Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) 1

DERBYSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER Issue 84 Jul 2017

SCRATCH DIAL AT MACKWORTH CURCH 2 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) DERBYSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2017-2018 PRESIDENT The Duke of Devonshire KCVO CBE VICE PRESIDENTS MR. J. R. MARJORAM, DR. P. STRANGE, MRS J. STEER, DR. D.V. FOWKES, MR. K. REEDMAN

Chairman Mr. C. Wardle, 9 St Hugh’s Close, Darley Dale, of Council , DE22 1FQ E-mail; [email protected]

Hon. Treasurer Mrs J. Heginbotham, 59 Hickton Rd, Swanwick, Alfreton Derby, DE55 1AG e-mail; [email protected]

Hon. Secretary Mrs B. A. Foster, 2, The Watermeadows, , Derbyshire, DE73 7FX Tel 01332 704148 e-mail; [email protected]

Programme Sec. Mrs M. McGuire, 18 Fairfield Park, Haltwhistle, &Publicity Officer Northumberland. NE49 9HE Tel 01434 322906 e-mail; [email protected]

Membership Mr K.A. Reedman, 107, Curzon St, Long Eaton, Secretary Derbyshire, NG10 4FH Tel 0115 9732150 e-mail; [email protected]

Hon. Editor Miss P. Beswick, 4, Chapel Row, Froggatt, Calver, (Journal) Hope Valley, S32 3ZA Tel 01433 631256 e-mail; [email protected]

Newsletter Editor Mrs B. A. Foster, 2, The Watermeadows, Swarkestone, Derbyshire, DE73 7FX Tel 01332 704148 e-mail; [email protected]

Librarian Mrs. A. Allcock, 217 Curzon Street, Long Eaton, Derbyshire, NG10 4FJ E-mail: [email protected]

Publications Journal - Mr K. Reedman (address above) Miscellany - email; [email protected] Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) 3 DERBYSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER 84 JUL 2017

The Cover Story

Scratch or mass dials are of bunching? There is a veritable feast of medieval origin usually found near the dials and other graffiti at Mackworth in south door or chancel wall of a church. A particular . Sometimes these dials would type of sundial , they are usually regarded be used as replacement stone in damaged as markers for the ‘variable’ time of or newly built walls and there are dials liturgical services in the medieval recorded on north and west walls, in the world. The gnomen, almost always porch and even in the nave or chancel missing pointed out horizontally and cast where the sun never shone. a shadow on the dial: consequently the Should you find yourself rambling times of mass would appear to vary round a churchyard do look out for a depending on the time of year. Early scratch dial and let us know. scratch dials were about eight or nine A story recently heard recounts inches in diameter with four or five the tale of a priest in Bedfordshire who markers on the lower semicircle with later would stand in wait until the sun was ones gradually taking on the appearance exactly at the appointed hour then go of a “proper” timepiece. They are into the church and lock the door. It is thought to date from 1100 to 1600 and not known whether he considered with the increasing use of mechanical punctuality as next to godliness or clocks and more scientific sundials they whether his parishioners had a went out of use. predisposition to cut and run at the first Examples of early dials can be opportunity. Or indeed, whether it is found in Derbyshire at Mackworth, apocryphal or not. Muggington, Radbourne and Brailsford. Adrian Farnsworth, Paula Whirrity, Perhaps there is some significance in this Barbara Foster.

Contents The Society AGM ...... 4 Industrial Archaeology Section ...... 18 Visit to Castle ...... 4 Obituary ...... 24 Programme Secretary’s Report ...... 5 Derbyshire Miscellany ...... 25 The Library Notes ...... 5 Membership ...... 26 Archaeological Research Group ...... 6 Pilling Award / Book Reviews ...... 27 Architectural Section ...... 9 Small Ads ...... 28 Local History Section ...... 11 Emiac 92 Booking ...... 29

Photographs/maps courtesy of the authors, members, The Ordnance Survey, The Magic Attic Archives or Wikipedia (Under Wikimedia Commons Licence) unless otherwise credited. 4 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) THE SOCIETY AGM Visit to Dig Friday 4th August 2017 The Society has seen many changes this year with the retirement of several council Trent and Peak Archaeology are plan- members and officers. ning their annual training dig at Nottingham Firstly Ray Marjoram has retired as Li- Castle during July and August. We have brarian after 50 – yes 50! - years of service organised a visit to the site which will in- during which he has overseen the growth of clude a tour of this year’s archaeology, infor- our collection and in particular the addition mation on past excavations and an oppor- of many outstanding ancient and modern tunity to see some of this year’s finds. It has books on the . We gave been arranged for Friday 4th August at 2.30 him hearty thanks for his work and welcomed pm. The meeting place will be the gate- Mrs Anne Allcock as his successor. house, outside the main entrance to the We also bade a fond farewell to Mike Castle. Butler, Dave Barrett, Max Craven, Alan Pal- fryman all long standing members of the Pentrich Roman Site - Exploratory Sur- Council and welcomed Mrs Denise Grace, vey Sat. and Sun. 23 - 24 September 2017 Mrs Janette Jackson, Dr. Rosemary Annable,

Mrs Susan Peberdy and Mr Geoff Petch who We are organising a survey of Ryknield were elected as new members. Street as it runs by Pentrich Roman fortlet, a Elsewhere the Society was, thanks to be- military staging post along the road which quests, in a healthy state although it was ran from Derby (Derventio) to Chesterfield. agreed that such bequests should not normal- There will be an opportunity for a small ly be used to subsidise the annual running number of members to assist in this survey costs of the Society. Given ever increasing on the above dates. postal, printing and other costs, an increase in subscriptions could not be ruled out in the If you wish to take part in either of these future. field work events you need to book in ad- Many thanks to Pat Tinkler for her three vance as numbers are limited. Please fill in years stint as Chairman of the Council. Chris and return the form below or email request Wardle is the new Chairman. to Joan D’Arcy, Stone House Prebend, After the AGM, Peter Steer gave us a Old Chester Road, Derby - quite riveting talk on the campaigning group [email protected] Kedleston Voice who had fought for years to prevent the building of 400 homes near to Number . They had eventually won the I/we would like to take part in right to have a judicial review against a previ- a. The Visit to Nottingham Castle Dig ous decision by a planning inspector that b. Pentrich Exploratory Survey hinged on the principle that “if you can’t see it you can build it”. It was argued that that Name(s) ...... this was a misinterpretation of the law as it applied to Listed Buildings and against gov- Address ...... ernment guidelines. We now know that Ked- leston won and furthermore the developers ...... were refused the right to appeal! Well done Tel ...... and congratulations to all involved in what was a long and arduous fight. An inspiration!! E-mail ...... Barbara Foster Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) 5 PROGRAMME SECRETARY’S breadth of this material gives us all a sense REPORT of the rich and wide-ranging heritage of our county and to lose this would be a great Three lectures so far have been arranged sadness. However, the finding of new for the winter programme at the University, premises is proving difficult. Joan D'Arcy the first on September 29th by Matthew Sy- continues to spend a lot of effort in the monds, the editor of Current Archaeology , finding of a suitable space, as yet without on “Protecting the Roman Empire : under- success but she has come up with some standing Roman forts and fortlets” . An in- more avenues to explore which she is taking ternational look at the subject including the forward. I would reiterate Ray's plea in the gritty details! last newsletter to ask if anyone has any knowledge of suitable premises then to This will be followed by a memorial lec- contact either myself or Joan. Because of ture for Peter Billson by Maxwell Craven on the lack of ease of access to the library, it is Oct 27th and on 5th January David Breeze unfortunately underused. We would like to will talk on “Painting Hadrians Wall”. Not think that if we are lucky enough to find literally of course but rather an exploration new premises, that members of the society of artist’s depictions and what can be learned will repay the work which Ray and Joan from them. Full details in September Pro- have put into the library over the years by gramme notes. using the resources which the library offers.

Last January Jenny Alexander gave us The catalogue continues to expand with another of her most illuminating and inter- additions including a new edition of Max- esting lectures, this time about stonemasons well Craven's book on John Whitehurst and in the Early Modern period and how they a biography of Gladwyn Maurice Revell coped. This was in honour of Barbara Hut- Turbutt 1883 -1914 by Sheppard and Rob- ton and Michael Mallender . In March, Dr erts. Ray is still selling surplus stock and has Trudi Buck talked on Aspects of Archaeolo- raised a considerable amount of money for gy and Anthropology. the society. Thanks must go to Ray for this time consuming task. Anyone willing help with this should contact myself or Ray.

LIBRARY NOTES If any member wishes to access any of the books we hold, please contact either The future of the library is still in a state myself or Joan D'Arcy. By the next news- of uncertainty for at the date of this news- letter we hope to be able to give members letter we have not yet had any firm answer some definite information on the library. from Derby City Council concerning the closure of the Main Library in the Wardwick. Anne Allcock I write this as the incoming librarian, taking over from Ray Marjoram who has retired after 50 years of service to the DAS library. I thank Ray for his enthusiasm and work for the library and for his support in the change- over of librarian. Over the years Ray has built up the library to its present strong posi- tion with journals from all round the coun- try, books, pamphlets and literature. The 6 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) and exchange. In the 14th century it appears ARCHAEOLOGICAL that the stalls start to become permanent, RESEARCH GROUP almost like little houses. Two 11th century defensive boundary ditches were discovered Lenton Priory containing preserved leather shoes and pot- th tery. The precincts were located and 27 January 2017 pits filled with fossilised remains of corn bran, eel, herring and pig were found. Fur- Gareth Davies of Trent & Peak Archaeol- ther finds included lead weights, a jet pen- ogy (TPA) told us of the £60,000: project to dant off a rosary and a medieval well. Unu- discover more about the demolished Lenton sual was the burial of a cow, three broken Priory. Little was known about the state of iron knives and some pits filled to the brim preservation of the Priory until TPA began with oyster shells. Re-routing of a cable archaeological excavations in 2012 in advance allowed TPA to look at the cloister and of the new tram network development in transept of the priory church which was Nottingham. Lenton Priory was a Cluniac previously thought to have been destroyed. priory dating from 1103-1126 and was one of Further excavations revealed a stoned lined the biggest establishments in the country with cess pit and stone lined drains of the 15th- a massive religious building the size of South- 17th century. The present church of St. well minster with associated cloisters, domes- Anthony is to the north of the Priory and it tic buildings and fishponds. The only visual was hoped to find a gatehouse chapel site evidence was one pillar on the ground. TPA there and indeed scalloped capitals were were invited to hold a watching brief over the found. Looking for cloisters in the south, site and involve the community in the excava- ‘alphabet’ tiles were found and under a fur- tions. There had been earlier small excava- ther layer of soil some Anglo-Saxon pottery. tions in the 1940s/50s when walls near the The excavations caused great interest Boat Inn public house had been discovered. with the local people and councillors alike Lenton Priory was renowned in medieval and Nottingham City Council funded a geo- for the Lenton Fair, a market held physical survey in five areas surrounding the th annually over Martinmas (November 11 ) to Priory and the chapel of St. Anthony which celebrate the beginning of winter. Rental rolls was completed by TPA with volunteers for the fair stalls survive and it was hoped to from the University of Nottingham and find below-ground evidence of the stalls Lenton Local History Society. Walls of the quaintly named ‘fishers row’ and ‘skinners Priory were found but the floor had been row’. robbed. Near the Boat Inn pub garden, Early evaluation trenches found dense walls, not formerly excavated, were found. intercutting features within the grounds of the The in-situ column base was architectural Priory revealing intact buried masonry com- stone from the 12th century. Adjacent but- plete with architectural details and a fascinat- tresses were found together with more An- ing sequence of activity dating from the late glo-Saxon pottery. To the north, in the th th 11 century through to the 17 century. The Priory park, there were more pits, ditches Gregory Street track bed revealed the site of and gulleys and the market site revealed the market or fair with some items of interest metalled surfaces, tokens and German including a gold noble of Edward III, Euro- stoneware. The Fair carried on after the pean coins, probably pointing to the interna- Dissolution and trading had to stop for tional draw of the Lenton Fair, and a scale eight days in Nottingham when it was the pan with the seal mark ‘Andrew of Glouces- Martinmas Fair. ter’ in the centre, so good evidence of trade Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) 7 This Fair was re-established in 2014-15 Policy Guidance 16, ( PPG16) after a public with the help of Lottery funding and in- outcry of a number of high profile scandals volvement of the local schoolchildren and such as the threatened destruction of the people. The stalls were mainly food stalls Rose Theatre in London. and attracted a good crowd. In the future it What local government archaeologists is hoped to have a museum in a nearby do is work with different groups of archae- church and an interpretation board at the ologists, amateur, University researchers and tram stop. The project enhanced the museum archivists. Not only has Chris been knowledge of the Priory and is certainly a teaching, he has also worked in an advisory site for further research. capacity, making decisions within the plan- Anne Haywood. ning system as to whether the finds should be dug up or left in the ground, maintaining Local Government Archaeologists records of heritage assets and checking to see if the development of a site might be After the AGM of the Archaeological affected by the finds. Research Section 17th March 2017, our newly Chris’s experience began in 1988 in Staf- elected chairman Chris Wardle gave us a fordshire where he began computing the talk, not on Leicester revisited as advertised, SMR’s of this area and then going on to as Chris explained, Richard Buckley had maintain and update records until 2000. already talked to us on Richard III. Chris was Then advising on developments until 2004 reluctant to repeat what we had heard and so when he began working in Leicester. decided to tell us of some of his experiences During his 12 years in Leicester he ad- as a local Government Archaeologist. vised and maintained several projects, one, Chris began by saying he would like to Included the High Cross project near the give us a personal view on how archaeology river Soar. This is where the Romans in fits in to the planning system, what amateur 50AD built a set of defences, several centu- archaeologists should be aware of and what ries later the Normans arrived and built a local government archaeologists do: for ex- settlement, then in the 13th century an Au- ample, Dave Barratt, the County archaeolo- gustinian and Franciscan Friary was built. gist for Derbyshire and just about to retire This was all discovered when the present began his working life when there was very High Cross shopping centre decided to ex- minimal protection for archaeological sites as tend its area. In High Cross Street itself, that in place today. This protection is im- Roman by origin and later Saxon, extensive portant to follow as buildings rapidly appear excavations were carried out. In the middle and disappear. plot a series of stone ovens associated with Statutory protection of Listed Buildings brewing and a malting kiln were discovered, began in 1947, and Conservation Areas were closer investigation of the rubble beneath, first designated in 1967. However fifteen revealed Saxon features and the collapsed years ago there was only 2% significant ar- wall of a large Roman building. Further chaeology being recorded. Chris described investigations discovered a medieval grave- how development changed over the last 30 yard and church of St. Peter, which was one years, English Heritage now Historic Eng- of four, ‘lost churches’ of Leicester. Chris land has established a network of County continued to give us details of further dis- archaeology that produced records, firstly coveries including a Roman hypocaust, the Sites and Monument records (SMR), which was a huge project, and not yet writ- now replaced by the Historic Environment ten up. records(HER). Despite all this, the govern- Chris concluded that in spite of 40 years ment were forced to introduce, Planning of lobbying, mandatory archaeological pro- 8 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) tection of all aspects is not complete. Coun- ry. Sometime later the top of the tower was ty archaeologists are disappearing in many added in perpendicular style. The building Counties but happily Steve Baker is the new had high pitched roofs later lowered. The Derbyshire county archaeologist but the church is believed to have been dedicated to Development Control Officer is now a part St. Margaret, but is now All Saints. time post. Joan D’Arcy sits on the advisory Major changes happened to the church committee for heritage and tries to raise the about 1700 when the house was rebuilt by profile of archaeology, but City Councils are Sir Nathaniel Curzon, the second baronet. failing in forcing builders to pay for any re- He installed a sundial over the East wall of search, therefore several layers of archaeolo- the church, this is inscribed with the words, gy lay undisturbed beneath urban areas. ‘we shall’, this together with ‘sundial’ makes Unfortunately, this is why many building the awful pun ‘we shall soon die all’. It is firms are now tending to go for rural land decorated with skull and crossbones, and on which is easier. its summit are hourglasses, all a timely warn- Janette Jackson. ing! He also installed box pews, which at a later date the 4th, Lord Scarsdale who was Visit to Kedleston Church. also the Rector, hired John Scott in 1884 to 24th May raise the roof, remove the box pews in the nave and put in flooring. In the early evening, 25 of us wended our The North chapel was completed in way towards the secluded, All Saints Church 1913, built by Lord Curzon at the cost of of Kedleston. Many of us paused at the £4,745 to honour his wife. It is a large free- South entrance to admire the Romanesque standing monument by the Australian sculp- archway, decorated with zig zag moulding, tur Bertram Mackennel, it bears the effigies enclosing a tympanum with incomplete or of Lord Curzon and his wife Mary, it is a eroded carvings. The beakhead mouldings table tomb in white marble, two angels hold on the door jambs date the doorway to the crown of life over the figures. Lord Cur- about 1150. zon who became the Viceroy of India in Inside we were met by Ann and David 1899, he had been accompanied by his wife. Jones, volunteers of the , who Shortly after they returned she suffered a led us competently through the history of miscarriage and peritonitis and eventually the church. died in 1906, he was so overcome with grief Although Kedleston Hall is owned by the he built the magnificent monument, which National Trust, the Grade 1 church is under dominates the church, at the cost of £5,000. the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. It is recorded that the marble was from Ita- The church which is consecrated still holds ly, the green aventurine floor caused prob- the occasional services. Kedleston Hall lems as the colour faded with time. appeared in the Domesday records but there We then viewed the rest of the church. was no mention of a church. However in There is a tomb chest with the effigies of Sir 1198 the hall passed to Thomas De Curzon, John Curzon and his wife dating from 1456, with the advowson of a church. In 1290 the Sir John is dressed in armour and at the feet Norman chancel was knocked down. The of the effigies are dogs, the figures of their only remaining part of the original church is 17 children decorate the sides of the tomb. the Norman south doorway and adjoining Further Curzon monuments dating back nave wall, the greater part of the church, over 700 years, fill the church. The stained namely the chancel, crossing and transepts, glass in the chancel was made for Lord Cur- dates from re-building in the late 13th centu- zon, whereas that in the nave, the stations of the cross, dating from 1550-1610, was Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) 9 brought by him from Lucern in 1910. The There was a subsequent scandal & he ‘fled’ constant building and rebuilding over the to Derby. There are also numerous lead years was evident in many different floor figures in the angles of the Yew hedge by levels and the heights of the piscinas. The Jan van Nost. The level of the Pool, serving North transept contains the organ, which the Mill, previously belonging to Donington was built in 1899 and rebuilt and enlarged in Hall, had been raised almost 2 ft. by George 1910. Sorocold in 1703 to supply the garden foun- Outside in the churchyard amongst the tains, & islands were subsequently estab- very neat graves there is one dedicated to a lished as the gardens matured. member of the Curzon family who died as a The house was originally medieval & Derbyshire Yeomanry officer and a pioneer irregular, but Georgianized, by the Smith Corps soldier of World War II. family, the main front by William Smith, We are very grateful to Ann and David retaining a small courtyard. A gatehouse was for not only describing the monuments and erected to the design of Joseph Pickford, the lovely building to us, but for giving us but later demolished. A dower house built such an insight in to the Curzon family, and in Park was not liked by its occupant, including many references to outside re- & the bricks were reused for Melbourne search. National School. There was quarry, & in Janette Jackson. 1845 a factory was built to make silk gloves. The last Coke died in 1750, when it passed to Matthew Lamb, the husband of ARCHITECTURAL Charlotte Coke, & he used the house as a secondary home. His son William was the SECTION first Lord Melbourne, & built The Albany in London in 1770 to the designs of William & its Estate. Chambers. Only two more held the title, & Philip Heath his son, also William, a favourite of Queen Victoria early in her reign, became Prime Philip, a former chairman of the section, Minister. However his two children prede- returned to a well-attended AGM on 24.3.17 ceased him & his brother Frederick suc- & gave a fascinating account of the changes ceeded., but was childless & the estate at Melbourne Hall & its Estate through his- passed in 1853 to his sister Emily. She mar- tory. The Hall is well documented & pre- ried the 5th Earl of Cowper, but was the served, if constrained by the remarkable gar- mistress of Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount den of 1704. It started as a rectory house of Palmerston, also Prime Minister, later mar- the Bishops of Carlisle, the rying him. It remained in the hands of the being the Castle itself, & was sold to Sir John Cowper family until Lady Annabel Cowper Coke of Trusley in 1628. It may have been married Admiral of the Fleet Lord Walter moated originally, & had a public road to the Kerr, whose descendant is of course Ld. E., closed in 1647 with the agreement of 74 Ralph Kerr, a brother of Michael Ancram, residents. This later allowed great extension 13th Marquess of Lothian. She also inherited of the garden, ‘to suit Versailles’, by Thomas Kings Newton Hall, purchased from the Coke, a ‘gentleman architect’, after he inher- Hardinge family in 1735, but did not rebuild ited the estate in 1692, with the advice of the Hall after the fire of 1859. This was left Henry Wise, using a local contractor. He to Sir Cecil Paget in 1910, chairman of the converted the leasehold to a freehold, & was Midland Railway, after he bought the estate. the first patron of Robert Bakewell, erecting The Robinson family, growing the famous ‘Birdcage’ arbour, for £120. ‘quicksetts‘, or hawthorn, since 1750, lost a 10 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) farm tenancy on the estate, but established period of Gothic architecture, deriving au- market gardening in the area. At a later date thenticity for his style from visiting many Thomas Cook tried unsuccessfully to be- churches in East Anglia. The Easter sepul- come tenant of the Hall. The Estate peaked chre in the chancel, with its splendid ogee in 1900 when extended with the sale of land arch, being a revivalist example, although by Donington Hall, but in 1919 part was backed by a painting in the Victorian rather sold, tenants being prevented from buying. than mediaeval style. Across the chancel Malcolm Busfield (see photograph) there is a magnificent combination of a piscina with its sedilia, for Visit to Cheadle and Alton, the priest and deacons. The sedilia follows the downward sequence of the Sanctuary steps, leaving the sub deacon in no doubt Following a talk on A.W.N. Pugin by about his liturgical importance. Michael Fisher in October 2016, the Archi- The decoration of the church as a whole tectural section organised a visit on 13 May is extremely rich, but the encaustic tiles by 2017 to Cheadle and Alton (‘Pugin land’, in Herbert Minton of Stoke are particularly Pevsner’s words) guided by the same au- striking and sumptuous. The fine metal thoritative speaker. work was executed by Hardman of Birming- Approaching Cheadle, the 200ft steeple ham, and John Hardman like Minton be- of St Giles Roman Catholic church is very came a personal friend of Pugin. The prominent, and more so than its mediaeval stained glass, which Pugin considered deco- counterpart (now Anglican) with the same ratively important, caused him some diffi- dedication. More remarkably, it was built in culties before eventually employing William 1841-1846 to serve a catholic congregation Wailes. John Talbot directly influenced the of barely 100 in a population of 4000. Begun interior decoration by proposing the stencil- with the modest ambition of costing £4000 ling of all the stonework, the patterns for it developed into a major statement of Pu- which anticipate the Arts and Crafts move- gin’s architectural ideas (“Perfect Cheadle”), ment by decades. Lord Shrewsbury also encouraged by John Talbot, 16th Earl of suggested the addition of a Chapel of the Shrewsbury, who funded it to an eventual Blessed Sacrament, for which he gained cost of £40000. The visitor approaching the Pugin’s enthusiastic approval. Later, Cardi- west doors, decorated with huge golden lions nal Newman described it as the “gate of rampant, is Heaven”. left in no Michael Fish- doubt about er believes the Talbot that Pugin’s contribution. architectural Michael Fisher and decora- emphasised tive style Pugin’s partic- stemmed ular prefer- from his theo- ence for the logical and Decorated moral ideas which, in

Piscina with Sedilia and St John’s Chapel Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) 11 turn, had a consequential influence on the lodian process which used glass plates pro- liturgy of the emerging and recently re- ducing a brilliant, precise, “instantaneous” emancipated Roman Catholic Church in image. Photographic studios proliferated England. and there were over 40 available in Derby After an enjoyable ploughman’s lunch at by the 1860s the Blacksmith’s Arms in Alton we visited A Belgian, formerly a textile machinist, the Hospital of St John (the Baptist) and E.M.Charles, set up a studio at 2,Midland Alton castle perched on an escarpment high Rd, possibly in 1852. It sold “toys”, mean- above the Churnet. Here, Lord Shrewsbury ing miniatures and photographs. In 1862 had funded Pugin to build a gothic revival William Walter Winter became Charles’ castle within the ancient remains and also, on assistant. When in 1864 Charles died, Win- the other side of the original fosse, a com- ter married his widow Sarah Charles and plex of buildings that would emulate the carried on the business. Like many early alms houses of a mediaeval ‘hospital’. photographers, Winter was an artist. In The chapel of the Hospital was designed 1867 he built a studio, the present one, on so that the extended ‘nave’ could be parti- the other side of Midland Rd. The tioned off and used as a conventional “Alexandra Fine Art Gallery” with its schoolroom (see photograph). As a chapel “lancet” windowed front was built to max- for the poor of Alton, it is less highly deco- imise the available light. Huge skylights were rated than St Giles, but Minton tiles are again set into the roof of the studio and a galleried used to good effect and the carved alabaster courtyard was used to lay out developing figurines in front of the altar are striking. photographs. There were two waiting Immediately to the left of the high altar is a rooms, first class for more expensive and memorial brass, in characteristically mediae- larger photographs, probably with more val style, over the tomb of John Talbot, 16th props. Second class offered a cheaper pro- Earl of Shrewsbury (1791-1852), whose pat- cess and smaller prints. Vital for all Victori- ronage, friendship and funding had facilitat- an photographers was a retouching room ed Pugin’s work. Across the ravine, in every where physical defects and the clamp used sense, lies Alton Towers the former home of to hold subjects’ heads during long expo- the Talbots whose current revenue stream, if sures could be retouched out. Colour re- almost certainly not its methods, would sure- touching was popular for items such as the ly have been utilized by the 16th Earl and his ‘carte de visite’ which were a mainstay of the architect. D G Jones business. In 1896 William Henry King joined as a photographic assistant. When in 1910 LOCAL HISORY W.W.Winter had financial problems and SECTION

W.W.Winters Jane Middleton–Smith. 10/2/2017

W.W.Winters of Midland Rd. Derby may well be the oldest surviving commercial pho- tographers in the world. Perhaps that’s why over 90 people attended this splendid talk on a much loved Derby institution. The rapid expansion of photography in the 1850s had much to do with the wet col- W.W.Winter 12 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) emigrated to Canada, King purchased the thing away. Apart from original props and business. Hubert King joined the family chairs, they had a cellar and chute into business in 1945, becoming the managing which they poured hundreds of glass plates. director in 1975. Some six tons were left there and despite their poor condition many can still be scanned, even if only partially. We were invited to view some of these and suggest dates and places. It must be said that D.A.S. audiences are pretty good at this! What did we suggest? Normanton Barracks; High Tor, Matlock; Melbourne Pool; Derby Cat- tle Market bridge; Qualcast foundry; Wing- field Manor undercroft; the ‘Stove’ at Chats- worth. Nothing escapes the D.A.S Finally, the human element. Two pic- tures stood out. The Earl of Harrington on horseback, in Hussar dress uniform, looking Group in studio waiting room like he needed somewhere to invade! A trag- The studio today looks much as it did in ic picture taken in the 1920s of a ragged Victorian times; it is an absolute gem of con- legless boy. Evidently the Derby Rotarians tinuity and it is now being more widely rec- were so moved by this picture that they had ognised. Winter’s is of such interest that a provided him with a bespoke wheelchair. supportive charitable trust now exists and a This was a beautifully presented, absorb- Lottery grant was awarded to preserve and ing and very popular talk. catalogue the collection. Thousands of glass Mick Appleby and film negatives exist, all uncatalogued as Winter’s donated their record books as part , a short history of a 1939 campaign to collect paper for the 17th Feb. 2017 war effort. Volunteers have been assisting with this project and the D.A.S., via the Pill- DAS’s own Barbara Foster gave this ing Trust, have made a significant donation very interesting talk to a packed audience, to help with the purchase of storage wallets eagerly awaiting facts about one of Derby- for this massive collection. shire’s most significant historic monuments Winter’s seem never to have thrown any- still in daily use and in constant danger from heavy traffic every day. Barbara commenced by giving us some background information. Swarkestone Bridge and it’s causeway cross the some four miles south of Derby. The name Trent means ‘trespasser’ indicating that it was probably a braided river that often flooded, changing course over the last few millennia. In 1675 Ogilvy’s map showed three courses of the Trent at Swarkestone and the causeway built in the early 14th cen- tury still has major arches at each end and four in the middle. It is three quarters of a Retouching studio mile in length! Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) 13 Most of the very early history of the “During his lifetime he had spent an absolute for- Bridge is speculative but the name tune on building a stone causeway at Corbridge Swarkestone comes from the Danish person- over the Trent.” It was known as the Bridge al name Swerkir with a Saxon tun. A village of Cordy at the time. The widespread story adjacent to a possible series of fords would that two grieving heiresses financed the probably have been a strategic place for the bridge is very unlikely. Usually heiresses Danes. The first definite mention of the were regarded as financial capital themselves bridge is in 1204 when King John granted an and their estates held in trust. Aid in Pontage which allowed tolls for the Given that there were three Aids in cost of repairs/rebuilds. By this time Mel- Pontage in the early 1300s it would appear bourne was a fairly important King’s manor that the bridge was in dire straits yet again. with a royal and the Bishops of The Causeway that you see today has arches Carlisle also had an estate there. John visited and ribs that are virtually identical to Heth- four times and at least once ordered a con- beth Bridge the forerunner of Trent Bridge siderable amount of wine to be delivered! By in Nottingham that was built in the 1249 the Bridge had a chapel which was still 1330/40s. The walls were “battered” and standing in the 1550s. the original level is represented now by a In 1265 Melbourne was given to Ed- string course but over the centuries many mund Crouchback, the king’s brother and small flood arches and stretches of road then in 1296 it came to his son Thomas have been replaced particularly in the 18th who fortified the manor century. By this time, as the result of the house, and in another Aid in Pontage was Statute of Bridges in 1531, the County paid issued. was built 1311-21 for repairs but it was the case that local be- so Swarkestone would have been in need of quests helped out for a number of years a better Bridge. after the Act. In earliest times bridges were financed by The strategic position of the Bridge on a private subscription and local magnates Kings Highway between Derby and Coven- would perhaps initiate and subscribe togeth- try was recognised by both sides in the Civil er with local worthies and the Church and War and a significant skirmish took place in other donors. There were limits though – 1643. Swarkestone became a Parliamentary Magna Carta (1215) ordained that no town garrison for a time. Just over a century later or person should be forced to build except of course Swarkestone was famous as the those with an ancient obligation to do so. It place where Bonnie Prince Charlie’s army seems unlikely that Swarkestone was forced stopped and retreated from in 1745. to build a bridge as the merchants of Mel- In 1781 the bridge was in great decay bourne and the burgesses of Derby were just and dangerous to horses and carriages. It as keen as King John, although records show had suffered repeated damage from river that the towns’ relationship soured some- boats as well as frequent floods. Finally in what over the administration of tolls. 1795 there was a great frost lasting for three In 1285 there was a catastrophic flood months, the river froze and there was a that no doubt damaged what would have great flood with ice floes when it thawed. been a relatively flimsy bridge at that time. The nine arches at the Swarkestone end There are no records of Aids in Pontage to were destroyed by this, as was the Inn at repair but it turns out that one Hugo de Sign of the Talbot that stood on the other Vienne, chamberlain to Edmund Crouch- side. The new bridge was designed by back and a money lender on the side came Thomas Sykes who was County Surveyor at up with the money. Indeed his obituary in the time and built at a cost of £3,500. This Dunstable Annals noted in 1296 records that is the bridge still standing today. 14 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017)

The 19th century saw much widening and writing by the plays of Ben Johnson; by some arches strengthened with blue brick. 1617 he had inherited the family estate and Buttresses were also added. he married Elizabeth Bassett from Blore in The 20th century brought the threat of Staffordshire the following year. William increased traffic. A bus went through the was responsible for the decorative scheme wall in 1922 and although it was possible to in ’s Little Castle, using ideas from drive a herd of cows across it in the 1940s, as Greek Mythology. These are reputed to be we were shown a photo, one would not want the best wall paintings of the Jacobean peri- to do that today with approximately 26,000 od. However, his aim was to become close cars, buses and lorries going over every sin- to the Royal family. gle day. The weight limit is supposed to be 7 In the period between 1619 and 1628 he ½ tons but that does not stop 40 ton lorries was created Viscount Mansfield and later trying to use it. It is policed by the Trading Earl of Newcastle. When his mother died Standards Office at Matlock. in 1629 he inherited the Ogle estate and There has been talk of a bypass for many began to build a house on the site of a Ben- decades but nothing has yet been decided. edictine Monastery in Clerkenwell, London. Who knows how long the bridge and its This later became known as “Newcastle causey will last with the constant pounding House”. of modern traffic, although the fact that it is By 1630 William and Elizabeth had four still around is a tribute to its builders. children – the youngest, Henry, inherited A fascinating talk which gave us so much the Cavendish estate. William’s aspirations information. Sue Brown were growing and now he was keen to ac- quire a Court appointment. In his endeav- ours, he entertained King Charles I and his Queen at Bolsover and Welbeck – the latter The Duke Of Newcastle event said to have cost between £4 and Friday 10 March, 2017 £5,000. The King “appreciated the events provided for him”. This evening Chris Francis shared his William’s main loves were music and research into the 1st Duke of Newcastle (on- poetry and he apparently used music to train Tyne), who was born William Cavendish in his horses. He became Governor to 8 year 1593, the son of Sir Charles Cavendish and old Charles, Prince of Wales and a Privy his wife Catherine Ogle (daughter of the 7th Councillor in 1638. Baron Ogle of Northumberland). The events of 1642 saw the Royalist The introductory slide was a portrait of William, who was based at York and Gen- William, painted by Van Dyck. eral of the Northern Forces, arrive late on William spent his early years at Welbeck the Marston Moor battlefield and though Abbey near Mansfield and went on to St. this was the most important of the Civil John’s College, Cambridge - his grandmoth- War battles – he gave up. He eventually er, Bess of Hardwick, being a benefactor. fled to Scarborough; Hamburg and Paris to He was a superb swordsman and in Italy he join the Court of the Queen Consort Henri- enhanced his swordsmanship plus other etta Maria. Having used up all his funds sports. He entered the Royal Mews (horses) during the battle he received the £2,000 and was trained by a Frenchman in Manege; owed to him by the Queen. William was later his interest led him to build the Riding created Marquess of Newcastle by Charles I House at . in 1643. He became the Member of Parliament During his exile, William married Marga- for Retford in 1614; was influenced in his ret Lucas (“Mad Madge”), a maid of honour Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) 15 to Henrietta Maria, in Paris in 1645. They without a negative. Fox-Talbot, working at moved to Rotterdam and then Antwerp Lacock Abbey, produced paper negatives, where they lived with the widow of the but the real break-through commercially artist Peter Paul Rubens. It was here that came with the Collodian (wet-plate) process William converted a room to a training area which allowed for sharper, cheaper photo- for horses. Margaret, like William, wrote graphs. The process led to 21 photographic poems, plays and also critiques. studios appearing in Derby in the 1850’s (44 Following the Restoration of the Mon- in Nottingham). archy the couple returned to London to A Belgian, Emmanuel Charles set up his find that the house in Clerkenwell had been studio at 2, Midland Rd, in 1852 .When he sold. William still wanted a Court appoint- died his assistant William Walter Winter ment. He was, however, reimbursed for the married Charles’ widow and took over the loss of his estate and the new King reinstat- business in 1864, moving to number 45, ed him as Clerk of the Bedchamber. At opposite, in the same year. After a fire in Welbeck William created a five mile race 1883, Winter extended the premises to track where several meetings a year were some 30 rooms with between 30/40 staff. held and a silver cup awarded; he bought When in 1894 electricity arrived in Derby, Nottingham Castle and Samuel Marsh (who Winter was able to photograph people even worked at Bolsover) undertook the altera- on dull days and in the evenings. tions. Today the studio employs just four peo- In 1665 he was finally made a Duke. ple, but there is growing recognition of its William died on Christmas Day, 1676 unique nature. Winter’s, by the C21th rather (almost three years after his wife). They can resembled : over the years, be found lying together in props, equipment, negatives, glass plates, Abbey. retouching kits that were redundant were William gave great loyalty to the Crown simply piled up in the various rooms, so that but remain on the fringe of the Court. it was very difficult to enter some of them. We learned lots of details about William Negatives and glass plates lay in glass boxes, Cavendish from this lecture and I noted completely unrecorded and awaiting identi- several comparisons with his Grandmother, fication. In the cellar were 6 tons of frag- Bess, in her endeavours – especially with ments of glass plates, a treasure trove of Arbella Stuart. past Derbyshire life. Norma Consterdine A Lottery Grant was successfully applied for, resulting in a ‘Friends of Winter’s group. The volunteer’s, working under Jane Visit to W.W.Winter, Midland Rd Middleton-Smith, also the archivist of Derby. 17.5.17 Smedley’s, have worked through a tiny pro- portion of the vast hoard of photographs. Winter’s is a marvellously preserved mid Many are now digitalised and identified. -Victorian photographic studio, certainly One of the volunteers, Jason Toon, a build- the oldest in the country and possibly in the er, has given much of his free time to repair world. Our visit started with Geoff Black- the building and clear the cellar. well, treasurer of the Royal Photographic We had a fascinating morning seeing just Society giving us an overview of the origins a few of the rooms: the first and second of photography. Nicephore Niepce took class waiting rooms with their Victorian the world’s first photograph in 1827, a view props; the retouching room with its graphite from his house taking an 8 hour exposure. pencils. We are very aware of ‘Photo-Shop’ Daguerreotypes followed, silver plate prints but the Victorians also wanted ‘coloured’ 16 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017)

Archaeological Society group in main studio photos and bald patches, spots, wrinkles and Visit to Middleton Hall physical defects removing. After all at 7s6d Thursday 1 June for a dozen carte de visite photos, you want- ed to impress. The advent of photography On a bright sunny day at the beginning compelled many eminent sitters to worry of June, a group of about 20 of us journeyed about their image. Charles Darwin grew a into to visit Middleton Hall, a beard partly to hide his eczema from the Grade II* listed house. Having been aban- camera. William Gladstone is photographed doned to the elements in 1966 after the Hall with a single white glove to disguise his miss- and 1,200 acres of ground had been sold for ing finger. sand and gravel extraction, it was saved by a Large boxes of photographs were on group of ramblers who came across it dur- display, many waiting to be identified. We ing a walk. North Warwickshire County needed a rail enthusiast to identify the mass- Council thought that it was beyond rescue es of steam locos, photographed for the but a Trust set up by volunteers in 1980 and Midland Railway Company. a 75 year lease allowed them to begin work The DAS have given over £800 from the on its restoration. The Trust now manage Pilling Trust to Winters for conservation the Hall, an ancient pool and extensive gar- materials and it is hoped that with further dens. funding more rooms can be opened to the A tree lined avenue leads to ‘The public. Thanks to Winters for putting so Stables’, a courtyard craft centre with re- much into our visit. freshment facilities and having congregated there we crossed by a bridge over a restored moat to the main house where coffee and Mick Appleby tea awaited us in an eighteenth century wing. After an introductory talk we began to explore the complex site which comprises several ranges of varying dates. The earliest Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) 17 standing building, on earlier foundations, is a St Michael’s Church typical, late Norman manor house or hunting Kirk Langley lodge attributed to Philip Marmion of Tam- worth Castle c1285 with sandstone walls, an June 21st was warm and sunny this year undercroft and an external stone staircase for our visit to St Michael’s Church, Kirk leading to a large upper hall with a barrel Langley. Mrs Mary Debley, the church war- vaulted or ‘wagon’ roof. This block is said to den, welcomed us with an introductory talk be the oldest domesticated building in the and then led a clockwise walk round the county. Of particular interest were two 17th church beginning at the west end of the century stills, used for the preparation of north aisle. Here irregularities in the stone perfumes. work indicate the remains of an earlier By 1435 the site had passed by mar- church. The manor of Langley had no riage through the Frevilles to the Willoughby church at Domesday but by the early 13th family of Nottinghamshire and it was Sir century the manor was divided into Kirk John Willoughby who built the striking, tim- Langley which contained the church and ber framed and jettied Great Hall of c1530, Meynell Langley the home of the Meynell its three oriel windows overlooking the Family. The early church was rebuilt in the moat.(see photograph) Carefully restored in 14th century. The font at the west end of 2003, the upper floor houses a display on the the north aisle is octagonal in shape and life of Tudor navigator Hugh Willoughby. stands on a 19th century marble pillars. Its From there we moved on to a third block 17th century conical cover was recovered known as the de Freville building, dated by from a barn in the 19th century. A blocked dendrochronology to 1647. Its restoration doorway on this aisle and one facing in the was only completed in 2007, the collapsing south aisle were until 1839 the principal side walls tied together with steel towing wire entry doors to the church and the present normally used for launching fighter jets and entry by the west doorway was then only found in a skip. The upper floor is now dedi- used by bell ringers. The windows and ar- cated to John Ray, the ‘Father’ of British cade of the north aisle are 14th century. The Natural History who lived at the Hall from Meynell Chapel at the east end of the north 1666-1676 while he compiled the first major aisle has a wooden screen containing some catalogue of British plants. We passed 16th century work. There is a plaque in through several other rooms, too many to memory of Captain Godfrey Meynell of the mention here, to spend some time in the British Indian Army who was killed in battle Flury Gallery which houses various displays in 1935 in India and posthumously awarded and artifacts relating to the Hall, the estate the Victoria Cross for bravery. On the north and the Trust’s restoration. wall is a large incised alabaster memorial to We then bought a picnic lunch, which we Alice Beresford. It is dated 1511 and she is ate in the grounds before strolling into the portrayed with a pointed head dress, gown walled garden, its walls built in 1717 and and long girdle. At some time in the past restored in 1984. Here we viewed the colour- the slab was stained possibly by water from ful beauty of the garden beds, planted in a leaking roof and this makes the details on cottage garden style, from a small gazebo the memorial difficult to see. and then rested for a while, wishing that we The chancel is early 14th century and has had the energy to go round the house again - a piscina and sedilia with trefoiled heads as some others did. It was a truly memorable filled now with modern woodwork. There a visit and is highly recommended. are memorials to the Meynell family. The

stained glass in the east window, by Burlison Joan D’Arcy and Grylls, was given in 1851 in memory of 18 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017)

the person who brings a museums perspective to managing the col- lection of over 70 historic vehi- cles, balancing conservation of original material against the re- quirements for safe and reliable operation. London County Council Tramcar No. 1was a one-off experimental prototype constructed in 1932 and painted in a unique ‘Bluebird’ livery. It incorporated a number of improvements over older tram types, aimed at maintaining com- petitiveness with other forms of road transport that had advanced John Meynell. There are squints on either enormously since the First World War. side of the chancel arch. There were a number of teething troubles The Twyford Chapel at the east end of and the design was not replicated, but the the south aisle has an east window partly of tram operated for several years in London, 17th century Flemish glass and on the floor before being sold onto Leeds in 1951. It was are some medieval tiles. The 1558 alabaster initially preserved at the Museum of British tomb of Henry Pole and his wife Dorothea Transport at Clapham, and when that closed once stood here but was moved to its present it moved to Crich, where is has been a static position in the south aisle during the 19th exhibit for many years. century restoration. Henry Pole is depicted In 2012 the decision was taken to restore in 16th century armour, his head on a helmet the tram to working order, and return it to and Dorothea has a French cap and a fur- the condition in which is ran in London lined cloak. The windows in the south aisle between July 1932 and July 1933 (including are 19th century. The battlemented west tower reproductions of the advertisements it car- is 14th century. ried at the time). The aim is to retain as Very good refreshments were served at much as possible of the original material, the end of the tour and Mrs Debley and her but to enable the tram to run and carry pas- helpers were thanked for giving us such an sengers some components will have to be informative visit. replaced because they are worn out or not Joan Davies up to modern safety standards. The work commenced in 2014 and is anticipated to take 4 years and £250,000 - INDUSTRIAL £500,000 to complete. They began by care- ARCHAEOLOGY fully dismantling the vehicle to its compo- nent parts. This was very much like an ar- SECTION chaeological excavation, with each part be- ing measured, drawn, photographed and Restoration of a London Tramcar recorded in its context on the vehicle. When 20 January 2017 the interior side panels were removed, they revealed a treasure trove of objects that had Laura Waters is the Curator at Crich fallen into the slots that accommodate the Tramway Village. She described her role as sliding windows. Layers could be dated by Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) 19

Restoration of the London tram at Crich

the type of tickets – London at the bottom Ordnance Survey and Leeds at the top. Typologies of fasten- 'When Mat and Mel came to ings and electrical cable types have been established. town : the ordnance survey in Where original parts cannot be reused, Derby' by Rod Pearson. they are being preserved as part of the his- toric record. When the project in complete Rod gave an informative and interesting and No.1 is running again, a selection of lecture, delivered in an amusing way, to a these parts and the objects discovered in the packed audience, everyone no doubt in- tram will be exhibited in a display telling the trigued by the title. Rod covered the art and story of the vehicle and its restoration. science of the painstaking work of the Ord- By 2016 the tramcar had been completely nance Survey in detail. It was started in 1751 stripped, and the steel bodyshell was shipped covering Scotland by General William Roy off to a specialist engineering company in at one inch to a mile and spread over Eng- Ilkeston who cleaned and treated the struc- land and Wales from a baseline near the ture, replacing corroded panels using original now Heathrow Airport. The baseline would hot riveting techniques. Back at Crich, the have been checked and rechecked several process of re-assembly has started, with the times to ensure it was completely accurate. canvas roof covering renewed, and compo- The sea level datum was set at a dock in nents such as the electric motors and con- Liverpool and our system was being linked trollers refurbished. Another specialist sub- with France until Napoleon appeared. contractor is putting the wheels and axles The survey came through Derby on back together again. Work is on schedule for three occasions- 1851, 1912 and 1953. For completion in 2018. the last one the base point was outside Laura finished her talk by inviting the Castle near Matlock (Mat) and the DAS to visit the museum this year while the survey line led to a base point between Mel- restoration is in progress, and this is now bourne (Mel) and . The base mark planned for 29 June. outside Riber is still visible protected by Ian Mitchell fencing. Thus the title of Mat and Mel com- ing to Derby! Benchmarks are still visible on 20 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) prominent buildings en route. Originally they sough diverted most of the water supply were a carved arrow with sometimes a locat- away from the mills, and precipitated the ing bolt and later they were a rectangular end of textile manufacture on the site. cast flush bracket with details cast into them. After a short comfort break, Darrell Rod showed us photos of various visible Clark spoke about how the wealth generated marks of both types. by Richard Arkwright I from his cotton The sea level datum was changed to spinning innovations was consolidated by Newlyn in Cornwall in 1931 for greater sta- his son Richard Arkwright II who moved bility and was calculated from readings taken into banking and invested in land and prop- every 15 minutes, 24 hours a day for several erty for his many children. As a result the years! family became established in stately homes With the advent of satellite technology all over the country. The final speaker, Peter the need for local benchmarks has been re- South, spoke about the German entrepre- duced and they are surprisingly not protect- neur Johann Gottfried Brugelmann, who ed. established the first Arkwright-style cotton There is a Bench Mark Database on the spinning factory on the continent of Eu- internet with details of the whole system. rope. Like Arkwright, he established a vil- No doubt many of us will be searching lage around the factory, and even named it out these marks to the amusement of passers Cromford, despite having acquired the by. knowledge of how to do this via what we There was a lively session of questions at would now regard as industrial espionage. the end and Rod was thanked for a great The morning ended with the EMIAC evening. Business meeting where it was reported that Ian Mitchell the previous EMIAC in Lincoln had made a substantial profit, and there was now a sur- EMIAC 92 plus of funds available for small grants to be Cromford Threads 7 May 2017 awarded to suitable I.A. projects in the re- gion. An application had been received for The East Industrial Archaeolo- £200 to subsidise publication of a book on gy Conference was hosted by the North East ironstone mining in Lincolnshire and this Derbyshire Industrial Archaeology Society was approved. (NEDIAS) and held at Arkwright’s Mill in A number of activities were organised Cromford. The event was very well attended for the afternoon, including a chance to see – the numbers had to be capped at to 90 to a new audio-visual visitor experience that fit comfortably within the venue. has been created within the empty shell of After a welcome from Cliff Lea of NE- the ‘First Mill’. There was also a guided walk DIAS, the first speaker was Professor Stan- around the village of Cromford and a ley Chapman, who spoke about the local chance to see inside Cromford parish development of factory based textile produc- church, which was originally built as the tion in the 18th Century. He compared and Arkwright family chapel. contrasted the technologies and market con- The next EMIAC will be on 14 October ditions for silk and cotton. The second on the theme “Engineered in Northamp- speaker was Dr Lynn Willies who spoke ton” – full details and a booking form else- about lead mining in the area, and how the where in this newsletter. Cromford sough that was excavated in the to drain the mines initially provided a reliable Ian Mitchell source of water for Arkwright’s mill. Howev- er, in the 19th century the deeper Meerbrook Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) 21 Visit to Taylors Bell Foundry supporting structures. The supporting 6th. June structures were being made in an adjacent woodworking shop and were an engineering A visit to the Bell foundry was enjoyed challenge in themselves having to resist the by 23 members on a wild and windy day and loads from the swinging bell and yet be con- all found parking places around the grade trollable by the ringer through very large 11* listed building in the maze of terraces wheels carrying the bell ropes in grooves on surrounding. Taylors are now the only Bell the outer edges. Founders in the UK and dates back to the It was obvious that we were seeing the 14th. century. The present building was built production process in reverse as the next in the 1850s, Taylors having moved to workshop we entered was the all important Loughborough to complete a contract to Tuning and machining shop. New bell cast- replace the bells in the parish church of All ings from the casting hall were machined to Saints. rid them of casting excesses and to provide We met in the museum amongst a fasci- mounting features and then mounted on nating display of bells of all sizes and ages a huge ancient {1879) vertical boring ma- from hand bells through ships bells to large chine. This machine fine tuned the bell by church sizes with some of the tools used to removing metal from the inside surfaces make them. The room was dominated by the selectively, the bell's response being stoke holes of the large furnaces to supply then compared to a range of tuning the molten metal to the casting floor of forks, using a great deal of operator skill, which more anon! An introduction to the until it was judged satisfactory. We had a firm, its history and the art of bell making talk on the tuning process and were shown a was then given by a very knowledgeable set of identical bells cast from different ma- guide. terials having completely different sounds From here we moved to a machine shop but all having different applications. The filled with many sets of bells being fitted operator did admit to suffering from tini- with heavy collars which held the bells in tus !

The group examining the mountings for new bells. 22 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017)

Inside the Loughborough Bell Foundry.

Bells ready to be tuned and mounted.

The final step was onto the casting floor. Visit to Rolls Royce Hucknall Unfortunately it was unoccupied as the last Heritage Group Wed. 14th. June set of castings had been dug up and were being cooled down in a controlled manner. An evening visit to the Rolls Royce The bells are cast in large pits in the earth Hucknall establishment was enjoyed by 15 floor. This is the traditional way, supporting members. the casting, lessening the possibility of mol- The airfield at Hucknall opened dur- ten metal leak and ensuring the bell cools ing the first world war by the RAF. Rolls slowly. In the pit is buried an outer cast iron Royce moved in alongside the RAF in 1934 shell lined with brick with a smooth layer of setting up an engine test flying and experi- loam, horse manure and goats hair which mental facilities to study the problems of shapes the outer surface of the bell. This putting evermore powerful engines into surface is usually highly decorated and must aircraft. Increasing power leads to many have the necessary mouldings, in reverse of problems such cooling, demanding testing course! The inner part of the bell is formed engines in flight in aircraft installations. by a plug lowered into the outer shell and Other problems such as anti icing, noise and formed in the same way. engine installation were studied. The RAF The 'pouring' ends of the melting furnac- left the airfield in 1957 and Rolls Royce es protruded into the casting hall and the flying finished in 1971, the experimental and casting process must be a sight to behold. production work declining. The airfield has The Little John Bell for the Nottingham now largely been sold and faces a rising tide Council House weighs 10 tons 7cwt. and a of housing and industrial development cov- relatively recent casting was for the Valletta ering its recent history. Harbour Malta George Cross Siege Bell The redevelopment was very obvious weighing 10tons 14cwt. on arrival with new houses spreading onto A fascinating trip revealing what can still the airfield the old runway of which has be produced by traditional methods but rely- been removed but the Flying Control Tower ing on an incredible level of craftsmanship. was still visible. We were lead through the site by two members of the Rolls Royce Peter Robinson Heritage group who are setting up an exhi- Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) 23 bition centre to conserve some of the work already done can only mean that the histo- and history of the site. The first area we met ry of this site will be saved, remembered and was that of the rig testing area now a grassy available for the future. Our guides were field with hut foundations visible, sobering full of anecdotes and enthusiasm and we for the writer who spent 10 years there trying were left in no doubt that the exhibition will to break things! Further walking through the be spectacular when completed. site showed all the Technical Offices con- Peter Robinson taining the drawing offices and laboratories to be gone but left standing were most of the Coach trip to Hull flight hangers and an ex RAF first world war 18 June 2017 'Belfast' hanger a listed building. This hanger we were told will shortly have to go however The Industrial Archaeology Section’s as it was considered not 'rare' and had suf- coach trip this year was to Hull. The trip fered some alterations. was very well supported – the booked 33 The sombre atmosphere was lightened seat coach would have been full, but the by the news that the building for the Herit- coach company actually provided a giant 59- age Group had been saved from demolition seater so we had plenty of space. The out- and would be available on a long lease. The ward journey took us over the Humber building was a specialised test bed containing Bridge, the longest single span suspension a section of wing on which engines could be bridge in the world when it opened in 1981. mounted and run in a flying attitude We picked up our local guide at the service with cowlings and accessories fitted. The area just north of the bridge and continued wing will have to be replaced but the build- into Hull city centre. ing still has the two control rooms, one with Our guide for the day, Geraldine original round dials and the other with digital Mathieson, had prepared an excellent instrumentation! Arranged through the handout with a map, list of places of inter- building was a very good display of engines est, and a fascinating 1640 plan of the city and wind tunnel models all being carefully showing the city walls and other defences at cleaned and conserved. One of the exhibi- the time of the . Our visit tion piston engines had all its components started with a walk along the part of the scanned electronically and assembled into river Hull, looking at lifting bridges, ware- a 'virtual' engine which can be 'run' as a houses and former shipbuilding sites. As is teaching aid. The ambition of the Heritage typical on an I.A. tour, there would have Group is to create a centre which will cele- been more to see last year – an interesting brate the activities of the site in the past such 1907 flour mill has recently been demol- as the design and manufacture of the 'Flying ished. Bedstead' a pioneer jet powered vertical take off aircraft, and provide education tools for Preserved barge in young engineers. Humber Dock There are still extensive manufacturing facilities in place on the site but most will be moved when capable alternative suppliers are found and around 1500 houses built to- gether with some new industrial units. There was some doubt over the future appearance of the whole site but there is no doubt that the enthusiasm of the group setting up the Heritage Centre and the quality of the work 24 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) OBITUARY

PETER BILLSON 1929 -2017

It is with great sadness that we heard that Peter had died. Even though he been ill for some time it still came as a shock and he Arctic Corsair trawler on will be much missed. He was such a lovely the River Hull man. He had been the Treasurer of the So- ciety for 25 years until his retirement only The initial walk ended at the Hull and last year. East Riding Museum, where the party split Born in Derby, he lived here for all his to look at the archaeological collections in life. He attended School and this museum, visit the adjacent Streetlife later Bemrose Grammar school before transport museum, the family home of the training as an architect and working for his anti-slavery campaigner William Wilberforce father’s company before finally joining and House, go on a tour of the preserved trawler becoming a partner, for many years, in the ‘Arctic Corsair’ or just visit a nearby pub for architectural practise of Naylor Sale and lunch – no one had time to do all of these! Widdows. His greatest triumph was the We regrouped in the afternoon for design of the new St Alkmunds Church but Geraldine to lead us on a further walk he was also involved with the now famous through the old town area, where there are a conservation and restoration of the Bruns- number of former coaching inns – including wick pub and the Midland Railway cottages the George Hotel which claims to have the by the Derbyshire Historic Buildings Trust. smallest window in the UK – and then down Latterly he was a member of the Derby to the Humber estuary to see the landing Conservation Area Advisory Committee. stage for the ferry to New Holland that oper- Indeed the list of Peter’s interests is le- ated until the opening of the Humber gion – he was a member of the Derby Bridge. The ferry terminal building survives, Youth Orchestra (where he met his late wife displaying the initials of the Manchester Brenda) and the Derby Concert orchestra Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway. We then and continued to enjoy classical music for walked alongside some of the docks that the rest of his life. He was a stalwart of the were constructed for shipping from 1774 Derby Civic Society and the Derby Porce- onwards – the Humber dock of 1809 is now lain Society amongst many others including a marina, Prince’s Dock of 1829 has a shop- the DAS. He was also a published author ping centre in it, and the original Queen’s with books as diverse as “Derby and the Dock is filled in as a public park. The tour Midland Railway”, “Thomas Bridgett and ended at the former dock offices, now the Co” and “Churches in Nottinghamshire” Maritime Museum, but by the time we and others to his name. reached there it was museum closing time, so By all accounts he had a long, happy and we boarded the coach for the journey home, busy life and our thoughts are with his fami- all very much aware that there was lots more ly at this time. to see in the ‘city of culture’ than we had Barbara Foster been able to squeeze into one very busy day. There will a Lecture in Peter’s honour th Ian Mitchell on the 27 October 2017 at Derby Univer- sity and the speaker will be Maxwell Craven. Full details will be in our forthcoming win- Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) 25 ter programme. We also hope to be launch- out of the forest. Some local place names ing Peter’s latest book “ Francis Thompson: are also mentioned. In 1442 the abbot of Victorian Railway Architect” on the same Basingwerk leased the manor of Glossop to night. John Talbot, the 1st Earl of Shrewsbury and

in 1537 George Talbot, 5th Earl of Shrews- bury, was granted possession by Henry VIII DERBYSHIRE after the dissolution of the monasteries. In MISCELLANY the late 16thC the Earl purchased a large part of Longdendale from Elizabeth 1 Vol 21, Part 3, Spring 2017 which was then formally disafforested.

A map (probably 1587-1590) shows the  The Chinley Herbages by Derek Brumhead areas of herbages in Longdendale, Main-  The Life and Times of a Delinquent Cavalier, stonefield (alias Chinley), Ashop, Edale, Sir Aston Cokaine, 1608-1684, Royalist, Cath- Fairfield and Tideswell. It also includes out- olic, Poet and Dramatist by Alan Cockayne line pictures of buildings of the chief places

in between the herbages which were leased Very little has been written about out. The Chinley herbage covered just over herbages - pastoral out-stations leased out by 600 statute acres. Some documentary histo- the Crown or, in the case of Chinley, by the ry of the Chinley herbages was also found, from 1391-2 - but Derek beginning with a grant of lands to Merivale Brumhead has unearthed some interesting Abbey recorded in the Duchy rentals in the information which certainly adds to our early 13thC. knowledge. The Chinley herbages were in Not many people are lucky enough to be north-west Derbyshire. From the late 11thC able to trace their ancestors back to the much of this region was part of the Royal 17thC, let alone to be able to tell the story Forest of the Peak and from medieval times of a Delinquent Cavalier who was also a Royalist, part of an administrative district called Catholic, Poet and Dramatist. But Alan Cock- Bowden Middlecale which for tax purposes ayne can. His interesting account of Sir As- consisted of ten hamlets covering 16,000 ton Cokaine, 1608-1684 begins with his birth statute acres. at , the eldest son of the Originally the forest formed part of an Catholic Thomas Cockayne of Ashbourne inheritance dating back to William II but in Hall and Anne Stanhope and ends with his the 12thC it reverted back to the Crown. death in poverty in lodgings in Derby on 18 Basingwerk Abbey in Flintshire received February 1684. extensive grants in Longdendale from Henry The Cokaynes had arrived in England in II in 1157 which included the manor and the time of and for church of Glossop. In 1372, the forest, ex- over 450 years the family had prospered in cept for the Abbey's Glossop manor, came the service of their monarchs. Aston's into the possession of , Duke cousin, William Cockayne, an advisor and of Lancaster, becoming part of the Duchy of personal friend of King James I, was then Lancaster in 1399. the richest commoner in England. Population growth in the 12th and 13thC Aston was an intelligent and well educat- led to increasing competition for the re- ed man. He attended at least three universi- sources of the forest. Documents from the ties, spoke several languages and was well early 13thC show the laws of the Forest of travelled and connected. He married Mary the Peak being broken: assarts taken for Kniveton, daughter of Sir Gilbert Kniveton farming, houses built and trees used for in 1634 and went to live at Pooley Hall, near building and fuel, and thus include the first in Warwickshire. He had a son mention of arable farming when land was cut 26 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) followed by a daughter and spent his time soon returned, arrested for debt and sent to with his books, his companions, his religion Marshalsea Prison. Released from prison and his devotions to King Charles I, writing c1651 following payment of his fines by a play 'A Masque at Bretby' which was per- William Cokayne, Aston retired to Pooley formed at Bretby in 1639. He also wrote where he published several more plays and poems (several of which are reproduced). poems and probably leased or mortgaged Aston inherited Pooley Hall in 1638 together the Pooley estate to William Cockayne. with his father's debts, the marriage portions Eventually Ashbourne Hall and the Lord- of his five sisters and the maintenance of his ship of Ashbourne were sold to Sir William mother and her large household at Ash- Boothby and in 1683 Pooley Hall and the bourne Hall until her death in 1664. Lordship of Pooley Manor were sold to But Aston also liked an extravagant life Humphrey Jennings. The end was inevitable and his financial problems were not helped - a life of poverty in Derby in his old age. by the onset of the Civil War. His estate was Members of the Cockayne family lived in sequestered by Parliament because he was a Derby but he never acknowledged them and Catholic and the King, who had knighted they in turn considered he had disgraced the him, expected his financial support. He bor- ancient name by the loss of the Derbyshire rowed money extensively to cover his five and Warwickshire estates and the family sisters’ marriage portions but appears to have fortune. spent the money, providing a dowry for only one sister. He continued to draw an income For the time being, articles for inclusion for his own use and as a consequence ap- in Derbyshire Miscellany should be sent to Mrs peared before the Committee for Com- Jane Steer, 478 Duffield Road, Allestree, pounding with Delinquents. After the loss of Derby, DE22 2DJ. his estates, he sought sanctuary at but this was besieged. When the King If you don't subscribe to Miscellany, cop- surrendered the castle he went to France but ies of both this issue and back issues are available from Mrs Susan Peberdy, 147 Havenbaulk Lane, Littleover, Derby, DE23 4AF (£4.25 incl. p&p). Alternatively an an- nual subscription to Derbyshire Miscellany, which is published twice a year, is £6.

Jane Steer

NEW MEMBERS (since January Newsletter)

 Mrs & Prof J. Powers of Quarndon  Dr N.S. Hunt of South Wingfield  Miss B. Sheldon of Derby  Ms K. Warner of Belper  Mr M. Whyld of Ripley  Mr D. Budge of Spondon  Mr & Mrs M. & J. Neal of Mickleover  Mrs J. Pellington of Nuthall Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) 27  Drs G. & S. Spring of Stanton by Bridge BOOK REVIEWS  Mr P. & Mrs S. Thomas of Allestree  Mrs J. Middleton-Smith of Duffield An Upland Biography  Mrs V. & Mr J. Page of Spondon Landscape and Prehistory on Gardom’s  Mrs A.G. Sanders of Attenborough Edge, Derbyshire By John Barnatt,  Miss K. Topliss of Chesterfield Bill Bevan and Mark Edmonds  Mrs J.L. & Mr P.W. Wood of Winster  Mr W.A. Read of Allestree Windgather Press (Oxbow Books) Oxford ISBN 978-1-911188-15-5 £34.99  Mr P. Rowlands & Miss M. Chicksen of

Derby This book describes an intensive archae-

ological study of a relatively small area of We have been notified of the death of the the Peak District’s Eastern Moors, famous following members. for their dramatic gritstone edges. It is in

two parts, the first a well-illustrated and  Mr M.H. Evans, readable account of the six excavation sea-  Mr P. Billson, sons carried out between 1995 and 2000 by  Miss E.M.J. Parkinson the authors on behalf of the Peak District National Park Authority and Sheffield Uni- PILLING REPORT versity assisted by scores of volunteers; the second, a series of specialist reports on the

findings. A grant of £600 was made to Mrs Denise Archaeologically, surviving surface traces Grace and the Belper Group for pottery of prehistoric field systems, cairns and other analysis of a comprehensive selection finds features on the Eastern Moors are well- from a long running excavation behind the known, but less well-known are the time Market Place in Belper. It was a complicated depths and details of human interaction multiphase site from the ancient to the rela- with their environment that they embody. tively modern so the results should be very Despite poor results from geophysics and interesting. the problem of acid soils having destroyed If you have a project in mind, be it ar- evidence such as bone, pollen and plant chaeological, historical, architectural or in- microfossils, this book makes it clear that dustrial and Derbyshire based please do get there is still a great deal that can be deduced. in touch – see advert below. The reader is guided through the evi-

dence for people having visited, lived and PILLING AWARD farmed on the edge through millennia, fos- Applications are invited from members silised in the stone structures above ground of the Society who are involved in research and under the turf. Detailed archaeological projects relating to the history, archaeology, survey and excavation and careful, painstak- architecture or industrial archaeology of Der- ing analysis of the results are woven into an byshire. intricate and intimate story localised to the Grants of up to £1000 can be awarded. Gardom’s Edge landscape. A few surprise Full details of the conditions and application discoveries are revealed and a greater under- forms can be obtained from Barbara Foster standing is gained, almost stone by stone, of (details on cover). Barbara Foster the remains and the people who made them, primarily in the second and third millennia BC.

28 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) Inserted alongside the archaeology are  Richard Knox – ‘How the Battle of Bos- coloured photographs accompanied by com- worth was fought - or was it’ mentaries on green coloured pages, which  Author Mathew Lewis – ‘Richard, Duke evoke the continuing ‘magic’ of the gritstone of York and the Art of Avoiding War’ edges, particularly Gardom’s, for anyone  Bob Savage - ‘Killed the Boar, Shaved interested in landscape history. his Head’; the Death of Richard III Pauline Beswick Cost £40 per person. SMALL ADS To reserve your seat, please mail your name, Frost Collection address, email address of each participant along with your check (£40 each) payable to

“The Richard III Foundation, Inc.” The family of E G Frost has handed a collection of his papers to the Society and it Please submit to Ms. Dorothy Davies, is possible that some of these might be use- Half Moon House, 32 Church Lane, ful to members with a particular interest in Ryde. Isle of Wight PO33 2NB. aspects of Nth Derbyshire. Most of the items are photocopies of published material, For further questions, please email us at some of early dates. They are concentrated [email protected]. Website: on Roman Roads, a selection of caves and www.richard111.com. forts and Melandra.

I am currently cataloguing the papers and will have the list available for perusal at fu- ture meetings. However, if you think you DO YOU KNOW? might like to see any of these before then, please get in touch with me via my email The Derbyshire Archaeological Society address: has completed digitising all issues of the [email protected] annual Journal and the Local History publi- cation—Miscellany. They are all now available on-line for free The Richard III Foundation via our website www.derbyshireas.org.uk with the exception of the very recent edi- The Foundation will hold its 2017 Annual tions. Symposium Warfare in the Fifteenth Century” on Saturday, October 14 at the Guildhall, We occasionally email items thay may be Leicester. of interest to members - such as events,

The speakers and topics are: changes to our programmes etc. Please ensure we have your updated  Dr. Tobias Capwell - 'The Last Ten email as many have changed with the clos- Minutes: Armour, Cavalry Charges and ing of freeserve. If you have never received the Downfall of Richard III' these we do not have your email address  Professor Anne Curry – ‘Changes in and would be grateful if you could let us Warfare in the Fifteenth Century’ have it. Please send email address to the  Dr. Jane Evans – ‘Analyzing the Bones secretary (Email inside front cover). of a King’  Dr. Turi King –‘Richard III; the Resolu- We do not divulge your email address to tion of a 500 year old Missing Person's anyone without your agreement. Case Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) 29 30 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) 31 EMIAC 93 – ENGINEERED IN NORTHAMPTON

Saturday 14th October 2017

BOOKING FORM

Admission to the Conference is by advance booking only as this is a secure site. Please complete this booking form and send it to the Booking Secretary by the 1st October, enclosing the correct remittance and a stamped self-addressed envelope. An acknowledgement and location map will be sent to you.

The price of £23.00 per person includes the cost of all refreshments, lunch and car parking.

Name(s) : ______

If applicable please complete the following:- Society(if appropriate)______

I/We have the following dietary requirements: ______

I wish to have display space for: ______

I have a mobility problem and require a disabled parking space. ______

Please send your remittance (cheques made payable to NIAG) to:

Dr. T J Waterfield Hon. Treasurer, NIAG 6 Bakers Lane, Norton Daventry Northamptonshire, NN11 2EL

32 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 84 (Jul 2017) DERBYSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY SECTION OFFICERS 2017/2018

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP Chairman Chris Wardle (and Council Rep.) Vice-Chairman Ann Jones Secretary and CBA Representative.. Janette Jackson. Programme Secretary Anne Haywood Treasurer John D'Arcy Fieldwork Officer David Budge

ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY Chairman John D’Arcy (and Council Rep.) Secretary Alison Haslam Treasurer Malcolm Busfield Programme Secretary Jane Steer

LOCAL HISTORY SECTION Chairman Vice Chairman Dr. Joan D’Arcy (and Council Rep) Secretary Mrs. J. Davies Treasurer Mrs. S. Peberdy

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY SECTION Chairman: Mr Ian Mitchell Vice-chairman: Mrs Anne Allcock Secretary: Mr David Mellors Treasurer: Dr Alastair Gilchrist Programme Secretary: Mr Peter Robinson (and Council Rep.) Auditor: Mr Keith Reedman