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The Role of the State in Religious Pluralism
Fatima Saba Akhunzada THE ROLE OF THE STATE IN RELIGIOUS PLURALISM. A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN Abstract: The term interfaith dialogue is not new now. Followers of different religions and of different ideologies have already mentioned it. Since the World has become a global village, the need of interfaith discussion increased. The main objective of this interfaith dialogue is to promote religious tolerance and peace among different religions and to avoid conflicts and violence. Another objective is to create the atmosphere of respect towards the other religions which we hardly see in the past. We observe discrimination and prejudices among the followers of different religions which continues even at this day and age. Religion is the need of every person and society, its role cannot be ignored in life, and it should not be used as a reason of conflicts among the nations. We observe in the past and even in the present that the reasons and causes of conflicts are racial and regional and based on caste and creed rather than religion. The hereby article tackles the situation of Pluralism in Pakistan and the attitude of the state towards other religious minorities. There is a brief discussion about the existing ethnic groups and their conflicts. The rights of religious groups are discussed in the light of the constitution of 1973. Violence and discrimination against the minorities is discussed in the paper and their complaints and problems are highlighted. In the end some recommendations are discussed, regular sessions of interfaith dialogue are the need of the present time. Sectarian violence should be banned. -
Connecting the Dots: Education and Religious Discrimination in Pakistan a Study of Public Schools and Madrassas
Connecting the Dots: Education and Religious Discrimination in Pakistan A Study of Public Schools and Madrassas UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Connecting the Dots: Education and Religious Discrimination in Pakistan A Study of Public Schools and Madrassas UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM November 2011 By Azhar Hussain (ICRD) and Ahmad Salim with Arif Naveed (SDPI) FRONT COVER: In this April 16, 2011 photo, a Pakistani Christian student walks past a poster of slain Christian leader Shahbaz Bhatti placed on a school gate in Khushpur village near Faisalabad, Pakistan. (AP Photo/Anjum Naveed) COMMISSIONERS Leonard A. Leo Chair Dr. Don Argue Dr. Elizabeth H. Prodromou Vice Chairs Dr. Azizah al-Hibri Felice D. Gaer Dr. Richard D. Land Dr. William J. Shaw Nina Shea Ted Van Der Meid Ambassador Jackie Wolcott Executive Director PROFESSIONAL STAFF Tom Carter, Director of Communications David Dettoni, Director of Operations and Outreach Judith E. Golub, Director of Government Relations Paul Liben, Executive Writer John G. Malcolm, General Counsel Knox Thames, Director of Policy and Research Dwight Bashir, Deputy Director for Policy and Research Elizabeth K. Cassidy, Deputy Director for Policy and Research Scott Flipse, Deputy Director for Policy and Research Sahar Chaudhry, Policy Analyst Catherine Cosman, Senior Policy Analyst Deborah DuCre, Receptionist Tiffany Lynch, Senior Policy Analyst Jacqueline A. Mitchell, Executive Coordinator Kristina G. Olney, Associate Director of Government Relations U.S. COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM 800 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 790 Washington, DC 20002 202-523-3240, 202-523-5020 (fax) www.uscirf.gov THIS STUDY WAS SPONSORED BY: U.S. -
Iaf Combat Kills - 1971 Indo-Pak Air War
IAF COMBAT KILLS - 1971 INDO-PAK AIR WAR Author : B. Harry Updated : v1.1, Sept 06, 2006 The final tally of the 14-day 1971 war announced by Indian Defence Minister Jagjivan Ram, in the Parliament on Dec 18, 1971, puts Pakistani losses at 94 aircraft and Indian losses at 45 (54 [28] ) aircraft. The figure for kills was determined though very strict procedures and does not include damaged aircraft or probable kills. It has not been clear whether these claims refer to PAF losses alone or to all aircraft destroyed in combat or if they include the F-86Es captured at Tejgaon, which would make the numbers much higher. A breakdown of kills was never released officially, although a crude estimate of 75 kills mentioned the Official history of the 1971 war, would include 35 Pakistani aircraft lost to the air action and the rest destroyed on the ground. This document attempts to list to the highest extent possible, all of the claims made by the IAF, in terms of enemy aircraft destroyed during the conflict. Since the IAF itself has not released a single, detailed list of such claims, all the respective tables (especially Table 1.1) are thus incomplete until more information becomes available. PAGE DOCUMENT CONTENTS GLOSSARY 2 TABLE 1.1.1 - IAF Air to Air kills Dec 1971 IAF Indian Air Force 1. TABLE 1.2 - Damage, Probable and Close calls PAF Pakistan Air Force 3 RJAF Royal Jordanian Air Force 6 TABLE 2.1 - PAF AAA and Ground to Air Losses W/C Wing Commander 7 TABLE 3.1 - IAF Air to Ground kills Dec 1971 S/L Squadron Leader 1. -
Sikkim University
RELIGIOUS MINORITIES IN PAKISTAN INTERROGATING THE ROLE OF STATE A Thesis Submitted To Sikkim University In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Anil Rajak Department of International Relations School of Social Sciences October 2018 Gangtok737102 INDIA Dedicated to my three Women Mother, Wife and Daughter Acknowledgments From the very first moment I chose to work on religious minorities in Pakistan my supervisor motivated and guided me. I owe him sincere thanks to my supervisor who always guided me throughout my research period and took pain to do correction of the chapters. Without his help and guidance I wouldn’t be able finish my research. The topic was challenging and at the same time interesting he helped me with the framework and methodology. For my research I visited libraries in Jawaharlal Nehru University, and Karachi University in Pakistan I also visited documentation section of Dawn nwspaper the most circulated newspaper in Pakistan. Its documentation on minorities from 1970 till date from different newspaper cuttings was of great help. I would like to thank all the people for their immense help and being cordial with me. I would like to thank all the people I met during my visit to Pakistan for their opinion and better understanding of conditions and status religious minorities in Pakistan. I would like to thanks all the people of both the communities Hindus and Christians with whom I discussed the conditions of their community. It gave me first hand information about different issues and challenges faced by them in day-to-day life.