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A STUDY GUIDE FOR

■ by

Cynthia Adams

December 1967 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION 1

Section

I. GENERAL 3

Bibliography ...... 5

II. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 6

Bibliography 8

III. TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES 13

General The Akan The G a The Adangme The Ewe Peoples of Northern Ghana Traditional Religion Traditional Culture: Art, Literature and Music Bibliography .23

IV. EARLY EXTERNAL INFLUENCES .... 30

General Religion Era of European Trade Castles and Forts The Slave Trade Prelude to Colonial Rule Bibliography 36

V. COLONIAL RULE AND NATIONALISM ... 39

Bibliography . 42

ii iii

Section Page

VI. POLITICS: INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL 44

General Political Developments: 1946-1966 Elites Foreign Policy Nkrumah The 1966 Coup and Post-Coup Period Bibliography 50

VII. SOCIAL CHANGE 59

Population Urbanization and Migration Rural Social Change Education Culture and Literature

Bibliography ...... 64

VIII. THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM 71

General Agriculture and Forestry Fish and Livestock Commerce, Industry and Trade Manpower and Trade Unions Economic Development Planning and The Monetary and Financial System Foreign Assistance and Investment Bibliography 82

IX. BIBLIOGRAPHIES 93

Bibliography 95

INTRODUCTION

This Study Guide on Ghana, like the earlier guides on

Nigeria and Liberia published by the Development Program of

the African Studies Center (Boston University), is designed

to provide personnel of the Agency for International Development

with guidelines for selecting reading materials. The Guide

focuses on the most readily accessible publications and should

facilitate a choice of materials most pertinent to the reader's

needs. The stress is on books, but references are also made

to the most important journals, magazines, bulletins and news¬

papers .

The Guide contains nine sections: (1) general, (2) physical

environment, (3) traditional societies, (4) early external in¬

fluences, (5) colonial rule and nationalism, (6) politics: in¬

ternal and external, (7) social change, (8) the economic system,

and (9) bibliographies. Each section is divided into two parts:

the first provides the reader with comments on the principal works on that particular subject; the second consists of a bibliography of supplementary readings as well as works cited

in the commentary. The latter is intended to give the reader a more comprehensive view of the materials should he want to pursue the subject more thoroughly.

The division of the Guide into sections is somewhat arbi¬ trary since there is a high degree of inter-relatedness among them. For example, an understanding of the traditional societies 2 and the physical environment is relevant for appreciating the problems and prospects for Ghanaian economic development.

Last, it should be noted that most of the materials dis¬ cussed are available in the major American libraries as well as in the larger Ghanaian urban libraries. I. GENERAL

The primary purpose of this section is to indicate sources which will enable the reader to get a quick overall view of

Ghana. The best source available in this category is the American

University's Special Warfare Area Handbook for Ghana (1962).

This generally objective work contains a wealth of information on the sociological, geographical, historical, cultural, economic, political and military background. Excellent bibliographies are found at the end of each section. In addition to its value as a general work, the Handbook discusses a number of important points that are not treated in detail elsewhere.

The Handbook's account of health and welfare (pp. 151-169) should prove to be of interest to the reader, and of particular importance is the discussion of Ghanaian social values and patterns of living (pp. 171-174). The second section of this work offers one of the fullest discussions of Ghana's foreign policy (pp. 255-

278) presently available. There is also good coverage of the media of information and propaganda (pp. 279-309) and of Ghanaian attitudes to the tribe, the nation and the world (pp. 311-324).

Section three, which deals with the economic background, is well-handled and the discussion of the labor force (pp. 376-378). is particularly useful for an assessment of the problem of labor productivity. Finally, the comments on the national police and the armed forces in section four provide information on the two units which carried out the February 1966 coup. 1+

A concise view of Ghana may be found in Dennis Austin's article in : A Handbook to the (2nd ed. 1966) edited by Colin Legum. Certain publications of the Ghana Infor¬ mation Services, written primarily for tourists and persons with a general interest in Ghana, have been listed in the bibliography and it would be useful to check with the Ghanaian Embassy in

Washington, D.C. or the Ghana Information Services in New York

City for the latest publications. 5

Bibliography General

American University. Special Operations Research Office. Foreign Areas Studies Division. Special Warfare Area Handbook for Ghana. Washington, D.C., 1962.

Church, R.J.H. Environment and Policies in . Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc. , 196 3.

Ghana Information Services. Ghana at a Glance. , 1961?

Ghana Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Ghana: An Official Handbook. Accra, 1962.

Hailey, Lord. An African Survey, Revised, 1956: A Study of Problems Arising in Africa South of the Sahara. London : Oxford University Press, 1957.

Information Section. Embassy of Ghana. Ghana Fact Sheet. Washington, D.C., 1966?.

Kitchen, H. (ed.). A Handbook of African Affairs. New York: Praeger, 1964. Ppl 49-52.

Legum, C.(ed.). Africa: A Handbook to the Continent. New York: Praeger, 1966. (Rev. and enlg. ed.). Pp~! TÏÏ3-203.

Sale, J. Kirk. The Land and People of Ghana. New York: J.B Lippincott Co.~ 19 6 3 . (A popular account based on an analysis of the symbols on Ghana's coat of arms.). II. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

Because of the pervasive effect of the physical environment, many of the works cited in other sections, particularly in the section on the economic system, are pertinent here.

The most up-to-date materials on Ghana's physical environ¬ ment may be found in geography books on Africa or West Africa.

Two of these books focus mainly on the relation of physical environment to economic development. William A. Hance's The

Geography of Modern Africa (1964) presents the major features of the economy of Africa, analyzes factors which affect economic development, assesses some growth potentials, and presents ex¬ cellent supporting maps and statistical data. The author treats

Africa in general in the first five chapters. Important here

is Hance's presentation of certain common problems, e.g., in¬ adequate infrastructure, shortages of capital and skills, etc.

Chapter 10-13 deal with West Africa and discuss land use by product, and mining by country, and industrialization

in West Africa as a whole. A more dated book on the relation¬ ship between physical environment and economic development, but useful since it focuses on West Africa specifically, is R. J. H.

Church's West Africa: A Study of Environment and Man's Use of

It (1957). The fairly lengthy chapter on Ghana (pp. 360-416) emphasizes the role of cocoa and minerals in the Ghanaian economy.

A Geography of Subsaharan Africa (1964) by Harman J. de Blij 7 and Africat A New Geographical Survey (1967) by A. B. Mountjoy and C. Embleton are concerned primarily with physical and political geography. De Blij's three introductory chapters should be read for an overview of the physiology, and historical geography (boundaries, regional divisions, etc.) of

Africa. His chapter on Ghana (pp. 346-362) treats political geography'(regional boundaries) and the crucial role of the

Volta River and the Project. The section on West

Africa in the Mountjoy and Embleton book has a brief discussion on Ghana (pp. 635-642).

Two books are available on Ghanaian geography: W. J.

Varley and H. P. White's The (1958) and E. A.

Boateng's A Geography of Ghana (1959). Both were written primarily for secondary school students. Boateng's book is the more use¬ ful. It contains good tables and figures, and covers climate, weather, vegetation, soils and minerals. It also deals with the economic uses of these natural resources and includes a discussion of industries, communications and ports. Both of these books must be supplemented by information on the changes in the structure of Ghana's regions and on the impact of the

Volta Dam and Harbor. More up-to-date information on these subjects can be found in the general works referred to above.

For the agricultural specialist, the detailed study, Agriculture and Land Use in Ghana (1962), edited by J. B. Wills is excellent.

The work also contains information of value to the geologist and livestock specialist. 8

Bibliography Physical Environment

A. General Background

Boateng, E.A. A Geography of Ghana. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959.

Church, Clarke, J.I., et. al. Africa and the Islands New York: John Wilev 6 Sons, Inc., 1965 . CRev. ed.).

Pp. 25 3-276 .

Church, R.J.H. West Africa: A Study of the Environment and Man's Use of It"! London : Longmans , 1957 . Pp. 360- HIT.

de Blij , H.J. A Geography of Subsaharan Africa. Chicago: Rand McNally 6 Co., 1964. Pp. 346-362 .

Gold Survey Department. Atlas of the Coast. Accra, 1949. (Fifth ed.).

Hance , W.A. The Geography of Modern Africa. New York: Columbia University Press, 1964.

Mountjoy, A.B. and Embleton, C. Africa: A New Geographical Survey. New York: Praeger, 1967. Pp. 635-642 .

The Shell Co. of Ghana Ltd. Roadmap of Ghana. Accra, 1962.

Varley, W.J. and White, H.P. The Geography of Ghana. London: Longmans, 1958.

B. Soils

Adu, S.V. Report on the Detailed Soil Survey of the Central Agricultural Station, Nyankpala, Pagomba District, . : Department of Soil and Land-Use Survey, 1957. (Technical Report, No. 28).

Brammer, H. Detailed Soil Survey of the Kpong Pilot Irriga¬ tion Area. Kumasi: Department of Soil and Land-Use Survey, 1*95 5 .

Charter, C.F. Cocoa Soils Good and Bad: An Introduction to the Soils of the Regions of West Africa. TaFo: W.A.C.ft.I., 1948.

Ghana. Ministry of Food and Agriculture. Report of the Semi-detailed Soil Survey of Pong Tamale Veterinary 9

Station» Dagomba District, Northern Ghana. (By A.R. Stobbs). Kumasi: Department of Soil and Land-Use Survey, 1960.

Irvine, F.R. A Textbook of West African Agriculture: Soils and Crops. London : Oxford University Press, 1953. (Second ed.).

Purneil, M.F. Detailed Soil Survey of Ohawu Agricultural Station, Keta District, Trans-Volta Togoland7 Kumasi: Department of Soil and Land-Use Survey, 1956. (Technical Report, No. 18).

. Report on a Survey of Princes Station, Ahanta-Nzima District, . Kumasi: Depart¬ ment of Soil and Land-Use Survey, 1957. (Technical Report, No. 22).

U.S. Department of State. Agency for International ; Development. Report on Soil and Agricultural Survey of Sene-Obosum River Basins, Ghana: East, Brong-Ahafo and Ashanti Regions. Washington, D.C., 1962.

Wills, J.B. (ed.). Agriculture and Land Use in Ghana. London: Oxford University Press, 1962 . Chapter 6. "Soils" by H. Brammer, pp. 88-126 ; Chapter .7. , ".Soil ' Fertility" by P.H. Nye and D. Stephens, pp. 127-143; Chapter 8. " and Conservation" by Hi Brammer, pp. 144-150.

The Application of the World Land Use Survey Scheme in the Gold Coast. Kumasi: Department of Soil and Land-Use Survey, 1955.

C. Vegetation and Fauna

Irvine, F.R. Woody Plants of Ghana, With Special Reference to Their Uses. London: Oxford University Press, 1961..

Taylor, C.J. gynecology and Silviculture in Ghana. Edinburgh Nelson's, 1960.

v Wills, J.B. (ed.). Agriculture and Land Use in Ghana. London : Oxford University Press, 1962 . Chapter 9. "The Ecological Study of Vegetation in Ghana" by H.G. Baker, pp. 151-159: Chapter 10. "Fore'st Vegetation" by D.A. Land, pp. 160-169; Chapter 11. "Mammalian Fauna" by F.A. Squire, pp. 170-172. 10

Mineral Resources

Gold Coast. Geological Survey Department. The Deposits of the Gold Coast. (By W.G.G. Cooper). Accra,

1936. (Bulletin No. 7) .

Chemical Analyses of Gold Coast Rocks, Ores and Minerals. tBy N.R. Junner and w.T. James). Accra,

1947 .

The Diamond Deposits of the Gold Coast, With Notes on utner Diamond Deposits in west Africa. CBy

rj. K . Junner) . Accra, I9b8 . (Bulletin No. 12 ) .

. The Geology and Resources of the Gold Coast. (By N.B. Junner). Accra, 1938.

. Gold in the Gold Coast (By N.R. Junner), With Appendix: Gold Coast Laws and Their Effect on Mining (By P.P. WildTi Accra, 1935. (Memoir No, 4 ).1

Limestones of Ghana. (By J. Mitchell). Accra,

1960 . (Bulletin No. 2 3).

Microscopical Features and Chemical Analyses of Certain Representative Igneous Rocks from the Gold

Coast. (By N .R . Junner and H.F, Harwood). Accra, 192 8.

. Progress in Geological and Mineral Investigations in the Gold Coast. (By N.R. Junner). Accra, 1946. (Bulletin No. 10).

. References to Occurrences of Economic Minerals Gold Coast, Recorded in Annual Reports of the Director, Geological Survey^ (By A.E. Kitson and W.J. Felton). Accra, 1930. (Bulletin No. 5).

Wills, J.B. (ed.). Agriculture and Land Use in Ghana. London: Oxford University Press, 1962. Chapter 3. "Geology" by D.A. Bates, pp. 51-61; Chapter 15. "General Pattern of Land Use" by J.B. Wills, pp. 212-214.

Climate

Chancellor, J. West African Weather Patterns : A Study of Outstanding Meteorological Conditions in Tropical Africa. Chicago, 1§46.

Great Britain. Meteorological Office. Weather on the West Coast of Tropical Africa. London: H.M.S.O., 1949. 11

Lee, D.H.K. Climate arid Économie Development in the . New York : Harper £ Bros., 19 5 7 . (A general wortc)^

Wills, J.B. (ed.). Agriculture and Land Use in Ghana... London: Oxford University Press, 1962 . Chapter 2. "Weather and Climate" by H.O. Walker, pp. 7-50.

Health

Aylward, F. Interim Report to the on Foods and Nutrition. Rome: F.A.0.,1961.

Crisp, G. Simulium and Onchoceriasis in the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast. London : Published for the British Empire Society for the Blind, by H.K. Lewis,

1957 .

Ghana Department of Social Welfare and Community Development. Good Food for Good Health: Mass Education Project Guide. Accra : Bureau of Ghana Languages, 1959 . ("Rev. and ed. by Ella Griffin).

Ghana. Ministry of Health. Report of the Proceedings of a Conference of Health Inspectors and Health Superintendents Held in Accra, Ghana, 16th-18th November, 1956. Accra : Government Printer, 1957.

Ghana Nutrition and Cookery. London: Nelson's, 1960.

Tooth, G. Studies in Mental Illness in the Gold Coast. London : H.M.S.Ö. , 1950.

Wilcocks, C. Health and Disease in the Tropics. London: Oxford University Press, 1955. (A general work).

Wright, J.C. "Survey of Medical Conditions in Ghana in 1957," The Journal of the National Medical Association, Vol. LIIÏ, Mo. U (Ï95Ô), 313-520.

Journals, Magazines and Bulletins

Ghana Farmer. Accra: Ministry of Food and Agriculture, 1957—.. CQuarterly). (Formerly New Gold Coast Farmer, Vol. I, Nos. 1-3 , 1956-, formerly Gold Coast Farmer^ 1932-1939). Ghana Geographical Association Bulletin. Cape Coast, 1956--. (Semi-annual). Ghana Journal of Science. Accra: Ghana Science Association, 1962--. (Quarterly). 12

Ghana Medical Journal. Accra: Ghana Medical Association,

1962—. (Quarterly) ^ West African Medical Journal. Ibadan, Nigeria, 1952--. (Six times a year). West African Science Association Journal. London, 1955—. (Tri-annual). ". III. TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES

General

The complexity of Ghana's tribal situation is sometimes hard to follow. The Census of Ghana. Special Report 'E':

Tribes of Ghana (1964) contains an ethnological synopsis of the major tribes and the introduction to Cultures and Societies of Africa (1960) by Simon and Phoebe Ottenberg provides a general background. The latter discusses traditional social groupings, political organizations, social control and law, religion and cosmology, language, aesthetics, prehistory and history in

Africa as a whole. An understanding of these subjects in regard to Ghana will enable the reader to assess the changes that have taken place during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and the effect of these changes on economic development. One work that illustrates the problems produced by cultural misunder¬ standing and a lack of knowledge of traditional history is

E. L. R. Meyerowitz's At the Court of an African King (1962).

The Akan

The literature on Ghanaian traditional societies is dominated by books on the Akan, particularly the Asante. There are thirteen groups which have been classified as belonging to the Akan lin¬ guistically. Individual discussion is given here only for the

Asante and Fante, the two groups which feature most significantly in the country's history. 14

On the Akan in general, Akan and Ga-Adangme Peoples (1950) by M. Manoukian gives a comprehensive survey of ethnographic factors. Because of the author's desire to be concise, the book is dry and often difficult to read, but it provides a useful condensation of works by the maior writers on the Akan.

E. L. R. Meyerowitz has written a series of four books which provide a good but extremely difficult study of the Akan. The first, The Sacred State of the Akan (1951) gives a picture of the old Akan civilization through a study of the Asante. Here the crucial relationship of religion to the political system

is shown in a discussion of the role of the Queenmother, the

King, and state festivals and ceremonies. The book also contains a discussion of religion, concepts of soul and personality, the role of the ancestors, etc., in a much more orderly fashion than that presented by Pattray (see below). The plates are

excellent and offer insight into the artistic achievements of the Akan. The other three books in the series (see bibliography) are technical and a bit esoteric.

The Asante are among the most important people in Ghana

in terms of their historical, economic and political influence.

As A. A. Boahen has stated "but for their [British] encourage¬ ment of the Fante after 1823 and their [British] physical inter¬

vention on the side of the coastal states, there is no doubt

that the Asante would easily have established their sway over

the whole of the coastal states and, for good or ill, Ghana today would be a monarchical kingdom ruled by the Asantehene." 15

The classic study of the Asante is the trilogy by R. S.

Rattray (see bibliography). More recent studies have corrected his relatively few errors. Rattray's organization of material freauently leaves much to be desired, but he is interesting to read for the breakthroughs he made in correcting past writ¬ ings, his general thoroughness and his respect for the Asante.

Rattray's books should be read in order of their publication.

Essential reading on contemporary Asante is R. A. Lystad's

The Ashanti; A Proud People (1958). It is written for the layman and at times the.author's "folksy" approach proves annoy¬ ing. Lystad focuses on Goaso (a town about 85 miles west of

Kumasi), its family system, its birth and funeral practices,

"democracy -- old and new," the economic effect of cocoa, and

Asante religion and cosmology. The book's major importance lies in its discussion of social change. The best chapter is that on "democracy -- old and new," which analyzes the shift from prestige based on birth to prestige based on education. An understanding of this shift in the determination of prestige provides one key for assessing social, political and economic change.

A fairly up-to-date treatment of kinship and marriage among the Asante is supplied by M. Fortes' article in African

Systems of Kinship and Marriage (1950) edited by A. R. Radcliffe-

Brown and D. Forde. Asante religion and its relation to the social matrilineal system and the traditional political organi¬ zation is discussed by K. A. Busia in "Ashanti" in African Worlds 16

(1954) edited by D. Forde. Busia is a well-known Ghanaian

sociologist: he formerly served in Parliament and is now Chair¬ man of the National Advisory Committee of the present (1967) Ghanaian

government.

Ivor Wilks presents an excellent analysis of Asante govern¬

ment in the nineteenth century in West African Kingdoms in the

Nineteenth Century (1967) edited by P. Kaberry and D. Forde.

By examining the government at the height of its power, Wilks

corrects the misconception that "feudalities" characterized

Asante government, which scholars following Pattray have tended

to accept. Wilks' study of the greater part of the Asante Empire

(those areas acquired by conquest) shows a highly developed

centralized administration with a largely appointive bureaucracy

in contrast to the segmentary (decentralized) system existing

in the "true" Asante chiefdoms (the five original members of

the Asante Confederation: Juaben, Kumasi, Bekwai, Kokofu and

Nsuta) in which similar powers were exercised by the central-

and local authorities.

Other significant contributions on early Asante history

are Wilks' The Northern Factor in Ashanti History (1961) and

articles by I. Wilks, M. Priestly and W. Tordoff in the Journal

of African History and Transactions of the Ghana Historical

Society.

Among the best studies for a comprehensive view of Asante

history are A. A. Boahen's two articles on Asante and Fante

history from 1000-1800 and the relation of these two groups 17

with the British from 1800-1880 in A Thousand Years of West

African History (1965) edited by J. F. A. Aiayi and I. Espie.

These articles contain good maps, and they help to correct

some of the conceptions put forward by such writers as Fuller.

Claridge and Ward (see bibliography).

An even fuller treatment of the Asante-Fante-British wars

from 1806-1900 is provided in A. Lloyd's The Drums of Kumasi

(1964). This book commends itself particularly through its

numerous quotations from original sources which provide interest¬

ing insights into the Asante nation and people.

William Tordoff's Ashanti Under the Prempehs, 1888-1935

(1965) shows that, contrary to previous opinions, the period

1883-1895 represented the revival of the Asante Confederacy and

that during the course of British rule (1901-1957) the traditional

constitution of Asante was subverted. The author argues that

the restoration of the Constitution in 1935 was not complete

and came too late for indirect rule to have any real chance of

success since the British failed to adapt the revived political

institutions to the social conditions of the 1930's. The book

is, therefore, an interesting commentary not only on Asante

history and politics but on colonial rule.

Finally, K. A. Busia's The Position of the Chief in the

Modern Political System of Ashanti: A Study of the Influence of

Contemporary Social Changes on Ashanti Political Institutions (1958)

should be referred to.

Compared with the "Asante, not much writing has been done 18

on the Fante. The major anthropological and sociological writer on the Fante is J. B. Christensen. His article "The

Adaptive Functions of Fanti Priesthood" in Continuity and Change in African Cultures (1959) edited by W. R. Bascom and M. J

Herskovits is valuable for insight into Fante traditional religious practices and responses to social change. Vital for a knowledge of Fante social structure is Christensen' s Double Descent Among the Fante (1954). His study shows that while the matrilineal line determines kinship, inheritance óf land and property, col¬ lective responsibility, and chiefly succession, the patrilineal line has important religious and social significance. The impact of European culture has given more emphasis to the paternal line, and Christensen notes that it will be important to continue to analyze the Fante double descent system as it is an important indicator of the dynamics of social change.

The works of J. Mensah Sarbah (see bibliography) have been republished recently and despite their age (1897 and 1906), they provide useful information on Fante government and law. The best material available on Fante history may be found in the articles by A. A. Boahen referred to above. Further references to the Fante may be found in the general history books discussed in the next section of this guide, and a detailed account of the Fante Confederation (1868) and Constitution (1871) is given by David Kimble in his Political : 1850-1928

(1963). (See Section V for an account of this book.) 19

The Ga

The Ga are an important people to study because of their

role in the development of the coast. M. Manoukian's Akan-and

Ga-Adangme Peoples (1950) serves as a useful summary of ethno¬

graphic material on the Ga.

Two outstanding complementary studies of the Ga are by

M. J. Field. In the first part of Religion and Medicine of

the Ga People (1937), the Ga gods and their servants, the priests,

and specific forms of public worship in each of the major Ga

towns are discussed. The second part deals with the principles

and practices of medicine and magic. The final part of the

work is concerned with ceremonies of everyday life, such as

birth, puberty, and death, and here it is interesting to note

thè marked similarity to many Akan practices.

The more important of the two books for the non-specialist

is Social Organization of the Ga People (1940). The discussion

of the Ga family or "house," kinship practices and common customs

relating to them are the subject of the first part of this book.

The Ga have a patrilineal system which has produced differences

between Ga and Akan practices regarding family and kinship. Of

particular interest is the author's discussion of six Ga coastal

towns in Part II. Errors in administration policy which resultèd

from a faulty knowledge of the traditional system of government

are clearly brought out in Field's discussion of the 1927 Native

Administration Ordinance in which an Akan pattern of government was mistakenly assumed and applied to the Ga. 20

The Adangme

Apart from articles in scholarly journals and the very

brief survey in Manoukian's book noted above, the only published work on the Adangme is H. Huber's The Krobo: Traditional Social

and Religious Life of a West African People (1963). The Krobo

are the most numerous of the Adangme-speaking tribes of south¬

eastern Ghana and have distinguished themselves economically as

P. Hill brings out in her study of the migrant cocoa farmers

of Ghana (see below Section VTTI).

The Ewe

The onlv easily available study in English which is also

reliable is M. Manoukian's The Ewe-speaking People of Togoland

and the Gold Coast (1952). It provides a good summation of

the social, economic, political, and religious features of Ewe

society, and is quite readable. The Ewe are also discussed

in passing in a number of works on Ghanaian politics because

of their separatist political movement and in books on African

foreign policy that touch on problems between Ghana

and (see Section VI).

Peoples of Northern Ghana

., Northern Ghana is economically backward when compared with

southern Ghana, and a study of northern Ghanaians offers one

basis for understanding the reasons for their backwardness and

their potential for economic growth. M. Manoukian's Tribes of"

the Northern Territory of the Gold Coast (1951) summarizes the 21

findings of the main writers on northern Ghana. Since she

uses sources not readily available elsewhere, her survey is

particularly useful on the economic situation.

The most comprehensive work on northern Ghana is F. S.

Rattray's two volume study, Tribes of the Ashanti Hinterland

(1932). Rattray defines three groups of "native rulers" in

the north: (1) the old traditional ruler, the Priest-King

(Ten'dana); (2) chiefs who were originally aliens but who im¬

posed a centralized governmental system on conquered peoples,

e.g., Hamprusi, Dagomba and Gonia: and (3) British government-

made chiefs who were "often without a vestige of any traditional

qualifications to hold office."

Unfortunately, recent scholarly studies are unavailable

or hard to obtain for the important centralized kingdoms of

the North. Excellent anthropological studies of two decentralized

groups have been done by M. Portes on the Tallensi and D. Tait

on the Konkomba. These are cited in the bibliography.

Traditional Religion

- As is frequently stressed in many anthropological works,

religion is inextricably connected with all aspects of life in

traditional societies. A useful overview of West African religions which puts the Akan and Ewe faiths into the perspective of the maior religious practices of other West African coastal groups

is G. Parrinder's West African Religion: A Study of the Beliefs

and Practices of Akan, Ewe, Yoruba and Kindred Peoples (2nd ed.,

1961). The most concise and readable article on Akan religion 22 is that by H. St. J. T. Evans in African Ideas of God (1950) edited by E. W. Smith. The changes that have occurred as a result of the introduction of Islam and Christianity and the

impact of western influence are discussed in Section IV.

Traditional Culture: Art. Literature and Music

These cultural forms provide important insights into the

religion, social structure and character of Ghanaians. Most

of the works on this subject are merely listed in the biblio¬

graphy so that the reader may be aware of what is available.

Two authors, however, deserve special attention. A. A. Y.

Kyerematen1 s Panoply of Ghana (1964) is an excellent study of

Ghanaian craftsmanship especially as it relates to chieftaincy.

As the author states : "For a people who have never themselves

developed the art of writing", the regalia of Ghanaian chiefs have

been of special significance in that they have not been merely

symbols of the kingly office but have served as the chronicles

of early history and the evidence of traditional religion,

cosmology and social organization." In addition to providing a

good commentary on Ghanaian art, this is a beautifully illustrated

work.

J. H. K. Nketia's two books, African Music in Ghana: A

Survey of Traditional Forms (1962) and Drumming in Akan Communities

of Ghana (1963), are worth reading as they bring out the considerable

social implication of Ghanaian music. Music was (and is) used

as a means of expressing the social ideologies, of the various

Ghanaian ethnic groups. 23

Ribliography .Traditional Societies

A. General

Ghana Census Office. 1960 Population Census of Chana: Special Report 'E1: Tribes in Ghana. Accra. 1964.

Meyerowitz, E.L.R. At the Court of an African King. London: Faber 6 Faber, 196TI

Ottenberg, S. and Ottenberg, P. Cultures and Societies of Africa. New York: Random House, 1960.

B. Akan

Danquah, J.B. Gold Coast Akan Laws and Customs and the Akim Abuakwa Constitution. London : George Routledge 6 Sons,

1928 .

Manoukian, N. Akan and Ga-Adangme Peoples. Ethnographic Survey of Africa. Western Africa. Part I. London: International African Institute, 1950. (Reprinted 1964 with revised bibliography).

Meyerowitz, E.L.P. The Akan of Ghana: Their Ancient Beliefs. : London Faber S Faber, 1958 .

. Akan of Traditions Origin. London: Faber 6 Faber, 1952 .

. The Divine Kingship in Ghana and Ancient Egypt. London: Faber 1 Faber, 1960.

i The Sacred State of the Akan. London: Faber 6 Faber, 1951.

1. Bono-Tekyiman (Brong-Ahafo)

Meyerowitz, E.L.R. At the Court of an African King. London: Faber £ Faber, 1962.

2.' Asante

Aryee, R.T. A Short History of Okomfo Anokye, 1660-1740. Accra: Catholic Press, 1962.

Boahen, A.A. "Asante and Fante A.D. 1000-1800 ," A Thousand Years of West African History, eds. J.F.A. Ajayi and T~! Espie . London : Ibadan University Press/Nelson's, 1965. Pp. 165-185. 2 4

Boahen, A.A. "Asante, Fante and the British, 1800-1880," A Thousand Years of West African History, eds. J.F.A. Aj ayi and I. Espie. London : Ibadan University Press/ Nelson's, 1965. Pp. 341-358.

Busia, K.A. "The Ashanti," African Worlds: Studies in the Cosmological Ideas and Social Values of African

Peoples , ed . Daryll Forde. London : Oxford University Press, 1954. Pp. 190-209.

The Position of the Chief in the Modern Political System of Ashanti: A Study of the Influences of Contemporary Social Changes on Ashanti Political Insti¬ tutions! London : Oxford University Press, 1958. (Second impression).

Christaller, J.G. Dictionary of Asante and Fante Languages.

Basel, 1933. (Second ed. ) .

Fortes, M. "Kinship and Marriage Among the Ashanti," African Systems of Kinship and Marriage, eds. A.R. Radcliffe-Brown and D. Forde. London : Oxford University Press, 1950. Pp. 252-284.

Lloyd, A. The Drums of Kumasi: The Story of the Ashanti Wars. London: Longmans, 1964.

Lystad, P.A. The Ashanti: A Proud People. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1958.

"Marriage and Kinship Among the Ashanti and Agni: A Study of Differential Acculturation," Continuity and Change in African Cultures, eds. W.P. Bascom and M.J. HersKovits. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1959. Pp. 187-204.

Rattray, R.S. Ashanti. London: Oxford University Press, 1955. (Second impression of 1923 Edition).

. Ashanti Law and Constitution. London: Oxford University Press, 1929.

. Religion and Art in Ashanti. London: Oxford University Press, 1927.

Tordoff, W. Ashanti Under the Prempehs, 1888-1935. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.

Wilks, I. "Ashanti Government," West African Kingdoms in the Nineteenth Century, eds. D. Forde and P.M. Kaberry. London : Oxford University Press, 1967., Pp. 206-238. 25

Wilks, I. The Northern Factor in Ashanti History. Legon: Institute of African Studies. University College of Ghana, 1961.

3. Fante

Boahen, A.A. "Asante and Fante A.D. 1000-1800," A Thou- Years of West African History, eds. J.F.A. Ajayi and I. Espie. London : Ibadan University Press/ Nelson's, 1965. Pp. 160-185.

"Asante, Fante and the British, 1800-1880," A Thousand Years of West African History, eds. J.F.A. Ajayi and I. Espie. London : Ibadan University Press/

Nelson's, 1965 .. Pp. 341-358.

Christaller, J.G. Dictionary of Asante and Fante Languages. Basel, 1933. (Second edition). :

Christensen, J.B. "The Adaptive Functions of Fanti Priest¬ hood,"' Continuity and Change in African Cultures, ëds. W.R. Bascom and M.J. Herskovits. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1959. Pp. 257-278.

. Double Descent Among the Fanti. New Haven: Human Relations Files, 1954.

Sarbah, J.M. Fanti Customary Laws: A Brief Introduction to the Principles of Native Laws and Customs of the Fanti and Akan Section of the Gold Coast, With a Selection of Cases Thereon Decided in the Law Courts. London : Africana

Modern Library, 1966 . (Second ed. of 1897 publication).

Fanti National Constitution -- A Short Treatise on the Consitution and Government of the Fanti, Ashanti gnT~Akan Tribes of West Africa... London : Africana Modern Library, 1966. (Third ed. of 1906 publication).

4. Akim

Danquah, J.B. Gold Coast Akan Laws and Customs and the Akim Abuakwa Constitution. London : ' George Routledge 6

Sons, 1328 .

Field, M.J. Akim-Kotoku: An Oman of the Gold Coast. Crown Agents for the Colonies, 1948.

C. Ga

Field, M.J. Religion and Medicine of the Ga People. London: Oxford University Pressj 1937. 26

Field, M.J. Social Organization of the Ga People. London: Crown Agents for the Colonies, 1940.

Manoukian, M. Akan and Ga-Adangme Peoples. Ethnographic Survey of Africa. Western Africa. Part T. London: International African Institute, 1950. (Reprinted in 1964 with revised bibliography).

D. Adangme

Huber, H. The Krobo: Traditional Social and Peligious Life of a West African People. St. Augustine: Anthropos Insti¬

tute , 1963 .

Manoukian, M. Akan and Ga-Adangme Peoples. Ethnographic D irvey of Africa. Western Africa. Part I. London: Inter¬ national African Institute, 1950. (Reprinted in 1964 with revised bibliography).

E. Ewe

Ellis, A.B. The Ewe-speaking Peoples. London: Chapman 6 Hall, 1890. (For a long time the only work available in English but extremely dated now).

Manoukian, M. The Ewe-speaking People of Togoland and the Gold Coast. Ethnographic Survey of AfricaT Western Africa. Part VI. London: International African Institute, 1952.

F. Peoples of Northern Ghana

Cardinall, A.W. The Natives of the Northern Territory of the Gold Coast: Their Customs, Religion and Folklore. London: George Routledge & Sons, 1925.

El-Wakkad, M. "Qissatu Saiga Tarikhu Gonja: The Story of Salaga and History of Gonja," Ghanaian Notes and Queries, Vol. I, No. 3 (Sept.-Dec. 1961) , 8-31.

•Fortes,M. The Dynamics of Clanship among the Tallensi: The First Part of an Analysis of the Social Structure of a Trans- Volta Tribe. London : Oxford University Press, 1945.

"The Political System of the Tallensi of the Northern Territory of the Gold Coast," African Political Systems, eds. M. Fortes and E.E. Evans-Pritchard. London : Oxford University Press, 1940.

• The Web of Kinship amon^ the Tallensi: The Second Part of an Analysis of tne Social Structure of a Trans-Volta

Tribe ♦" London : Oxford University Press , 194 9 . 27

Goody, J. Death, Property and Ancestors: A Study of the Mortuary Customs of the Lo Dagaa of West Africa . London : Tavistock, 1962.

The Ethnography of the Northern Territory of the Gold Coast West of the . London : Colonial Office, 1954.

Manoukian, M. Tribes of the Northern Territory of the Gold Coast. Ethnographic Survey of Africa. Western Africa. Part V. London: International African Institute, 1951.

Rattray, R.S. Tribes of the Ashanti Hinterland, Vols. I and II. London: Oxford University Press, 1932.

Tait, D. The Konkomba of Northern Ghana. (ed. by J. Goody). London: Oxford University Press, 1961.

G. Traditional Religion

Danquah, J.B. The Akan Doctrine of God: A Fragment of Gold Coast Ethics and Religion. London : Lutterworth Press,

1944 .

Evans, The Rev. H. St. J.T. "The Akan Doctrine of God," African Ideas of God, ed. E.W. Smith. London: Edinburgh House Press, 1950. Pp. 241-259.

Parrinder, G. West African Religion: A Study of the Beliefs and Practices of Akan, Ewe, Yoruba, Ibo and Kindred Peoples' London : Epworth Pre s s, 1961. (Second edition).

H. Traditional Culture: Art, Literature and Music

Antubam, Kofi. Ghana's Cultural Heritage. Leipzig: Koehler S Ameland, 196X1

Appiah, P. Ananse the Spider: Tales from an Ashanti Village New York: Pantheon Books, 1966.

Elisofon, E. and Fagg, W. The Sculpture of Africa. New York Praeger, 1958. Pp. 55-153, pp. 106-109. Figures 56, 134-138.

Fagg, W. and Plass, M. African Sculpture. London: Studio Vista Ltd., 1966. (Revised Edition; Fp. 13, 29. (Relates African art to modern Western art).

Jablow, A. An Anthology of West African Folklore. London : Thames 6 Hudson, 1961» 28

Kjersmeier, C. Ashanti-Vaegt Lodder: Ashanti Goldweights. Kobehaven: Jul. G. Jellerups Forlag, 1948 . (Text in English and Danish. One hundred reproductions with comments from the author1s own collection.).

Kofi, V. Sculpture in Ghana. Accra: Ghana Information

Services' 1964 .

Kyerematen, A.A.Y. Panoply of Ghana. London: Longmans, 1964.

Leuzinger, E. Art of the World: Africa. London: Methuen,

I960 .

Nketia, J.H.K. African Music in Ghana: A Survey of

Traditional Forms. Accra : Longmans, 196 2 .

Drumming in Akan Communities of Ghana. London:

Nelson's , 1963 . *

Padin, Paul (ed.). African Folktales and Sculpture. New York: Bollingen Series XXXII. Pantheon Books, T952."

Rattray, R.S. Ashanti Proverbs. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1916. (Provides means of understanding the character and mentality of the Asante).

Segy, L. African Sculpture Speaks. New York: A.A. Wyn, Inc., 19STI Pp. 85, 153, 173-174.

Trowell, M. African Design. London: Faber 6 Faber, 1960.

Journals, Magazines and Bulletins Vindicates the most relevant sources)

Africa. London: International African Institute, 1928--. (Quarterly). ♦African Abstracts. London: International African Institute, 1950--. (Quarterly) (Review of Ethnographic, Social and Linguistic Studies in Current Periodicals). African Affairs. London: Royal African Society, 1901—. (Quarterly). African Music. Johannesburg: African Music Society, 1954--. (Quarterly). African Studies Bulletin. New York: African Studies Associ-r ation, 1958--. (Tri-annual). Ghana Bulletin of Theology. Legon, 1957--. (Bi-annual). ♦Ghanaian Notes and Queried. Legon: Bulletin of the Historical Society of Ghana, 1961--. (Tri-annual). ♦Historical Society of Ghana. Transactions. Legon, 1957--. (Irregular) (1952-1957 Transactions of the Historical Society of the Gold CoasF"and Togoland). 29

*Journal of African History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960—. (Tri-annual). *Prèsence Africaine. Paris. English edition, I960--. (Quarterly). *Universitas. Legon, 1953—. (Tri-annual). West African Religion. Nsukka: Crowther College of Religion. University of Nigeria, 1961--. (Frequency not given). XV. EARLY EXTERNAL INFLUENCES

General

This section serves as a bridge between the section on traditional societies and the sections that follow. The general works on African, West African, and Ghanaian history cover material from the earliest times to the present, and therefore, provide an overall introduction to Ghanaian history both speci¬ fically and in the perspective of West African and African history.

For a long time, the standard work on West African history was J.D. Fage's An Introduction to the History of West Africa

(3rd ed., 1962). This has been replaced to a large extent by more recent studies which incorporate the latest research finding

Among the best in this category are B. Davidson's A History of

West Africa to the Nineteenth Century (1966) and J.B. Webster and A.A. Boahen's The Growth of African Civilisation: The

Revolutionary Years: West Africa Since 1800 (1967). The two books are complementary and should be read together. Both emphasize the "African" viewpoint and provide valuable informa¬ tion on the forces at work in independent West Africa. Their material on Ghana is very good.

On Ghanaian history specifically, J.D. Fage's short Ghana :

A Historical Interpretation (1959) is of interest. Fage aims at achieving "a historical perspective for both ancient and modern Ghana (and for the old Gold Coast)." A more important 31

reference work is W.E.F. Ward's A History of Ghana (2nd ed. 1958).

Although this book has been criticized for having a "colonialist's bias" (Ward openly admits this in his preface) and although studies in journals and more specialized books have corrected some of Ward's errors, the book still stands as an important compilation of material on Ghanaian history in a single volume.

Religion

Religion was one of the first outside forces to affect

Ghanaian society. Both the major non-indigenous religions,

Islam and Christianity, began to exert an influence in the

fifteenth century. An understanding of religious change is an

important key to understanding contemporary Ghana.

A brief study of traditional religion, Islam and Christianity

in Ghana, may be found in C.G. Baëta's article in A Study of

Contemporary Ghana: Vol. II (1967).

The two standard works on Islam in West Africa are by

J.S. Trimingham. His Islam in- West Africa (1959) shows the

expansion of Islam, how it has affected African Society, and how

Africans have influenced it. The author treats Islam's influence

on religious ideas, institutions, society, daily life, the

individual and economic practices. He also analyzes the impact

of Western society. Trimingham notes that, unlike Christianity,

Islam has had no violent uprooting effects on traditional society;

it "offers immediate value without displacing the old." A History

of Islam in West Africa (1962) provides the historical background

to Islam in West Africa. A third book of interest on Islam is 32

H.J. Fisher's Ahmadiyyah: A Study in Contemporary Islam on the

West African Coast (1963), which has a considerable amount of material on Islam in Ghana.

The influence of Christianity also extends beyond the purely religious as can be seen in its effect on education, nationalism and social change. A work that supplies information on the historical development of is R.M.

Wiltgen's Gold Coast Mission History, lUTl-lBSO (1956). More important is S.G. Williamson's Akan Religion and the Christian

Faith: A Comparative Study of the Impact of Two Religions(1965).

Williamson concludes that the Christian faith "as historically implanted by Western missionary enterprise among the Akan has proved unable to sympathize with or relate its message spiritually to the Akan spiritual outlook. Its impact is thereby dulled. . . The effective agent of change in Akan life is that of westernism of which the missionary enterprise is a religious and social aspect." .

This seeming failure of European Christian churches provides a partial explanation for the rise of independent African churches.

A fuller explanation may lie in the effort of these churches to solve questions that have arisen from social change that neither traditional religion nor formal Christianity has answered. An interesting study of the rise of African churches in Ghana is

C.G. Baëta's Prophetism in Ghana: A Study of Some Spiritual-

Churches (1962).

Another religious phenomenon which can be attributed to social and economic change is the increased attention paid by 33

Ghanaians to witchcraft. A readable and interesting book on this subject is Rev. H. Debrunner's : A

Study of the Belief in Destructive Witches and Its Effect on the

Akan Tribes (1961). As Debrunner points out, witchcraft has been connected to Christianity through African healing churches and witch-hunting "prophets." The rise of cults is another

indication of the society's response to external influences. The

Tigari cult in southern Ghana, for example, is based on an

importation of gods and medicine from northern Ghana and embodies

aspects of Islam, Christianity, indigenous religion and nativism.

Tigari is viewed as a means of protection against workers of

evil magic. It borrows, therefore, something from all the

religious forces discussed above.

Era of European Trade Castles and Forts

A considerable amount of material on this subject may be

found in the general histories referred to in the beginning of

this section. A book which provides excellent insights into

the varying reactions of Europeans, the way trade was conducted

and early descriptions of towns is F. Wolfson's Pageant of Ghana

(1958). This book is a compilation from written records about

the Gold Coast covering the years 1471-1957. The first section

contains material on the period from the discovery of the Gold

Coast in 1471 by the Portuguese to 1800. It is most relevant

for understanding early European influence, although the entire

book is of interest. The selections enable the reader to benefit

from Miss Wolfson's comments in the introduction and determine 34

for themselves whether or not they wish to read the books of first-hand writers in full.

A knowledge of living conditions in the European settlements on the Gold Coast may be obtained from A.W. Lawrence's Trade

Castles and Forts of West Africa <1963). Lawrence, an archaeolo¬ gist, "traces the changes in each trading community so far as they are, or used to be, visible in the buildings between 1482 and the beginning of colonial rule." Of particular importance is his discussion of the relationship between the forts and towns:

"In all history, there is nothing comparable with the effects produced by the forts in West Africa; nowhere else have small communities of traders so changed the life of the alien peoples who surrounded them, and indirectly of a vast region beyond."

The Slave Trade

The general histories mentioned above, as well as the books by Wolfson and Lawrence, contain material relevant to the slave trade period in West Africa and its importance. The most valuable and readable book on the slave trade is B. Davidson's

Black Mother (1961). Davidson is concerned with examining the effect of this trade on African societies. The response of

Asante and the people of the coast to the trade opportunities offered by the slave era is dealt with in Chapter 8. A study concerned solely with the economic aspects of the slave trade is The Royal African Company (1957) by K. G. Davies.

Prelude to Colonial Rule

In addition to the general histories, reference should also be made'to the works on Asante history discussed in Section III. 35

A classic study of the increase of British influence on the

Gold Coast and the British conflict with the Asante is W.W.

Claridge's two volume study, A History of the Gold Coast and

Ashanti (1915). Written with a British bias, it contains a wealth of information on European involvement and British actions, particularly Anglo-Asante relations.

A more reliable source for understanding events leading to colonial rule in the Gold Coast in the perspective of events on the rest of the West African coastline is J.D. Hargreaves'

Prelude to the Partition of West Africa (1963).

Two more specialized studies are G.E. Metcalfe's Maclean of the Gold Coast (1962) and D. Coombs' The Gold Coast, Britain and the Netherlands 1850-1874 (1963). Maclean has been described as "the forerunner of British colonization of the Gold Coast."

"Between 1830-1844, as President of the Council of Merchants at Cape Coast, Maclean first restored and then extended British influence on the Gold Coast at a time when the British government had almost broken off contact with it." In the report of the

Select Committee of 1865, it again seemed that Great Britain was interested in withdrawing from the Gold Coast. The book by Coombs shows the vital role that the cession of Dutch forts to the British in 1871-1872 played in the subsequent development of British policy in the Gold Coast. 36

Bibliography Early External Influences

A. General

Agbodeka, F. Rise of the Nation States: A History of the West African""5tates, 1800-1964. London : Nelson' s , 1965 .

Ajayi, J.F.A. and Espie, Ian (eds.). A Thousand Years of West African History, London: Ibadan University Press/ Nelson's, 1965.

Davidson, B. Africa: A History of a Continent. London: Weidenfeld 6 Nicolson, 1966. (Mainly of interest for magnificent photographs although commentary is also effective).

. A History of West Africa to the Nineteenth Century. New YorFi Doubleday 6 Co., 1966.

Fage, J.D. An Atlas of African History. London: Edw. Arnold Publ., 1958.

. Ghana: A Historical Interpretation. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1959.

An Introduction to the History of West Africa. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1962 . (Third edition).

Metcalfe, G.E. Great Britain and Ghana: Documents of Ghanaian History, 1807-I95TI London : Nelson's, 1964.

Oliver, R. and Atmore, A. Africa Since 1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967.

Ward, W.E.F. A History of Ghana, London: Allen 6 Unwin,

1958. (Second ed. ) .

Webster, J.B. and Boahen, A.A. The Growth of African Civilisation: The Revolutionary Years: West Africa Since : 18Ö0. London Longmans, 1967 .

B. Religion

Baëta, C.G. "Aspects of Religion," A Study of Contemporary Ghana: Vol» II: Some Aspects of Social structure, eds~ W. Birmingham, I. Neustadt, E.N. Omaboe. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1967. Chapter 7. 37

Islam

Fisher, H. J. Ahmadiyyah: A Study of Contemporary Islam on the West African Coast. London : Oxford University Press, 1963.

Trimingham, J.S. A History of Islam in West Africa. : London Oxford University Press, 1962 .

Islam in West Africa. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959.

Christianity

Bartels, F.L. The Roots of Ghana Methodism. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1965.

Beetham, T.A. Christianity and the New Africa. London Pall Mall Press, 1967.

Christian Council. Prelude to Ghana: The Churches': Part. Edinburgh: Edinburgh House Press, 1957.

Groves, C.P. The Planting of Christianity in Africa, : Lutterworth Vols. I-IV. London Press, 1948 , 1954, 1Ô55, 1956.

Parsons, R.T. The Churches and Ghana Society, 1918- 1955: A Survey of the Work of Three Protestant Mission Societies and the African Churches Which They Established in Their Assistance to the Societary

Development. Leiden : E.J. Brill, 1963 .

Williamson, S.G. Akan Religion and the Christian Faith: A Comparative Study of the Impact of Two

Religions . Accra : Ghana Universities Press, I"965 .

Wiltgen, R.M. Gold Coast Mission History, 1471-1880. Techny,Ill.: Divine World Publication, 1956.

Responses of Traditional Religion to the Influence of Islam and Christianity

Baëta, C.G. Prophetism in Ghana: A Study of Some 'Spiritual' Churches^ London : SCM Press Ltd., 196 2.

Debrunner, The Rev. H. Witchcraft in Ghana: A Study of the Belief in Destructive Witches and Its Effect on the Akan Tribes. Accra : Presbyterian Book Depot

Ltd. , 1961. (Second Ed.)

Field, M.J. Akim-Kotoku: An Oman of the Gold Coast. London: Crown Agents for the Colonies, 1948 . Chapter 38

C. Era of European Trade Castles and Forts

Howard, C. and Plumb, J. (eds.). West African Explorers. London: Oxford University Press, 1951. (Contains selections from Bosman, a merchant, who wrote about the Gold Coast in 1701)'.

Lawrence, A.W. Trade Castles and Forts of West Africa. London: Jonathan Cape, 1963.

Wolfson, Freda. Pageant of Ghana. London: Oxford University Press, 1958.

D. The Slave Trade

Davidson, B. Black Mother: Africa: The Years of Trial. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1961. *

Davies, K.G. The Royal. African Company. London: Longmans, 1957.-

E. Prelude to Colonial Rule

Claridge, W.W. A History of the Gold Coast and Ashanti, Vols. I S II. London : John Murray, 1915. (Second edition with introduction by W.E.F. Ward, London: Frank Cass, 1964.).

Hargreaves, J.D. Prelude to the Partition of West Africa. London: Macmillan S Co. Ltd., 1963.

Metcalfe, G.E. Maclean of the Gold Coast: The Life and Times of George Maclean, 1801-1847. London : Oxford University Press, 1962.

F. Journals, Magazines and Bulletins (*Indicates the most relevant sources)

Africa. London: International African Institute, 1928--. (Quarterly). African Affairs. London: Royal African Society, 1901--. (Quarterly). African Studies Bulletin. New York: African Studies

Association, 1958-- , CTri-annual). Ghana Bulletin of Theology. Legon, 1957--. (Bi-annual). ♦Ghanaian Notes S Queries. Legon: Bulletin of the Historical Society of Ghana, 1961--. (Tri-annual). ♦Historical Society of Ghana. Transactions. Legon, 1957--. (Irregular). (1952-57 Transactions of the Historical Society of the Gold Coast~and Togoland). ♦Journal of African History^ Cambridge : Cambridge University

Press, I960-- . (Tri-annual). Presence Africaine. Paris. English edition, I960--. (Quarterly). Universitas. Legon, 1953--. (Tri-annual). V. COLONIAL RULE AND NATIONALISM

Some comments have already been made about aspects of

British administration in the section on traditional societies.

The general works on West African history provide valuable material on this period and Ward's History of Ghana (2nd ed.,

1958) is especially useful. Colonial rule, quite naturally, has had a strong bearing on social and economic change and the kind of political systems that have been devised by independent

African nations. Comments on what colonial rule did and did not achieve will, therefore, be found in the books referred to in the three sections that follow.

An excellent study providing a clear picture of the social, economic and political developments in Ghana during the years of

British rule is F.M. Bourret's Ghana: The Road to Independence,

1917-1957 (1960). The early chapters of this work describe the division of the country into four administrative sections and indicate how, by means of indirect rule, the British tried to preserve tribal divisions and traditional institutions while at the same time creating certain common modern administrative and economic institutions. Some authorities assert that the former in part explains the regional tensions that arose after independence while the latter aided the contrasting development of a national viewpoint. A book which supplements Bourret's discussion of the inportant governorship of Sir Gordon Guggisberg

(1919-1927) is R.E. Wraith's Guggisberg (1967). 4 o

While Bourret's book treats developments at both the center and local levels, M. Wight's The Gold Coast Legislative Council

(1947) focuses on constitutional developments between 1925-

1945 with references to the Burns Constitution of 1946 in the footnotes. On the other hand, Lord Hailey's Native Administrative in the British African Territories Part III: West Africa (1951) is confined to matters relating directly to the agencies employed for administrative purposes in local rule. The author's treat¬ ment of the tribal structure, including individual discussions of the traditional political organization of the Akan, Ga and Ewe, and a history of the relations between the Gold Coast

Government, the "Native" States and the various ordinances dealing with local administration is particularly good. His criticisms of certain economic and juridical policies associated with local government are of special interest. Hailey also covers problems associated with government in urban communities and difficulties involving land questions.

A good introduction to nationalism in Africa as a whole is

Thomas Hodgkin's Nationalism in Colonial Africa (1956). This book deals with the different colonial philosophies and policies and with specific nationalist movements. The most comprehensive study of the origins of nationalism in Ghana is David Kimble's

A Political History of Ghana: The Rise of Gold Coast Nationalism

1850-1928 (1963) which includes considerable reference to events beyond 1928, The first three chapters of the book focus on the impact of economic, social and educational developments on 41 the growth of nationalism. The rest of the book concentrates

on specific nationalistic responses to policies of the Gold

Coast Governments. Of particular importance here are Kimble's

detailed discussion of the Fante Confederation (1868-1871),

the Aborigines Rights Protection Society and the National Congres

of British West Africa. His treatment of such themes in the

determination of national unity as the changing roies of Chiefs,

the development of the Legislative Council and Asante resistance

to the British is also of interest. A.A. Boahen's review of

Kimble's work in the Journal of African History, Vol. V, No. 1

(1964), pp. 127-132 provides a good assessment of the book's

merits and drawbacks.

A reference to some of the writings of individuals important

in Ghana's nationalist movementsuch as Casely Hayford, J.W.

de Graft Johnson and George Padmore, are included in the bibli¬

ography. 42

Bibliography Colonial Pule and Nationalism,

Boahen, A.A. "The Roots of Ghanaian Nationalism," Journal of African History, Vol. V, No. 1 (1964), .127-132.

Bourret, F.M. Ghana: The Road to Independence, 1919-1957. London: Oxford University Press, 1960.

Claridge, W.W. A History of the Gold Coast and Ashanti, Vols. I £ II. London! John Murray, 1915. (Second edition with introduction by W.E.F. Ward, London: Frank Cass, 1964). de Graft Johnson, J.W. Towards Nationhood in West Africa. London: Headley Bros., 1928 . ' .

Gildea, B. Nationalism and Indirect Rule in the^Gold Coast,; 1900-50: ^he Scientific^ Economic and Cultural Factors "Leading Up to the Current Situation. New York: Wm. Frederick Press, 1964. (Brief discussion, 31 pp.).

Hailey, Lord. Native Administration in the British African Territories, Part III: West Africa: Nigeria, Gold .Coast, Sierra Leone, Gambia. London : H.M.S.O., 1951.

Hayford, C. Gold Coast Native Institutions, With Thoughts Upon a Healthy Imperial Policy for the Gold Coast and Ashanti. London : Sweet £ Maxwell Ltd., 190 3.

Hodgkin, T. Nationalism in Colonial Africa. London: Muller

Ltd. , 1956 .

Kimble, D. A Political History of Ghana: ThS, KiSfi Of fold. Coast Nationalism. 1850-1928. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963.

Metcalfe, G.E. Great Britain and Ghana: Documents of Ghana History, 1807-1957 . London : Nelson's, 1964.

Padmore, G. The Gold Coast Revolution: The Struggle of an African People from Slavery to Freedom. London : Dobson Ltd., T^5T! :

Wallerstein, I. The Road to Independence: Ghana and the . Paris: Mouton £ Co., 1964.

Wight, M. The Gold Coast Legislative Council. London: Faber £ Faber, 19 t+T!

Wraith, P.E. Guggisberg. London: Oxford University Press, 1967. 43

Journals, Magazines and Bulletins (*Indicates the most relevant sources)

Africa. London: International African Institute, 1928--. (Quarterly). African Affairs. London: Royal African Society, 1901--. (Quarterly). African Studies Bulletin. New York: African Studies Association,

1958-- . (Tri-annual). Ghana Bulletin of Theology. Legon, 1957--. (Bi-annual). ^Ghanaian Notes 6 Queries. Legon: Bulletin of the Ghana Historical Society, 1961--. (Tri-annual). ^Historical Society of Ghana. Transactions. Legon, 1957--. (Irregular). (1952-57 Transactions of the Historical Society of the Gold Coast and Togoland). ^Journal of African Administration. London: Great Britain Colonial Office. African Studies Branch, 1949-1961. (Quarterly). *Journal of African History. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press , I960-- . (Tri-annual). Presence Africaine. Paris. English edition, I960--. (Quarterly). Universitas. Legon, 1953--. (Tri-annual). West Africa. London, 1917--. (Weekly). VI. POLITICS: INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL

General Political Developments: 1946-1966

Two books which serve as useful introductions to Ghanaian politics in the perspective of West African and African develop¬ ments are Ken Post's The New States of West Africa (1964) and

Thomas Hodgkin's African Political Parties (1961).

One of the best studies on political development in Ghana is Dennis Austin's Politics in Ghana: 1946-1960 (1964). This book chronologically overlaps and goes beyond the works, by

Bourret and Kimble cited in Section V. The author deals with the formation of the Convention People's Party (CPP), the domi¬ nant political party from 1949 to 1966, and the assumption of office by the CPP under Nkrumah after the 1951 election. He describes the struggle for power between the CPP and its oppo¬ nents between the 1954 and 1956 elections and concludes with an account of the growth of a single-party state under Nkrumah.

Of particular value are Austin's discussions of the February 1948 riot, a turning point socially and politically in Ghana's political development, and the reasons for the growth of the

CPP as a single party. The latter provides a basis for under¬ standing why the February 1966 coup took place.

Another good study of the change in the CPP from a "mass party" to a "party of solidarity" is David Apter's article in

Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa 45

t

(1964) edited by J.S. Coleman and O.G. Rösberg, Jr. A far

more difficult book, heavily laden with sociological terminologies

is Apter's Ghana in Transition (1963) first published in 1955

as The Gold Coast in Transition.

Specific books on Ghanaian constitutional development, law

and local government are listed in the bibliography. Particularly

important among these books is W.B. Harvey's Law and Social

Change in Ghana (1966), which provides insights into the Ghanaian

political system under Nkrumah. Harvey deals mainly with consti¬

tutional law and the various legal tools that shape the citizen's

political role. The work also includes an assessment of the

contribution of .indigenous systems and the colonial period to

Ghanaian law. The author concludes that "although democratic

values dominated the basic structuring of public power, auto¬

cratic values have in fact determined the realities of political

life."

Elites

The shortage of high level manpower, especially in the

administrative-managerial category, and the political role played by the elite affects seriously the nature of political development.

The historical development of elites in Ghana is treated in

Kimble's work (noted in Section V). Dr. K.E. De Graft-Johnson in his article "The Evolution of Elites in Ghana" discusses three elite groups: the chiefs, the intelligentsia and the new political class. I. Wallerstein in The Road to Independence :

Ghana and the Ivory Coast (1964) has a more detailed discussion 46

of the relation of elites to social change. Wallerstein stresses that the role of a national hero, the educated classes, the political and mass organization leaders, and the traditional authorities must all be considered in viewing "the mosaic of elites in the contemporary power structure."

The reader will find further information on elite groups in the bibliography for this section. Little's West African

Urbanization: A Study of Voluntary Associations in Social Change

(1965), P. Foster's Education and Social Change in Ghana (1965) and G. Hurd's "Education" also provide insights into elites.

References to these studies may be found in Section VII.

Foreign Policy

It is unfortunate that no detailed study has been made of foreign policy in Ghana under Nkrumah. Scattered references are found in books on African foreign policy generally and in the writings of Nkrumah. For example, I Speak of Freedom (1961) and Africa Must Unite (1963) are good for information on Nkrumah's position on Pan-Africanism, and Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism (1965) is a controversial and fascinating book.

Specific coverage of Ghana's foreign policy is available only in the American University's Special Warfare Area Handbook for

Ghana (1962), which was discussed in Section I. The most

important general works which contain material on the subject are listed in the bibliography.

Nkrumah

Nkrumah dominated all aspects of Ghanaian life from 1951 47 to February 1966, and valuable information on him may be found in most of the books in this section. The most noted biography of Nkrumah is Bankole Timothy's : His Rise to

Power (2nd ed. 1963). Other biographies are listed in the bibliography. Nkrumah's writings are also good indices to his thinking and policies. Before reading any of his works, however, it is useful to refer to H. Bretton's cautionary notes about them (pp. 20-21, 36-39, and 133-136) in his book, The

Rise and Fall of Kwame Nkrumah (1966).

The 1966 Coup and Post-Coup Period

One of the first books published on the February coup,

The Ghana Coup: 24th February 1966 (1966), was written by a participant who is now an important figure in the National

Liberation Council (NLC), Brigadier A.A. Afrifa. As Immanuel

Wallerstein points out in his very useful comments on some current books on Ghana in Africa Report, Vol. XII, No. 5 (Hay

1967), 43-46, "Afrifa's book contains all the major explanations of Nkrumah's downfall current among those in power in Ghana today."

An important scholarly work on the coup is Henry Bretton's

The Rise and Fall of Kwame Nkrumah (1966), which is essentially an analysis of Nkrumah's personal political machine. If Afrifa gives one the flavor of the criticism of Nkrumah, Bretton gives one the factual bases. Bretton analyzes the ruling political group in order to indicate its factions and the decision-making process. He concludes that: "Personal rule seemed so successful 48 largely because it had been installed in a political vacuum but neither Nkrumah nor his machine had ever struck deep roots.... as the popular reaction of Ghanaians to the February coup seemed to show.

A third book dealing with the coup is B. Fitch and M.

Oppenheimer's Ghana": End of an Illusion (1966), which first appeared in Monthly Review, a socialist journal. It represents

"an attack on Nkrumah from the leftM and provides an interesting

discussion of the independence movement and the reasons for

England's acceptance of Nkrumah and the CPP in 1957. Since it

is primarily of interest for its economic viewpoint, a discussion

of it is left to the final section of the guide.

On post-coup political events, one is on even more specu¬

lative ground. Of great assistance in obtaining an up-to-date

picture are the periodicals West Africa and the "News-in-Brief"

section of Africa Report. "The Military Elites in Ghana and

Nigeria" by W. Gutteridge in African Forum, Vol. II, No. 1 (1966),

provides a good appraisal of the military in Ghana. The emergence

of the military as a dominant governing force in some African

countries is a phenomenon which began with President Nasser's

coup in Egypt (now the U.A.P.) in 1952-1954. There are a number

of interesting works on the role.of the military in political

development. Some of the better ones include J.S. Coleman and

B. Brice, Jr., "The Role of the Military in Sub-Saharan Africa,"

in The Role of the Military in Underdeveloped Countries (1962)

edited by J.J. Johnson and Military Institutions and Power in i+9 the New States (1964) by W.F. Gutteridge. Further bibliographical

data on the military is discussed by H.F. Glickman in his article

in African Forum, Vol. II, No. 1 (Summer 1966).

The economic and political optimism which greeted the take¬

over by the military is not as apparent in more recent articles

as it was in 1966. The attempted coup from within the military

against the National Liberation Council in April 1967 and, more

importantly, the economic difficulties the NLC has encountered

with rising unemployment and inflation have caused them to

postpone their decision to return Ghana to civilian rule to

sometime in 1969. 50

Bibliography Politics: Internal and External

General: Political Developments 1946-1966

Alderfer, H.F. A Bibliography of African Government,1950- 1966. Lincoln, Pa.: Lincoln University Press, 1967. Pp~] 48-56.

Apter, D.E. "Bureaucracy, Party and Constitutional Democracy: An Example of Political Role Systems in Ghana," Transition in Africa: Studies in Political Adaptation, eds. G.M. Carter and W.O. Brown. Boston : Boston University Press, 1958. Pp. 16-1+3.

. "Ghana," Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa, eds. J.S. Coleman and C.G. Rösberg, Jr. Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press, 1964. Pp. 259-315.

Ghana in Transition. New York: Antheneum (PB),

1963 .

Austin, D. Politics in Ghana, 1946-60. New York: Oxford University Press, 1964 .

"Elections in an African Rural Area," Africa, Vol. XXXI, No. 1 (January 1961), 1-18. (Relates to northern Ghana).

Diplomatic Press and Publishing Company. Directory of the Republic of Ghana (Including Trade Index and Biographical Sections). London, 1959-- .

Hodgkin, T. African Political Parties. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1961.

Legum, C. "Socialism in Ghana: A Political Interpretation," African Socialism, eds. W.M. Friedland and C.G. Rösberg, Jr. Stanford : Stanford University Press, 1964. Pp. 131- 159. (Shows relationship between Nkrumah's internal and external objectives).

Lewis, W. A. Politics in West Africa. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965. (Interesting short study con¬ taining debatable points).

Lloyd, P.C. "Traditional Rulers," Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa, eds. J.S. Coleman and C.G. Rösberg, Jr. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1964. Pp. 403-412. 51

Post, Ken. The New States of West Africa. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1964.

Wallerstein, I. The Road to Independence: Ghana and the Ivory Coast. Paris : Mouton S to. , 19 64 .

Wright, R. Black Power. London: Dobson, 1954. ("A superb, impressionistic account of the CPP and politics in Ghana." The last chapter which is a "letter" containing recommenda¬ tions to Nkrumah is of particular interest).

B. Ghana's Constitution

Bennion, F.A.R. The Constitutional Law of Ghana. London: Butterworths, 1962.

Elias, T.O. Ghana and Sierra Leone: The Development of Their Laws and Constitutions. London : Stevens, 1962 .

Rubin, L. and Murray, P. The Constitution and Government of Ghana. London: Sweet 6 Maxwell, 1964.

C. Local Government

' Nsarkoh, J.K. Local Government in Ghana. Accra: Ghana Universities Press, 1964.

Wraith, R. Local Government in West Africa. New York: Praeger, 1964.

D. Law

Baade, H.W. (ed.). African Law: New Law for New Nations. New York : Oceana Publications, 1963 .

Bennion, F.A.R. The Constitutional Law of Ghana. London: Butterworths, 1962.

Bentsi-Enchill, K. Ghana Land Law: An Exposition, Analysis, and Critique. London : Sweet 6 Maxwell, 1964.

Harvey, W.B. Law and Social Change in Ghana. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966.

' A -Value Analysis of Ghanaian Legal Development Since Independence. Accra : Government Printer, 1963.

Kuper, H. and Kuper, L. (eds.) African Law: Adaptation 52

and Development. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1965.

Ollennu, N.A. The Law of Succession in Ghana. Accra: Presbyterian Printing Press, I960.,

Law of Testate and Intestate Succession in Ghana.

London : Sweet 6 Maxwell, 1962 .

Principles of Customary Land Law in Ghana. London: Sweet £ Maxwell. 1962.

Rubin, L. "Chieftaincy and the Adaptation of Customary Law in Ghana," Boston University Papers on Africa: Transition in African Politics, eds. o. Butler and A.A. Castagno. New York: Praeger, 1967.

E. Elites

De Graft-Johnson, K.E. "The Evolution of Elites in Ghana," The New Elites of Tropical Africa, ed. P.C. Lloyd. London: Oxford University Press, 1966. Fp. 104-117.

Jahoda, G. "Social Aspirations, Magic and Witchcraft in Ghana: A Social-Psychological Interpretation," The New Elites of Tropical Africa, ed. P.C. Lloyd. London: Oxford University Press, 1966. Pp. 199-215. (Interesting article relating to status, child rearing and social change).

Kelly, G.M. The Ghanaian Intelligentsia. Unpublished PhD. Thesis, University of Chicago, 1959. (Available on microfilm from the University of Chicago. Department of Photoduplication).

Kerstiens, T. The New Elite in Asia and Africa: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and Ghana. New York: Praeger, 1966.

Wallerstein, I. The Road to Independence: Ghana and the Ivory Coast. Paris : Mouton £ Co., 1964 . Part III: "Elites and Social Change".

F. Foreign Policy

American Assembly. The and Africa. New York: Columbia University, 1958. (A general work).

American University. Special Operations Research Office. Foreign Areas Studies Division. Special Warfare Area Handbook for Ghana. Washington, D.C., 1962. Pp. 255-278. 53

Austin, Dennis. "The Uncertain Frontier: Ghana-Togo," Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. I, No. 2 (June 1963), 139-145.

Brzezinski, Z. Africa and the Communist World. Stanford:

Stanford University Press, 1963 . (Gives information on Ghana's political relations with the Soviet Union, trade with the Soviet Union, trade with Eastern Europe, technical assistance from Eastern Europe, students in Communist countries, and relations with China).

Busia, K. The Challenge of Africa. New York: Praeger, 1962.

Coleman, J.S. "Togoland," International Conciliation, No. .509 (Sept. 1956), 1-91.

Ferkiss, V.C. Africa's Search for Identity. New York: George Braziller, 1966. (Discusses forces at work creating the new Africa and determining its role in world politics. Contains section on Afro-American relations).

Legum, C. Pan-Africanism: A Short Political Guide. New York: Praeger, 1965. (Revised and enlarged edition),

"Socialism in Ghana: A Political Interpretation," African Socialism, eds. W.M. Friedland and C.G. Rösberg, Jr. Stanford : Stanford University Press, 1964. Pp. 131-159. (Shows relationship between Nkrumah's internal and external objectives).

McKay, V. Africa in World Politics. New York: Harper 6 Row, 1963. (Good on American relations with Africa).

.(ed.). African Diplomacy: Studies in the Determinants

of Foreign Policy. New York : Praeger, 1966 .

Mazrui, A.A. Towards a Pax-Africana: A Study of Ideology and Ambition"] London : Weidenfeld 6 Nicolson, 1967 . Chapter 4 : "Ghana and African Diplomatic Thought," pp. 59-73.

Newbury, C. The West African Commonwealth. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1964.

Quaison-Sackey, A. Africa Unbound: Reflections of an African Statesman. New York: Praeger, 1963.

Welch, C.E., Jr. Dream of Unity: Pan-Africanism and Political Unification in WgSt Africa. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1966. Chapters 2-3 on the Ewe question, Chapter 7 on Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union.

/ 54

Zartman, I.W. International Relations in the New Africa. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1966.

G. Nkrumah: (Books by him and about him)

Axioms of Nkrumah. London: Nelson's, 1967.

Dzirasa, S. Political Thought of Dr. Kwame.Nkrumah. Accra: Guinea Pressé 1962 .

Nkrumah, Kwame. Africa Must Unite.. New York:' Praeger, 1963.

. Consciencism: Philosophy and Ideology for Decoloni¬ sation and Development with Particular Reference to the African Revolution" London : Heinemann Books, 1964 .

Ghana: The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah. London:

Nelson ' 1957 . ~~

I Speak of Freedom: A Statement of African Ideology. London : Heinemann Books , 1961.

Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism.

London : Nelson's , 1965 . :

Towards Colonial Freedom. London: Heinemann Books,

1962 .

Phillips, J. Kwame Nkrumah and the Future of Africa. New York : Praeger, 1960 .

"The Spark" Editors. Some Essential Features of Nkrumaism. New York: International Publishers, 1965.

Timothy, Bankole. Kwame Nkrumah: His Rise to Power, With Foreward by Kojo Botsio. London : Allen S Unwin, 196 3. (Second Edition).

H. The 1966 Coup and Post-Coup Period

Africa Confidential. "Ghana: Yes and No to Extradition," No. 3 (February 3, 1967), 1-3.

. "Ghana's Stormy Tea Cup," No. 9 (April 28, 1967), 2-4. (Good article on the attempted coup in April 1967 and the results of the attempt).

"Ghana's Guitar Boy Blues," No. 10 (May 12 , 1967), 5r6. (Further information on the April 1967 coup and the trial of the instigators). 55

Africa Confidential. "Ghana: Half-way to Civilian Rule," No. 14 (July 7, I"967), 5-7. (Gives names of Civilian Special Commissioners and other reforms in administration).

"Ghana: A Constituent Assembly Soon?," No. 18

(Sept. 8 , 1967), 7-8 . (Article discusses possible future political party situation).

Afrifa, A.A. The Ghana Coup: 24th February 1966. London: £ Frank Cass Co. , 1966 .

Ankrah, Lt. Gen. J.A. Aspirations of Our New Nation, Broadcast Talk to the Nation on Thursday March 24^ 1966. : Accra Ministry of Information, 1966 . (Concerns detention policy, foreign policy, and economic situation).

"The Future of the Military in Ghana," African Forum, ?ÕT7 II, No. 1 (Summer 1966), 5-16.

Anonymous. "Letter from Ghana," The New York Review of Books (October 12, 1967), 34-39.

Bretton, H. The Rise and Fall of Kwame Nkrumah: A Study of : Personal Rule in Africa" New York Praeger, 1966 .

Coleman, J.S. and Brice, B., Jr. "The Role of the Military in Sub-Saharan Africa," The Bole of the Military in Underdeveloped Countries, ed. J.J. Johnson. Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1962. Pp. 359-405.

Fairburn, J. "After Nkrumah," New Statesman (March 4, 1966),

285 .

Fitch, B. and Oppenheimer, M. Ghana: End of an Illusion. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1966.

Ghana Ministry of Information. The Rebirth of Ghana. Accra-Tema: State Publishing Corporation, 1966.

Glickman, H.F. "The Military in African Politics: A Bibliographic Essay," African Forum, Vol. II, No. 1 (Summer 1966), 68-75.

Gutteridge, W. Armed Forces in New States. London: Oxford University Press, 1962.

. "Military Elites in Ghana and Nigeria," African Forum, Vol. II, No.l (Summer 1966), 193-211.

. Military Institutions and Power in the New States. London": Pall Mall Press, 1964. 56

Hodgkin» T. "Counter Revolution in Ghana," Labour Monthly (April 1966) . •

Howe, R.W. "Ghana Without the Redeemer," New Republic (March 12 , 1966) , 9-11,

Information Section. Embassy of Ghana. Broadcast-by Lt. Gen. J.A. Ankrah, Chairman of the NLC, Wednesday,

?5th Mav. 1966 . (Press Release No. 6/66). Washington,D.C., May 27, 1966. (Discussion of Ghana's role in the O.A.U. and inter-African relations) .

. Ghana: Names of the Regional Commissioners of Administration for the Eight and Greater Accra Area. Washington, D.C., 1966?. ! ~

Broadcast Speech by Lt. Gen. J.A, Ankrah, Chairman of the NLC, Fri. 3rd June , 1966 . (Press Release No. 7/66 ) . Washington, D.C., June 5^ 1966 . (Gives information on judicial reforms, the civil service, and external relations with African nations as well as economic matters).

information Section. Embassy of Ghana. The Military Take¬ over in Ghana: Broadcast Speech by the Chairman of the NLC,

Feb. 28 , 1966. (Press Release No. 4/66 ) . Washington, D.C., March 1, 1966.

Irvine, K. "Ghana After Nkrumah," Current History (March 1967) 149-153, 181-182.

Kraus, J. "Ghana Without Nkrumah: II. The Men In Charge," r Africa Report, Vol. XI, No. 4 (April, 1966), 10-20.

Markowitz, I. "Ghana Without Nkrumah: I. The Winter of Discontent," Africa Report. Vol. XI, No. 4 (April, 1966), 10-20. (Good article assessing the contributions of Nkrumah and problems that the NLC faces. Not much optimism about the capacity of the military to deal with the politi¬ cal "situation).

Sigmund, P.E. "Nkrumah--Charisma Fails," Commonwealth (April, 1966), 50-52.

Sloan, P. "What Happened in Ghana," New World Review (June, 1966) , 11-18 .

Thompson, W.S. "New Directions in Ghana," Africa Report, Vol. XI. No. 8 (November, 1966), 18-22. (Examines prospects for democracy in Ghana on the basis of ten month period of military rule. Optimistic.). "57

I. Journals, Magazines and Bulletins (^Indicates,.the most relevant sources) !

- . . • t

Africa « London: International African Institute, 1928--. (Quarterly). ^Africa Confidential. London, Jan. 1967—. (Bi-monthly). (Formerly calledAfrica, 1960-1967). *Africa Report. Washington, D.C.: African-American Institute, 1956—. (Published nine times a year). African Affairs. London: Royal African Society, 1901--. (Quarterly). *African Forum. New York: American Society of African Culture, 1965--. (Quarterly). African Studies Bulletin. New York: African Studies Associ-

ation , 195 8--. (Tri-annual). Ghana Foreign Affairs. Accra: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, I960--. (Quarterly). (Ceased Publication). Ghana Local Government Bulletin. Accra, 1960—. (Weekly). *Ghana Today. Accra : Information Section. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1956--. (Bi-monthly). (Vol. 9, No.22 of Wed. Mar. 9, 1966 to present good on post-coup events). Ghana (formerly Gold Coast) Yearbook. Accra: Daily Graphic, 1953--. (Annual). Journal of African Administration. London: Great Britain Colonial Office. African Studies Branch, 1949-1961. (Quarterly). Journal of African Law. London: Butterworths, 1957--. (Quarterly). Journal of Local Administration Overseas (Supercedes Journal of African Administration). London, 1962--.(Quarterly). *Journal of Modern African""Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963--. (Quarterly). New Ghana. Accra: Ghana Department of Information Services, 1957--. (Fortnightly). (Continuation of Ghana Weekly Review; formerly Gold Coast Weekly Review^ 1951-1957 ; former- ly Gold Coast Bulletin, 1946-1951. Présence Africaine. Paris. English edition, I960--. (Quarterly). Universitas. Legon, 1953--. (Tri-annual). *West Africa. London, 1917--. (Weekly). (Issues No. 2543,

Sat. 26 Feb. , 1966 to date important on post-coup events) .

J. Newspapers (*Largest circulation)

*Daily Graphic (daily), *Ghana Evening News (daily). Ghana Gazette (weekly). The Ghanaian Times (daily). Legon Observer (post-coup weekly). 58

New Ashanti Times (weekly). Northern Ghana Weekly (weekly ). The Spark (weekly). Sunday fflrror (weekly). West Africa (daily). VII. SOCIAL CHANGE

A study of Sections IV and V of the guide will indicate many of the forces acting to produce social change in Ghana. The object here is to focus on some of the important aspects that produce and result from social change.

Population

One of the most important features of contemporary Ghana is the rapid growth of its population. The best treatment of this subject may be found in J.C. Caldwell's chapters in A Study of Contemporary Ghana: Vol. II (1967) edited by W. Birmingham,

I. Neustadt and E.N. Omaboe. Basing his analysis primarily on the 1960 population census, Cladwell describes the general characteristics of the population and discusses the main demo¬ graphic .problems Ghana will face in the next decade. His chapter

"Population Prospects and Policy" is important for its analysis of the problems of economic development facing Ghana and its proposals for easing population pressures.

Urbanization and Migration

In the same volume, J.C. Caldwell has a useful chapter on migration and urbanization. His findings indicate that the phenomena of urbanization and migration have strengthened the economic infrastructure, helped to spread the cash economy and thus stimulated local production, and carried social change to the remotest parts of the country. The reader will also find it useful to refer to the studies by Acquah and Busia (see bibliography) 60

on Accra and Sekondi-Takoradi respectively.

Urbanization has brought with it a number of social problems.

One of the roles of the voluntary association in the urban areas has been to deal with some of these problems. Both Kenneth Little in West African Urbanization: A Study of Voluntary Associations in Social Change (1965) and I. Wallerstein in Chapter 2 of The

Road to Independence: Ghana and the Ivory Coast (1964) treat the functions of these associations. They have acted as a substitute for the traditional functions of the extended family and other kinship units. They have also been an important factor in increasing the roles of women, younger men, and the western educated in modernizing the society, and they have vi¬ tally assisted the process of transition. While Little discusses these aspects in some detail, Wallerstein is more concerned with the "politization" of voluntary association since inde¬ pendence and the effect of this on the political process.

Some government programs aimed at dealing with the problems

of urbanization are discussed in Social Work in West Africa:

Report of the Seminar on Social Work in West Africa (1962) edited

by St. Clair Drake and P.T. Omari.

Rural Social Change

In addition to the studies on Tema by G.W. Amarteifo et al.

and the Volta Resettlement Symposium Papers, the best study on

rural social change is David Brokensha's Social Change at Larteh,

Ghana (1966). Larteh represents an intermediate type of community,

a small.town still based on agriculture but one which has 61

numerous links to the city and the wider world. Brokensha found that the outstanding feature of social, change at Larteh is not conflict but adaptation and accommodation with a vigorous traditional societal organization surviving in spite of the influence of Christianity, western education, a cash economy and independence.

Education

The best thorough survey of Ghanaian education is.P. Foster's

Education and Social Change in Ghana (1965). Foster attempts to appraise the political, economic and social consequences of the transfer of métropole educational institutions to the colonies.

He assesses the impact of formal education on traditional societies and economic structures and, conversely, the effects of those structures on the functions of schools. The relation¬ ships found among education, occupation, income and social status and the problems of unemployment and the "quasi-class structures" are also discussed by the author.

Foster's book includes a useful guide to other studies on . He believes that F.H. Hilliard's A Short

History of Education in British West Africa (1957), H.O.A.

McWilliam's The Development of Education in Ghana (1959), and

Colin G. Wise's A History of Education in British West Africa

(1956) offer the most relevant material for understanding educational development in Ghana. As Foster notes: "The scope of these studies, however, is explicitly limited to purely

'educational' matters. Preoccupation with the consensual aspects 62

of education has led to a fruitful body of research concerned

with child development and socialization in Africa." Important

among the studies which deal with these subjects in Ghana are

H. Fortes' Social and Psychological Aspects of Education in

Taleland (1938) and Barrington Kaye's Bringing up Children

in Ghana (1962). These works are concerned with socialization

processes, and with "cultural and personality" factors.

Also of value is G.E. Hurd's article "Education" in A Study

of Contemporary Ghana: Vol. II (1967) edited by W. Birmingham,

I. Neustadt and E.N. Omaboe. Hurd describes the structure and

function of education in Ghana and its relation to economic

development and social mobility. A good article on the relation¬

ship between church, state and education in Ghana, including

the policy of the NLC on this, is that by N.O. Anim in Church,

State and Education in Africa (1966) edited by D. Scanlon.

The press , radio and other media of communication play an

important role in the educational process in addition to having

political implications. The reader should refer to the biblio¬

graphy for material on this subject.

Culture and Literature

The purpose óf this section is to provide the reader with

a select bibliography of works which give insights into Ghanaian

social change. For example, J.W. Abruquah's The Catechist (1965)

is a biography of the author's father, who describes himself as a Christian "who still held tenaciously to the ancestral beliefs of my people." F. Selormey's The Narrow Path (1966) 63

is a vivid account of the author's struggle with the process of social change. The most intimate impression of life in the new towns can be gained by reading some of the novels of two

Nigerians, Chinua Achebe and Cyprian Ekwensi. Although the locale is Nigeria, the problems also apply to Ghana. 64

Bibliography Social Change

Population

Caldwell, J.C. "Population: General Characteristics," A Study of Contemporary Ghana. Vol. II: Some Aspects of Social Structure (Hereafter referred to as SCG: II), eds. W. Birming"Kam, I. Neustadt, E.N. Omaboe^ Evanston : Northwestern University Press, 1967. Chapter 1.

. "Population Change," SOG : II. Chapter 2.

. "Population Prospects and Policy," SCG: II. Chapter 4.

Ghana Census Office. 1960 Population Census of Ghana: Vol. I: The Gazetteer: Alphabetical List of Localities. Accra, HFE

. I960 Population Census of Ghana: Vol. II: Statistics of Localities and Enumeration Areas. Accra, 1962.

. I960 Population Census of Ghana: Vol. Ill: Demographic Characteristics. Accra, 1962.

. 1960 Population Census of Ghana: Vol. V: General Report. Accra, 1964.

1960 Population Census of Ghana: Vol. VI: The Post Enumeration Survey: Statistical Summary. Accra, 196?.

. 1960 Population Census of Ghana: Map A: Plan of Enumeration Areas: A Map for Each Region and for Certain Large Towns, Showing Boundaries of Enumerated Areas. Accra, 196?.

1960 Population Census of Ghana: Map B: Census Atlas: Population Characteristics by Local Authorities. Accra, 196?.

Grove, D. Population Patterns: Their Impact on Regional Planning. A Preliminary Analysis of the 1960 Census of Ghana. Planning Research Studies No. 1. Building Research. Group. Kumasi: Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, 1963.

Hilton, T.E. Ghana Population Atlas. Edinburgh: Nelson's, 1960.

Tetteh, P.A. "Marriage, Family and Household," SCG: II, 65

Chapter 5. (Provides a concise picture of marriage, family and housing arrangements in Ghana today, but presents little concerning the sociological implications of this data).

B. Urbanization and Migration

Acquah, I. Accra Survey. London: University of London Press,

1958 .

Busia, K.A. Report on the Social Survey of Sekondi-Takoradi. London : Hazell, Watson £ Viney, 1950 .

Caldwell, J.C. "Migration and Urbanization," SCG: II. Chapter 3.

Drake, St. Clair and Omari, P.T. (eds.). Social Work in West Africa: A Report of the Seminar on Social Work in West Africa. Legon, 1962 . ~~~~

Ghana Census Office. 1960 Population Census of Ghana, Special Report A: Statistics of Towns with 10,000 Population or More. Accra, 1964 . :

Ghana Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. A Guide to Accra (Including a Maçi of Accra). Accra, 1962 . (Tri- marily designed for tourists. Contains useful information on location of restaurants, banks, cinemas, kind of electric current in use, etc.).

Grove, D. and Huszar, L. The Towns of Ghana: The Role of Service Centres in Regional Planning. Planning Research Studies No. 2~! Accra : Ghana Universities Press, 1.964.

Xuper, H. (ed.). Urbanization and Migration in West Africa. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press,

1965 .

Little, K. West African Urbanization: A Study of Voluntary Associations in Social Change. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1965.

Slmms, R.P. Urbanization in West Africa: A Review of Current Literature. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1965.

. (A ready reference for articles and books on urbanization in Ghana in the annotated bibliography section).

The Sociological Review. "Urbanism in West Africa," Vol. Xlï, tfo. ï (1959) .

UNESCO. Social Implications of Industrialization and 66

Urbanization in Africa South of the Sahara. London: International African Institute, 1956. CÜontains useful summations on pp. 72-99 of works by Busia and others on Ghanaian urban areas).

Wallerstein, I. The Road to Independence: Ghana and the Ivory Coast. Paris : Mouton £ Co., 1964. Chapter 2 "Voluntary Associations and the Social Structure."

C. Rural Social Change

Amarteifo, G.W., Butcher, D.A.P., Whitham, D. Tema-Manhean: A Study of Resettlement. Planning Research Studies No. 5*. Accra: Ghana Universities Press, 1966.

Brokensha, D. Social Change at Larteh, Ghana. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.

Du Sautoy, P. Community Development in Ghana. London: Oxford University Press, 195 8.

Field, M.J. Search for Security: An Ethno-Psychiatric Survey of Rural Ghana! Evanston: Northwestern University

Press , 1960.

Volta River Authority and Faculty of Architecture. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. Volta Resettlement Symposium Papers. Kumasi, 1965.

D. Education

Anim, N.O. "Ghana," Church, State and Education in Africa, ed.D. Scanlon. New York: Teachers College Press. Columbia University, 1966. Pp. 165-196.

Ashby, E. African Universities and Western Tradition. Cambridge! Harvard University Press, 1964.

. Universities: British, Indian, African: A Study in the Ecology of Higher Education! Cambridge : Harvard University Press, 1966.

Burns, D.G. African Education: An Introductory Survey of Education i~Commonwealth Countries. London : Oxford University Press, 1965.

Cowan, L.G., O'Connell, J. and Scanlon, D.G. (eds.). Education and Nation-Building in Africa. New York: Praeger, 1965. 67

Du Sautoy, P. The Planning and Organization of Adult Literacy Programmes in Arrica. Manuals on Adult and Youth Education No. *TI Paris : UNESCO, 1966 .

Evans, E.J.A. A Tropical Library Service: The Story of Ghana's Libraries/ London : Deutsch, 1964, :

Fortes, M. Social and Psychological Aspects of Education in TalelanTi International Institute of African Languages and Cultures. Memorandum XVII. London: Oxford University Press, 1938.

Hilliard, F.H. A Short History of Education in British West Africa. London : Nelson's, 1957.

Hurd, G.E. "Education," SCG: II. Chapter 6.

Kaye, B. Bringing Up Children in Ghana: An Impressionistic Survey. London: Allen 6 Unwin, 1962 .

Kitchen, H. (ed.). The Educated African: A Country by Country Survey of Educational Development in Africa"! New York: Praeger, 1962 . Pp. 326-347. ~

McWilliam, H.O.A. The Development of Education in Ghana. London: Longmans Green, 1959.

Sasnett, M. and Sepmeyer, I. Educational Systems of Africa: Interpretations for Use in the Evaluation of Academic Credentials. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966. Pp. 385-428.

Wilson, J. Education and Changing West African Culture. London: Oxford University Press, 1966. (Relates education to political situation, economic growth and social change).

Wise, C.G. A History of Education in British West Africa. London : Longmans Green, 1956 .

Communications

Ainslie, R. The Press in Africa: Communications Past and Present. London : Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1966. Pp, 58-65 , 172-3; 203-4, and 222.

American University. Special Operations Research Office. Foreign Areas Studies Division. Special" Warfare Area Handbook for Ghana. Washington, D.C., 1962 . 279-309 . 68

Culture and Literature

Abraham, W.E. The Mind of Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.

Abruquah, J.W. The Catechist. London: Allen S Unwin, 1965.

Acquaah, G.R. The Morning After. London: Goodwin, 1961.

Antubam, K. Ghana Arts and Crafts. Accra: Government Printing Department, 1962.

Bediako, K.A. Don't Leave Me Mercy (Echoes from Owusu's Marriage LifeTT Accra : Anowuo Educational Publications, 1966. (Humorous while providing insights into the institution of marriage in Ghana).

Brown, E.S. Africa's Contemporary Art and Artists: A Review of Creative Activities and Crafts of More Than 300 Artists Working in the Modern, Industrialized Societies of Some

of the Countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. New York: . Harmon Foundation Inc., 1966. Pp. 22-30. CSood summary of Ghanaian artistic developments with biographies of six artists).

Dei Anang, M. and Warren, Y. Ghana Glory: Poems on Ghana and Ghanaian Life. London: .Nelson's, 1965.

De Graft, J.C. Sons and Daughters. London: Oxford University Press,, 1964.

Desewo, P.M. The Three Brothers and Other Ewe Stories. London: Longmans, 1951.

Ghana Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Voices of Ghana: Literary Contributions to the Ghana Broadcasting System, 1955-5"7\ Accra : Government Printers, 195 8.

Herskovits, M.J. The Human Factor in Changing Africa. New York: A.A. Knop?! 1962.

Jahoda, G. White Man: A Study of the Attitudes of Africans to Europeans in Ghana Before Independence. London : Oxford University Press, 1961. :

Komey, E.A. and Mphahlele, E. (eds.). Modern African Stories. London: Faber 6 Faber, 1964. (Five stories are by

Ghanaians). .

Konadu, S.A. A Woman in Her Prime. " London: Heinemann, 1967 . (Good insight into life of a village woman in Ghana). 69

Moore, G. and Beier, U. (eds.). Modern.Poetry from Africa, Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1963.

Mphahlele, E. The African Image. New York: Praeger, 1962 .

Obeng, E.E.. Eighteenpence. Ilfracombe: Stockwell,.1943.

Ramsaran, J.A. New Approaches to African Literature: A Guide to Negro-African Writing and Related Studies. Tbadan: University of Ibadan Press, 1965.

Selormey, F. The Narrow Path. London: Heinemann's, 1966.

G. Journals, Magazines and Bulletins Vindicates most relevant sources)

Africa. London: International African Institute, 1928--. (Quarterly). African Affairs. London: Royal African Soicety, 1901--. (Quarterly). *African Arts/Arts d'Afrique. Los Angeles: African Studies Centre. University of California, 1967--. (Quarterly). *African Forum. New York: American Society of African Culture, 1965--. (Quarterly). African Music. Johannesburg: African Music Society, 1954--. (Quarterly). African Studies Bulletin. New York: African Studies Associ¬ ation, 1958—. (Tri-annual). 4 Black Orpheus: A Journal of African and Afro-American Literature. Ibadan: Mbari Club Publications, 1957--. (Bi-annual). *Ghana Journal of Sociology. Legon: University of Ghana. Department of Sociology, 1965—. (Bi-annual). *Ghana Teacher's Journal (Formerly Gold Coast Teacher's Journal, 1955-1957: formerly Gold Coast Education3 1952- 1955). Accra, 1958--, (Quarterly). *Ghana Today. Accra: Information Department. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1956--. (Bi-monthly). (Vol. 9, No. 22 of Wednesday, March 9, 1966 to present are good on post-coup developments). Ghana (Formerly Gold Coast)Yearbook. Accra: Daily Graphic, 1953--. (Annual). Journal of New African Literature. Stanford: Stanford Univer- sity Press, 1966--. (Bi-annual). New Ghana (Continuation of Ghana Weekly Review^ formerly Gold"Coast Weekly Review, 1951-1957; formerly Gold Coast Bulletin^ 1946-1951). Accra : Ghana Department of Information Services, 1957—. (Fortnightly). 70

^Presence Africaine. Paris. English edition, 1960-t. (Quarterly). Universitas. Legon, 1953--. (Tri-annual). *West Africa. London, 1917--. (Weekly). (No. 25H3 Saturday 56 February 1966 to date issues are important for post- coup events). *West African Journal of Education. Ibadan, 1957--. (Tri- annual). ! VIII. THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM

General

All the books noted in the preceding sections are related directly or indirectly to economic development in Ghana and an understanding of them is considered important for formulating meaningful development policies.

A most valuable recent study of the Ghanaian economy is the comprehensive volume edited by W. Birmingham, I. Neustadt and E.N. Omaboe, A Study of Contemporary Ghana: Volume I:

The (1966). (Hereafter referred to as SCG: I).

Both volumes of this study are accompanied by excellent maps.

Mr. Omaboe, now chairman of the National Economic Commission of the NLC Government and formerly the government statistician, provides an__introductory survey of the economy. He regards

Ghana as more advanced than other developing countries in Africa in terms of per capita income, infrastructure, consumption, the political, social and administrative conditions, and statistical services. Given these advantages, Omaboe implies that in assess¬ ing Ghana's economic growth since independence one should compare

Ghana with what Ghana might have been, given more sensible government fiscal policies, rather than comparing Ghana with other African countries.

Omaboe's survey is followed by Szereszewski's analyses of the performance of the economy between 1955-1962, the sectoral 72

structure of the economy, regional aspects of the economic

structure, and the patterns of consumption. Among the important problems noted by Szereszewski are the weak linkages between sec¬

tors, the distinct concentration of economic activity in the

southern part of the country, and the problem of shifting from

a dependency on foreign food imports to locally produced food¬

stuffs'.

Three'works which attempt to explain why Ghana's economy- has not grown at a faster rate are Szereszewski's Structural

Changes in Economy of Ghana, 1891-1911 (1965), B. Fitch and M.

Oppenheimer's Ghana: End of an Illusion (1966)*, and David

Cantor's Import-Replacing Industrialization and Economic Devel¬ opment in Ghana (1967). Szereszewski's main concern is the"

process which within twenty years transformed the economy of

the Gold Coast from "a traditional economy based on subsistence production... into one dominated by a cash crop," cocoa, the major export crop. His major conclusion is that the pattern evolved between 1891-1911 still persists.

The need for structural economic changes are noted by Fitch and Oppenheimer in Ghana: End of an Illusion (1966). Although the authors' analysis is based on a Marxist position, the book offers insights (and controversial viewpoints) which are shared

*Mr. Fitch and Miss Oppenheimer are both graduate students in African Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. Although they cannot be considered "experts" and their final conclusions are controversial, most of their economic data are taken from the writings of noted economists on Ghana, e.g., Killick, Szereszewski and Omaboe (see bibliography). 73

by some non-Marxist economists and by some Ghanaian intellectuals.

The book divides the economy of independent Ghana into two periods: "pro-Western Ghana" (1957-1961) and "pro-Socialist

Ghana" (1961-1966). The authors argue that the total dependence of Ghana on foreign capital to industrialize the country in the early period resulted in economic disaster. Accordingly, they state, Ghana shifted to socialist methods in 1961, but the government failed to meet the new development goals because

it did not break with the colonial past soon enough and the

was not break complete enough. ..

An alternative viewpoint on the nature of Ghana's economic growth may be found in David Cantor's unpublished thesis Import-

Replacing Industrialization and Economic Development in Ghána

(1967). Dr. Cantor feels that the main reason for the failure of the economy to grow at a faster rate is the lack of alterna¬ tive employment opportunities and more remunerative employment.

This is due to a lack of skills and a lack of wage differentials between sectors. The author challenges the viewpoint presented by Fitch and Oppenheimer that colonialism or neo-colonialism has anything to do with economic growth. He also feels that there was no shift to socialism and that economic surveys conducted by the Ghana Central Bureau of Statistics make it clear that the private sector was responsible for manufacturing growth. The need to encourage the individual entrepreneurial

aspects of economies such as Ghana's is effectively argued by

such prominent economists as Harry Johnson and A.L. Hirschmann. 74

Agriculture and Forestry

Seventy percent of Ghana's labor force is employed in the agricultural sector and cocoa exports still represent the major source of national income. There is, therefore, fortunately, a large number of books and studies available on these subjects which will be of particular value to agricultural specialists.

A good historical survey is S.L. Anyane's Ghana Agriculture :

Its Economic Development from Earliest Times to the Middle of the I Twentieth Century (1963), but by far the most useful study for

c the expert is the study edited by J.B. Wills, Agriculture and

Land Use in Ghana (1962). The first part of this book deals with

climate, geology, water supplies, soils, vegetation, fauna,

communications and land tenure. The second is concerned with

forestry, agronomy, crop diseases and pests, food storage, weeds,

grasslands, stock and tsetse flies. Accompanied by good maps,

the book is considered the standard reference book on Ghanaian

agriculture and forestry.

More concise and equally important studies are those by

Tony Killick. His "Agriculture and Forestry" in SOG: I is

concerned largely with a discussion of food farming, introductory

remarks on the agricultural sector as a whole, the problem of

soil exhaustion, schemes, forestry methods, training

facilities, etc. Chapter 10 of SCG; I, also by Killick, focuses

on a descriptive analysis of cocoa, while his Chapter 15 treats

the economics of cocoa. 75

The subject of land tenure is dealt with in a number of special studies and general works. The reader should refer to the bibliography under agriculture in this section and in Section

VI under "Law" for additional material on this topic.

Of more specialized interest are the studies by Polly Hill on Ghanaian cocoa farmers. A useful summary of her findings is found in her article, "Three Types of Southern Ghanaian

(Akim-Abuakwa) Cocoa Farmers" in African Agrarian Systems (1963) edited by D. Biebuyck. The author is primarily concerned in her two books with leadership, enterprise, social composition, the legal framework, and the historical development of cocoa growers' undertakings. She also discusses the credit system, the formation of local credit and the economic role of the land.

Her studies are therefore of social as well as economic import¬ ance.

Fish and Livestock

Unfortunately, not much has been published on these poten¬ tially important aspects of the economy since they have not yet been significant factors in Ghana's economic growth. The study by the United States Department of the Interior on fisheries and the A.I.D. studies on livestock potentials are cited in the bibliography.

Commerce, Industry and Trade

A knowledge of developments in Ghanaian commerce, industry and trade is important because of Ghana's desire to balance her heavy dependence on agriculture. An interesting series of papers discussing "structural change" as it relates to international

trade may be found in I.G. Steward and H.W. Ord (eds.), African ï ' Primary Products and International Trade (1065). These papers

discuss the question of whether African countries are likely to

profit from continued .reliance on raw materials for export or

whether they should seek to industrialize in order to alter

the whole pattern of their economic efforts.

The problems of relying on primary products are critically

analyzed in P.T. Bauer's West African Trade : A Study of Compe¬

tition, Oligopoly and Monopoly in a Changing Economy (1963).

This book stresses the monopoly held by expatriate firms on

the import trade and by the marketing boards in their power over

the price paid to the cocoa producers. The clearest account of

Ghana's external trade is Tony Killick's Chapter 14 in SCG : I.

in Proceedings of a Seminar on Markets and

Africa (1966) edited by H.W. Ord,(et al.). 77

One cause of the deficit in the balance of payments is the heavy importation of foreign food products, which results largely from new urban demands. The prospects of increasing local food production to replace imported foods and the capacity of the market chain to cope with this increase are dealt with effectively in two studies: T.T. Poleman's The Food Economies of

Urban Middle Africa: The Case of Ghana (1961) and H.W. Ord

(et al.), Ghana: Projected Level of Demand, Supply and Imports of Agricultural Products in 1965 , 1970, and 1975 (19-64).

Capital account items are also important for understanding

Ghana's balance of payments deficit. David Cantor states in his article, "The Effects of Import-Replacing Industrialization on the Foreign Trade of Ghana," that the need to import capital equipment, and raw materials for industrialization will play a significant role in determining the rate of Ghana's economic growth.

Another means of coping with the balance of payments crisis rests in industrial development. Tony Killick's articles on mining, manufacturing and construction and on the Volta

River Project in SCG: I are the best available studies on this subject. In regard to mining, the hope is expressed that the raw materials can be processed in Ghana,i.e., local smelting of aluminium and refining of gold. Killick's discussion of manu¬

facturing. and construction is particularly good since it entails a fairly thorough discussion of eight industries (electric light and power, bread and confectionery, printing, soft drinks, 78

construction, logging, sawmilling and stone quarrying) arid an

analysis of the difficulties they have encountered. The major

difficulties are defined as inadequate prior investigation, un¬

suitable or erratic supplies of local raw materials, a deficiency of capital, inadequate technical personnel and poor management.

Further data' on the performance of these industries may be found

in the appendix to Chapter 7 of SCG: T. Ghana's aluminium industry,

an important aspect of the Volta River Project, is discussed in

Chapter 16 of SCG: I.

Manpower and Trade Unions

Some insight into the labor situation in Ghana may be gained

by a reference to the studies on educational development in Section

VII and to the works cited in the bibliography under. ''Manpower and

Trade Unions" on the political, social and economic roles, of trade unions.

The most important current analyses of labor in Ghana are

"Labour: A General Survey" and "Labour: Industrial Labour Pro¬ ductivity in Eight Industries" by Killick in SCG: I. He describes

Ghana's manpower resources and their distribution within the sec¬ tors of the economy, the important phenomenon of labor migration, wages, and the system of industrial relations (trade unions). The problems of unemployment and under-utilization of labor, and the scarcity of skilled labor are also discussed. Economic planners regard the latter problem as particularly acute in determining the future pace of the economy's development. They predict a need for

109,000 high level workers and foresee a shortage of 41,500 which 79

must be made up by in-service training schemes, hiring people

* from abroad and the use of unqualified local personnel.

Transportation, Communications and. Power

The most detailed treatment of Ghana's infrastructure is

P.R. Gould's The Development of the Transportation Pattern in Ghana

(1960). The infrastructure is dealt with in most books which focus

on the economic system and geography (see Section II). The power

and communication potential of the Volta River Project is discussed

by Killick in Chapter 16 of SCG: I.

Economic Development Planning and The Monetary and Finanacial System

The key source on planning in Ghana is The Seven Years Plan for

National Reconstruction and Development, Financial Years 1963/64-

1969/70 (1964). Despite the fact that this program has been aban¬

doned by the new government and efforts are now in process to develop

a new plan, the information which the Seven Years Plan contains will

probably be utilized. The plan deals with a strategy of development;

the tasks of development; and with private investment, agriculture,

industry, mining, infrastructure, education, manpower and employment,

health, housing, the Volta River Project, public administration,

foreign trade, balance of payments, plan-financing, and plan-imple¬

mentation and management. Thus it serves as a useful summation of

material discussed in this section and preceding sections.

A more concise picture of the historical growth of develop¬

ment planning in Ghana and an assessment of the.Seven Years

Development Plan is "The Process of Planning" in SCG: I by

E.N. Omaboe. An interesting appraisal of problems that the 80

Seven Year Plan might have faced in trying to realize the objectives of growth and full employment on the one hand-and the objectives of internal and external equilibrium on the other is Tony Killick's "Possibilities of Economic Control". He focuses on monetary and fiscal policies as possible control measures for counteracting destabilizing influences in the economy. The NLC has made stringent cutbacks on the first plan objective in order to realize the second, but the problems

Killick discusses, inflation and the balance of payments, are equally relevant to the present. The NLC*s devaluation of the currency has had beneficial effects on balance of payments but has caused increased inflation.

A number of books and articles of importance for understanding the monetary and financial systems have been cited in the bibliography. The clearest account of these systems is again

by Killick in Chapter 13 of SCG : I which discusses the changes

that have occurred between the 1950's and the I960's in the

monetary and financial systems. 0^^ Foreign Assistance and Investment

A valuable book concerned primarily with British aid

policies in Africa is I.M.D. Little's Aid to Africa (1964).

Little stresses the need to emphasize agricultural and rural

development on a regional basis. He also points out the limited

powers of absorbing capital equipment in Africa and the need for policy-makers to give much more thought to research and organization in formulating aid policies. 81

The Agency for International Development's Proposed Foreign

Aid Program, FY 1968: Summary Presentation to Congress (1967) has a marked similarity to Little on a number of points.

Priorities are placed on agriculture, health and education with a general emphasis on a regional approach. For Ghana, specifically, emphasis is on the development of agriculture. In the industrial sector, stress is on transforming the National Investment Bank into a privately operated development institution and on studies of new industrial opportunities on a private enterprise basis.

Planned feasibility studies for infrastructure projects recom¬ mended' by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank are also suggested. The articles in "Aid to Africa: The Search for a Formula Continues," Africa Report, Vol. XII, No. 6

(June 1967) provide further information on foreign aid policies.

The work by G.H. Wittman, Inc., The Ghana Report : Economic

Development and Investment Opportunities, Legal Problems Relative to Investment, Sociological Factors Relative to General Economic

Development (1959), is still useful for understanding the potential of foreign investment in Ghana. The Gallatin Business

Intelligence re'port on the economy of Ghana, published in July

1967, although very brief (12pp.) offers the most up-to-date profile of the present economic situation in Ghana. It was designed primarily for those interested in the investment potential of the country. For current developments affecting business conditions in Ghana, one should consult The Gallatin

Letter which is issued fortnightly and the magazine West Africa which appears weekly. 82

Bibliography The Economic System

General

Barclays Bank. Ghana: An Economic Survey. London: Barclays Bank D.C.O., every two years.

Cantor, David. Import-Replacing Industrialization and Economic Development in Ghana. Unpublished PhD. Thesis. Harvard University, 1967.

Diplomatic Press and Publishing Co. Directory of the Republic of Ghana (Including Trade Index and Biographical

Section). London , 1959-- . ~

Fitch, B. and Oppenheimer, M. Ghana: End of an Illusion. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1966.

Ghana Census Office. I960 Population Census: Vol. IV: . Economic Characteristics of Local Authorities, Regions and Total Country. Accra, 1964.

Ghana Central Bureau of Statistics. Field Survey Work-in the Ghana Statistics Office. Statistical and Economic Papers, No. 5"! Accra, 1961. (The final in a series of papers analyzing household budgets and expenditures in urban and rural areas. This paper summarizes the findings of the previous papers, gives an account of how the surveys were conducted and provides valuable information on the economy as a whole).

; . Statistical Handbook 1967. Accra, 1967. (Very I valuable^ Contains statistics on population; passenger movements; public health; agriculture, forestry and fishing; industrial production; transport and communications; internal trade; prices; external trade; national income and balance of payments; banking; currency; education: culture and entertainment; justice and crime: miscellaneous).

Herskovits, M.J. and Harwitz, M. (eds.). Economic Transition in Africa. Evanston : Northwestern University Press, 1964. (Collection of papers which provide useful introduction and foundation for understanding issues related to the economic system).

Omaboe, E.N. "An Introductory Survey," A Study of Con¬ temporary Ghana: Vol. I: The Economy õf Ghana (Hereafter

referred to as SCG: I) , eds. W. Birmingham, I. Neustadt,

E.N. Omaboe. London : Ällen 6 Unwin, 1966 . Chapter 1. 83

Szereszewski, R. "Patterns of Consumption," SCG: : I. Chap¬ ter 5.

. "The Performance of the Economy, 1955-62 ," SCG : I » Chapter 2.

. "Regional Aspects of the Structure of the Économy," SCG : I. Chapter 4.

"The Sectoral Structure of the Economy, 1960," SCG: I. Chapter 3.

. Structural Changes in Economy of Ghana: 1891-1911.

London : Weidenfeld 6 Nicolson, 1965 .

U. S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of International Programs. Basic Data on the Economy of Ghana. (Prepared by G.L. Lent). Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1962.

Agriculture and Forestry

Adams, C.D. And Baker, H.G. "Weeds of Cultivation and Grazing Lands," Agriculture and Land Use in Ghana (Hereafter referred to as ALUG), ed. by J.B. Wills. London: Oxford University Press, 1962. Pp. 402-415.

Allan, W. The African Husbandman. New York: Barnes 6 Noble, 19ÏÏT!

Anyane, S.L. "Agriculture in the General Economy," ALUG. Pp. 192-200.

Ghana Agriculture: Its Economic Development from Earliest Times to the Middle of the Twentieth Century.

London : Oxford University Press, 1963 .

Beckett, W.H. Akokoaso: A Survey of a Gold Coast Village. Monographs on Social Anthropology, No. 10. London : School of Economics and Political Science, 1944. ("A study of the individual native cocoa farmer.").

Dale, W.T., Johnson, C.G. ei al. "Diseases and Pests of Cocoa," ALUG. Pp. 286-352.

Foggie, A. "The Role of Forestry in Agricultural Economics," ALUG. Pp. 229-235.

and Piasecki, B. "Timber, Fuel and Minor Forest Produce," ALUG. Pp. 236-251. 84

Food and Agriculture Organization. African Agricultural Development: Reflections on the Major Lines of Advance and the Barriers to Progress. New York: United Nations, 1966. Pp. 98-128, 199-234.

Forsyth, J. "Maior Food Storage Problems," ALUG. Pp. 394- 401.

Gold Coast Forestry Department. The Vegetation Zones of the Gold Coast. (By C.J. Taylor). Accra : Government

Printer, 1952 . (Bulletin No. 4).

Gold Coast Timbers. Accra: Government Printer, 1949

Gold Coast Timber Industry: Report of a Fact Finding Committee . Accra,:.• Government* Printer, 1951.

Ghana Department of Agriculture. The Principal Areas of Remaining Original Forest in Western Ghana and Their Agricultural Potential. (By Peter M. Ann). Accra : Government Printer, 19 59 .

Hammond, P.S., McKelvie, A.D. et al. "Cocoa," ALUG. Pp. 252-285.

Hill, Polly. The Gold Coast Cocoa Farmer: A Preliminary Survey. London : Oxford University Press, 19 5 6.

. The Migrant Cocoa Farmers of Southern Ghana: A Study in Rural Capitalism^ Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1963.

. "Three Types of Southern Ghanaian Cocoa Farmer," African Agrarian Systems, ed. D. Biebuyck. London: Oxford University Press, 1963. Pp. 201-223.

Innés, R.R. "Grassland, Pastures and Fodder Production," ALUG. Pp. 416-424.

Irvine, I.R. Woody Plants of Ghana; With Special Reference to Their Uses^ London : Oxford University Press, 1961.

Killick, T. "Agriculture and Forestry," SCG: I. Chapter 9.

. "Cocoa," SCG: I. Chapter 10.

. "The Economics of Cocoa," SCG : I.. Chapter 15.

. "The Volta River Project," SCG: I. Chapter 16. 85

Ollennu, N.A. "Aspects of Land Tenure," SOG: II. Chapter

Ord, H.W. et al. Ghana: Projected Level of Demand, Supply and Imports of Agricultural Products in 1965, 1970, and 1975. Washington, P.C.: Economic Research Service. Foreign Agriculture Service. U.S. Department,of Agri¬ culture, 1964.

Pogucki, R.J.K. Gold Coast Land Tenure, Vols. I-V. Accra: Government Printer, 1955-56.

"The Main Principles of Rural Land Tenure," ALUG. FpT~179-191.

Poleman, T.T. The Food Economies of Urban Middle Africa: The Case of Ghana. Stanford : Stanford University. Food Research Institute, 1961.

Staff of Division of Agriculture. "Crops Other Than Cocoa and the Diseases and Pests Which Affect Them," ALUG. Pp. 353-393.

Taylor, C.J. gynecology and Silviculture in Ghana. London: Nelson's, 1960.

U.S. Department of State. Agency for International Devel¬ opment . Report on Soil and Agriculture Survey of Sene- Obsosum River Basins, Ghana: East, Brong-Ahafo, and* Ashanti Regions'] Washington, D.C., 1962

Wills, J.B. "General Pattern of Land Use," ALUG. Pp. 201-2

Fish and Livestock

Allan, W. The African Husbandman. New York: Barnes S Noble 1965. :

Hutchinson, R.A. "Stock and Methods of Animal Husbandry," ALUG. Pp. 425-436.

. "Diseases and Pests of Stocks," ALUG. Pp. 437-440.

Irvine, F. R. The Fishes and Fisheries of the Gold Coast. London : Crown Agents for the Colonies, 1947 .

Squire, F.A. "Tsetse Flies," ALUG. Pp. 441-444.

U.S. Department of Interior. Fish and Wildlife Service. Fisheries Survey of Ghana. Washington,D.C. , 1963. 86

U. S. Department of State. Agency for International Development. Development of Beef Industry in Ghana. Washington,D.C., 196?.

. Soil and Livestock Potentials of the' Northwest . Washington , D.C., 196?.

Survey of Agriculture and Livestock Potentials in Eastern Dagoinba and North Gonja of the Northern Region of Ghana"! Washington , D. C . , 196? .

Commerce, Industry and Trade

Akwawuah, K.A. Prelude to Ghana's Industrialisation. London: Mitre Press, 1959?. (A brief, interesting study of problems and prospects).

Bauer, P.T. West Africa Trade: A Study of Competition, Oligopoly, and Monopoly in a Changing Economy. London: Routledge Ê Kegan Paul, 1963.

Cantor, David. "The Effects of Import-Replacing Industriali¬ zation on the Foreign Trade of Ghana," Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies, Vol. VT~, No. 2 (July 1964 ) , 231-238.

Ghana Central' Bureau of Statistics. Area Sample of Small

Manufacturing Establishments , 1963 . Accra, 1965 .

___ . Directory of Distribution Trade Establishments, June 1964 . Accra, 1964.

r . Directory of Industrial Enterprises and Establishments

Min-mg and Quarrying , Manufacturing, Construction, Elec- tricity, Gas and Steam, October 1963. Accra, 1964.

Ghana" Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. References in'Report of Director of Geological Surveys to Occurrence of Economic Minerals m Ghana With Notes on Their Industrial Applications and a Map Showing Mineral Deposits. Geolo- gical Survey of Ghana, Bulletin No. 28. Accra : Government Printer, 1962.

Ghana. Ministry of Trade. Handbook of Commerce and Industry. Accra, 1966. (Unfortunately does not include post-coup changes).

Killick, T. "The Economics of Cocoa," SCG : I. Chapter 15.

. "External Trade," SCG: I. Chapter 14. 87

Killick, T. "Manufacturing and Construction," SOG: I. Chapter 12.

. "Mining," SCG: I. Chapter 11.

. "The Volta River Project," SCG: I. Chapter 16.

Lewis, W.A. Report on Industrialization and the Gold Coast. Accra: Government Printing Department, 1953.

McCall, D.F. "The Market," Markets in Africa, ' eds. P. Bohannan and G. Dalton. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1962.

Nypan, A. Market Trade : A Sample Survey of Market Trades in Accra. African Business Series No. 2. Legon: Economic Research Division. University College of Ghana, 1960.

Ord, H.W. et al. Ghana: Projected Level of Demand, Supply . and Imports of Agricultural Products in 1965, 1970, and 1975. Washington, P.C.: Economic Research Service. Foreign Agricultural Service. U.S. Department of Agri¬

culture , 1964 .

. Proceedings of a Seminar on Markets and Marketing in West Africa. Edinburgh : Centre of African Studies. University of Edinburgh, 1966.

Poleman, T.T. The Food Economies of Urban Middle Africa: The Case of Ghana. Stanford : Stanford University. Food Research Institute, 1961

Stewart, I.G. and Ord, H.W. (eds.). African Primary Products and International Trade. Edinburgh! University rress, 1965.

Turner, G.W.E. A Short History of Ashanti Goldfields Corporation, Ltd., 1897-19477" London, n.d.

E. Manpower and Trade Unions

Cowan, E.A. Evolution of Trade Unionism in Ghana. Accra: Trade Unions Congress, 1963.

Davies, I. African Trade Unions. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1966. ~~

.Friedland, W.H. Unions., Labor and Industrial Relations in Africa : An Annotated Bibliography. Ithaca : Centre for International Studies. Cornell University, 1965. (Excellent). 88

Ghana Department of Labour. The Occupation Pattern of Employment in Ghana. Accra! Employment Information Branch,1963.

Ghana Manpower Survey. Survey of High-level Manpower in

Ghana, 1960 . Accra, 1961.

Guerin, D. "Trade Unionism and Socialism in Ghana," Presence Africaine, Vol. XXIII, No. 51 (1964)^16-25.

Killick, T. "Labour: A General Survey," SCG: I. Chapter 6.

. "Labour: Industrial Labour Productivity in Eight Industries (With an Appendix Analyzing Labour Productivity in Eight Industries)," SCG: I. Chapter 7.

Meynaud, J. and Salah-Bey, A. Trade Unionism in Africa: A Study of Its Growth and Orientation. London : Methuen 6 Co. , 1967 .. (French edition published in 1963 ).

F. Transportation, Communications and Power

Ghana Development Secretariat. Tema: Ghana's New Town and Harbour. (Written by K. Jopp). Accra: Ghana Information Services, 1961. (Well-written and good photographs).'

Gould, P.P. The Development of the Transportation Pattern in Ghana. Studies m Geography, No. 5. Evanston: North¬ western University Press, 1960.

Killick, T. "The Volta River Project," SCG: I. Chapter 16.

Volta River Authority. The Volta River Project. Accra: Ghana Information Services, 1963. (Useful for quick overview of the dam and the benefits it will bring).

White, H.P. "Communication and Transport," ALUG. Pp. ITS- ITS. (Discussion of relation of agriculture and develop¬ ment of ports, railroads and roads).

G. Economic Development Planning and the Monetary and Financial System *

Due, J.F. Taxation and Economic Development in Tropical Africa: Examination of the Role of Tax Policy in Relation to Economic Development in Eight Former British African Countries. Cambridge : Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1963. 89

Ghana Office of Planning Commission. Seven Year Plan for National Reconstruction and Development, Financial Years 1953/64-1959/70. Accra, 1964.

Hallet, R. People and Progress -in West Africa: An Intro-. duction to the Problems of Development. London : Pergamon

Press, 1966 . . • -

Hunter, G. The Best of Both Worlds? A Challenge on Devel¬ opment Policies in Africa^ London : Oxford University Press, 1967.

Jucker-Fleetwood, E.E. Money and Finance in Africa: The Experience of Ghana, Morocco? Nigeria, the Rhodesias and Nvasaland, the Sudan and Tunisia from the Establishment of

Tneir Central Banks to 1962 . London Allen S Unwin, 1964.

Killick, T. "The Economics of Cocoa," SCG : I. Chapter 15.

• !'The Monetary and Financial System," SCG.: I. Chapter 13.

...« "The Possibilities of Economic Control," SCG: I. Chapter 17.

. "The Volta River Project," SCG: I. Chapter 16.

. Lewis, W.A. Report on Industrialisation and the Gold

Coast. Accra : Government Printing Department, 195 3 .

Norris, R.W. "On Inflation in Ghana," Financing African Development, ed. T.F. Farer. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1965.

Omaboe, E.N. "The Process of Planning," SCG I. Chapter 18

Parry, J.H. Taxation and Economic Development in Ghana. New York: United Nations, Report No. TA0/GHA/4/Rev. 1, 1959

Petch, G.A. Economic Development in Modern West Africa. London : University of London Press, 1965 . (Second edition) (First-rate textbook especially on matters of finance).

Scott, D.A. "External Debt-Management Policy in a Developing Country (Ghana)," Financing African Development, ed. T.F. Farer. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press,1965.

Snell, K.S., Ghana Decimal Currency.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,.1964. 90

Szereszewski, P. "Capital, With an Appendix on Estimation of Capital Stock," SCG: I. Chapter 8.

H. Foreign Assistance and Investment .

Africa Feport. "Aid to Africa: The Search for a Formula Continues, " Vol. XII, No. 6 (June 1967), 8-48. (Good series of articles discussing A.I.D. policies, Russian aid, the relevance of the Marshall Plan to Africa and Economic Cooperation in Africa).

Gallatin Business Intelligence. Ghana. New York: Copley International Corporation, 1967.

Ghana Information Services Department. Ghana's Economy and Aid Requirements in 1967. Accra, 1967.

Hausman, W.H. (ed.). Managing Economic Development in Africa. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 196 3.

Little, I.M.D. Aid to Africa. London: Pergamon Press, 19.64.

O.E.C.D. West African Development Problems and External

Assistance. Paris : 0 . E . E . C ., 1964.

Spangler, S.M. "Promoting Private Investment in Less Developed Countries," Financing African Development, ed. T.F. Farer. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1965. (Uses Ghanaian experience).

U.S.A.I.D. Proposed Foreign Aid Program, FY 1968: Summary

Presentation to CongressT Washington , D.C.: G.P.0. , 1967. Pp. 201-239.

G.H. Wittman, Inc. The Ghana Report: Economic Development and Investment Opportunities, Legal Problems Relative to Investment, Sociological Factors Relative to General

Economic Development] New York, 1959 . ~

I. Post-Coup Economics

Africa Confidential. "Ghana's Industry: Picking Up the Pieces," No. 7 TMarch 31, 1967), 7-8.

. "Ghana: Devaluing the Cedi," No. 15.(July 21, 1967), 5-7. (The problems this has created and the general effect are discussed). 91

Ankrah, Lt.. Gen. J.A. NLC Budget Statement for 1966/67 .

Accra: State Publishing Corporation, 1966 . • •-

Ghana Ministry of Information. Rebuilding the .National Economy: Economic Policies. .Accra, 19b6.

Ghana Information Services Department. Ghana's Economy and Aid Requirements in 1967., Accra, 1967.

Information Services. Embassy of the Republic of Ghana. Broadcast Speech by Lt. Gen. J.A. Ankrah, Chairman of the NLC, Friday 3rd June, 196 6 . (Press Release No. 7/6 6 ) . " Washington, D.C., June 6, 1966. (On measures taken to restore the economy and problems of economic development).

Economic Policies of the New Military Regime in GhaPa ' Broadcast Speech by the Chairman of the NLC,

March 2 , 1966 . (Press Release No. 5/66 ). Washington,D.C., March 3, 1966.

Irvine, K. "Ghana After Nkrumah," Current. History (March 1967). Pp. 149-153, 181-182.

Journals, Magazines and Bulletins (*Indicates most relevant' sources) ~~

<\. - Africa. London: International African Institute, 1928--. (Quarterly). ^Africa Confidential. London, Jan. 1967--. (Bi-monthly). (Formerly called Africa, 1960-1967). *Africa Economic Digest. Exeter: African Research Ltd., 1965--. (Weekly). *Africa Report. Washington, D.C.: African-American Institute, 1956- -. (Published nine times a year). African Affairs. London: Royal African Society, 1901--. (Quarterly). African Business Series. Legon: University of Ghana. Economic Research Division, 1959--. (Irregular). African Forum. New York: American Society of African Culture, 1965—. (Quarterly). African Labour. Accra: International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, 1958--. (Supercedes West African Worker) (Frequency not given). African Studies Bulletin. New York: African Studies Association, 1958--. (Tri-annual). African Worker. Accra: African Affairs Division of the Trade Unions Congress, 1961--. (Bi-weekly). ^Economic Bulletin of Ghana. Legon: The Economic Society of Ghana, 1957-- . (Monthly). External Trade Statistics of Ghana. Accra: Ghana Central Bureau of Statistics, 1961--. TKonthly). 92

Ghana Commercial and Industrial Bulletin. Accra, I960--. (Weekly). *Ghana Farmer. (Formerly New Gold Coast Farmer, Vol. I, 1-3,.1956, formerly Gold Coast Farmer, 1932-1939). Accra: Department of Agriculture, 1957--. ("Quarterly). Ghana Geographical Association Bulletin. Legon, 1956--. (Semi-annual). Ghana Journal of Science. Accra: Ghana Science Association,

1961-- . (Quarterly). AGhana Today. Accra: Information Department. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1956--. (Bi-monthly). (Vol. IX, No. 22 of Wed. March 9, 1966 to present good on post-coup events). Ghana Trade Journal. Accra, 1964--. (Frequency not given). Ghana (formerly Gold Coast) Yearbook. Accra: Daily Graphic, 1953--. (Annual). Ghanaian Bulletin of Agricultural Economics. Accra: Division of Agricultural Economics. Ministry of Agriculture, 1961-62. (Quarterly), (Ceased publication). New Ghana. (Continuation of Ghana Weekly Review; formerly Gold Coast Weekly Review, 1951-57 ; formerly Gold Bulletin, 1946-51). Accra : Ghana Department of Information Services, 1957--. (Fortnightly). Presence Africaine. Paris. English edition, I960--. (Quarterly). Universitas. Legon, 1953--. (Tri-annual) . -West Africa. London, 1917--. (Weekly). (No. 2543 Sat. 26 Feb. 1966 to date important for post-coup events). West African Science Association Journal, London, 1955--. (Tri-annual). 1

IX. BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Some references to topical bibliographies have already

been made under the appropriate individual sections. ..These as

well as works which contain useful bibliographies are listed in

the bibliography for this section.

There are three bibliographical books specifically on Ghana:

A.W. Cardinall, A Bibliography of the Gold Coast (1932), A.F.

Johnson, A Bibliography of Ghana, 1930-1961 (1964), and G.M.

Pitcher, Bibliography of Ghana, 1957-1960 (2nd ed. 1962). By

far the most useful and comprehensive of the three is Johnson's bibliography, which is a continuation of Cardinali's work. In addition to listing material on some forty subjects within the areas covered by this guide, it also contains material on general

African bibliographies, Ghanaian periodicals and newspapers, and both Ghanaian and British government publications. Pitcher's work refers mainly to periodical articles.

The September 1967 issue of the African Studies Bulletin has a bibliography of Ghana by David Brokensha and S.I.A. Kotei covering the years 1958-1964. Although there are a number of typographical errors and inaccuracies in some of the references, this follows the general plan of Johnson's bibliography and brings the reader up to date on material published during the

1961-1964 period.

A 94

Bibliography Bibliographies

African Abstracts. London: International African Institute, 1950--V (Quarterly).

Alderfer, H. F. A Bibliography of African Government, 1950-1966 Lincoln, Pa.: Lincoln University Press, 1967.

American University. Special Research Office. Foreign Areas Studies Division. Special Warfare Area Handbook for Ghana. Washington, D.O., 1962. (Excellent bibliographies follow each section of this four part study).

Austin, D. Politics in Ghana, 1946-1960. New York: Oxford University-Press, 1964. Pp. 447-451.

Birmingham, W., Neustadt, I. and Omaboe, E.N. (eds.) A Study of Contemporary Ghana : Vol. I: The Economy of Ghana. London Allen £ Unwin," 1966 . Pp. 464-468 .

. A Study of Contemporary Ghana: Vol. II: Some Aspects of Social Structurel Evanston: Northwestern University Press 1967. TÃ~nmnber~ÕT the chapters in this work contain bibli¬ ographical listings).

Bourret, F.M. Ghana: The Road to Independence, 1919-1957. London: Oxford University Press, 1960. Pp. 221-231.

Brokensha, D. and Kotei, S.I.A. "A Bibliography of Ghana 1958- 1964," African Studies Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 2 (September 1967), 34-79.

Cardinall, A.W. A Bibliography of the Gold Coast. Accra: Government Printer, 1932.

Friedland, W.H. Unions, Labor and Industrial Relations in Africa: An Annotated Bibliography. Ithaca : Centre for International Studies. Cornell University, 1965.

Johnson, A.F. A Bibliography of Ghana, 1930-1961. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1964.

Manoukian, M. Akan and Ga-Adangme Peoples. Ethnographic Survey of Africa. Western Africa. Part I. Condon: International African Institute, 1950. (Reprinted 1964 with revised bibli¬ ography).

. The Ewe-speaking People of Togoland and the Gold Coast. Ethnographic Survey of Afirca. Western Africa. Part VI". London: International African Institute, 1952. 95

Manoukian, M. Tribes of the Northern Territory of the Gold Coast. Ethnographic Survey of Africa. Western Africa. Part V. London: International African Institute, 1951.

Pitcher, G.M. Bibliography of Ghana, 1957-1960. Kumasi: Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, 1962. (Second Edition).

Ramsaran, J.A. New Approaches to African Literature: A Guide to Negro-African Writing and Related Studies. Ibadan : University of Ibadan Press, 1965,

Simms, R. P. Urbanization in West Africa: 'A Review of Current Literature. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1965.

UNESCO. Social Implications of Industrialization and Urbanization in Africa South of the Sahara. London : International African

Institute, 1956 . Pp. 72-99 .

Wills, J.B. (ed.). Agriculture and Land Use in Ghana. London: Oxford University Press, 196 2 . Pp. 445-494.