 2010 24–28 May: Foreign Minister Micheal Mar- of the 40th Anniversary of the Establish- tin of Ireland pays an official visit to China. ment of China-Italy Diplomatic Ties. 26 May 2010 Chinese Assistant Foreign Minister Liu 26 Oct 2010 Chinese President Hu Jintao meets Italian Zhenmin meets Sandro De Bernardin, Dep- President Giorgio Napolitano at the Great uty Secretary General and Political Director Hall of the People. at Italy’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs to dis- 27 Oct 2010 Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao announces cuss the reform of the UN Security Council a three-year action plan on strengthen- and the Iranian nuclear issue. 29th EU-Chi- ing economic cooperation with Italy and na Human Rights Dialogue. launches the Year of Chinese Culture in 9 Jun 2010 9–21 June: Vice Premier Zhang Dejiang of Italy at a meeting with the Italian President. the State Council pays official visits to Pa- 4 Nov 2010 4–7 November: President Hu Jintao visits kistan, Sri Lanka, Greece and Austria. France and Portugal. 17 Jun 2010 The Irish National Pavilion Day of the 9 Nov 2010 Third China-UK Economic and Financial Shanghai World Expo is attended by Chi- Dialogue, Beijing. nese Vice Foreign Minister Wang Guangya, Vice Mayor of Shanghai Tang Dengjie, Irish 9 Nov 2010 9–10 November: UK Prime Minister David President Mary McAleese, Irish Minister Cameron pays an official visit to China. for Communications Eamon Ryan, and Irish Ambassador to China Declan Kelle- 29 Nov 2010 29–30 November: Chinese State Councilor her. Ma Kai visits Brussels. 17 Jun 2010 EU leaders adopt a 10-year strategy for 21 Dec 2010 Third China-EU High-Level Economic and sustainable and inclusive growth, “Europe Trade Dialogue, Beijing. 2020” and decide to open accession negotiations with Iceland. 2011

26 Jun 2010 26–29 June: 29th EU-China Human Rights 1 Jan 2011 Estonia adopts the euro as its currency, be- Dialogue, Madrid, Spain. coming the 17th member of the euro area. 9 Jul 2010 Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi meets 1 Jan 2011 Turku (Finland) and Tallinn (Estonia) be- in the Foreign Ministry with First Minister come the ‘European Capitals of Culture’ for of Scotland Alex Salmond. Both sides ex- 2011. change views on China-UK relations and the enhancement of China’s pragmatic co- 1 Jan 2011 Hungary assumes presidency of the Coun- operation with Scotland. cil of the EU. 14 Jul 2010 William Hague, UK First Secretary of State 4 Jan 2011 4–12 January: Vice Premier Li Keqiang and Chinese State Councilor Dai Bingguo pays official visits to Germany, the UK and hold the China-UK Strategic Dialogue. Spain. 15 Jul 2010 15–18 July: German Chancellor Angela 10 Jan 2011 10–14 January: EU-China Year of Youth, of- Merkel of Germany visits China. ficial opening ceremony in Brussels. 26 Jul 2010 Austrian President Heinz Fischer and 1 Feb 2011 China overtakes Japan to become the Chancellor Werner Faymann meets Chi- world’s second-largest economy. nese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi in Salz- 17 Feb 2011 The European Parliament approves a reso- burg. lution granting EU political and financial 29 Aug 2010 29 August – 4 September: High Representa- support for Egypt’s transition to democ- tive of the European Union for Foreign Af- racy. fairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton 21 Feb 2011 21–28 February: EU-China Year of Youth, visits China and attends the China-EU Stra- official opening ceremony in Beijing, Chi- tegic Dialogue. na.

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22 Feb 2011 Chinese Foreign Minster Yang Jiechi meets 5 Sep 2011 5–9 Sep: Human Rights Dialogue, Beijing, his visiting Austrian counterpart Michael China. Spindelegger in Beijing. 8 Sep 2011 EU-China Political Directors’ Dialogue, 23 Feb 2011 Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao meets Josef Brussels. Proll, Austrian vice chancellor and finance 9 Sep 2011 Fourth UK-China Economic and Financial minister, and Foreign Minister Michael Dialogue (EFD), London. Spindelegger in Ziguangge, Zhongnanhai. 12 Sep 2011 12–14 September: Juppé, Minister of State 25 Mar 2011 Chinese Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs and Minister of Foreign and European Af- Fu Ying visits Brussels. fairs of the Republic of France pays an of- 25 Mar 2011 European Council establish the Euro Plus ficial visit to China. Pact to reinforce economic policy coordina- 21 Sep 2011 EU High Representative Ashton meets Chi- tion in the Economic and Monetary Union. nese Foreign Minister Yang at the margins 31 Mar 2011 31 March – 2 April: German Federal Foreign of the UN General Assembly, NY. Minister and Deputy Chancellor Wester- 28 Sep 2011 A new tax on transactions between finan- welle visits China. cial institutions is proposed by Commis- 1 Apr 2011 Chinese Premier Wen presents China’s Chi- sion President José Manuel Barroso during na-EU Five-Year-Plan in Brussels. his annual State of the Union address. 6 May 2011 Chinese President Hu Jintao meets Austri- 13 Oct 2011 Vice Foreign Minister Cui Tiankai meets an Federal Chancellor Werner Faymann at Italian G20 Sherpa Bruno Archi, exchang- the Great Hall of the People. ing views on preparations for the G20 Cannes Summit. 12 May 2011 Second China-EU High-level Strategic Dia- logue, Hungary. 19 Oct 2011 19–22 October: Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi visits Denmark and the Baha- 15 May 2011 European Commission President van Rom- mas. puy visits China. 20 Oct 2011 20–27 October: EU-China Youth Leaders 17 May 2011 17–23 May: European Youth Week. Summit in Beijing, China. 28 May 2011 40th Anniversary of diplomatic ties be- 22 Oct 2011 China-UK Strategic Dialogue, London. tween China and Austria 24 Oct 2011 24–25 October: EU High Representative 1 Jun 2011 1–13 June: Chinese Vice President Xi Jin- Ashton visits China. ping attends the Celebration of the 150th Anniversary of the unification of Italy. 25 Oct 2011 The 14th China-EU Summit, Tianjin on Oc- tober 25. 4 Jul 2011 4–7 July: EU-China Youth Culture Week. EU-China Forum on Sustainable Develop- 31 Oct 2011 Chinese President Hu Jintao meets Austri- ment, Beijing and Xi’an. an President Heinz Fischer, Austrian Fed- eral Chancellor Werner Faymann and Aus- 7 Jun 2011 EU High Representative Ashton meets trian National Council President Barbara Chinese Foreign Minister Yang at the Asia- Prammer in Vienna. Europe Meeting (ASEM) Foreign Ministers’ Meeting, Gödöllo˝, Hungary. 3 Nov 2011 3–4 November: At G20 summit in Cannes, France leaders agree on coordinated action 30 Jun 2011 The European Commission proposes a for global economic recovery and job crea- multiannual spending plan – an EU budget tion and take steps on financial reform. for 2014 to 2020 aimed at boosting growth. 8 Nov 2011 The Economic and Financial Affairs Coun- 11 Jul 2011 Euro area countries sign a treaty creating a cil adopts a package of six legislative pro- European Stability Mechanism which proposals aimed at strengthening economic vides for up to €500 billion to be loaned to governance in the EU. euro countries in deep economic crisis. 16 Nov 2011 6th Round of EU-China Consultations on 14 Jul 2011 EU-China Joint Committee, Beijing, China. African Affairs, Brussels. 9 Aug 2011 9–15 August: EU-China Youth Festival for 5 Dec 2011 Chinese Assistant Foreign Minister Zhang Universiade and EU-China Forum for Par- Kunsheng meets outgoing Austrian Am- ticipation in Shenzhen. bassador to China Martin Sajdik. 30 Aug 2011 30 August – 2 September: Trinidad Jimenez 5 Dec 2011 Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi at- Garcia-Herrera, Spanish Minister of For- tends the International Afghanistan Con- eign Affairs and Cooperation visits China. ference in Bonn, Germany. 4–11 Seo 2011 100 Chinese youth volunteers open the EU- 9 Dec 2011 17 members of the euro area and several China Volunteer Bridge, in Brussels. other EU countries agree to participate in a new ‘fiscal compact’ and to coordinate their economic policies more tightly.

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18 Dec 2011 18–22 December: Polish President Ko- 31 Mar 2012 Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao meets visiting morowski visits China. Italian Prime Minister Mario Monti at the Great Hall of the People. 19 Dec 2011 Liechtenstein joins the EU’s border-free Schengen area. 1 Apr 2012 Vice Premier Li Keqiang meets Italian Prime Minister Mario Monti, Pakistani 2012 Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani and Prime Minister of Kazakhstan Karim Masi- 1 Jan 2012 Guimarães (Portugal) and Maribor (Slove- mov in Boao, Hainan at the 2012 Boao Fo- nia) become the ‘European Capitals of Cul- rum for Asia (BFA) Annual Conference. ture’ for 2012. 12 Apr 2012 12–21 April: Chinese State Councillor Liu 1 Jan 2012 Denmark takes over the six-month rotating Yandong pays visits to the UK, Brussels presidency of the Council of the EU. and Cyprus. 9 Jan 2012 9–11 January: 20th Human Rights dialogue, 18 Apr 2012 Ms A. Vassiliou, European Commissioner Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. for Education, Culture, Multilingualism and Youth and Ms Liu Yandong, State 17 Jan 2012 EU High Representative Ashton meets Councilor of the People’s Republic of China State Counselor Dai Bingguo of China in launch the EU-China High Level People-to- New Delhi, India. People Dialogue in Brussels. 22 Jan 2012 Croatia votes ‘yes’ in an EU accession refer- 20 Apr 2012 20–27 April: Premier Wen Jiabao visits Ice- endum. land, Sweden, Poland and attends the Han- 30 Jan 2012 New EU treaty on stability, coordination nover Messe in Germany. and governance in the economic and mon- 26 Apr 2012 26 April – 4 May: Vice Premier Li Keqiang etary union is agreed by all EU countries visits Russia, Hungary, Belgium and the EU with the exception of the Czech Republic Headquarters. and the United Kingdom. 3 May 2012 At the first EU-China High Level Meeting 1 Feb 2012 Launch of 2012 EU-China Year of Intercul- on Energy, China and the EU launch the tural Dialogue by A. Vassiliou, European EU-China Partnership for Urbanization. Commissioner for Education, Culture, Multilingualism and Youth, and Cai Wu, 28 May 2012 28–31 May: Third EU-China High Level Minister of Culture of the People’s Repub- Political Parties’ and Groups’ Forum, Brus- lic of China, Brussels. sels. 2 Feb 2012 2–4 February: Chancellor Angela Merkel of 29 May 2012 29–31 May: Human Rights Dialogue, Brus- the Federal Republic of Germany pays an sels. official visit to China. 30 May 2012 EU High Representative Ashton meets 13 Feb 2012 13–22 February: Vice President Xi Jinping Wang Jiarui, Minister of the International visits the US, Ireland and Turkey. Department of CPC Central Committee. 14 Feb 2012 14th EU-China Summit, Beijing. 30 May 2012 EU Commission adopts recommendations for each of the 27 EU countries on 2012– 20 Feb 2012 Visiting Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping 2013 national budgets and economic poli- meets Irish President Michael D. Higgins in cies. Dublin, Ireland. Vice President Xi and Irish Prime Minister Enda Kenny attend China- 31 May 2012 EU-China Joint Committee, Brussels. Ireland Trade and Investment Forum at 1 Jun 2012 Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Song attends which Vice President Xi delivers a speech the Italian National Day reception held by on bilateral relations. Italian Ambassador to China Attilio Mas- 1 Mar 2012 The European Council grants EU member simo Iannucci. candidate status to Serbia. 8 Jun 2012 8–13 June: Ciolos, European Commissioner 1 Mar 2012 1–2 March: The European Council re-elects for Agriculture and Rural Development Herman Van Rompuy as its President. Par- visits China. ticipating Member States sign the Treaty on 14 Jun 2012 14–16 June: European Commissioner for Stability, Coordination and Governance in International Cooperation, Humanitarian the Economic Monetary Union. Aid and Crisis launches the EU-China Dis- 25 Mar 2012 25–29 March: Irish Prime Minister Kenny aster Risk Management Project at the open- visits China. ing of the China-EU Institute of Emergency Management, Beijing. 29 Mar 2012 The European Parliament adopts legislation making trade in over-the-counter 14 Jun 2012 14–19 June: G20 Summit in Los Cabos, (OTC) derivatives more transparent. Mexico.

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30 Jun 2012 30 June – 8 July: Portuguese Minister of Italian Prime Minister Mario Monti and Gi- State and Foreign Minister Paulo Portas anfranco Fini, President of the lower house visits China. of Italian Parliament in Rome. 4 Jul 2012 The European Parliament exercises for the 28 Nov 2012 EU Commission publishes its Annual first time its power to reject an international Growth Survey 2012 which prioritises fis- trade agreement by refusing to ratify the cal consolidation. Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (a 29 Nov 2012 EU Commissioner Vassiliou and Chinese multinational treaty for the purpose of es- State Councillor Liu issue a new Joint Dec- tablishing international standards for intel- laration on EU-China Cultural Coopera- lectual property rights enforcement signed tion. by Australia, Canada, Japan, Morocco, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea and 29 Nov 2012 29–30 November: Chinese and German the United States. representatives attend the Fifth Meeting of the “Hamburg Summit: China meets Eu- 6 Jul 2012 Meeting between the EU Crisis Manage- rope”. ment and Planning agency and the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Defence, 30 Nov 2012 30 November – 1 December: Jia Qinglin, Beijing. Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative 8 Jul 2012 8–10 July: Third round of China-EU High- Conference (CPPCC), meets Enrico Rossi, level Strategic Dialogue. Governor of the Tuscany region, and Rosa- 9 Jul 201 9–11 July: French Foreign Minister Laurent rio Crocetta, Governor of the Sicily region Fabius pays an official visit to China to of Italy. meet Minister Yang Jiechi and Wen Jiabao. 10 Dec 2012 The Norwegian Nobel Committee award 20 Jul 2012 EU-China Political Director’s Dialogue, the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize 2012 to the EU Beijing. at a ceremony in Oslo. The prize recognises the EU’s contribution over six decades to 30 Aug 2012 Angela Merkel, Chancellor of the Federal the promotion of peace and reconciliation, Republic of Germany pays an official visit democracy and human rights. to China to co-chair the second round of China-Germany Inter-government Consul- 2013 tation with Premier Wen Jiabao. 19 Sep 2012 19–20 September: The first EU-China May- 18 Feb 2013 Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping pays an ors Forum, Brussels. official state visit to Ireland. 20 Sep 2012 The 15th EU-China Summit, Brussels. 28 Feb 2013 EU Commission initiates an anti-dumping Leaders discuss further cooperation within investigation on solar glass from China. the EU-China Strategic Partnership and in- 19 Mar 2013 Chinese military staff attend a training ternational issues (Syria, Iran, East Asia). seminar in Brussels. 8th EU-China Business Summit, Brussels. 22 Mar 2013 New appointed President Xi Jinping visits 11 Oct 2012 China and Germany mark the 40th an- Russia. niversary of the establishment of China- Germany diplomatic relations at the Chi- 24 Apr 2013 High Representative of the Union for For- na-Germany Foreign Ministers’ Strategic eign Affairs and Security Policy/Vice Presi- Dialogue. dent of European Commission Catherine Ashton pays an official visit to China for 19 Oct 2012 19–21 October: EU Commissioner C. Hede- the EU’s high-level meetings with the new gaard visits China for a bilateral meeting Chinese leadership. with Mr Xie Zhenhua, Vice Chairman of National Development and Reform Com- 15 May 2013 European Commission opens an ex officio mission (NDRC). anti-dumping and an anti-subsidy investigation concerning imports of mobile tel- 24 Oct 2012 24–26 October: Romanian Foreign Minister ecommunications networks and their es- Corla˘tean visits China. ‚ sential elements from China. 4 Nov 2012 4–6 November: Chinese Premier Wen Jia- 29 May 2013 Deputy Secretary General of the EU Helga bao attends the Ninth Asia-Europe Meeting Schmid, visits China for the EU-China Po- and Pay An Official Visit to Laos.. litical Directors’ Dialogue with Assistant 5 Nov 2012 Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao meets Italian Foreign Minister Le Yucheng. Prime Minister Mario Monti and Bulgarian 21 Jun 2013 27th EU-China Joint Committee meeting, President Rosen Plevneliev at the ninth an- China. nual Asia-Europe Meeting in Vientiane 25 Jun 2013 EU-China Dialogue on Human Rights, Gui- 28 Nov 2012 Jia Qinglin, Chairman of the National Com- yang (Guizhou), China. mittee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), meets

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18 Jul 2013 Chinese PLA Navy Escort Task Group Ad- debted to those sources. This project has gestated miral visit the the EU Naval Force’s counter over many years and the author acknowledges and piracy flagship in the Gulf of Aden while thanks the many assistants and researchers over a delegation from the EU NAVFOR Head- that period for their able assistance in this project. quarters visit to Chinese Naval Ship, Har- bin. A History of EU Relations with China, Appendix 19 Jul 2013 Zhou Shengxian, Minister of Environment 7, EU-China Relations: Chronology, online: Protection of the People’s Republic of Chi- < http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ na, and Janez Potocˇnik European Commis- ld200910/ldselect/ldeucom/76/7621.htm > sioner for Environment met in Beijing for Alexandratos N (ed) (1995) World Agriculture. To- the EU-China Environmental Policy Dia- logue. wards 2010. An FAO Study. Food and Agricul- ture Organization of the United Nations, Wiley, 22 Jul 2013 The European Commissioner for Agricul- Chichester ture and Rural Development visits Beijing to strengthen EU-China cooperation in the Armstrong D, Lloyd L, Redmond J (1996) From Ver- areas of agriculture and rural development. sailles to Maastricht. Macmillan, London 23 Jul 2013 The European Commissioner for Agricul- Aybet G (1997) The Dynamics of European Security ture and Rural Development, Dacian Cio- Cooperation 1945–91. Macmillan, London los‚ and the Minister of the Chinese General Administration of Quality Supervision, In- Barbour P (ed) (1996) The European Union Hand- spection and Quarantine, Mr Zhi Shuping, book. Fitzroy Dearborn, London sign a letter of intent to cooperate in fight- BBC News, China and EU, online: < http://www.bbc. ing counterfeit trade in alcoholic beverages, Beijing. co.uk/search/news/?q=China-EU > 20 Sep 2013 EU Special Representative for Human Bóka É, Europe and China in a historical perspective Rights visits China. Bright C (1995) The EU. Understanding the Brussels 18 Oct 2013 European Ministers of the Foreign Affairs Process. Wiley, Chichester Council (Trade) adopt mandates to begin Budge I et al. (ed) (1997) The Politics of the New Eu- negotiations with China and ASEAN nations on investment agreements. rope. Atlantic to Urals. Longman, London 24 Oct 2013 Fourth meeting of the EU-China High Lev- Calvocoressi P (1991) Resilient Europe 1870–2000. el Economic and Trade Dialogue (HED), Longman, London Brussels. Calvocoressi P (1973) World Politics Since 1945. 6 Nov 2013 Leaders update the China-ASEAN Free Longman, London Trade Agreement for the next decade at the China-ASEAN Summit. Cardwell PJ, Mapping out democracy promotion in the EU’s external relations. 16 European Foreign 6 Nov 2013 European Commission release the postion Affairs Review 21 paper “The EU-China Comprehensive Stra- tegic Partnership: Working for You” which Centre for European Policy Studies (1991–1992) The focuses on trade, international security and Annual Review of European Community Af- the promotion of human rights. fairs. Brassey, London 21 Nov 2013 16th EU-China Summit, Beijing. EU-China China Daily, EU-China RELATIONS: A timeline, Urbanisation Forum, Beijing. online: < http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bw/ 26 Nov 2013 3rd Europe-China Forum of Friends of Eu- 2008-03/17/content_6540523.htm > rope. Chinese Premier Li and EU leaders China Profile. Facts, Figures, and Analyses Timeline. adopt a 2020 Strategic Agenda calling for Chronology of Key Events, online: < http:// greater cooperation between China and the EU. www.china-profile.com/history/hist_list_1. htm >, accessed 5 July 2013 Cocks B (1973) The European Parliament. Structure, Bibliography Procedure, and Practice. Her Majesty’s Station- ery Office, London By its nature this chronology is not the result of College of Europe, EU-China Observer Issue 4, 2012, original historic research but draws on numerous online: < https://www.coleurope.eu/sites/ sources and heavily on certain sources such as default/files/research-paper/eu-china_ Keesing’s Record of World Events, the European observer_august_2012_issue_final.pdf > Commission’s Annual Reports, European External Action Service, and China Profile. This work is in-

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